CN115885710A - Rapid and efficient cultivation method for bird's nest fruit - Google Patents
Rapid and efficient cultivation method for bird's nest fruit Download PDFInfo
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- CN115885710A CN115885710A CN202211467192.8A CN202211467192A CN115885710A CN 115885710 A CN115885710 A CN 115885710A CN 202211467192 A CN202211467192 A CN 202211467192A CN 115885710 A CN115885710 A CN 115885710A
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Abstract
The invention discloses a method for quickly and efficiently cultivating bird's nest fruit, and belongs to the technical field of cultivation. The method comprises the following steps: (1) Selecting scion and stock plants, (2) pretreating the graft, removing flowers and fruits, applying fertilizer, and fertilizing the plants; planting the lateral branches of the rootstocks to be more than 105-140 cm; the lateral branches of the scion plants are more than 80-105 cm; (3) Grafting, namely cutting the upper end of a lateral branch of the stock and the lower end of a lateral branch of a scion, cutting a cut of a wooden vascular bundle at the cut of the lateral branch of the stock, peeling off fleshy stems at the lower end of the lateral branch of the scion to expose the wooden vascular bundle, inserting the scion branch into the stock, fixing a connector by a fixing plate, and winding a grafting film; (4) Post-grafting treatment, (5) preparation tillage, (6) field planting and transplanting of grafted seedlings, and (7) field management. The method has the characteristics of simple and convenient operation, high grafting survival rate, fast plant growth and the like, can effectively save seedling culture time, shorten the vegetative growth period, promote early and high yield fruit bearing, and overcome the problems of long vegetative growth period, slow fruit bearing, low fruit setting rate, small fruit and the like of the existing method.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of plant cultivation, and particularly relates to a cultivation method of bird's nest fruits.
Background
The bird's nest fruit is a new dragon fruit variety newly introduced in recent years, 4-6 batches of the bird's nest fruit are produced in one year, the flower development period is 45-60 days, the fruit development period is 90-110 days, the content of soluble solid matters in the center of the fruit can reach 26%, the content of soluble solid matters on the fruit side can reach 18%, the taste is excellent, the market price is as high as 150-200 yuan/kg, but the bird's nest fruit is weak in root system, slow in growth, and easily infected with root-knot nematode disease and canker, and the growth period is long, the common dragon fruit can be planted in the same year and produced in the same year, and the bird's nest fruit can normally hang up in more than 2 years. However, the problems of long growth period, slow fruit bearing, low fruit setting rate, small fruit, low yield and the like are still outstanding, the development of the bird's nest fruit planting industry is seriously hindered, the yield cannot meet the market demand, and the fruit selling price is high. Therefore, exploring the cultivation method for quickly producing and efficiently cultivating the bird's nest fruit becomes a key for overcoming the technical bottleneck of industrial development.
The traditional grafting method comprises the following steps: the method comprises bud grafting and stem grafting. And (2) bud grafting, namely selecting healthy and disease-free and fertile scion plants and stock plants, shearing a single effective bud-bearing point on a scion stem, selecting stock branches of 30-60 cm, shearing a notch which is the same as the bud-bearing point at the middle upper part of each stock branch, grafting the bud points and the stock branches, and winding and fixing by using a grafting film. Stem grafting, namely cutting a scion stem with the length of 3-5cm, selecting a stock branch with the length of 30-60 cm, vertically cutting the top end of the stock branch, then jointing a scion branch cut and the stock branch cut to ensure that a wooden vascular bundle is connected and a fleshy stem is connected, and then winding and fixing by using a grafting film. However, the traditional grafting method has the inevitable problems that scion branches or bud points are short and rootstock branches are short, such as: (1) Scion branches or bud points are short and small, so that excessive water loss is easy to cause dryness before wound healing, the survival rate is low, the recovery time is long, and the germination is slow; (2) The scion branches or bud points are short and have no fixed plate, and are easy to break at the interface after budding; (3) The scion branch or bud point is short, and the stock branch is short, so that the scion bud can grow to the support frame in a longer time, and the growth period is long. The above problems all seriously restrict the planting efficiency and benefit of the bird's nest fruit.
The information disclosed in this background section is only for enhancement of understanding of the general background of the invention and should not be taken as an acknowledgement or any form of suggestion that this information forms the prior art already known to a person skilled in the art.
Disclosure of Invention
In order to overcome the defects in the prior art, the invention provides a method for quickly and efficiently cultivating bird's nest fruit. According to the characteristics that the cubilose fruit plants are weak in growth vigor, susceptible to diseases, underdeveloped in root systems, slow in growth, and not easy to bend and shape branch stems, and other pitaya variety plants are strong in growth vigor, strong in disease resistance, developed in root systems, fast in growth and the like, the high-length stem grafting and efficient cultivation work of the cubilose fruit is carried out. The method is simple and convenient to operate, high in grafting survival rate and fast in plant growth, and is suitable for grafting and cultivating most of meat-stem plants.
The purpose of the invention is realized by the following technical scheme:
a method for cultivating cubilose fruit quickly and efficiently is characterized by comprising the following steps:
(1) Selection of scions and rootstocks: selecting healthy and healthy bird's nest fruits as scion plants and selecting healthy and strong-adaptability other dragon fruit varieties with developed root systems as stock plants;
(2) Pretreatment before grafting: removing flowers and fruits of the scion and the rootstock plants, and additionally applying 0.25kg of compound fertilizer and 5kg of organic fertilizer to each plant to fertilize the plants; planting the lateral branches of the stock plants to be more than 105-140cm to serve as stock branches; planting lateral branches of the scion plants to be more than 80-105cm to serve as scion branches; after the branches are aged, fattened and strong, the branches are reserved;
(3) Grafting: selecting aged and plump stock branches and scion branches to be cut off, vertically and flatly cutting the upper ends of the stock branches and the lower ends of the scion branches by using a disinfected grafting knife, uniformly cutting three openings in a wood vascular bundle of the stock branch cut by using the grafting knife, vertically peeling off fleshy stems at the positions, 3-5cm away from the cut, of the lower ends of the scion branches by using the grafting knife to expose the wood vascular bundle, sharpening the wood vascular bundle, inserting the sharpened wood vascular bundle into the cut of the stock branch vascular bundle, tightly adhering the scion branches and the cut of the stock branches by force, connecting the scion branches and the vascular bundle of the stock branches and connecting the fleshy stems, placing a fixing plate at the joint, winding and fixing the scion branches and the stock branches by using a grafting film to avoid displacement of the scion branches and reduce water evaporation at the joint;
(4) And (3) post-grafting treatment: placing the grafted branches in a sunshade sand bed, covering the lower parts of the stocks with fine sand 3-5cm deep, pouring 700-800 times of rooting agent, planting for 15-20d, keeping the shed ventilated and sandy soil moist during the planting period, and allowing the joints to heal and the stocks to root;
(5) Preparing for ploughing: selecting a flat sandy loam plot, building a row-type dragon fruit support with an east-west trend, installing a sunshade net, applying a decomposed organic fertilizer strip on a planting line, stirring and retting fertile soil according to the proportion of the decomposed organic fertilizer to soil 1, watering, mainly wetting thoroughly, and standing for 15-20d;
(6) Transplanting grafted seedlings in a field planting manner: selecting grafted seedlings with healed joints and good rooting to be transplanted to a field in the afternoon of sunny weather, putting the grafted seedlings into mixed fertile soil on planting rows, covering soil with the thickness of 3-5cm, binding and fixing the seedlings, and then pouring rooting water until the soil is thoroughly poured;
(7) And (3) field management: spraying water once every 3 days after field planting and transplanting, keeping soil moist, controlling the water content to be 60-75%, spraying 800-1200 times of Bordeaux liquid once every 15-20d in the whole garden, loosening a grafting fixing plate after scion branches sprout, timely shearing stock branch growing buds, spraying 1200-1500 times of chlorpyrifos emulsion in the whole garden every quarter, spraying 800 times of humic acid potassium liquid fertilizer once every month, starting topping when the lateral branches grow to 80-100cm, starting to leave fruits when the number of the aged lateral branches reaches 4-6, spraying 1000-1200 times of boron fertilizer on leaf surfaces 3-5 days before blooming, performing artificial pollination by taking other varieties of dragon fruits as materials when blooming at night by 20-24, removing hardened fruits and hairy fruits after 7 days, continuously enabling fruits to start to turn yellow after blooming by 80-90d, brushing the sharp spines of the ripe fruits, and picking.
Preferably, the scion plants in the step (1) are healthy, disease-free and fertile plants; the stock plant is healthy, disease-free, fertile, strong in adaptability and developed in root system, and the variety selected by the stock is Jindu dragon fruit I.
Preferably, the scion and rootstock cultivation method in the step (2) comprises the following two cultivation methods: (1) Bending the lateral branches of the stock plants by using a branch bending device when the lateral branches grow to 120cm, topping the lateral branches after the lateral branches continue to grow for 20cm, and topping the lateral branches of the scion plants when the lateral branches grow to 80cm; (2) And (3) topping when the lateral branches of the rootstocks grow to 105cm, bending the lateral branches of the scion plants by using a branch bending device when the lateral branches of the scion plants grow to 25cm, and topping after the lateral branches continuously grow to 80cm. Both the bird's nest fruit and the dragon fruit are grafted by branches, so that lateral branches suitable for the grafting height need to be cultured. Therefore, when the length of the rootstock branch is 120cm +20cm, the length of the scion branch is 80cm; when the length of the rootstock branch is 105cm, the length of the scion branch is 25cm +80cm. Because the dragon fruit is 7-shaped after being put on the shelf, the bent branches need to be advanced, and if the bent branches are not advanced, the bent branches are easy to break after the branches are aged. And (3) timely topping the grafted branches after the grafted branches reach the required height, mainly aiming at controlling the continuous growth of the branches, promoting the early aging of the branches and shortening the grafting time.
Preferably, the branch bender used in the step (2) is an S-shaped or E-shaped branch bender, the material is stainless steel wire, the diameter is 0.3-0.6cm, the plastic property is certain, and the seedling bending amplitude can be controlled to be 90-180 according to the requirement.
Preferably, the grafting fixing plate in the step (3) is a hard wood plate or a bamboo plate, the length is 12-15cm, the width is 4-6cm, and the thickness is 0.4-0.6cm.
Preferably, the grafting film in the step (3) is a self-adhesive transparent PE film with the width of 3-5cm.
Preferably, the sunshade net of the sunshade in the step (4) is a 10-needle black net, and the sunshade rate is 40-60%;
preferably, the diameter of the fine sand particles in the sand bed in step (4) is 0.1-0.3cm.
Preferably, the sunshade net in the step (5) is a 4-needle black net, and the sunshade rate is 20-30%.
Preferably, the decomposed organic fertilizer in the step (5) is chicken manure: rice hulls: peanut bran: calcium magnesium phosphate =15:2:2:1 for 6 months; the dosage of the decomposed organic fertilizer is as follows: 5kg per plant or 5 tons per mu.
Preferably, the grafted seedlings in the step (6) are bound and fixed on the support frame, and the grafted stems are bound with the support frame in parallel, and the height from the ground is 120cm.
Preferably, the pollen used for supplementary pollination in the step (7) is pollen of pitaya varieties far from sources of bird nest fruits, such as Jindu I, soft-branch scarlet, guihonglong and the like.
Compared with the prior art, the invention has the following beneficial effects:
1. the method has the advantages of simple operation, fast joint healing, high grafting survival rate and fast plant growth, and is suitable for grafting and cultivating most of the meat-stem plants.
2. The branch bending device designed by the invention is simple in material, durable, simple and convenient to operate, reusable, and certain in plasticity, can control the bending amplitude of the seedlings to be 90-180 degrees or gradually increase the bending amplitude as required, and is suitable for bending the branches of most fruit trees.
3. The invention adopts high-position grafting and long-spike grafting, can obviously save seedling raising time, greatly shortens vegetative growth cycle, and has the time of transplanting to 4-6 lateral branches of 207-214 days, while the existing short-stem grafting method needs about 420 days. Meanwhile, the fruit bearing period is effectively shortened. The method can promote early high yield and early fruiting, overcome the problems of long vegetative growth period, slow fruiting and the like of the plants in the prior art, shorten the planting period and promote fast yield and high harvest.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a schematic view of an "S" shaped branch bender;
FIG. 2 is a schematic view of an "E" shaped branch bender;
FIG. 3 is a sectional view of a scion;
FIG. 4 is a section and three-cut drawing of a rootstock branch;
FIG. 5 is a schematic diagram of a rootstock branch 105cm after grafting with a scion branch (25 + 80) cm;
FIG. 6 is a schematic diagram of a rootstock branch (120 + 20) cm after grafting with a scion branch 80cm;
FIG. 7 is a schematic diagram of field planting of grafted seedlings of 105cm rootstock branches and 25+80 cm scion branches;
FIG. 8 is a schematic diagram of field planting of grafted seedlings transplanted with a rootstock branch (120+20) cm and a scion branch 80cm;
FIG. 9 is a graph of the flowering phase of bird's nest fruit in accordance with the method of the present invention;
FIG. 10 is a shape chart of bird's nest fruit flower;
FIG. 11 is a graph comparing the fruit at the time of expansion of the bird's nest fruit for the method of the present invention and comparative example 1. The fruit of comparative example 1 is shown on the left and the fruit obtained by the process of the invention is shown on the right.
FIG. 12 is a graph comparing the fruits of the present invention at maturity with comparative example 1. The fruit of comparative example 1 is shown on the left and the fruit obtained by the process of the invention is shown on the right.
FIG. 13 is a cross-sectional view of a fruit compared to comparative example 1 at the time of ripening in accordance with the process of the present invention. The fruit of comparative example 1 is shown on the left and the fruit obtained by the process of the invention is shown on the right.
Detailed Description
The present invention is further illustrated by the following examples, which are provided only for illustrating the present invention and are not intended to limit the scope of the present invention.
The branch bending device used in the cultivation production process is formed by bending stainless steel wires, the diameter of the branch bending device is usually 0.3-0.6cm, the branch bending device is S-shaped or E-shaped (as shown in figures 1 and 2), the branch bending device has certain plasticity, and the seedling bending amplitude can be controlled to be 90-180 degrees according to needs.
The decomposed organic fertilizer for the farmlands in the fertilization process is chicken manure: rice hull: peanut bran: calcium magnesium phosphate =15:2:2:1 for 6 months. The particle size of fine sand adopted in the sand bed is 0.1-0.3cm.
Example 1
A method for quickly and efficiently cultivating bird's nest fruits comprises the following steps:
(1) Selection of scions and rootstocks: selecting healthy and strong bird's nest fruits as scion plants, and selecting healthy and strong golden dragon fruits with strong disease-free adaptability and developed root systems as stock plants.
(2) Pretreatment before grafting: removing flowers and fruits of plants, and additionally applying 0.25kg of compound fertilizer and 5kg of organic fertilizer to each plant to fertilize the plants; bending branches by using an S-shaped stainless steel branch bending device when the side branches of the stock plants grow to 120cm, topping the branches after the side branches continue to grow for 20cm to serve as stock branches, and topping scion side branches when the scion side branches grow to 80cm to serve as scion branches; and (5) after the branches are aged, fattened and strong for standby.
(3) Grafting: the method comprises the steps of selecting an aged and fat stock branch and a scion branch, cutting off the stock branch and the scion branch from a joint with a trunk part, disinfecting a grafting knife by using 75% alcohol, vertically and flatly cutting the upper end of the stock branch and the lower end of the scion branch, uniformly cutting three openings in a wood vascular bundle of the cut of the stock branch by using the grafting knife (as shown in figure 2), vertically peeling off a fleshy stem at the lower end of the scion branch, which is 3cm away from the cut, exposing the wood vascular bundle (as shown in figure 3), sharpening the wood vascular bundle, inserting the cut into the cut of the wood vascular bundle, forcibly and tightly bonding the scion branch and the cut of the stock branch, connecting the scion branch with the wood vascular bundle and the fleshy stem, placing a bamboo sheet fixing plate at the joint, winding and fixing the scion branch and the stock branch by using a grafting film to avoid displacement of the scion branch and reduce water evaporation (as shown in figure 6). The bamboo strip has a length of 12-15cm, a width of 4-6cm, and a thickness of 0.4-0.6cm. The grafting film is a self-adhesive transparent PE film with the width of 3-5cm.
(4) And (3) after-treatment of grafting: and placing the grafted branches in a sunshade sand bed, wherein the sunshade net of the sunshade is a 10-pin black net, and the sunshade rate is 40-60%. Covering the lower part of the stock with fine sand to a depth of 3-5cm, pouring 750 times of rooting agent, planting for about 15d, keeping the shed ventilated and air-permeable and sandy soil moist during the period, and allowing the joint to heal and the branch of the stock to root (as shown in figure 8).
(5) Preparing for ploughing: selecting a flat sandy loam plot, building an east-west-trend row-type pitaya bracket, and installing a sun-shading net, wherein the sun-shading net is a 4-needle black net, and the sun-shading rate is 20-30%. Applying decomposed organic fertilizer strips on a planting row according to a strain of 5kg, stirring and retting the decomposed organic fertilizer strips with soil according to the proportion of 1;
(6) Transplanting grafted seedlings in a field planting manner: selecting grafted seedlings with healed joints and good rooting to transplant to a field in the afternoon of sunny weather, placing the grafted seedlings in mixed fertile soil, covering soil with the thickness of 3-5cm, binding and fixing the grafted seedlings on a support frame, binding the grafted scions and stems in parallel with the support frame, and pouring rooting water which takes the fact that the soil is thoroughly poured as the standard, wherein the height of the ground is 120 cm;
(7) Field management: spraying water once every 3 days after field planting and transplanting, keeping soil moist, controlling the water content to be 60-75%, spraying 800-1200 times of Borax liquid once every 15 days around the whole garden, loosening a grafting fixing plate after scion branches sprout, timely cutting off stock branch seedling buds, spraying 1200-1500 times of chlorpyrifos emulsion every quarter in the whole garden, spraying 800 times of humic acid potassium liquid fertilizer once every month, starting topping when lateral branches grow to 80-100cm, starting to leave fruits when the number of mature lateral branches reaches 4-6, spraying 1000-1200 times of boric fertilizer on leaf surfaces 3-5 days before blooming, and carrying out artificial pollination by taking a Jindu dragon fruit as a material when blooming is 20-24 days later, removing hardened fruits and hairy fruits 7 days after pollination, starting to turn yellow after 80-90 days after blooming, brushing tips of ripe fruits, and picking up then.
Example 2
A method for quickly and efficiently cultivating bird's nest fruits comprises the following steps:
(1) Selection of scions and rootstocks: selecting robust and healthy bird's nest fruits as scion plants, and selecting robust and healthy Jindu pitaya with strong adaptability and developed root system as stock plants.
(2) Pretreatment before grafting: removing flowers and fruits of plants, and additionally applying 0.25kg of compound fertilizer and 5kg of organic fertilizer to each plant to fertilize the plants; topping the lateral branches of the rootstock plants when the lateral branches grow to 105cm, and taking the lateral branches as rootstock branches; bending the scion branches by using an E-shaped branch bending device when the scion branches grow to 25cm, and topping the scion branches after the scion branches continuously grow to 80cm to serve as the scion branches; and (5) after the branches are aged, fattened and strong for standby.
(3) Grafting: the method comprises the steps of selecting an aged and fat stock branch and a scion branch, cutting off the stock branch and the scion branch from a joint with a trunk, disinfecting a grafting knife by using 75% alcohol, vertically and flatly cutting the upper end of the stock branch and the lower end of the scion branch, cutting three openings in a wood vascular bundle of the cut of the stock branch by using the grafting knife, vertically peeling off a fleshy stem at the position 3cm away from the cut at the lower end of the scion branch by using the grafting knife, exposing the wood vascular bundle, sharpening the wood vascular bundle, inserting the sharpened wood vascular bundle into the cut of the stock vascular bundle, forcibly tightly adhering the scion branch and the cut of the stock branch, connecting the scion branch with the wood vascular bundle and the fleshy stem, placing a bamboo sheet fixing plate at the joint, winding and fixing the scion branch and the stock branch by using a grafting film to avoid displacement of the scion branch and reduce water evaporation at the joint (as shown in figure 5). The bamboo chip has length of 12-15cm, width of 4-6cm, and thickness of 0.4-0.6cm. The grafting film is a self-adhesive transparent PE film with the width of 3-5cm.
(4) And (3) after-treatment of grafting: and placing the grafted branches in a sunshade sand bed, wherein the sunshade net of the sunshade is a 10-pin black net, and the sunshade rate is 40-60%. Covering the lower part of the stock with fine sand to a depth of 3-5cm, pouring 700 times of rooting agent, planting for about 15d, keeping the shed ventilated and air-permeable and sandy soil moist during the period, and allowing the joint to heal and the branch of the stock to root (as shown in figure 7).
(5) Preparing for ploughing: selecting a flat sandy loam plot, building an east-west-trend row-type pitaya bracket, and installing a sun-shading net, wherein the sun-shading net is a 4-needle black net, and the sun-shading rate is 20-30%. Applying the decomposed organic fertilizer strips on a planting line according to the application amount of 5kg, stirring the decomposed organic fertilizer strips with soil according to the proportion of 1.
(6) Transplanting grafted seedlings in a field planting manner: selecting grafted seedlings with healed joints and good rooting to transplant to a field in the afternoon of sunny weather, placing the grafted seedlings in mixed fertile soil, covering soil with the thickness of 3-5cm, binding and fixing the grafted seedlings on a support frame, binding the grafted scions and stems in parallel with the support frame, and pouring rooting water which takes the fact that the soil is thoroughly poured as the standard, wherein the height of the ground is 120 cm;
(7) Field management: spraying water once every 3 days after field planting and transplanting, keeping soil moist, controlling water content to be 60-75%, spraying 800-1200 times of Bordeaux liquid once every about 15d in the whole garden, loosening a grafting fixing plate after scion branches sprout, timely shearing stock branch seedlings, spraying 1200-1500 times of chlorpyrifos emulsion in the whole garden every quarter, spraying 800 times of potassium humate liquid fertilizer once every month, starting topping when the lateral branches grow to 80-100cm, starting to leave fruits when the number of the aged lateral branches reaches 4-6, spraying 1000-1200 times of boron fertilizer on leaf surfaces 3-5 days before blooming, and starting to turn yellow when blooming at night 20-24, carrying out artificial pollination by using soft-branch red dragon fruit pollen as a material, removing hardened fruits and hairy fruits 7 days after pollination, continuously having fruits about 80-90 days after blooming, brushing tips of ripe fruits, and picking up the fruits.
Example 3
A glue solution cross pollination method comprises the following steps:
(1) Selection of scions and rootstocks: selecting robust disease-free bird's nest fruits as scion plants, and selecting robust disease-free strong-adaptability Jindu I pitaya with developed root systems as stock plants.
(2) Pretreatment before grafting: removing flowers and fruits of plants, and additionally applying 0.25kg of compound fertilizer and 5kg of organic fertilizer to each plant to fertilize the plants; topping the lateral branches of the stock plants when the lateral branches grow to 105cm, and taking the lateral branches as stock branches; bending the scion branches by using an E-shaped branch bending device when the scion branches grow to 25cm, and topping the scion branches after the scion branches continuously grow to 80cm to serve as the scion branches; and (5) after the branches are aged, fattened and strong for standby.
(3) Grafting: the method comprises the steps of selecting aged and plump rootstock branches and scion branches, shearing the rootstock branches and the scion branches from a joint of the rootstock branches and a main trunk, disinfecting a grafting knife by using 75% alcohol, vertically and flatly cutting the upper ends of the rootstock branches and the lower ends of the scion branches, cutting three openings in a wood fiber bundle of the cuts of the rootstock branches by using the grafting knife, vertically peeling off fleshy stems at positions, which are 3-5cm away from the cuts, of the lower ends of the scion branches by using the grafting knife to expose the wood fiber bundle, sharpening the wood fiber bundle, inserting the sharpened wood fiber bundle into the cuts of the rootstock branches, tightly adhering the scion branches and the cuts of the rootstock branches by force, connecting the scion branches with the rootstock fiber bundle and connecting the fleshy stems, placing a hardwood plate at the joints, winding and fixing the scion branches and the rootstock branches by using a grafting film to prevent the scion branches from shifting, and reducing water evaporation at the joints. The length of the hardwood sheet is 12-15cm, the width is 4-6cm, and the thickness is 0.4-0.6cm. The grafting film is a self-adhesive transparent PE film with the width of 3-5cm.
(4) And (3) post-grafting treatment: and (3) placing the grafted branches in a sunshade sand bed, wherein the sunshade net of the sunshade is a 10-needle black net, and the sunshade rate is 40-60%. Covering the lower part of the rootstock with fine sand to 3cm deep, pouring 800 times of rooting agent, planting for about 20d, keeping the inside of the shed ventilated and sandy soil wet during the planting period, and waiting for the joint to heal and the rootstock branches to root.
(5) Preparing for ploughing: selecting a flat sandy loam plot, building an east-west-trend row-type pitaya bracket, and installing a sun-shading net, wherein the sun-shading net is a 4-needle black net, and the sun-shading rate is 20-30%. Applying decomposed organic fertilizer strips on a planting line according to the application amount of 5 tons per mu, stirring the decomposed organic fertilizer strips with soil according to the proportion of 1;
(6) Transplanting grafted seedlings in a field planting manner: selecting grafted seedlings with healed joints and good rooting to transplant to a field in the afternoon of sunny weather, placing the grafted seedlings in mixed fertile soil, covering soil with the thickness of 3-5cm, binding and fixing the grafted seedlings on a support frame, binding the grafted scions and stems in parallel with the support frame, and pouring rooting water which takes the fact that the soil is thoroughly poured as the standard, wherein the height of the ground is 120 cm;
(7) Field management: spraying water once every 3 days after field planting and transplanting, keeping the soil moist, controlling the water content to be 60-75%, spraying 800-1200 times of Bordeaux solution once every about 15 days in the whole garden, loosening a grafting fixing plate after scion branches sprout, timely shearing stock branch seedling buds, spraying 1200-1500 times of chlorpyrifos emulsion in the whole garden every quarter, spraying 800 times of potassium humate liquid once every month, starting topping when the lateral branches grow to 80-100cm, starting to leave fruits when the number of the aged lateral branches reaches 4-6, and spraying 1000-1200 times of boron fertilizer on leaf surfaces 3-5 days before blooming. When in blooming, the flowers are pollinated naturally without artificial pollination intervention; starting to turn yellow when fruits are grown in about 80 days after blooming, brushing off the sharp spines of the ripe fruits by using a brush, and picking.
Comparative example 1
The difference from the method according to example 3 is that:
step (2) pretreatment of grafting: removing flowers and fruits of plants, and additionally applying 0.25kg of compound fertilizer and 5kg of organic fertilizer to each plant to fertilize the plants; topping when the branch of the stock plant grows to 60cm, and topping after the scion branch grows to 80cm-100 cm; and (5) after the branches are aged, fattened and strong for standby.
Grafting: selecting healthy, disease-free and fertile scion plants and stock plants, selecting 60cm old stock branches, cutting scion stems with the length of 5cm, vertically cutting the top ends of the stock branches, then jointing the scion branch cuts with the stock branch cuts to connect wood vascular bundles and fleshy stems, and then winding and fixing by using a grafting film.
The experiments were carried out by the methods of examples 1 to 3 and comparative example 1. 10 plants were sampled for each method and three replicates were performed; the average of three groups was recorded. The experimental procedure from the start of grafting to the harvest of fruit set was recorded, the process diagram is shown in fig. 3-13, and the experimental results are shown in table 1:
TABLE 1
Note: the time required for healing of the grafting openings, the time required for transplanting to budding, the time required for transplanting to 4-6 lateral branches and the time required for transplanting to bursting buds in table 1 are all recorded by adopting continuous tracking, ten grafted live seedlings (dead seedlings are removed) are processed in each step, the data are accumulated and added, and the total number of the seedlings is divided by (10), so that the average planting time (dead seedlings are not calculated) is obtained; the grafting survival rate, the fruit setting rate and the single fruit weight sample size are respectively 10, 100 and 10, and three repetitions are set, and the average value is taken.
From the data comparison in table 1, it can be seen that:
1. compared with the traditional short spike grafting, the method for grafting the bird's nest fruit in the high position and the long spike grafting improves the grafting survival rate, the healing time of the grafting opening is shortened by 2-3 days, and the sprouting time of transplanting is shortened by 13-14 days. In contrast, in the comparative document 1, short-ear stem grafting is adopted, the scion branches are small, the water loss is fast, and the wound is easy to dry before healing, so that the survival rate is low, the recovery time is long, and the germination is slow.
2. The invention adopts long-spike grafting, and the grafting opening is fixed by the fixing plate, the grafting opening is not easy to break after budding, which is beneficial to conveying nutrient substances to the new bud and promoting the growth of lateral branches, therefore, the time for completing the growth of 4-6 lateral branches only needs 207-214 days, and is shortened by 208-214 days compared with comparative example 1. The scion branch and the rootstock branch in the comparative example 1 are short, long time is needed for scion buds to grow to the position of the support frame, the growth period is long, the reproductive growth is also long, the time required for transplanting to the flowering buds is as long as 537 days, the application only needs about 351-208 days, the period is short, and the fruit yield is early.
(3) By adopting the method, the grafted seedling has strong growth, is supplemented with artificial pollination, has the fruit setting rate of over 93 percent and has the weight of over 350g per fruit. In the embodiment 3, natural pollination is adopted, and manual intervention is not carried out, because the compatibility of the bird's nest fruit pollen and the stigma is poor, the fruit setting rate is low and the fruit is small under the condition of no artificial supplementary pollination. Comparative example 1 is a conventional grafting method, and not only the growth period is long, but also the fruit setting rate is low, and the fruit size is small, which is an industrial problem, so that the cultivation method needs to be adjusted.
From the shape chart of the bird's nest fruit flowers in fig. 10, the pistil stigma is high and far away from the stamens, self-pollination is not easy, the fruit setting rate of self-pollination is low under natural conditions, the bird's nest fruit flowers bloom at night, the activity rate of insects is low and less at night, the insect media is lacked, and the fruit setting rate is low. As can be seen from the comparison of FIGS. 11-13, the fruit size of the bird's nest cultivated by the method of the present invention is much larger than that of the conventional method.
In conclusion, the cultivation method disclosed by the invention has the characteristics of simplicity and convenience in operation, high survival rate, high growth and development speed, early fruit production, high fruit setting rate, large single fruit and the like. The feed additive has good propelling effect on premature delivery and high yield of the bird's nest fruit.
The foregoing descriptions of specific exemplary embodiments of the present invention have been presented for purposes of illustration and description. It is not intended to limit the invention to the precise form disclosed, and obviously many modifications and variations are possible in light of the above teaching. The exemplary embodiments were chosen and described in order to explain certain principles of the invention and its practical application to enable one skilled in the art to make and use various exemplary embodiments of the invention and various alternatives and modifications as are suited to the particular use contemplated. It is intended that the scope of the invention be defined by the claims and their equivalents.
Claims (10)
1. A method for cultivating cubilose fruit quickly and efficiently is characterized by comprising the following steps:
(1) Selection of scions and rootstocks: selecting robust and disease-free bird's nest fruits as scion plants, and selecting robust and disease-free strong adaptability and other pitaya varieties with developed root systems as stock plants;
(2) Pretreatment of grafting: removing flowers and fruits of the scion and the stock plants, and additionally applying 0.25kg of compound fertilizer and 5kg of organic fertilizer to each plant to fertilize the plants; planting the lateral branches of the stock plants to be more than 105-140cm to serve as stock branches; planting lateral branches of the scion plants to be more than 80-105cm to serve as scion branches; after the branches are aged, fattened and strong, the branches are reserved;
(3) Grafting: selecting aged and plump stock branches and scion branches to be cut off, vertically and flatly cutting the upper ends of the stock branches and the lower ends of the scion branches by using a disinfected grafting knife, uniformly cutting three openings in a wood vascular bundle of the stock branch cut by using the grafting knife, vertically peeling off fleshy stems at the positions, 3-5cm away from the cut, of the lower ends of the scion branches by using the grafting knife to expose the wood vascular bundle, sharpening the wood vascular bundle, inserting the sharpened wood vascular bundle into the cut of the stock branch vascular bundle, tightly adhering the scion branches and the cut of the stock branches by force, connecting the scion branches and the vascular bundle of the stock branches and connecting the fleshy stems, placing a fixing plate at the joint, winding and fixing the scion branches and the stock branches by using a grafting film to avoid displacement of the scion branches and reduce water evaporation at the joint;
(4) And (3) post-grafting treatment: placing the grafted branch in a sunshade sand bed, covering the lower part of the stock with fine sand 3-5cm deep, pouring 700-800 times of rooting agent, planting for 15-20d, keeping the interior of the shed ventilated and air-permeable and sandy soil moist during the period, and allowing the joint to heal and the stock to take root;
(5) Preparing for ploughing: selecting a flat sandy loam plot, building a row-type dragon fruit support with an east-west trend, installing a sunshade net, applying a decomposed organic fertilizer strip on a planting line, stirring and retting fertile soil according to the proportion of the decomposed organic fertilizer to soil 1, watering, mainly wetting thoroughly, and standing for 15-20d;
(6) Transplanting grafted seedlings in a field planting manner: selecting grafted seedlings with healed joints and good rooting to transplant to a field in the afternoon of sunny weather, putting the grafted seedlings into mixed fertile soil on planting rows, covering soil with the thickness of 3-5cm, binding and fixing the seedlings, and then pouring root fixing water until the soil is thoroughly poured;
(7) Field management: spraying water once every 3 days after field planting and transplanting, keeping soil moist, controlling the water content to be 60-75%, spraying 800-1200 times of Bordeaux liquid once every 15-20d in the whole garden, loosening a grafting fixing plate after scion branches sprout, timely shearing stock branch growing buds, spraying 1200-1500 times of chlorpyrifos emulsion in the whole garden every quarter, spraying 800 times of humic acid potassium liquid fertilizer once every month, starting topping when the lateral branches grow to 80-100cm, starting to leave fruits when the number of the aged lateral branches reaches 4-6, spraying 1000-1200 times of boron fertilizer on leaf surfaces 3-5 days before blooming, performing artificial pollination by taking other varieties of dragon fruits as materials when blooming at night by 20-24, removing hardened fruits and hairy fruits after 7 days, continuously enabling fruits to start to turn yellow after blooming by 80-90d, brushing the sharp spines of the ripe fruits, and picking.
2. The cultivation method for quickly producing and efficiently cultivating the bird's nest fruit according to claim 1, wherein the scion plant in the step (1) is a healthy, disease-free and robust bird's nest fruit plant; the stock plant is healthy, disease-free, strong in adaptability, fat and strong and the root system is developed, and the stock plant is selected from Jindu pitaya.
3. The method for cultivating bird's nest fruit with high yield and efficiency according to claim 1, wherein the cultivation modes of the scion and the rootstock in the step (2) comprise the following two modes: (1) Bending the lateral branches of the stock plants by using a branch bending device when the lateral branches grow to 120cm, topping the lateral branches after the lateral branches continue to grow for 20cm, and topping the lateral branches of the scion plants when the lateral branches grow to 80cm; (2) And (3) topping when the lateral branch of the stock grows to 105cm, bending the lateral branch of the scion plant by using a branch bending device when the lateral branch grows to 25cm, and topping after the lateral branch continuously grows to 80cm.
4. The method for cultivating bird' S nest fruit with high efficiency and quick production as claimed in claim 3, wherein the branch bender used in step (2) is an S-shaped or E-shaped branch bender made of stainless steel wire with a diameter of 0.3-0.6cm.
5. The method for cultivating bird's nest fruit with high efficiency and quick production as claimed in claim 1, wherein in the step (3), the grafting fixing plate is a hard wood plate or a bamboo plate, the length is 12-15cm, the width is 4-6cm, and the thickness is 0.4-0.6cm; the grafting film is a self-adhesive transparent PE film with the width of 3-5cm.
6. The method for cultivating bird's nest fruit with high efficiency and quick yield as claimed in claim 1, wherein in step (4), the sunshade net is a 10-pin black net, and the sunshade rate is 40-60%; the sunshade net in the step (5) is a 4-needle black net, and the sunshade rate is 20-30%.
7. The method for cultivating bird's nest fruit with high efficiency and quick production as claimed in claim 1, wherein the diameter of the fine sand particles in the sand bed in step (4) is 0.1-0.3cm.
8. The cultivation method for quickly producing and efficiently cultivating bird's nest fruit as claimed in claim 1, wherein the decomposed organic fertilizer in the step (5) is chicken manure: rice hull: peanut bran: calcium magnesium phosphate =15:2:2:1 for 6 months; the dosage of the decomposed organic fertilizer is as follows: 5kg per plant or 5 tons per mu.
9. The method for cultivating bird's nest fruit in high efficiency and in fast production as claimed in claim 1, wherein in step (6), the grafted seedling is bound and fixed on the support frame, and the grafted ear stem is bound with the support frame in parallel, and the height above the ground is 120cm.
10. The method for cultivating bird's nest fruit with high efficiency and quick production according to claim 1, wherein the pollen used for supplementary pollination in the step (7) is the pollen of the dragon fruit varieties of Jindu I, soft branch scarlet, guihonglong and bird's nest fruit.
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