CN115804275A - Soil improvement method for plum garden - Google Patents

Abstract

The invention relates to the technical field of plum tree cultivation, mainly solves the problem of how to improve the ecological environment of soil, and particularly relates to a plum garden soil improvement method which comprises the steps of soil deep ploughing and curing, intertillage weeding, reasonable intercropping, grass cultivation and plum garden ground covering.

Description

Soil improvement method for plum garden

Technical Field

The invention relates to the technical field of plum tree cultivation, in particular to a plum garden soil improvement method.

Background

The plum belongs to the prunus plants of the Rosaceae, and the traditional Chinese medicine believes that the plum fruits (plums) have sweet, sour and even properties, enter the liver and kidney channels, have the effects of promoting the production of body fluid to quench thirst, clearing the liver to remove heat and inducing diuresis, and are mainly used for treating symptoms such as yin deficiency and internal heat, bone steaming and tuberculosis heat, thirst quenching, liver and gallbladder damp-heat, ascites, dysuria and the like. The concrete function is as follows: 1. promoting digestion; 2. clearing liver and promoting diuresis; 3. lowering blood pressure, catharsis, and relieving cough; 4. and (5) maintaining beauty and keeping young. The plums are astonishingly high in antioxidant content and can be called as 'super fruits' for resisting aging and preventing diseases, and due to the fact that the plums belong to cold food, people with weakness of spleen and stomach and poor digestion of intestines and stomach can hurt the intestines and stomach of human bodies due to excessive eating.

The area of the Chongqing plum in 2021 year is 143.8 ten thousand mu, the annual output is 72.5 ten thousand tons, the Chongqing plum is mainly distributed in northeast and southeast areas of Chongqing Yu, wushan mountain, wuxi, fengjie, yunyang, wanzhou, kaizhou, pengshi and other areas are the most, through quality detection and analysis of fruit quality in many years, wushan plums planted generally in the northeast area of Chongqing have dense and crisp meat, less crude fiber, more juice, more fragrance, sour and sweet taste, more soluble solid content is more than 12%, titratable acid is 0.43% -0.95%, the content of vitamin C is 6.12 mg-8.99 mg/100 g, the quality is the first, the area of Fengjie plum in 2021 year is 9.2 ten thousand mu, the annual output is 4.4 ten thousand tons, and 33 crispy plums (streets) in the whole county have the total urban area.

Because various kinds of plum trees are in different ecological environments, different ecotypes are formed. The introduction and cultivation need to be treated differently, so that the success rate of introduction and cultivation can be increased, and the main factors influencing plum tree cultivation include:

temperature (one) is as follows: the temperature requirement of plum tree varies with the variety and species. Plum blossom is fond of warm and humid environment, the optimum temperature of plum blossom period is 12-16 deg.C, the annual average temperature of plum blossom in Wushan is suitable in 17.6-18.7 deg.C region, and the plum blossom can be damaged by different resistances to low temperature in different development stages, such as bud period-1.1-5.5 deg.C; the damage can also happen at-0.5- -2.2 deg.C in the flowering and young fruit stage.

(II) moisture: the plum tree is a shallow root tree species. The water requirement is different due to different species and stocks. The Chinese plum has strong adaptability, the wild peach stock has poor general drought resistance and strong waterlogging tolerance, the wild peach has poor waterlogging tolerance and strong drought resistance, and the wild cherry stock has shallow root system and is not too drought resistant. Therefore, the plum trees cultivated in arid regions need irrigation conditions, and the plum trees planted in low-lying and heavy soil need drainage. Such as Prunus wushanensis is suitable for planting in the region with precipitation of 1057-1243 mm.

(III) soil: the adaptability to soil is strongest with Chinese plum, and almost plum trees on various soils have stronger adaptability, but all plum trees are cultivated in sandy soil with deep soil layers to medium loam and have good performance, and cohesive soil and soil with over-strong sand property are improved.

(IV) illumination: the plum tree is a camptotheca acuminate tree species, is an orchard and a tree body which are good in ventilation and light transmission, is good in fruit coloring, high in sugar content, thick and strong in branches and plump in flower buds. The poor illumination places in the shade slopes and the tree chambers have late fruit ripening, poor quality, thin and weak branches and thin leaves, so that the plum trees are planted in the good illumination places and trimmed into reasonable tree shapes.

The water and main mineral nutrient elements required by the growth of the plum tree come from soil, and a good soil structure is a basic condition for the growth and development, high yield and high quality of the plum tree, so that the improvement of the ecological environment of the soil is a technical problem to be mainly solved by the invention.

Disclosure of Invention

The invention aims to provide a method for improving the soil of a plum garden, which is used for realizing the technical effect of improving the soil of the plum garden.

The invention is realized by the following technical scheme:

a method for improving soil of plum garden comprises deep ploughing and curing soil, intertillage weeding, reasonable intercropping, grass cultivation and covering the ground of the plum garden,

soil deep ploughing and curing: (1) expanding holes and deeply turning over: after the young trees are fixedly planted for years, deeply turning outwards year by year to expand planting holes until the whole garden is turned over; (2) alternate line or alternate plant deep ploughing: firstly, deeply turning over one row, keeping the other row not to turn over, turning over the row which is not turned over in the next year, and applying organic fertilizer while deeply turning over; (3) deep plowing the whole garden: deeply turning the soil outside the planting holes at one time;

intertillage weeding: the depth is 8-12 cm, and the intertillage weeding time is as follows: (1) In early spring, after soil in early spring is unfrozen, digging weeds on a tree plate in a shallow manner, reserving natural weeds among rows of the tree, removing tall weeds among the rows, and pressing by combining soil; (2) cultivating and weeding in growing seasons; (3) Deep intertillage in autumn, rain water in dry plum gardens in mountain areas, soil moisture in waterlogged plum gardens, and manual weeding by using tree trays;

and (3) reasonable intercropping: the selection of the intercropping crops is based on the premise that the normal growth and development of the plum trees are not influenced, the conditions are adapted according to the local conditions, and the tree trays are reserved and the supply of fertilizer and water is increased when the plum gardens are intercropped;

grass growing cultivation: planting vetch with purple sweet potato between rows of a 9-10 month plum garden, shoveling off weeds in the plum garden during planting, broadcasting seeds according to 6 jin of seeds per mu, covering soil for 5-10 cm, watering properly if the soil is dry, keeping the soil moisture, and reseeding according to 2-3 jin of seeds per mu in autumn of the second year, increasing the organic matter content of the soil during growing grass cultivation, effectively improving the soil structure, preserving heat and moisture, reducing water and soil loss, and improving the yield and quality of plum trees;

covering the ground of the plum garden: covering organic substances on the ground under the crown or the ground between the whole plant rows, wherein the thickness of grass covering is 15-20 cm, applying nitrogen fertilizer for 1 time before grass covering, irrigating in combination, pressing soil on the grass covering and beating the grass appropriately, turning the covering into the lower layer of soil in combination with deep turning after 1-3 years of decay, continuing to cover grass for the second time after deep turning, and repeating the steps until mulching films are covered in early spring or autumn.

The method supplements and adjusts the fertilizer water amount of the soil in due time, continuously improves the physical and chemical properties of the soil, the improved plum garden soil has an excellent structure, the soil keeps sufficient fertilizer water, the whole plum garden soil is ecological and pollution-free, excellent conditions are provided for the growth, development, high yield and high quality of the plum trees, and finally the high quality and high yield of the plum trees are realized.

In order to better implement the invention, further, the deep-turning time is as follows: after fruit picking, the base fertilizer is applied in autumn and the water storage irrigation is carried out simultaneously for 9-10 months, and the deep ploughing depth is combined with the base fertilizer applied in autumn to carry out deep ploughing with the depth of 30-40 cm.

In order to better implement the invention, further, the reasonable intercropping crops are as follows: (1) The crops have short growth period, less absorbed nutrients and moisture and staggered water and fertilizer requiring period and plum tree water and fertilizer requiring critical period; (2) the plant is short and small, and the illumination of the plum tree is not influenced; (3) The fertility of the plum tree can be improved, the pest and disease damage is less, and the common pest and disease damage with the plum tree is avoided; and (4) crops with higher economic value per se.

In order to better realize the invention, further, in the ground covering of the plum garden, the method also comprises the steps of carrying out under-tree ridging in winter, thickening a soil layer, wherein the thickness of the ridging is 5-15 cm, uniformly scattering the ridging, and combining ploughing or digging a tree disk to uniformly mix the ridging and the original soil.

In order to better realize the invention, the method further comprises fertilization, wherein the fertilizers comprise a delayed-effect base fertilizer and a quick-effect additional fertilizer, the base fertilizer is rich organic manure, compost, oil residue, human and animal urine and the like, the base fertilizer application time is early autumn, and the additional fertilizer is divided into the following periods: (1) Topdressing before flowering, after thawing in early spring, topdressing quick-acting fertilizer on soil, and taking compound fertilizer as main material; (2) Topdressing the leaves after flowers, applying the topdressing after flowers fall, and mainly using quick-acting boron fertilizer and zinc fertilizer; (3) The flower bud is divided into chemical fertilizers which are applied before the physiological differentiation of the flower bud or at the beginning of the sclerosing period of the fruit, and quick-acting compound fertilizers are taken as main materials; (4) Accelerating fruit fertilizer, applying the fertilizer 25-30 days before fruit harvest, and spraying quick-acting potassium fertilizer on leaf surfaces; (5) Topdressing after harvesting, applying the harvested fruits after harvesting, and mainly using nitrogen as a main material.

In order to better realize the method, the fertilization at each stage of the plum tree is that the young plum tree of 1-2 years grows, the fertilization is carried out once per month in the branch tip growth period of 3-7 months, the soil of the adult tree is fertilized for 3 times all the year round, the germination flower promoting fertilizer is applied from the middle and late ten days of 2 months to the beginning of 3 months, and the fertilization amount accounts for 15-25% of the fertilization amount all the year round; the strong fruit fertilizer is applied in 5-6 months, and the fertilizing amount accounts for 15% -25% of the annual fertilizing amount; the base fertilizer is selected to be mixed with the organic fertilizer and applied in 9-10 months in autumn, the fertilizing amount accounts for 55-65% of the annual fertilizing amount, after the adult trees grow normally, the germination fertilizer or the fruit strengthening fertilizer of the soil in spring can be reduced for 1 time according to the nutritional status of the trees, meanwhile, the foliar fertilization of 2-3 growth periods is increased by combining the pest prevention and control, the labor force is saved, and the total foliar fertilization amount accounts for 10-20% of the annual fertilizing amount.

In order to better realize the invention, the application amount of the fertilizer applied in each acre of the whole year is controlled to be 20-40 kg, and the fertilizer application formula is as follows: the potassium sulfate type organic-inorganic compound fertilizer contains more than or equal to 20 percent of organic matters, 22 percent of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium, and the proportion of 10:4:8, the annual dosage of each plant is 2-4 kg.

In order to better realize the invention, further, the fertilizer application amount is as follows: (1) Fertilizing amounts of different tree ages, gradually starting fertilizing after the seedlings completely survive for 3 months in autumn and winter, uniformly applying urea (or water-soluble nitrogen fertilizer) within 0.1 jin or decomposing diluted liquid manure 2.5-5 kg at the periphery of a tree crown water dropping line in each treetop period in the first year, gradually increasing along with the growth of the tree body in the second year, applying 5-10 kg of high-quality organic fertilizer and 0.25-0.5 kg of compound fertilizer to each plant of 2-3-year-old young trees; applying 10-15 kg of high-quality organic fertilizer and 0.5-1 kg of compound fertilizer to each first bearing tree of 4-5 years old; applying 15-20 kg of high-quality organic fertilizer and 1-1.5 kg of compound fertilizer to each fruit tree after 6 years of growth; (2) And (3) if 600-1000 kg of plum fruits are produced per mu, 600-1000 kg of 45% high-quality organic fertilizer and 30-40 kg of 45% nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium compound fertilizer are applied per mu in the coming year, wherein the fertilizing amount is different from the fertilizing amount of the plum tree fruiting amount and the yield is different.

In order to better realize the invention, the fertilization method is further divided into soil fertilization and extra-root topdressing, the soil fertilization is further divided into annular furrow fertilization, radiation furrow fertilization, strip furrow fertilization, hole fertilization, whole-garden broadcasting fertilization and drip irrigation fertilization,

(1) Applying fertilizer to the young trees in the annular groove, digging an annular groove with the width of 40-60 cm and the depth of 40-50 cm at the periphery of the projection of the crown of the young trees, mixing the fertilizer and soil, applying the mixture into the groove, covering soil, and applying base fertilizer in a deep manner and applying additional fertilizer in a shallow manner;

(2) Fertilizing by radiating ditches, digging 4-8 radiating ditches with the width of 30-50 cm, the inner end of the ditch being shallow and the outer end being deep, the inner being deep 20 cm and the outer being deep 25-30 cm, the length being longer than the edge of the crown, with the trunk as the center and 1 m away from the trunk;

(3) Fertilizing strip ditches, namely digging strip ditches with the width of 30-50 cm and the depth of 30-40 cm in opposite directions at the periphery of the tree crown for fertilizing;

(4) Hole application, during the application of liquid fertilizer and topdressing fertilizer, digging 5-12 holes with the depth of 30-40 cm under the crown, pouring fertilizer liquid or fertilizer, and then covering soil and watering;

(5) Spreading the fertilizer in the whole garden, wherein when the adult plum trees are fertilized, the fertilizer is uniformly spread in the garden, then the fertilizer is turned into the soil with the depth of 20 cm, and the fertilizer is changed with the fertilizer applied in the radiation ditch every year;

(6) Drip irrigation fertilizer application, dissolving the fertilizer in water, and applying the fertilizer to the root system through a drip irrigation system.

Concentration of the fertilizer solution for external top dressing of plum tree roots: 0.3 percent of monopotassium phosphate, 0.2 to 0.3 percent of urea with the concentration of more than 40 percent, 0.3 percent of calcium phosphate, and the foliar fertilizer spraying needs to be carried out at 6 to 10 am or 4 to 8 pm in the calm afternoon of a sunny day.

In order to better realize the invention, the method further comprises the steps of filling water and draining, wherein the filling water is filled according to the following several periods: before germination and flowering, in the young sprout growth and fruit expansion period, in the fruit rapid expansion period, after fruit harvesting and in winter irrigation,

the irrigation method comprises (1) ground irrigation. Irrigating water in a branch tree disc, furrow irrigation and flood irrigation, excavating 2 adjacent holes of 30 cm, 30 cm and 30 cm near a tree crown drip line, and irrigating one hole for a small tree; (2) underground water filling, and burying underground porous pipelines for water supply; (3) The sprinkling irrigation comprises two types, namely fixed sprinkling irrigation and movable sprinkling irrigation; (4) Drip irrigation, embedding drip nozzles at the rhizosphere of the tree disc, automatically controlling water drops at a certain speed, adjusting the water supply amount,

draining: before rainy season comes, the drainage ditch is dug in time, when the plum garden is damaged by waterlogging, accumulated water is removed, soil at the neck of the root is scraped to dry the root, soil is loosened in time to disperse soil moisture, the soil is ventilated, and the root system function is promoted to recover as soon as possible.

The invention has the beneficial effects that:

1. deep ploughing of the plum garden soil can improve environmental conditions and physicochemical properties of deep soil from multiple aspects, so that robust growth of root systems and overground parts of plum trees is promoted, deep ploughing is combined with application of organic fertilizers and irrigation, so that the content of fertilizer water in the soil can be improved, the air permeability of the soil is increased, the granular structure of the soil is improved, the microbial activity of the soil is enhanced, decay and decomposition of organic substances are promoted, the soil and the root systems can be quickly connected, sufficient oxygen and nutrition are provided for root system activities, deep ploughing is combined with fertilization each time, organic fertilizers are applied to the bottoms of ditches, excessive roots can be prevented from being damaged, and the plum garden soil is favorable for growth recovery.

2. Weeding during orchard cultivation can loosen soil, cut off capillary tubes, reduce water and nutrient evaporation and flowing water of the soil, improve soil temperature, promote microorganism activity, promote root system activity, play roles in preserving soil moisture and preventing weeds from fighting for fertilizer water required by fruit trees, and play an important role in accumulating rainwater in plum gardens in early and semi-arid regions and maintaining soil temperature and humidity.

3. The effects of curing soil, increasing soil fertility, preventing weeds from growing together, reducing plant diseases and insect pests, maintaining humidity of the plum garden and promoting growth and development of plum trees can be achieved through reasonable intercropping.

4. The grass growing cultivation can increase the organic matter content of soil, effectively improve the soil structure, preserve heat and moisture, and improve the yield and quality of the plum trees.

5. The ground covering can reduce the loss of soil moisture, play a role in preserving soil moisture, inhibit the growth of weeds and keep the permeability of soil, and by combining deep ploughing of soil buried underground, the content of organic matter nutrients in the soil can be greatly increased, the soil cultivation under trees can improve the soil fertility preservation and water storage capacity, the trees can grow vertically without side falling and inclination, the soil temperature is improved, and the freezing damage of root systems is reduced.

6. The fertilizer contains safe nutrient components, the nutrient components are decomposed into small molecular nutrient components by soil microorganisms after being applied to soil and are absorbed and utilized by crops, the quick-acting nitrogen fertilizer mixed with the base fertilizer can quickly exert the fertilizer effect, the top dressing is an active means for adjusting growth and fruit contradiction of fruit trees, the top dressing and the base fertilizer are combined to play a role in making up for the deficiency of the base fertilizer during the growth period of the trees, the fruit setting rate of the plums is obviously improved, the growth of branches and leaves and new shoots can be promoted, the size of the fruits is promoted, and the yield and the quality of the fruits are improved.

7. The fertilizer applied to the soil has large contact area with the root system, can be absorbed by both the inside and the outside roots, is economic in fertilizer utilization, has high fertilizer utilization rate, saves labor force, has high production efficiency, can be replaced every year by a full-garden broadcasting method and a radiation ditch fertilizer application method, can complement each other insufficiently, exerts the maximum effect of the fertilizer, has small fertilizer consumption for topdressing outside the roots, has quick fertilizer effect and supplements the soil fertilization.

8. The irrigation can avoid the influences on the sprouting, blooming, young shoot growth, fruit setting rate, young shoot growth and fruit development of the plum tree, can promote root system absorption and photosynthetic efficiency of blades, increases nutrient accumulation of the plum tree, is favorable for recovering tree vigor and filling flower buds, the irrigation method has the advantages of water conservation, no soil hardening, no scouring loss, convenience for plum garden cultivation and the like, the drainage can loosen soil and disperse soil moisture in time, the soil is ventilated, and the root system function is promoted to be recovered as soon as possible.

9. The method can be widely applied to the cultivation of the plum trees in different geographical environments, realizes the high-quality cultivation of the plum trees and improves the yield of the plum trees and the plum fruits.

Detailed Description

Soil improvement method for plum garden

First, soil deep ploughing and curing

Deep-turning and curing effects: deep ploughing of the plum garden soil can improve the environmental conditions and physical and chemical properties of deep soil from multiple aspects, so that the robust growth of root systems and overground parts of plum trees is promoted, and if deep ploughing is carried out, the ventilation condition of the soil can be improved, the water and fertilizer holding capacity of the soil is enhanced, and the soil texture is improved. If the deep ploughing is combined with the application of organic fertilizer and irrigation, the fertilizer water content of soil can be improved, the soil ventilation is increased, the soil granular structure is improved, the soil microbial activity is enhanced, the decomposition and decomposition of organic substances are promoted, sufficient oxygen and nutrition are provided for the root system activity, the deep ploughing is also beneficial to the deep growth of the plum tree root system, the distribution range is wide, so that the root system can absorb more nutrients for the growth and the fruiting of the overground part, the soil which is not deeply ploughed and matured is poor in water and fertilizer conservation capability, few nutrients are released, and particularly, a plum garden built on hills, mountains, beaches or heavy lands is generally relatively barren in soil quality and poor in structure, and the soil improvement is needed to be done through the deep ploughing and fertilization.

Time of deep ploughing: the most suitable deep turning period of the plum garden is that the fruit is harvested and then is simultaneously subjected to base fertilizer application and water storage irrigation in autumn for 9-10 months, at the moment, the root system growth peak is positive, the wound of the damaged root is easy to heal due to deep turning, and a new root can grow, if the root is fertilized and irrigated after turning, the soil can be quickly sealed with the root system, the growth of the root system is facilitated, the deep turning can also be performed after the soil is unfrozen in early spring, the overground part is still in a dormant state at the moment, the root system just starts to move, the growth is slow, and the root is easy to heal and regenerate after the damaged root.

Deep ploughing depth: the soil deep ploughing depth depends on soil layer structure, soil property, types of fruit trees and rootstocks, local labor and material conditions, and an appropriate depth is set according to different requirements; generally, the apricot rootstock plum tree has tall and big branches and deeper root system, and deep ploughing is suitable for deep; the cherry rootstock tree is dwarfed, the root system is shallow, and the depth is shallow; the sticky soil should be deep; the sandy soil can be slightly turned over properly; the underground water level is low and is suitable for the deep; the underground water level is preferably shallow. The deep ploughing is generally carried out by combining with the base fertilizer applied in autumn, the depth is about 30 cm, preferably 30-40 cm, and the condition is allowed to be more than 40 cm.

Deep ploughing method

(1) Expanding the hole and turning the hole deeply: after the young trees are fixedly planted for several years, the young trees are deeply turned outwards year by year to enlarge planting holes until the whole garden is turned over, and organic fertilizer can be applied to the bottoms of the ditches by deep turning in each time.

(2) Alternate line or alternate plant deep ploughing: the method is characterized in that firstly, deep turning is carried out between one row, the other row is not turned, the other row which is not turned is turned after the next year or several years, if the terrace orchard is adopted, one plant can be turned in one terrace every two trees, and the other plant can be turned in another terrace every other year. The organic fertilizer is applied while the deep ploughing is carried out, and the method only damages half root systems during each deep ploughing, can avoid damaging excessive roots and is beneficial to the growth recovery.

(3) Deep ploughing in the whole garden: the method has the advantages that the soil outside the planting holes is deeply turned over at one time, the soil moving amount at one time is large, the root damage is excessive, the land is convenient to level after turning over, and the cultivation of the plum garden is facilitated.

The three methods can be selected according to actual conditions.

(II) intertillage weeding

The purpose of orchard intertillage weeding is to loosen soil, cut off capillaries, reduce soil moisture evaporation, also can play roles in preserving soil moisture and preventing weeds from fighting for fertilizer water required by fruit trees, and also has important roles in accumulating rainwater and maintaining soil temperature and humidity in plum gardens in early and semi-arid areas, the intertillage weeding depth is generally about 10 cm, preferably 8-12 cm, and the intertillage is generally carried out in the following periods:

early spring: after the soil is unfrozen in early spring, digging the weeds on the tree plate in a shallow manner, keeping natural weeds among the rows of the tree, and removing tall weeds among the rows. And the soil is compacted, so that the soil moisture is kept, the soil temperature is improved, and the root system activity is promoted.

And (3) growing season: during the growing period, the cultivation and weeding are frequently carried out, so that the soil is soft and has no weeds, the microbial activity is promoted, and the loss and the consumption of nutrients and water are reduced.

Deep intertillage in autumn: the method can accumulate more rainwater in dry-land plum gardens in mountain areas and disperse soil moisture in waterlogged-land plum gardens so as to avoid overlarge soil humidity and poor ventilation. In an orchard with a large area, manual weeding is difficult, and weeding by utilizing chemical agents is an efficient, low-cost and effective method, but the glufosinate-ammonium herbicide can be used only once in summer in one year, and only artificial weeding of tree trays is carried out in other seasons. The fruit tree has wide row spacing, crops are not planted in a spacing manner, the purple-flower vetch can be planted according to 6 jin/mu when the temperature is more than 20 ℃ in 9-10 months, weeds are firstly eradicated during sowing, grass seeds are uniformly sown among the fruit tree rows outside a tree disc, and then soil with the surface layer of 5-10 cm is planed by using tools such as a hoe and the like, so that the grass can be planted, the soil organic matter can be increased, the soil structure can be improved, the water and soil loss can be reduced, and the like.

(III) reasonable intercropping

The advantages of intercropping are as follows: intercropping is carried out between the plum garden rows, which is beneficial to curing soil, increasing soil fertility, preventing weeds from clustering, keeping humidity of the plum garden and promoting growth and development of plum trees.

And (3) selecting the intercropping plants: on the premise of not influencing the normal growth and development of plum trees, the selection of the intercropping crops can consider that the crops which have short growth period, less absorbed nutrients and moisture and staggered water and fertilizer requiring period and water and fertilizer requiring critical period of the plum trees are selected (1). And (2) the plant is short and does not influence the illumination of the plum tree. (3) Can improve the fertility of the plum tree, has less plant diseases and insect pests, and has no common plant diseases and insect pests with the plum tree. And (4) crops with higher economic value per se. Such as beans, potatoes, melons, peanuts, vegetables, strawberries, medicinal plants (salvia miltiorrhiza, codonopsis pilosula, rhizoma arisaematis, white paeony root and the like), cereal crops and the like. The selection of the intermediate crops is based on local conditions, and the barren beans, traditional Chinese medicinal materials and green manure can be intercropped in the orchard in the mountainous areas with barren soil; in a near-mountain orchard, green manure and potatoes can be selected; watermelon, peanut, bean, potato and the like can be intercropped in the river beach orchard; the orchard with good fertilizing and watering conditions can also be used for properly intercropping vegetables, strawberries and the like.

Take note of things. When the plum garden is intercropped, a tree plate is reserved, so that the intercropping crops are spaced from the plum trees for a certain distance, otherwise, the intercropping crops and the plum trees compete for water and fertilizer, and the growth of the plum trees is influenced, so that the plum trees are not paid back; and secondly, the supply of fertilizer and water is increased to meet the requirements of plum trees and intercropping crops and alleviate the contradiction between the plum trees and the intercropping crops. That is, only when the conditions of rich water are good, the intercropping can obtain good effect.

(IV) growing grass: the vetch is planted between the rows of the 9-10 month plum orchard, weeds in the orchard are firstly eradicated during planting, then 6 jin of seeds per mu are sown, and finally 5-10 cm of soil is covered. In autumn of the second year, the seeds are replanted according to 2-3 jin per mu, the organic matter content of the soil can be increased by growing grass, the soil structure is effectively improved, the heat and moisture are preserved, and the yield and the quality of the plum trees are improved.

(V) covering orchard ground and hilling under trees

Covering the ground: covering weeds, fallen leaves and the like on the ground under the crown or between the whole row of trees is an effective measure for soil management. The covering can reduce the loss of soil moisture, play a role in preserving soil moisture, inhibit the growth of weeds and keep the permeability of soil; covering with straw and other organic matter, and burying under the ground after 1-2 years of decay in combination with deep ploughing soil, so as to greatly increase the content of organic matter and nutrients in the soil. The covering time differs depending on the kind of the covering. Mulching is usually carried out in early spring or autumn; grass covering can be carried out all the year round, but the temperature rising period in early spring should be avoided. The grass covering range is generally suitable for covering the whole ground under the vertical projection of the tree crown, and the whole garden can be covered if the grass amount is sufficient. The thickness of the cover grass is generally 15-20 cm. Applying nitrogen fertilizer 1 time before covering grass and irrigating, spreading soil and beating. And (3) covering grass, blowing, drenching and drying in the sun for 2-3 years, decomposing most of the grass, turning the covering into the lower soil layer by deep turning, and continuously covering grass for the second time after deep turning, and repeating the steps.

And (3) under-tree hilling: in hillside or sandy orchards, the roots of fruit trees are exposed due to water and soil loss, which affects the growth and development of the trees. The under-tree ridging is carried out on the orchard, the soil layer is thickened, the soil fertility-retaining and water-storing capacity can be improved, the tree body can grow vertically, and the tree body cannot tip over and tilt laterally; in the cold season of the high mountain, the bachelor,

can improve soil temperature and reduce root system freezing injury. Generally, the suitable time for under-tree hilling is winter, and the hilling quantity is suitable according to local conditions. The hilling quantity is too small, the effect of improving the soil is not obvious, the hilling is too thick, the ventilation of root systems is influenced, the thickness is generally 5-15 cm, about 5000 kg per mu, preferably 4000-6000 kg per mu, the hilling is uniformly scattered, and the hilling is preferably combined with ploughing or planning of tree trays to uniformly mix the hilling and the original soil.

(VI) fertilizing technique

And in the fertilization period, the base fertilizer and the additional fertilizer can be applied according to the fertilizer performance and the fertilization period.

Base fertilizer: the base fertilizer is a main fertilizer all year round, mainly comprises slow-acting fertilizers such as animal manure, compost, oil residue, human and animal urine and the like which contain rich organic matters, contains safe nutrient components, can be absorbed and utilized by crops only after being decomposed into micromolecular nutrient components by soil microorganisms after being applied to the soil, and can also be used for applying partial quick-acting nitrogen fertilizers and the like when being applied to the base fertilizer. The base fertilizer is better applied in autumn than spring fertilizer, and the fertilizer is better applied in early autumn than late autumn or winter.

Topdressing: also called as fertilizer supplement, which is a fertilizer temporarily supplemented to make up for the deficiency of base fertilizer during the growth period of the tree. The top dressing is a multi-purpose quick-acting fertilizer. The period and frequency of topdressing are usually determined by combining local soil, climatic conditions, tree yield and age. Generally, the top dressing times of high-yield varieties are more than those of low-yield varieties, sandy soil is applied less frequently and frequently every time, the fertilization times of young trees are less than those of adult trees, trees with high yield can be topdressed for many times, and when no yield or low yield exists, top dressing can be omitted or reduced, and the top dressing of plum trees is divided into the following periods:

(1) Topdressing before flowering. After thawing in early spring, the plum trees are required to bloom and bear fruits and have long leaves and branches, but the nutrient absorption capacity of root systems is still weak, the contradiction between nutrient supply and demand is more prominent, and at the moment, a proper amount of quick-acting fertilizer is applied to the weak trees and the flowering trees for supplement, so that the fruit setting rate of the plum fruits can be obviously improved, and the growth of the branches and the leaves can be promoted. The top dressing should be mixed with nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium, and nitrogen fertilizer is applied more properly;

(2) Topdressing after flowers fall, applying the topdressing after flowers fall, taking quick-acting boron fertilizer and zinc fertilizer as main materials, and matching with phosphorus fertilizer and potassium fertilizer to supplement nutrient substance consumption in the flowering period, so as to ensure fruit setting and promote growth of new shoots;

(3) The fertilizer is applied before the flower buds are physiologically differentiated or when the fruit sclerotic period begins, and the fertilizer mainly comprises quick-acting compound fertilizers, nitrogen fertilizers, phosphorus fertilizers and potassium fertilizers and has the functions of supplementing nutrients consumed by young fruits and young sprout growth, promoting flower bud differentiation and fruit expansion;

(4) A fruit promoting fertilizer (also called a fruit expanding fertilizer) is applied about 20 days before fruit picking, preferably 25-30 days, and a quick-acting potassium fertilizer is mainly applied to leaf surfaces, so that the fruit size is promoted, the fruit yield and quality are improved, and the sugar content of the fruits is increased;

(5) And (5) topdressing after harvesting. After fruits are harvested, applying the fertilizer with nitrogen as a main component and matching with phosphorus and potassium fertilizers, wherein the top dressing object is mainly a middle-late-maturing variety which consumes more nutrients and a tree which is weak in tree vigor, compensating nutrient substance deficiency caused by a large number of fruits, recovering the tree vigor, increasing nutrient accumulation in the tree body, filling branches and improving the overwintering and cold-resistant capability, and laying a foundation for the next year of high yield;

topdressing is an active means for regulating growth of fruit trees and fruit bearing. When each orchard needs to be topdressed, what fertilizer is topdressed and how much fertilizer is topdressed, all the orchard workers need to be flexibly mastered according to specific conditions and production requirements. Under normal conditions, in order to enhance the tree vigor and improve the fruit setting rate, top dressing before flowering and top dressing after harvesting are carried out; in order to promote the vegetative growth, topdressing can be carried out after the flower is heavily flowered; in order to promote flower bud differentiation, additional fertilization should be used as the key point in the flower bud differentiation stage. The plum garden is generally fertilized with quick-acting nitrogen fertilizer, but in the later period, proper amount of quick-acting phosphorus and potassium fertilizer is applied to promote flower bud differentiation and improve fruit quality.

The young trees of 1-2 years can be fertilized once per month in the branch tip growth period of 3-7 months in order to rapidly expand the crown. Applying fertilizer to adult trees for 3 times in the soil all year around, applying the germination promoting fertilizer to the early 3 months in the middle and late 2 months, wherein the fertilizer amount accounts for about 20% of the fertilizer amount all year around; the fruit strengthening fertilizer is applied in 5-6 months, and the fertilizing amount accounts for about 20% of the annual fertilizing amount; the base fertilizer is mixed with organic fertilizer in autumn of 9-10 months, and the amount of fertilizer is about 60% of the annual amount of soil fertilizer. After the adult trees grow normally, the germination fertilizer or the fruit strengthening fertilizer in the spring can be reduced for 1 time according to the nutrient status of the trees. Meanwhile, the foliar fertilization is increased for 2-3 times in the growth period, and the total foliar fertilization amount accounts for 10-20% of the annual fertilization amount.

Reasonable fertilizing amount of plum trees

The application amount of fertilizers (nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium) applied to each mu of plants all the year is controlled to be about 30 kilograms (pure nitrogen), and the recommended formula fertilizer is as follows: the potassium sulfate type organic-inorganic compound fertilizer comprises more than or equal to 20% of organic matters, 22% of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium, and the proportion of the organic matters to the potassium sulfate is 10:4:8, the annual consumption of each plant is about 3 kilograms, preferably 2-4 kilograms, the yield per mu exceeds 2 tons, the fertilizing amount can be properly increased by 10% -15%, and the application amount of chemical fertilizers in orchards with low yield and large amount of organic fertilizers is correspondingly reduced.

Fertilizing at different tree ages, gradually starting fertilizing after the nursery stock completely survives for 3 months in autumn and winter, uniformly applying urea (or water-soluble nitrogen fertilizer) within 0.1 jin or thoroughly decomposed diluted liquid dung at the periphery of a dripping line of a crown in each treetop-extracting period in the first year, gradually increasing the growth of the tree body in the second year, and applying 5-10 kg of high-quality organic fertilizer and 0.25-0.5 kg of compound fertilizer to each seedling of 2-3-year-old young trees; applying 10-15 kg of high-quality organic fertilizer and 0.5-1 kg of compound fertilizer to each first bearing tree of 4-5 years old; applying 15-20 kg of high-quality organic fertilizer and 1-1.5 kg of compound fertilizer to each fruit tree after 6 years of growth; (2) And (3) if 600-1000 kg of plum fruits are produced per mu, 600-1000 kg of 45% high-quality organic fertilizer and 30-40 kg of 45% nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium compound fertilizer are applied per mu in the coming year, wherein the fertilizing amount is different from the fertilizing amount of the plum tree fruiting amount and the yield is different.

And (4) fertilizing the plum tree according to the formula.

The contents and meanings of formulated fertilization. The contents of formula fertilization comprise two concepts of formula and fertilization. The formula is that the types and the proportion of the fertilizer are determined according to the soil fertility and the growth condition of fruit trees. When the fertilizer is prepared, the physiological needs of the fruit trees and the soil fertility maintenance need to be considered. The fertilization is the specific execution of the fertilizer formula in the production, namely, the variety and the dosage of the fertilizer are determined according to the formula, the proportion of the additional fertilizer and the base fertilizer, the times, the time, the dosage, the fertilization method and the like of the fertilization are reasonably arranged. The fruit tree formula fertilization is a new fertilization technology. According to a reasonable formula, balanced fertilization is carried out, and dynamic balance of various nutrients in fruit trees is achieved by combining organic fertilizers and inorganic fertilizers, so that good nutritional conditions are created for growth and development of the fruit trees. The formulated fertilization of the plum trees can greatly reduce the blindness of the fertilization and improve the utilization rate of the fertilizer, and is an important measure for realizing the high quality and high yield of the plum trees in successive years.

The fertilizer application formula of the plum tree is as follows: the formulation of plum tree fertilizer application is changed according to different soil, climate and varieties. The general base fertilizer for the adult plum trees is carried out in early autumn of 9 months, the fertilizing amount of the base fertilizer accounts for more than 50% of the fertilizing amount in the whole year, the total fertilizing amount of the base fertilizer in each time of the growing season accounts for less than 50% of the fertilizing amount in the whole year, preferably 20-50%, and in principle, 0.7-1.2 kg of pure nitrogen (N), 0.4-0.5 kg of phosphorus (P205) and 0.6-1 kg of potassium (K20) are applied to every 100 kg of plum fruits produced. The optimal nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium ratio of the common plum tree is 1.5. The soil, variety and the like are different, and the proportion is different, so that the proper formula proportion is determined according to the soil test result of plum leaf analysis and the climate condition. In orchards with serious gummosis and excessive manganese, manganese should be controlled, manganese-containing medicaments such as mancozeb and the like are forbidden, and in addition, the supplement of trace elements such as iron, copper, zinc, boron, calcium and the like is also needed.

Fertilizing method

The soil fertilization is divided into ditch application, hole application, broadcast application and the like,

(1) Applying fertilizer to the young trees in the annular groove, digging an annular groove with the width of 30-50 cm and the depth of 25-40 cm at the periphery of the projection of the crown of the young trees, mixing the fertilizer and soil, applying the mixture into the groove, covering soil, and applying base fertilizer in a deep manner and applying additional fertilizer in a shallow manner;

(2) Fertilizing with radial ditches, digging 4-8 radial ditches with width of 30-50 cm, shallow inner ends and outer ends, depth of 20 cm, depth of 25-30 cm and length beyond the edge of tree crown, with the tree trunk as center and 1 m away from the tree trunk;

(3) Fertilizing strip ditches, namely digging strip ditches with the width of 30-50 cm and the depth of 30-40 cm in opposite directions at the periphery of the tree crown for fertilizing;

(4) Hole application, during the application of liquid fertilizer and topdressing fertilizer, digging 5-12 holes with the depth of 30-40 cm under the crown, pouring fertilizer liquid or fertilizer, and then covering soil and watering;

(5) The fertilizer is uniformly spread in the garden when the adult plum trees are fertilized, and then the plum trees are turned into the soil with the depth of 20 cm and are replaced at intervals of the fertilization in the radiation ditch;

(6) Drip irrigation fertilizer application, dissolving fertilizer in water, applying to root system via drip irrigation system,

concentration of fertilizer liquid for external application of plum tree roots: 0.3 percent of monopotassium phosphate, 0.2 to 0.3 percent of urea with the concentration of more than 40 percent, 0.3 percent of calcium phosphate, and the foliar fertilizer application is carried out at 6 to 10 am or 4 to 8 pm in the calm morning in sunny days.

At least one of the methods can be selected to be implemented according to the actual situation when in specific fertilization,

topdressing outside roots. Also known as foliar fertilizer application and external root fertilizer application. The fertilizing method is simple and easy to implement, small in fertilizer consumption and fast in fertilizer efficiency. But topdressing outside the root can not replace soil fertilization. Both have the characteristics of being complementary to each other. The topdressing is to prepare solution of nutrient elements in certain concentration, and spray the solution onto leaves, twigs and fruits for direct absorption. Topdressing can be combined with pest control in general, but proper amount of fertilizer or pesticide should be applied to avoid fertilizer or pesticide damage.

The concentration of the fertilizer liquid for topdressing the roots of the plum trees is lower when the branches and leaves are tender in the early growth stage and can be increased properly when the branches and leaves are mature in the later growth stage. Concentrations generally used: 0.3 percent of monopotassium phosphate, 0.2 to 0.3 percent of urea with the concentration of more than 40 percent and 0.3 percent of calcium nitrate. If the symptom of nutrient deficiency exists, 0.2 to 0.3 percent of ferrous sulfate, 0.3 to 0.4 percent of zinc sulfate and the like can be sprayed according to the requirement. The foliar fertilizer spraying is carried out at 6-10 am or 4-8 pm in the absence of wind in the sunny day. The concentration of the fertilizer liquid is sprayed according to the specification, and the fertilizer liquid cannot be sprayed in excess. The spraying should be careful and weekly, and the spraying should be supplemented after meeting rain, and can be carried out in combination with spraying pesticides, so that labor and trouble are saved.

According to multiple practical experiences, the method is combined with the annual inter-plant and inter-row planting of the vetch, the continuous implementation is carried out for more than 3 years, the soil improvement speed is higher, and the effect is better.

(VI) irrigation and drainage

Irrigation water

The early-medium ripe crisp plum planted in the three gorges reservoir area with the altitude of below 500 m generally does not need special irrigation, and only the crisp plum ripe in the late season of 7 months, the middle of 9 months and the dry season sometimes need irrigation.

And (3) irrigation period: according to the comprehensive consideration of the requirements of the plum tree on water, the characteristics of climate, soil water and fertilization conditions in each phenological period in one year, water can be generally poured according to the following periods:

(1) Before sprouting and flowering. Sufficient water in early spring is the first relation for ensuring stable yield and high yield in the current year, so whether the water irrigation is sufficient or not directly influences the germination, the flowering and the young shoot growth of the plum trees and is also related to the fruit setting rate.

(2) Shoot growth and fruit expansion period. Generally, the behavior is good after the flowers are withered until the physiological fruit drop. At the moment, the plum tree is most vigorous in physiological function, if the water content is insufficient, the plum tree not only inhibits the growth of new shoots, but also can cause the growth of the new shoots to compete for the water content of fruits, so that the fruit drop is serious.

(3) The fruit is in a rapid expansion period. At the moment, the user enters the rainy season, the temperature is higher, the rainwater is more, and the user can irrigate less water. If water is deficient in the morning, water should be irrigated properly to avoid affecting fruit development. The plum fruit can not be watered about 20 days before being mature, so as to avoid reducing the fruit quality.

(4) And (4) harvesting the fruits. At the moment, the plum trees enter a nutrient substance accumulation stage, such as drought in the weather, base fertilizer application and water irrigation can be combined, root system absorption and leaf photosynthetic efficiency can be promoted, nutrient accumulation of the plum trees is increased, tree vigor can be recovered, and flower buds can be filled.

(5) And (5) irrigating in winter. In cold and arid areas, water is filled for 1 time before the soil is frozen, which is very beneficial to the safe overwintering and spring-beginning growth of the plum trees.

The irrigation quantity is as follows: the irrigation quantity is determined according to the age of the tree, the tree vigor, the soil quality, the soil humidity, the rainfall and the irrigation method. Irrigation is less in areas with heavy soil and much rainwater; the sand orchard has poor water and fertilizer retention and needs to be watered for a few times so as to avoid the loss of rich water.

Irrigation method

(1) And (5) irrigating on the ground. Ground irrigation is a commonly used irrigation method in production and can be divided into tree disk irrigation, furrow irrigation, flood irrigation and the like. The ground irrigation cylinder is simple and easy to implement, but has large water consumption, and soil is easy to wash and harden, so that the popularization of the hole irrigation technique is not sufficient, and the effect is obvious. Namely, 2 adjacent holes of 30 cm multiplied by 30 cm are dug near the water dripping line of the tree crown, and one irrigation hole is formed in a small tree, so that the irrigation quantity can be effectively reduced, and the purpose of drought resistance is achieved.

(2) And (5) irrigating water underground. Can be buried underground and used for water supply through a porous pipeline, has the advantages of water saving, no soil hardening, no scouring loss and the like, and is convenient for plum garden cultivation. But the investment is high and the irrigation is not uniform.

(3) And (4) sprinkling irrigation. The method comprises two types of fixed sprinkling irrigation and movable sprinkling irrigation. The sprinkling irrigation has the advantages of multiple advantages, labor and water saving, soil and fertilizer conservation, little influence by terrain and topography, improvement of microclimate conditions and contribution to plant growth and development. Can also be combined with spray irrigation for topdressing and spraying, and is a better irrigation mode. But the investment is large, and the spray head is easy to block in the area with high water hardness.

(4) And (5) carrying out drip irrigation. The drip nozzles are buried at the roots of the tree disks, water drops are automatically controlled at a certain speed, the water supply amount is adjusted, the soil is always kept at a proper humidity, the plum trees are supplied with proper water, and the water is saved compared with sprinkling irrigation. But the investment is large and the blockage phenomenon of the drip nozzle is serious.

The irrigation method can be selected according to actual conditions.

Draining: the amount of water in the plum garden is too large, which causes many adverse effects. In the plum garden with heavy soil and high underground water level, the soil is lack of oxygen due to excessive water, root respiration is inhibited, absorption function is reduced, and the root death is caused by serious oxygen deficiency, so that the tree crown shows the same symptoms as water deficiency, such as leaf wilting, scorching, leaf falling and even whole plant death. Therefore, before a rainy season comes, the drainage ditch of the plum garden with poor drainage needs to be dug in time, and drainage is facilitated. The plum garden is damaged by waterlogging, and needs to be rescued in time, accumulated water is removed, soil at the neck of the root is scraped and dried, soil is loosened in time, soil moisture is dispersed, soil is ventilated, and root system function is promoted to recover as soon as possible.

The above description is only for the specific embodiments of the present invention, but the scope of the present invention is not limited thereto, and any person skilled in the art can easily think of the changes or substitutions within the technical scope of the present invention, and shall cover the scope of the present invention. Therefore, the protection scope of the present invention shall be subject to the protection scope of the claims.

Claims (10)

1. A plum garden soil improvement method is characterized by comprising the steps of soil deep ploughing and curing, intertillage weeding, reasonable intercropping, grass growing and cultivation and ground covering of a plum garden;

soil deep ploughing and curing: (1) expanding holes and deeply turning over: after the young trees are fixedly planted for years, deeply turning outwards year by year to expand planting holes until the whole garden is turned over; (2) interlacing or separating plant deep ploughing: firstly, deeply turning over one row, keeping the other row not to turn over, turning over the row which is not turned over in the next year, and applying organic fertilizer while deeply turning over; (3) deep ploughing in the whole garden: completely deeply turning the soil outside the planting holes for one time;

intertillage weeding: the depth is 8-12 cm, and the intertillage weeding time is as follows: (1) In early spring, after soil in early spring is unfrozen, digging weeds on a tree plate in a shallow manner, reserving natural weeds among rows of the tree, removing tall weeds among the rows, and pressing by combining soil; (2) cultivating and weeding in growing seasons; (3) Deep intertillage in autumn, rain water in the dry-land plum garden in mountainous areas, soil moisture in the waterlogged plum garden, and manual weeding by using tree trays;

and (3) reasonable intercropping: the selection of the intercropping crops is based on the premise that the normal growth and development of the plum trees are not influenced, the conditions are adapted according to the local conditions, and the tree trays are reserved and the supply of fertilizer and water is increased when the plum gardens are intercropped;

and (3) raw grass cultivation: planting vetch with purple-flowered vetch between rows and plants in a plum garden of 9-10 months, shoveling weeds in the plum garden during planting, then sowing 6 jin of seeds per mu, finally covering soil for 5-10 cm, watering properly if the soil is dry, keeping the soil moisture, and performing reseeding 2-3 jin per mu in autumn in the second year, so that the organic matter content of the soil can be increased by growing grass for cultivation, the soil structure can be effectively improved, the heat and moisture are preserved, and the yield and the quality of the plum tree can be improved;

covering the ground of the plum garden: covering organic substances on the ground under the crown or the ground between the whole plant rows, wherein the thickness of grass covering is 15-20 cm, applying nitrogen fertilizer for 1 time before grass covering, irrigating in combination, pressing soil on the grass covering and beating the grass appropriately, turning the covering into the lower layer of soil in combination with deep turning after 1-3 years of decay, continuing to cover grass for the second time after deep turning, and repeating the steps until mulching films are covered in early spring or autumn.

2. The method for improving the soil of the plum garden as claimed in claim 1, wherein the deep ploughing time is as follows: after fruit picking, the base fertilizer is applied in autumn and the water storage irrigation is carried out simultaneously for 9-10 months, and the deep ploughing depth is combined with the base fertilizer applied in autumn to carry out deep ploughing with the depth of 30-40 cm.

3. The method of claim 1, wherein the rational intercropping crop is: (1) The crops have short growth period, less absorbed nutrients and moisture and staggered water and fertilizer requiring period and water and fertilizer requiring critical period of the plum trees; (2) the plant is short and small, and the illumination of the plum tree is not influenced; (3) The fertility of the plum tree can be improved, the pest and disease damage is less, and the pest and disease damage is not common to the plum tree; and (4) crops with higher economic value per se.

4. The method for improving soil of plum garden as claimed in claim 1, wherein the covering of the ground of the plum garden further comprises under-tree banking in winter, thickening the soil layer, the banking thickness is 5-15 cm, spreading the banking uniformly, and combining plowing or digging a tree disk to mix the banking uniformly with the original soil.

5. The method for improving soil of a plum garden as claimed in any one of claims 1 to 4, further comprising applying fertilizers including slow-acting base fertilizers and fast-acting top fertilizers, wherein the base fertilizers include organic rich manure, compost, oil residue, human and animal urine and the like, the base fertilizers are applied in early autumn, and the top fertilizers are divided into the following periods: (1) Topdressing before flowering, after thawing in early spring, topdressing quick-acting fertilizer on soil, wherein the topdressing mainly comprises compound fertilizer; (2) Topdressing is carried out on the leaves after flowers fall, and quick-acting boron fertilizer and zinc fertilizer are mainly sprayed on the leaves; (3) The flower bud is divided into chemical fertilizers which are applied before the physiological differentiation of the flower bud or at the beginning of the sclerosing period of the fruit, and quick-acting compound fertilizers are taken as main materials; (4) Accelerating fruit fertilizer, applying the fertilizer 25-30 days before fruit harvest, and spraying quick-acting potassium fertilizer on leaf surfaces; (5) After harvesting, top dressing is carried out, and the fruits are harvested and applied, mainly by nitrogen.

6. The method for improving the soil of the plum garden as claimed in claim 5, wherein the fertilizer is applied to the plum tree at each stage, namely, young trees of 1-2 years grow, the fertilizer is applied once a month in the branch tip growth period of 3-7 months, the soil of the adult trees is applied 3 times all the year round, the germination promoting fertilizer is applied from the middle ten days of 2 months to the beginning of 3 months, and the fertilizer amount accounts for 15% -25% of the fertilizer amount all the year round; the strong fruit fertilizer is applied in 5-6 months, and the fertilizing amount accounts for 15% -25% of the annual fertilizing amount; the base fertilizer is selected to be mixed with the organic fertilizer and applied in 9-10 months in autumn, the fertilizing amount accounts for 55-65% of the annual fertilizing amount, after the adult trees grow normally, the germination fertilizer or the fruit strengthening fertilizer of the soil in spring can be reduced for 1 time according to the nutritional status of the trees, meanwhile, the foliar fertilization of 2-3 growth periods is increased by combining the pest prevention and control, the labor force is saved, and the total foliar fertilization amount accounts for 10-20% of the annual fertilizing amount.

7. The method for improving the soil of the plum garden as claimed in claim 6, wherein the fertilizer application amount per acre is controlled to be 20-40 kg per year, and the fertilizer application formula is as follows: the potassium sulfate type organic-inorganic compound fertilizer comprises more than or equal to 20% of organic matters, 22% of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium, and the proportion of the organic matters to the potassium sulfate is 10:4:8, the annual dosage of each plant is 2-4 kg.

8. The method of improving the soil of a plum garden as claimed in claim 7, wherein the amount of fertilizer applied is: (1) Fertilizing amounts of different tree ages, gradually starting fertilizing after the seedlings are completely planted and survive for 3 months in autumn and winter, uniformly applying urea or water-soluble nitrogen fertilizer within 0.1 jin or 2.5-5 kg of decomposed diluted liquid manure at the periphery of a tree crown water dripping line in each treetop period in the first year, gradually increasing along with the growth of the tree body in the second year, applying 5-10 kg of high-quality organic fertilizer and 0.25-0.5 kg of compound fertilizer to each young tree of 2-3 years; applying 10-15 kg of high-quality organic fertilizer and 0.5-1 kg of compound fertilizer to each first bearing tree of 4-5 years old; applying 15-20 kg of high-quality organic fertilizer and 1-1.5 kg of compound fertilizer to each fruit tree after 6 years of growth; (2) And (3) if 600-1000 kg of plum fruits are produced per mu, 600-1000 kg of 45% high-quality organic fertilizer and 30-40 kg of 45% nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium compound fertilizer are applied per mu in the coming year, wherein the fertilizing amount is different from the fertilizing amount of the plum tree fruiting amount and the yield is different.

9. The soil improvement method of plum garden as claimed in claim 8, wherein the fertilization method is divided into soil fertilization and topdressing, and the soil fertilization is further divided into annular furrow fertilization, radial furrow fertilization, strip furrow fertilization, hole fertilization, full garden fertilization and drip irrigation fertilization,

(1) Applying fertilizer to the young trees in the annular groove, digging an annular groove with the width of 30-50 cm and the depth of 25-40 cm at the periphery of the projection of the crown of the young trees, mixing the fertilizer and soil, applying the mixture into the groove, covering soil, and applying base fertilizer in a deep manner and applying additional fertilizer in a shallow manner;

(2) Fertilizing by radiating ditches, digging 4-8 radiating ditches with the width of 30-50 cm, the inner end of the ditch being shallow and the outer end being deep, the inner being deep 20 cm and the outer being deep 25-30 cm, the length being longer than the edge of the crown, with the trunk as the center and 1 m away from the trunk;

(3) Fertilizing strip ditches, namely digging strip ditches with the width of 30-50 cm and the depth of 30-40 cm in opposite directions at the periphery of the crown for fertilizing;

(4) Hole application, during the application of liquid fertilizer and topdressing fertilizer, digging 5-12 holes with the depth of 30-40 cm under the tree crown, pouring fertilizer liquid or fertilizer, and then covering soil and watering;

(5) The fertilizer is uniformly spread in the garden when the adult plum trees are fertilized, and then the plum trees are turned into the soil with the depth of 20 cm and are replaced at intervals of the fertilization in the radiation ditch;

(6) Drip irrigation fertilizer application, dissolving fertilizer in water, applying to root system via drip irrigation system,

concentration of fertilizer liquid for external application of plum tree roots: 0.3 percent of monopotassium phosphate, 0.2 to 0.3 percent of urea with the concentration of more than 40 percent, 0.3 percent of calcium phosphate, and the foliar fertilizer spraying needs to be carried out at 6 to 10 am or 4 to 8 pm in the calm afternoon of a sunny day.

10. The method for improving soil of a plum garden as claimed in claim 9, further comprising irrigation and drainage, wherein the irrigation period is selected from the following period: before germination and blooming, in the growth and fruit expansion period of new shoots, in the rapid fruit expansion period, after fruit harvesting and in winter irrigation,

the irrigation method comprises (1) ground irrigation. Irrigating by branch discs, furrow irrigation and flood irrigation, excavating 2 adjacent holes with the diameter of 30 cm multiplied by 30 cm near a water dripping line of a tree crown, and irrigating one hole for a small tree; (2) underground water filling, and burying an underground porous pipeline for water supply; (3) The sprinkling irrigation comprises two types, namely fixed sprinkling irrigation and movable sprinkling irrigation; (4) Drip irrigation, embedding drip nozzles at the rhizosphere of the tree disc, automatically controlling water drops at a certain speed, adjusting the water supply amount,

draining: before rainy seasons, drainage ditches are dug in time, when the plum garden is polluted by waterlogging, the accumulated water is removed, soil at the root neck is scraped and dried, soil is loosened in time, soil moisture is dispersed, the soil is ventilated, and the root system function is promoted to recover as soon as possible.