CN115885710B - High-efficiency cultivation method for fast-yielding bird's nest fruits - Google Patents
High-efficiency cultivation method for fast-yielding bird's nest fruits Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The invention discloses a fast-yielding and efficient cultivation method for bird's nest fruits, and belongs to the technical field of cultivation. The method comprises the following steps: (1) Selecting scions and stock plants, (2) pre-grafting treatment, removing flowers and fruits, fertilizing and fertilizing plants; planting the lateral branches of the stock to more than 105-140 cm; the lateral branches of the scion plants reach more than 80-105 cm; (3) Grafting, namely cutting the upper end of a lateral branch of a stock and the lower end of a lateral branch of a scion, cutting a wood vascular bundle of the lateral branch of the stock at a cut, peeling off a fleshy stem at the lower end of the lateral branch of the scion to expose the wood vascular bundle, inserting the lateral branch of the scion into the stock, fixing a joint by a fixing plate, and winding a grafting film; (4) The method comprises the following steps of (1) post-grafting treatment, (5) preparation and cultivation, (6) field planting and transplanting of grafted seedlings and (7) field management. The method has the characteristics of simple and convenient operation, high grafting survival rate, quick plant growth and the like, can effectively save seedling raising time, shorten the nutrition growth period, promote early and high yield fruit bearing, and solve the problems of long nutrition growth period, slow fruit bearing, low fruit bearing rate, small fruits and the like of the existing method.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of plant cultivation, and particularly relates to a cultivation method of bird's nest fruits.
Background
The bird's nest fruit is a new variety of dragon fruit newly introduced in China in recent years, 4-6 batches of fruits are produced in one year, the development period of flowers is 45-60 days, the development period of fruits is 90-110 days, the content of soluble solid in the center of the fruits can reach 26%, the content of soluble solid in the pulp of the edges of the fruits can reach 18%, the taste is excellent, the market selling price is as high as 150-200 yuan/kg, but the root system of the bird's nest fruit is weak, the bird's nest fruit grows slowly and is extremely easy to be infected with root-knot nematode disease and canker, the growing period is long, common dragon fruits can be planted in the current year to produce fruits, and the bird's nest fruits can be normally planted in more than 2 years, although the root system problem is solved by means of bud grafting, short branch grafting and the like at present, and the damage of nematodes is reduced. However, the problems of long growth period, slow fruit bearing, low fruit setting rate, small fruit, low yield and the like still stand out, the development of the cubilose fruit planting industry is seriously hindered, the yield can not meet the market demand, and the selling price of the fruit is high. Therefore, the exploration of a fast-yielding and efficient cultivation method of bird's nest fruits becomes a key for overcoming the technical bottleneck of industrial development.
The traditional grafting method comprises the following steps: the method is divided into bud grafting and stem grafting. The bud grafting method comprises the steps of firstly selecting healthy and disease-free and strong scion plants and stock plants, cutting a single effective thorn bud-setting point on a scion stem, selecting a stock branch with the length of 30cm-60cm, cutting a notch which is the same as the thorn bud-setting point at the upper middle part of the stock branch, combining the bud point with the stock branch, and then winding and fixing the grafting film. Stem grafting, cutting scion stems with the length of 3-5cm, selecting stock branches with the length of 30-60 cm, vertically cutting the top ends of the stock branches, jointing scion branch incisions with the stock branch incisions, enabling wood vascular bundles to be connected, enabling meat stems to be connected, and winding and fixing by grafting films. However, the scion branch or bud point of the traditional grafting method is short, and the stock branch is short and inevitably encounters problems, such as: (1) Scion branches or bud points are short and easy to lose water and fast, so that the scion branches or bud points are dried up before wound healing, the survival rate is low, the recovery time is long, and the bud emergence is slow; (2) The scion branch or bud point is short and small, and is not provided with a fixed plate, so that the scion branch or bud point is easy to break at the joint after sprouting; (3) The scion branch or bud point is short, the stock branch is short, the scion bud can grow to the support frame only after a long time, and the growing period is long. The above problems severely restrict the efficiency and benefit of bird's nest fruit planting.
The information disclosed in this background section is only for enhancement of understanding of the general background of the invention and should not be taken as an acknowledgement or any form of suggestion that this information forms the prior art already known to a person of ordinary skill in the art.
Disclosure of Invention
In order to overcome the defects in the prior art, the invention provides a quick-yielding and efficient cultivation method for bird's nest fruits. The high-position long-stem grafting and efficient cultivation work of the bird's nest fruits are developed according to the characteristics of weak growth vigor, susceptibility to diseases, underdeveloped root system, slow growth, difficult bending and shaping of branches and stems of bird's nest fruit plants, strong growth vigor, strong disease resistance, developed root system, fast growth and the like of other dragon fruit varieties. The method is simple and convenient to operate, high in grafting survival rate and fast in plant growth, and is suitable for grafting and cultivating most of meat and stem plants.
The aim of the invention is achieved by the following technical scheme:
The fast and efficient cultivation method for the bird's nest fruits is characterized by comprising the following steps of:
(1) Selection of scions and rootstocks: selecting strong and disease-free cubilose fruits as scion plants, and selecting other dragon fruit varieties with strong and disease-free adaptability and developed root systems as stock plants;
(2) And (3) grafting pretreatment: picking flowers and fruits of scion and stock plants, and applying 0.25kg of compound fertilizer and 5kg of organic fertilizer to each plant for plant fertilization; planting lateral branches of the stock plants to more than 105-140cm to serve as stock branches; the lateral branches of the scion plants are planted to be more than 80-105cm and are used as scion branches; after the branches are aged and fat, the branches are ready for use;
(3) Grafting: cutting off mature and strong stock branches and scion branches, vertically and flatly cutting off the upper ends of the stock branches and the lower ends of the scion branches by using a disinfected grafting knife, uniformly cutting off three openings on a wood vascular bundle of a stock branch cut by using the grafting knife, vertically peeling off a fleshy stem at a position 3-5cm away from the cut at the lower end of the scion branch by using the grafting knife to expose the wood vascular bundle, sharpening the wood vascular bundle and then inserting the wood vascular bundle into the stock branch vascular bundle cut, firmly bonding the scion branches and the stock branch cut, connecting the scion branches with the vascular bundle and the fleshy stem of the stock branches, placing a fixing plate at the joint, winding and fixing the scion branches and the stock branches by using a grafting film, avoiding displacement of the scion branches, and reducing water evaporation at the joint;
(4) And (3) grafting post-treatment: placing grafted branches in a sunshade sand bed, covering the lower part of a stock with fine sand to a depth of 3-5cm, pouring a rooting agent 700-800 times of the liquid, planting for 15-20d, keeping ventilation and sand soil moist in the sunshade, and curing joints and rooting the stock branches;
(5) Preparing: selecting a flat sandy loam land, constructing a parallel-arrangement type dragon fruit bracket with the east-west trend, installing a sunshade net, applying decomposed organic fertilizer on planting rows, stirring and retting fertilizer soil according to the proportion of the decomposed organic fertilizer to soil of 1:2, watering, taking wet penetration as a main, and standing for 15-20d;
(6) Transplanting grafted seedlings: selecting afternoon of sunny weather, selecting grafted seedlings with healed joints and good rooting, transplanting the grafted seedlings into a field, placing the grafted seedlings into fertilizer soil mixed on planting rows, covering soil with the thickness of 3-5cm, binding and fixing the seedlings, and then pouring root fixing water until the soil is thoroughly poured;
(7) And (3) field management: spraying water once every 3 days after field planting and transplanting, keeping the soil moist, controlling the water content to be 60% -75%, spraying 800-1200 times of Bardo liquid once every 15-20d whole garden, releasing a grafting fixing plate after scion branches bud, timely cutting off the buds of stock branches, spraying 1200-1500 times of chlorpyrifos emulsion once every quarter whole garden, spraying 800 times of liquid potassium humate fertilizer once every month, starting topping when the side branches grow to 80-100cm long, starting fruit retention when the number of the mature side branches reaches 4-6, spraying 1000-1200 times of boron fertilizer on leaves 3-5 days before flowering, flowering at 20:00-24:00 late, carrying out artificial supplementary pollination by taking other varieties of dragon fruit pollen as materials, removing stiff fruits after 7 days of pollination, brushing off fruits after 80-90 d, cutting off the ripe fruits with a brush, and picking.
Preferably, the scion plant in the step (1) is a healthy, disease-free and fat plant; the stock plant is other healthy, disease-free, strong in adaptability and developed in root system, and the stock is selected from golden dragon fruits.
Preferably, the cultivation modes of the scion and the stock in the step (2) comprise the following two modes: (1) Bending branches by a branch bending device when the lateral branches of the stock plants grow to 120cm, topping the lateral branches after the lateral branches continue to grow to 20cm, and topping the lateral branches of the scion plants when the lateral branches grow to 80cm; (2) Topping when the lateral branches of the stock grow to 105cm, bending the lateral branches of the scion plant by a branch bending device when the lateral branches of the scion plant grow to 25cm, and topping after the lateral branches continue to grow to 80cm. The bird's nest fruit and the dragon fruit are grafted by adopting a branch grafting mode, so that lateral branches suitable for grafting height are cultivated. Therefore, when the length of the stock branch is 120cm+20cm, the length of the scion branch is 80cm; when the length of the stock branch is 105cm, the length of the scion branch is 25cm+80cm. Because the dragon fruit is 7-shaped after being put on a shelf, the branches must be bent in advance, and if the branches are not bent in advance, the branches are bent again after being aged, so that the branches are easy to break. The grafted branches need to be topped in time after reaching the required height, and the purpose is mainly to control the continued growth of the branches, promote the early-point aging of the branches and shorten the grafting time.
Preferably, the branch bending device used in the step (2) is an S-shaped or E-shaped branch bending device, is made of stainless steel wires, has a diameter of 0.3-0.6cm, has certain plasticity, and can control the seedling bending amplitude to be 90-180 degrees according to the requirement.
Preferably, the grafting fixing plate in the step (3) is a hard wood sheet or a bamboo sheet, the length is 12-15cm, the width is 4-6cm, and the thickness is 0.4-0.6cm.
Preferably, the grafting film in the step (3) is a self-adhesive transparent PE film with the width of 3-5cm.
Preferably, in the step (4), the sunshade net of the sunshade is a 10-needle black net, and the sunshade rate is 40-60%;
Preferably, the diameter of the fine sand particles in the sand bed in the step (4) is 0.1-0.3cm.
Preferably, the sunshade net in the step (5) is a 4-needle black net, and the sunshade rate is 20-30%.
Preferably, the decomposed organic fertilizer in the step (5) is chicken manure: rice husk: peanut bran: calcia magnesium phosphate = 15:2:2:1, fermenting for 6 months; the dosage of the decomposed organic fertilizer is as follows: according to 5kg of plants or 5 tons per mu.
Preferably, in the step (6), the grafted seedlings are bound and fixed on a support frame, and scion stems are bound with the support frame in parallel and are 120cm away from the ground.
Preferably, the pollen used for supplementary pollination in the step (7) is dragon fruit variety pollen of golden capital No. one, soft branch scarlet, gui Gonglong and the like which are far sources from bird's nest fruits.
Compared with the prior art, the invention has the following beneficial effects:
1. the method has the advantages of simple operation, quick union of interfaces, high grafting survival rate and quick plant growth, and is suitable for grafting and cultivating most of meat-stem plants.
2. The branch bending device designed by the invention has the advantages of simple and durable materials, simple and convenient operation, repeated use, certain plasticity, capability of controlling the bending amplitude to be 90-180 or gradually increasing the bending amplitude according to the needs, and suitability for bending branches of most fruit trees.
3. The invention adopts high grafting and long scion grafting, can obviously save seedling raising time, greatly shortens nutrient growth period, and takes 207-214 days for transplanting 4-6 lateral branches, while adopting the existing short stem grafting method, about 420 days is needed. Meanwhile, the fruiting period is effectively shortened. The method can promote early high yield and early fruiting, overcome the problems of long plant nutrition growth period, slow fruiting and the like of the existing method, shorten the planting period and promote quick yield and high harvest.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a schematic view of an "S" shaped branch bender;
FIG. 2 is a schematic view of an "E" shaped branch bender;
FIG. 3 is a cut view of a scion branch;
FIG. 4 is a cut-out and three-pass drawing of a rootstock branch;
FIG. 5 is a schematic view of a stock 105cm grafted with scion (25+80) cm;
FIG. 6 is a schematic view of a stock (120+20) cm grafted with a scion branch of 80 cm;
FIG. 7 is a schematic diagram of field planting of 105cm stock and 25+80 cm scion (grafted seedlings);
FIG. 8 is a schematic diagram of field planting of a grafted seedling of stock (120+20) cm and scion branch 80 cm;
FIG. 9 is a graph of the method of the present invention in the flowering phase of bird's nest fruit;
fig. 10 is a morphological diagram of a bird's nest fruit flower;
FIG. 11 is a graph comparing the method of the present invention with the fruit of comparative example 1 during the swelling period of the bird's nest fruit. The left side of the figure is the fruit of comparative example 1, and the right side is the fruit obtained by the method of the present invention.
FIG. 12 is a graph comparing the method of the present invention with the fruit of comparative example 1 at maturity. The left side of the figure is the fruit of comparative example 1, and the right side is the fruit obtained by the method of the present invention.
FIG. 13 is a graph comparing the cross-section of fruit of the method of the present invention with that of comparative example 1 at maturity. The left side of the figure is the fruit of comparative example 1, and the right side is the fruit obtained by the method of the present invention.
Detailed Description
The present invention will be described in further detail by the following examples, which are only for the purpose of illustrating the present invention and are not to be construed as limiting the scope of the present invention.
The branch bending device used in the cultivation production process is formed by bending a stainless steel wire, the diameter of the branch bending device is generally 0.3-0.6cm, the branch bending device is S-shaped or E-shaped (shown in figures 1 and 2), the branch bending device has certain plasticity, and the bending amplitude can be controlled to be 90-180 degrees according to the requirement.
The decomposed organic fertilizer of the agriculture in the fertilization process is chicken manure: rice husk: peanut bran: calcia magnesium phosphate = 15:2:2:1, and fermenting for 6 months. The grain size of fine sand adopted in the sand bed is 0.1-0.3cm.
Example 1
A fast-yielding and efficient cultivation method for bird's nest fruits comprises the following steps:
(1) Selection of scions and rootstocks: and selecting strong and disease-free and fat cubilose fruits as scion plants, and selecting strong and disease-free and well-developed golden dragon fruits as stock plants.
(2) And (3) grafting pretreatment: picking flowers and fruits of the plants, applying 0.25kg of compound fertilizer and 5kg of organic fertilizer to each plant, and fertilizing the plants; bending branches by using an S-shaped stainless steel branch bending device when the lateral branches of the stock plant grow to 120cm, and topping after the lateral branches continue to grow to 20cm to serve as stock branches, and topping when the lateral branches of the scion grow to 80cm to serve as scion branches; and (5) after the branches are aged and fat for later use.
(3) Grafting: selecting a mature and fat stock branch and a scion branch, cutting off the stock branch and the scion branch from the joint with a trunk part, sterilizing the grafting knife by using 75% alcohol, then vertically and flatly cutting the upper end of the stock branch and the lower end of the scion branch, uniformly cutting three ports by using the grafting knife at a wood vascular bundle of the stock branch incision (shown in figure 4), vertically peeling off a fleshy stem at a position 3cm away from the incision at the lower end of the scion branch by using the grafting knife to expose the wood vascular bundle (shown in figure 3), sharpening the wood vascular bundle and then inserting the wood vascular bundle into the stock vascular bundle incision, tightly adhering the scion branch and the stock branch incision by using force, connecting the scion branch with the stock vascular bundle and connecting the fleshy stem, placing a bamboo sheet fixing plate at the joint, winding and fixing the scion branch with the stock by using a grafting film, avoiding displacement, and simultaneously reducing water evaporation at the joint (shown in figure 6). The length of the bamboo chip is 12-15cm, the width is 4-6cm, and the thickness is 0.4-0.6cm. The grafting film is a self-adhesive transparent PE film with the width of 3-5cm.
(4) And (3) grafting post-treatment: placing the grafted branches into a sand bed of a sunshade, wherein the sunshade net of the sunshade is 10-needle black net, and the sunshade rate is 40-60%. The lower part of the stock is covered by fine sand to a depth of 3-5cm, and is poured with a rooting agent 750 times of liquid, and the rooting agent is planted for about 15 days, and ventilation and sand soil wetting are kept in the greenhouse during the period, and the joint is healed and the stock branches root (shown in figure 8).
(5) Preparing: selecting a smooth sandy loam land, building a east-west row type dragon fruit support, and installing a sunshade net, wherein the sunshade net is a 4-needle black net, and the sunshade rate is 20-30%. Applying decomposed organic fertilizer strips on planting rows according to a plant of 5kg, stirring and retting fertilizer soil with soil according to a ratio of 1:2, watering, taking wet penetration as a main, and standing for 15d;
(6) Transplanting grafted seedlings: selecting afternoon of sunny weather, selecting grafted seedlings with healed joints and well rooting, transplanting the grafted seedlings into a field, placing the grafted seedlings into mixed fat soil, covering soil with the thickness of 3-5cm, binding and fixing the grafted seedlings on a support frame, binding scion stems in parallel with the support frame, keeping the height of 120cm from the ground, then watering root setting water, and taking root setting water as the basis of watering soil;
(7) And (3) field management: spraying water once every 3 days after field planting and transplanting, keeping the soil moist, controlling the water content to be 60% -75%, spraying 800-1200 times of Boedon liquid once every 15d whole garden, releasing a grafting fixing plate after scion buds come out, timely cutting off the buds of stock branches, spraying 1200-1500 times of chlorpyrifos emulsion once every quarter whole garden, spraying 800 times of liquid potassium humate liquid fertilizer once every month, starting topping when the side branches grow to 80-100cm long, starting to leave fruits when the number of the mature side branches reaches 4-6, spraying 1000-1200 times of boron fertilizer on leaves 3-5 days before flowering, flowering 20:00-24:00 late, carrying out artificial pollination by taking golden dragon fruit pollen as a material, removing stiff fruits and hair fruits after pollination for 7 days, starting to turn yellow fruits after about 80-90 days, brushing tips of the mature fruits, and picking.
Example 2
A fast-yielding and efficient cultivation method for bird's nest fruits comprises the following steps:
(1) Selection of scions and rootstocks: and selecting strong and disease-free and fat cubilose fruits as scion plants, and selecting strong and disease-free and well-developed golden dragon fruits as stock plants.
(2) And (3) grafting pretreatment: picking flowers and fruits of the plants, applying 0.25kg of compound fertilizer and 5kg of organic fertilizer to each plant, and fertilizing the plants; topping when the lateral branches of the stock plants grow to 105cm, and taking the lateral branches as stock branches; when the scion branch grows to 25cm, bending the scion branch by using an E-shaped branch bending device, and topping after the scion branch continues to grow to 80cm to be used as the scion branch; and (5) after the branches are aged and fat for later use.
(3) Grafting: selecting a mature and fat stock branch and a scion branch, cutting off the stock branch and the scion branch from the joint of the stock branch and the trunk, sterilizing the grafting knife by using 75% alcohol, then vertically and flatly cutting the upper end of the stock branch and the lower end of the scion branch, cutting three openings on a wood vascular bundle of a stock branch cut by using the grafting knife, vertically peeling off a fleshy stem at the position 3cm away from the cut at the lower end of the scion branch by using the grafting knife to expose the wood vascular bundle, sharpening the wood vascular bundle and then inserting the wood vascular bundle into the cut of the stock branch vascular bundle, firmly bonding the scion branch and the stock branch cut, connecting the scion branch with the stock vascular bundle and the fleshy stem, winding and fixing the bamboo sheet fixing plate on the joint, and winding and fixing the scion branch by using the grafting film to avoid displacement of the scion branch, and simultaneously reducing water evaporation at the joint (as shown in figure 5). The length of the bamboo chip is 12-15cm, the width is 4-6cm, and the thickness is 0.4-0.6cm. The grafting film is a self-adhesive transparent PE film with the width of 3-5cm.
(4) And (3) grafting post-treatment: placing the grafted branches into a sand bed of a sunshade, wherein the sunshade net of the sunshade is 10-needle black net, and the sunshade rate is 40-60%. The lower part of the stock is covered with fine sand to a depth of 3-5cm, and is poured with a rooting agent 700 times of liquid, and the rooting agent is planted for about 15 days, and ventilation and sand soil wetting are kept in the greenhouse during the period, and the joint is healed and the stock branches root (shown in figure 7).
(5) Preparing: selecting a smooth sandy loam land, building a east-west row type dragon fruit support, and installing a sunshade net, wherein the sunshade net is a 4-needle black net, and the sunshade rate is 20-30%. Applying decomposed organic fertilizer strips on planting rows according to the application amount of 5kg, stirring and retting fertilizer soil with soil according to the proportion of 1:2, watering, taking wet penetration as a main, and standing for 15d.
(6) Transplanting grafted seedlings: selecting afternoon of sunny weather, selecting grafted seedlings with healed joints and well rooting, transplanting the grafted seedlings into a field, placing the grafted seedlings into mixed fat soil, covering soil with the thickness of 3-5cm, binding and fixing the grafted seedlings on a support frame, binding scion stems in parallel with the support frame, keeping the height of 120cm from the ground, then watering root setting water, and taking root setting water as the basis of watering soil;
(7) And (3) field management: spraying water once every 3 days after field planting and transplanting, keeping the soil moist, controlling the water content to be 60% -75%, spraying 800-1200 times of Boedon liquid once every 15d whole garden, releasing a grafting fixing plate after scion buds come out, timely cutting off the buds of stock branches, spraying 1200-1500 times of chlorpyrifos emulsion once every quarter whole garden, spraying 800 times of liquid potassium humate liquid fertilizer once every month, starting topping when the side branches grow to 80-100cm long, starting to leave fruits when the number of the mature side branches reaches 4-6, spraying 1000-1200 times of boron fertilizer on leaves 3-5 days before flowering, flowering 20:00-24:00 late, carrying out artificial pollination by taking soft-branch scarlet dragon fruit pollen as a material, removing stiff fruits and hair fruits after pollination for 7 days, starting to turn yellow fruits after about 80-90 days, and picking the ripe fruits after the brush thorns.
Example 3
A fast-yielding and efficient cultivation method for bird's nest fruits comprises the following steps:
(1) Selection of scions and rootstocks: and selecting strong and disease-free cubilose fruits as scion plants, and selecting strong and disease-free dragon fruits with strong adaptability and developed root systems as stock plants.
(2) And (3) grafting pretreatment: picking flowers and fruits of the plants, applying 0.25kg of compound fertilizer and 5kg of organic fertilizer to each plant, and fertilizing the plants; topping when the lateral branches of the stock plants grow to 105cm, and taking the lateral branches as stock branches; when the scion branch grows to 25cm, bending the scion branch by using an E-shaped branch bending device, and topping after the scion branch continues to grow to 80cm to be used as the scion branch; and (5) after the branches are aged and fat for later use.
(3) Grafting: selecting a mature and fat stock branch and a scion branch, cutting off the stock branch and the scion branch from a joint with a trunk part, sterilizing the grafting knife by using 75% alcohol, then vertically and flatly cutting the upper end of the stock branch and the lower end of the scion branch, cutting three openings on a wood vascular bundle of a stock branch cut by using the grafting knife, vertically stripping a fleshy stem at a position 3-5cm away from the cut at the lower end of the scion branch by using the grafting knife to expose the wood vascular bundle, sharpening the wood vascular bundle and then inserting the wood vascular bundle into the stock vascular bundle cut, tightly adhering the scion branch and the stock branch cut by using force, connecting the scion branch with the stock vascular bundle and the fleshy stem, placing a hard wood sheet fixing plate at the joint, winding and fixing the scion branch and the stock branch by using a grafting film, avoiding displacement, and reducing water evaporation at the joint. The length of the hard wood chip is 12-15cm, the width is 4-6cm, and the thickness is 0.4-0.6cm. The grafting film is a self-adhesive transparent PE film with the width of 3-5cm.
(4) And (3) grafting post-treatment: placing the grafted branches into a sand bed of a sunshade, wherein the sunshade net of the sunshade is 10-needle black net, and the sunshade rate is 40-60%. Covering the lower part of the stock with fine sand to a depth of 3cm, pouring the rooting agent 800 times of the liquid, and planting for about 20 days, wherein ventilation and air permeability in the greenhouse and sandy soil wetting are maintained during the period, and the joint is healed and the stock branches root.
(5) Preparing: selecting a smooth sandy loam land, building a east-west row type dragon fruit support, and installing a sunshade net, wherein the sunshade net is a 4-needle black net, and the sunshade rate is 20-30%. Applying decomposed organic fertilizer strips to planting rows according to the application amount of 5 tons per mu, stirring and retting fertilizer soil with soil according to the proportion of 1:2, watering, taking wet penetration as a main part, and standing for 20d;
(6) Transplanting grafted seedlings: selecting afternoon of sunny weather, selecting grafted seedlings with healed joints and well rooting, transplanting the grafted seedlings into a field, placing the grafted seedlings into mixed fat soil, covering soil with the thickness of 3-5cm, binding and fixing the grafted seedlings on a support frame, binding scion stems in parallel with the support frame, keeping the height of 120cm from the ground, then watering root setting water, and taking root setting water as the basis of watering soil;
(7) And (3) field management: spraying water once every 3 days after field planting and transplanting, keeping soil moist, controlling the water content to be 60% -75%, spraying 800-1200 times of Bardo liquid once every 15d whole garden, releasing a grafting fixing plate after scion branches bud, timely pruning off the buds of stock branches, spraying 1200-1500 times of chlorpyrifos emulsion once every quarter whole garden, spraying 800 times of liquid of potassium humate liquid fertilizer once every month, starting topping when the side branches grow to 80-100cm long, starting fruit retention when the number of the aged side branches reaches 4-6, and spraying 1000-1200 times of boron fertilizer on leaves 3-5 days before flowering. When flowering, natural pollination is carried out, and artificial pollination intervention is not adopted; the yellow color of the fruits is turned around 80 days after flowering, the tips of the ripe fruits are brushed off by a brush, and then the fruits are picked.
Comparative example 1
The difference from the method according to example 3 is that:
and (2) grafting pretreatment: picking flowers and fruits of the plants, applying 0.25kg of compound fertilizer and 5kg of organic fertilizer to each plant, and fertilizing the plants; topping when the branches of the stock plants grow to 60cm, and topping after the scion branches grow to 80cm-100 cm; and (5) after the branches are aged and fat for later use.
Grafting in the step (3): selecting healthy, disease-free and strong scion plants and stock plants, selecting a 60cm old stock branch, cutting scion stems with the length of 5cm, vertically cutting the top ends of the stock branches, then jointing scion branch incisions with the stock branch incisions to ensure that wood vascular bundles are connected and meat stems are connected, and then winding and fixing by using a grafting film.
Experiments were performed according to the methods of examples 1-3 and comparative example 1. Sampling 10 strains in each method, and repeating in three groups; the average of three groups was recorded. The experimental procedure from grafting to fruit setting harvest was recorded, the process diagram is shown in fig. 3-13, and the experimental results are shown in table 1:
TABLE 1
Note that: the time required for healing the grafting opening, the time required for transplanting to bud emergence, the time required for transplanting to 4-6 lateral branches and the time required for transplanting to bud are all recorded by continuous tracking, ten grafted live seedlings are treated (dead seedlings are removed) each time, and the data accumulation is divided by the total plant number (10) to obtain average planting time (dead seedlings are not calculated); the grafting survival rate, fruit setting rate and single fruit weight sample weight are respectively 10, 100 and 10, and three repetitions are set, and the average value is obtained.
From the data comparison in table 1, it can be seen that:
1. Compared with the traditional short-spike grafting, the high-position grafting and long-spike grafting method for bird's nest fruits improves the grafting survival rate, the healing time of grafting openings is 2-3 days, and the time of transplanting to budding is shortened by 13-14 days. In contrast, in comparative example 1, short scion stem grafting is adopted, scion branches are small, water loss is rapid, dryness before wound healing is easy to occur, and therefore survival rate is low, recovery time is long, and sprouting is slow.
2. The application adopts long-spike grafting, and is fixed by the fixing plate at the grafting opening, the grafting opening is not easy to break after sprouting, which is beneficial to the transportation of nutrient substances to new buds and the promotion of the growth of lateral branches, thus the time for completing the growth of 4-6 lateral branches is only 207-214 days, which is shortened by 208-214 days compared with comparative example 1. The scion branch of the comparative example 1 is short, the scion bud can grow to the support frame part only after a long time is needed, the growth period is long, the reproductive growth is long, the time required for transplanting to the bud is about 537 days, and the application only needs about 351-208 days, and has short period and early fruiting.
(3) By adopting the method, the grafted seedling plants grow strong, the fruit setting rate is higher than 93% by assisting with artificial pollination, and the single fruit weight can reach more than 350 g. In the embodiment 3, natural pollination is adopted, no manual intervention is performed, and because bird's nest fruit pollen has poor affinity with stigma, the fruit setting rate is low and the fruits are smaller under the condition of no manual supplementary pollination. Comparative example 1 is a conventional grafting method, which has not only a long growth cycle but also a low fruit setting rate and a small fruit, which is an industrial problem, so that the planting method is to be adjusted.
From the bird's nest fruit flower morphology chart shown in fig. 10, the pistil stigma is high, the pistil is far away from stamens, self-pollination is difficult, the self-pollination fruit setting rate is low under natural conditions, the bird's nest fruit flower is opened at night, the insect activity rate is low and less at night, and the insect medium is absent, so that the fruit setting rate is low. As can be seen from comparison of FIGS. 11-13, the method of the present invention is much larger than the conventional method in terms of the cultivated bird's nest fruits.
In conclusion, the cultivation method has the characteristics of simplicity and convenience in operation, high survival rate, quick growth and development, early fruit production, high fruit setting rate, large single fruit and the like. Has good propulsion effect on premature delivery and high yield of bird's nest fruits.
The foregoing descriptions of specific exemplary embodiments of the present invention are presented for purposes of illustration and description. It is not intended to limit the invention to the precise form disclosed, and obviously many modifications and variations are possible in light of the above teaching. The exemplary embodiments were chosen and described in order to explain the specific principles of the invention and its practical application to thereby enable one skilled in the art to make and utilize the invention in various exemplary embodiments and with various modifications as are suited to the particular use contemplated. It is intended that the scope of the invention be defined by the claims and their equivalents.
Claims (10)
1. The fast and efficient cultivation method for the bird's nest fruits is characterized by comprising the following steps of:
(1) Selection of scions and rootstocks: selecting strong and disease-free cubilose fruits as scion plants, and selecting other dragon fruit varieties with strong and disease-free adaptability and developed root systems as stock plants;
(2) And (3) grafting pretreatment: picking flowers and fruits of scion and stock plants, and applying 0.25kg of compound fertilizer and 5kg of organic fertilizer to each plant for plant fertilization; planting lateral branches of the stock plants to more than 105-140cm to serve as stock branches; the lateral branches of the scion plants are planted to be more than 80-105cm and are used as scion branches; after the branches are aged and fat, the branches are ready for use;
(3) Grafting: selecting a mature and fat stock branch and a scion branch, cutting off the stock branch and the scion branch from the joint of the stock branch and the trunk, vertically and flatly cutting the upper end of the stock branch and the lower end of the scion branch by using a disinfected grafting knife, uniformly cutting three openings in a wood vascular bundle of a stock branch cut by using the grafting knife, vertically peeling off a fleshy stem at the position 3-5cm away from the cut at the lower end of the scion branch by using the grafting knife to expose the wood vascular bundle, sharpening the wood vascular bundle and then inserting the wood vascular bundle into the cut of the stock branch vascular bundle, firmly bonding the scion branch and the stock branch cut, connecting the scion branch with the vascular bundle and the fleshy stem of the stock branch, winding and fixing the scion branch and the stock branch by using a grafting film, avoiding displacement of the scion branch and reducing water evaporation at the joint;
(4) And (3) grafting post-treatment: placing the grafted branches in a sunshade sand bed, covering the lower part of the stock with fine sand to 3-5cm deep, pouring a rooting agent 700-800 times of liquid, planting for 15-20d, keeping ventilation and sand soil moist in the sunshade, and curing the joints and rooting the stock;
(5) Preparing: selecting a flat sandy loam land, constructing a parallel-arrangement type dragon fruit bracket with the east-west trend, installing a sunshade net, applying decomposed organic fertilizer on planting rows, stirring and retting fertilizer soil according to the proportion of the decomposed organic fertilizer to soil of 1:2, watering, taking wet penetration as a main, and standing for 15-20d;
(6) Transplanting grafted seedlings: selecting afternoon of sunny weather, selecting grafted seedlings with healed joints and good rooting, transplanting the grafted seedlings into a field, placing the grafted seedlings into fertilizer soil mixed on planting rows, covering soil with the thickness of 3-5cm, binding and fixing the seedlings, and then pouring root fixing water until the soil is thoroughly poured;
(7) And (3) field management: spraying water once every 3 days after field planting and transplanting, keeping the soil moist, controlling the water content to be 60% -75%, spraying 800-1200 times of Boedon liquid once every 15-20d whole garden, releasing a grafting fixing plate after scion branches bud, timely cutting off the buds of stock branches, spraying 1200-1500 times of chlorpyrifos emulsion once every quarter whole garden, spraying 800 times of liquid potassium humate fertilizer once every month, starting topping when the side branches grow to 80-100cm long, starting fruit retention when the number of the mature side branches reaches 4-6, spraying 1000-1200 times of boron fertilizer on leaves 3-5 days before flowering, flowering at 20:00-24:00 late, carrying out artificial supplementary pollination by taking other varieties of dragon fruit pollen as materials, removing stiff fruits after 7 days of pollination, brushing off fruits 80-90 d days after flowering, starting turning yellow, puncturing the mature fruits with a brush, and picking.
2. The method for cultivating fast and efficient bird's nest fruits according to claim 1, wherein the scion plants in the step (1) are healthy, disease-free and fat bird's nest fruits plants; the stock plant is other dragon fruit varieties which are healthy, disease-free, strong in adaptability, fat and developed in root system, and the stock is selected from the dragon fruits of Jindu No. one.
3. The method for cultivating fast and efficient bird's nest fruits according to claim 1, wherein the cultivation modes of scion and stock in the step (2) comprise the following two modes: (1) Bending branches by a branch bending device when the lateral branches of the stock plants grow to 120cm, topping the lateral branches after the lateral branches continue to grow to 20cm, and topping the lateral branches of the scion plants when the lateral branches grow to 80 cm; (2) Topping when the lateral branches of the stock grow to 105cm, bending the lateral branches of the scion plant by a branch bending device when the lateral branches of the scion plant grow to 25cm, and topping after the lateral branches continue to grow to 80 cm.
4. The method for cultivating fast and efficient bird' S nest fruits according to claim 3, wherein the branch bending device used in the step (2) is an S-shaped or E-shaped branch bending device, is made of stainless steel wires and has a diameter of 0.3-0.6cm.
5. The method for cultivating fast and efficient bird's nest fruits according to claim 1, wherein the grafting fixing plate in the step (3) is made of hard wood or bamboo chips, and has a length of 12-15cm, a width of 4-6cm and a thickness of 0.4-0.6cm; the grafting film is a self-adhesive transparent PE film with the width of 3-5cm.
6. The method for cultivating fast and efficient bird's nest fruits according to claim 1, wherein the sunshade net in the step (4) is 10 needle black net, and the sunshade rate is 40-60%; in the step (5), the sunshade net is a 4-needle black net, and the sunshade rate is 20-30%.
7. The method for cultivating fast and efficient bird's nest fruits according to claim 1, wherein the diameter of fine sand particles in the sand bed in the step (4) is 0.1-0.3cm.
8. The method for cultivating fast and efficient bird's nest fruits according to claim 1, wherein the decomposed organic fertilizer in the step (5) is chicken manure: rice husk: peanut bran: calcia magnesium phosphate = 15:2:2:1, fermenting for 6 months; the dosage of the decomposed organic fertilizer is as follows: according to 5kg of plants or 5 tons per mu.
9. The method for cultivating fast and efficient bird's nest fruits according to claim 1, wherein in the step (6), the grafted seedlings are bound and fixed on a supporting frame, and scion stems are bound in parallel with the supporting frame and are 120cm away from the ground.
10. The method for cultivating fast and efficient bird's nest fruits according to claim 1, wherein the pollen used for supplementary pollination in the step (7) is golden capital one, soft branch scarlet, gui Gonglong and bird's nest fruits far-source dragon fruit variety pollen.
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