CN115643962A - Novel low-temperature sensitive albino tea tree crown culture method - Google Patents

Abstract

The invention discloses a novel low-temperature sensitive albino tea tree crown cultivation method, relates to the technical field of tea tree cultivation, and has the technical key points that: the method comprises the following steps: s1, fertilizing after spring tea is finished for 1 week; s2, selecting time to trim after the fertilization is finished, performing one-year one-time re-trimming on the trimming, and performing re-trimming after the average daily temperature reaches more than 25 ℃ and is relatively stable in the last ten days of 5 months after spring tea is harvested; cutting off all upper branches at the position 30-35 cm away from the ground, and gradually cutting off the branches year by year to increase the length by 3-5 cm, and one period every three years; s3, keeping young shoots in summer and autumn, culturing the three-dimensional tree crowns, and picking albino fresh leaves sequentially from top to bottom in the next year. The method can realize the advance exploitation of the tea garden, and can increase the picking surface and further increase the yield by cultivating the three-dimensional tree crowns; the invention can avoid the high-incidence period of pests in summer, worsens the pest food source environment by recutting, and reduces the harm of diseases and pests and the application times.

Description

Novel low-temperature sensitive albino tea tree crown culture method

Technical Field

The invention relates to the technical field of tea tree cultivation, in particular to a novel low-temperature sensitive albino tea tree crown cultivation method.

Background

The Chinese tea culture source is long, the tea planting range is wide, and according to statistics, the total area of 18 tea gardens (autonomous region, direct prefecture city) in 18 main tea-producing provinces in China is 4747.69 ten thousand mu. Among a plurality of tea tree varieties, white leaf No. 1, zhejiang province-level tea tree improved varieties belong to shrub type, middle-leaf clone improved varieties, young buds in early spring are jade white due to chlorophyll deficiency, the tibioides are emerald green, one bud and two leaves are whitest, the temperature rises to above 23 ℃ in the later period of spring tea, the illumination is enhanced, the leaf color gradually changes to be alternate white, and the young tea in summer and autumn is light green. The branch and germination density is medium, the bud breeding capability is strong, the stress resistance is weak, and especially the drought resistance is weak. The white albino tea is a tea variety with white new bud leaves caused by gene variation, and is low-temperature sensitive, namely, the new albino tea is a tea albino variation type which is mainly expressed depending on the temperature.

The tea tree is an economic crop with the aim of collecting young tender bud leaves, improves the vegetative growth of the tea tree, controls the reproductive growth of the tea tree, and cultivates tree vigor with the capability of germinating more high-quality tea buds, and is a technical key for cultivating high-quality high-yield high-efficiency tea gardens. The tea trees generally enter flowering and fructification periods after being planted for two or three years; the tea trees can sprout 4-5 new shoots every year, the new shoots can be pregnant with flowers (buds) in the first and second rounds of the year, the bud induction period is 6-7 months, the flowering period is 10-12 months, and the seeds are mature in autumn and winter in the second year. After the branch tips and the bud form a flowering branch, the vegetative growth of the tree body is converted into reproductive growth, and the subsequent new tips are inhibited from germinating and growing; and the flowering and the fructification can consume the nutrition in the tea tree body, so that the tree body weakness is aggravated, and the tea bud germination in the next year is weakened.

At present, albino tea varieties popularized in tea gardens have serious influence on yield and quality of fresh leaves due to bud pregnancy and vigorous flowering, and a three-dimensional tea garden picking mode is basically adopted, so a bud control technology becomes a technical key for ensuring high quality, high yield and high efficiency of albino tea. In the prior art, treatment methods such as hormones and the like for reducing flower buds have been tried, and the effect is not satisfactory.

The bud, blossom and fruit setting of the tea tree are mainly determined by the following elements: firstly, tea plant species. In the currently popularized variety, the flowering capability of albino tea, sexual population species and conventional clone improved species is the weakest in sequence, while albino tea is the strongest, and the albino tea can bloom from the current year of cuttage. The second is a tea garden mode. The flower buds are more easily bred in the three-dimensional tea picking garden than in the plane tea picking garden and the thin planting tea garden than in the dense planting tea garden. And thirdly, the age of the tea garden. The older the tree, the more susceptible the tea plant is to flowering. However, when the tree age is increased and the branch density on the crown surface of the tea garden is increased, the flowering ability is greatly reduced due to insufficient illumination inside the crown. Therefore, for albino tea varieties which are easy to flower, the flowering condition of young tea gardens is more serious than that of adult tea gardens. And fourthly, the branch tips of the tea trees. In spring (first round), summer (second round and third round) and autumn (fourth round and fifth round) tips of tea trees germinating every year, the tips of the first round and the second round are the tips of the inoculated buds, and the buds can not be inoculated in the three to five rounds. And fifthly, a cultivation technology comprises technologies of time, degree and the like of crown pruning, fertilizer use time, fertilizer kinds and the like.

Therefore, the invention aims to provide a novel low-temperature sensitive albino tea tree crown culture method to solve the problems of small picking surface, low yield, short picking period, damage of diseases and pests and more pesticide application times of albino tea gardens in the prior art.

Disclosure of Invention

The invention aims to solve the problems and provides a novel low-temperature sensitive albino tea tree crown culture method.

In order to achieve the purpose, the technical scheme of the invention is as follows: a novel low-temperature sensitive albino tea tree crown culture method comprises the following steps:

s1, fertilizing after spring tea is finished for 1 week;

s2, selecting time to trim after the fertilization is finished, performing one-year one-time re-trimming on the trimming, and performing re-trimming after the average daily temperature reaches more than 25 ℃ and is relatively stable in the last ten days of 5 months after spring tea is harvested; cutting off all upper branches at the position 30-35 cm away from the ground, and gradually cutting off the branches year by year to improve the branches by 3-5 cm, and a period every three years;

s3, keeping young shoots in summer and autumn, culturing the three-dimensional tree crowns, and picking albino fresh leaves sequentially from top to bottom in the next year.

Further, in the process of culturing the three-dimensional tree crowns, the young tea garden further comprises shaping and trimming, wherein the shaping and trimming comprises first-time fixed trimming, second-time fixed trimming and third-time fixed trimming.

Further, the first fixed shearing is immediately carried out after permanent planting, the height is 15 cm-20 cm, and 3-4 leaves are left; the second fixed shearing is that the height of the shearing opening is increased by 10cm to 15cm in the middle and last ten days of 4 months after the first fixed shearing is carried out for one year, and all the shearing is flat; and the third fixed shearing is that in the middle and late ten days of 4 months after the second fixed shearing is carried out for one year, the second shearing mouth is lifted by 10 cm-15 cm, the second fixed shearing is carried out, simultaneously, the weak branches and the branches suffering from diseases and pests are sheared, the third fixed shearing can be carried out slightly after autumn, and a flat and wide picking face is cultivated.

Further, the method also comprises the following steps of (1) swathing: when the tea tree is aged, the buds and leaves are rare, and the branches and the trunks are gray and brown, carrying out the table mowing; after the spring tea is picked, cutting off upper branches 5-10 cm away from the ground, and germinating again to renew the crown.

Compared with the prior art, the beneficial effect of this scheme:

1. the method can be used for early mining, and the tea garden after the heavy shearing is 3-5 days earlier than the tea garden without the method.

2. According to the method, the three-dimensional tree crowns are cultured, so that the picking surface can be increased, the yield is increased and is one time of the spring tea yield of the traditional mode, and the picking period is 1 month.

3. By the method, the high-incidence period of the pests in summer can be avoided, the pest food source environment is worsened by recutting, and the pest damage and pesticide application times are reduced.

4. The method increases the green leaf layer and enhances the tree vigor by culturing the three-dimensional tree crown.

Detailed Description

In order to make the technical solutions of the present invention better understood, the technical solutions of the present invention will be described in further detail below with reference to embodiments of the present invention, and it is apparent that the described embodiments are only a part of the embodiments of the present invention, and not all of the embodiments. All other embodiments, which can be obtained by a person skilled in the art without making any creative effort based on the embodiments in the present invention, shall fall within the protection scope of the present invention.

It should be noted that the embodiments and features of the embodiments may be combined with each other without conflict. The present invention will be described in detail with reference to examples.

The embodiment is as follows:

the scheme provided by the embodiment of the invention is as follows: a novel low-temperature sensitive albino tea tree crown culture method comprises the following steps:

s1, fertilizing after spring tea is finished for 1 week;

s2, selecting time to trim after the fertilization is finished, performing one-year one-time re-trimming on the trimming, and performing re-trimming after the average daily temperature reaches more than 25 ℃ and is relatively stable in the last ten days of 5 months after spring tea is harvested; cutting off all upper branches at the position 30-35 cm away from the ground, and gradually cutting off the branches year by year to improve the branches by 3-5 cm, and a period every three years;

s3, keeping young shoots in summer and autumn, culturing the three-dimensional tree crowns, and picking albino fresh leaves sequentially from top to bottom in the next year.

In the process of culturing the three-dimensional tree crowns, the shaping pruning is further included in the young tea garden, and the shaping pruning comprises the following steps:

first time of shear setting: and immediately carrying out first shaping and pruning after field planting, wherein the height is 15-20 cm, and 3-4 leaves are left.

And (3) second-time shear setting: in the middle and late ten days of 4 months after the first fixed shearing, the shearing edge is increased by 10cm to 15cm and is completely sheared.

And (3) third time of shear setting: in the middle and late ten days of 4 months after the second fixed shearing for one year, the second shearing mouth is lifted by 10 cm-15 cm, the flat shearing is carried out, meanwhile, the weak branches and the branches with diseases and pests are sheared, the soft shearing can be carried out after autumn, and a flat and wide picking face is cultivated.

In the scheme of the invention, the method further comprises the following steps of: when the tea tree is old in tree vigor, rare in bud and leaf and gray and brown in branches, carrying out desk mowing; after the spring tea is picked, cutting off upper branches 5-10 cm away from the ground, and germinating again to renew the crown.

The following concrete implementation standards of the albino tea tree crown culture method in the embodiment of the invention are as follows:

1. construction of the garden

1.1 conditions in the field

The method is suitable for selecting the negative slope land with relatively low daily average temperature and accumulated temperature and relatively high altitude. The elevation is distributed between 600m and 1000m, the ecological condition is good, the number of shading trees is large, the illumination intensity is weak, the soil layer depth reaches more than 80cm, the soil organic matter content reaches more than 2 percent, and the mountain area gentle slope land with the calcium content lower than 1.5 percent is suitable.

1.2 Garden planning

The reclamation of tea garden roads, water conservancy systems and garden lands should meet the regulation of NY/T5018.

Deeply cultivating the garden land comprehensively. Carrying out primary reclamation and reclamation on the barren mountains for two times, wherein the primary reclamation depth is 40-60 cm, sundries such as tree roots, grass roots and stones are removed, the reclamation depth is 30cm, and tea rows are built; the prepared rehmannia root is deeply reclaimed once after the crops are removed, and the reclamation depth is more than 30 cm.

1.3 applying base fertilizer

And (5) making planting furrows with the depth of more than 30cm according to the determined tea rows. 500 kg-1000 kg of commodity organic fertilizer or more than 500kg of cake fertilizer is applied per 667 square meter, 50kg of compound fertilizer is applied in a mixing way, and soil is covered after the application. The base fertilizer application is completed at least one month before planting. The commercial organic fertilizer meets the specification of NY 525.

2. Tea seedling field planting

2.1 tea shoot quality

The regulation of GB11767 should be met. Annual clone tea seedlings have the height of more than 20cm and the stem thickness of more than 0.2 mm.

2.2 time to permanent planting

In late 10 months to 11 months, autumn rain is completely rained, the soil color is dark and dark, the mixture is kneaded into a ball by hands and broken when thrown, and wet marks are preferably left on the hands. If the elevation is higher and the mountain land is easy to be frozen in winter, the planting is more suitable from the bottom of 2 months to the beginning of 3 months.

2.3 Density of permanent planting

Adopting single row and double plants, wherein the row spacing is 120-150 cm, the plant spacing is 25-30 cm, and 3000-4500 tea seedlings are needed per square meter 667.

2.4 permanent planting method

And (4) digging planting furrows according to the planting specification, wherein the depth of the furrows is 15-20 cm. When planting seedlings, straightening the tea seedlings, slightly lifting the tea seedlings upwards when covering soil to a mud door, treading the soil around roots and watering the soil sufficiently to fix the roots. And finally covering surface soil which exceeds the mud door by about 5cm. Partially prepared seedlings are heeled in at the row edge during planting.

3. Crown cultivation

3. 1 basic requirements

The three-dimensional crown tea garden is suitable to be cultivated.

3.2 form-setting pruning

3.2.1 first fixed shear

And immediately carrying out first shaping and pruning after field planting, wherein the height is 15-20 cm, and 3-4 leaves are left.

3.2.1 second fixed shear

In the middle and late 4 months after the first fixed shearing, the height of the shearing mouth is increased by 10cm to 15cm, and the whole is sheared flat.

3.2.3 third time shear setting

In the middle and late ten days of 4 months after the second fixed shearing for one year, the height of the second shearing mouth is increased by 10cm to 15cm. And (4) shearing horizontally, and shearing weak branches and insect-disease branches at the same time. After autumn, the soft pruning can be carried out, and a flat and wide picking face is cultivated.

3.3 heavy pruning

And (4) performing one-year-one-year re-shearing, wherein after the spring tea is stopped being picked, the re-shearing is performed after the daily average temperature reaches more than 25 ℃ and is relatively stable in the last 5 months. Cutting off all upper branches at the position 30-35 cm away from the ground, only retaining part of strong branches, and culturing and picking tree crowns in a three-dimensional manner. The pruning is improved by 3 cm-5 cm one by one year, and a period is one every three years.

3.4 cradles

And (5) when the tea tree is old in tree vigor, rare in bud and leaf and gray and brown in branches and trunks, carrying out the mowing. After the spring tea is picked, cutting off upper branches 5-10 cm away from the ground, and germinating again to renew the crown.

4. Soil management

4.1 tea garden weeding

The young tea garden should be ploughed shallowly and weeded in due time, and weeds or crop straws, mulching films or grass prevention cloth can be covered among tea rows to prevent weeds, preserve water and preserve fertilizer. Or interplanting green manure plants (such as herba astragali Sinici and lalang grass) or grass-inhibiting plants (such as herba Lespedezae Cuneatae and semen Cassiae Torae) in the tea row space in the first year. Various herbicides are prohibited.

4.2 soil cultivation

In the mature tea garden, intertillage is carried out before spring tea (in 2 months) and after spring tea (in 5 months) in combination with topdressing, and the depth is 5 cm-10 cm. Deep ploughing is carried out in autumn and winter in combination with base fertilizer application, alternate every other year in an interlaced manner, and the deep ploughing depth is 15 cm-25 cm.

4.3 tea garden fertilization

The method is characterized in that nitrogen fertilizers are used as main materials, phosphorus potassium fertilizers (N: P2O5: K20= 2-4.

Is suitable for applying base fertilizer. The method comprises the steps of early application, deep application and sufficient application, wherein 100 kg-150 kg of commercial organic fertilizer or 150kg of cake fertilizer and 30 kg-45 kg of compound fertilizer are applied per mu.

And (5) topdressing for many times. The amount of topdressing is determined according to the age of the young tea garden, and 2.5 kg-3.0 kg of pure nitrogen is topdressed in a 2-year-old tea garden per mu; 5.0 kg-7.0 kg of pure nitrogen per mu in a 3-4-year-old tea garden; nitrogen is fixed according to the yield in the tea garden picked at the age of one year, and 13.0 kg-17.0 kg of pure nitrogen is applied to each 100kg of dry tea produced.

The specific fertilizing method comprises the following steps:

a.1 base fertilizer application

Before and after frost, the application time should be early, not late, preferably 10-11 late.

100 kg-150 kg of commercial organic fertilizer or 150 kg-200 kg of cake fertilizer and 30 kg-45 kg of compound fertilizer are applied per mu. And (5) ditching and deep applying, wherein the depth of the ditch is more than 15cm.

The mature tea trees are applied in the middle of the ventilation duct and are ditched and fertilized perpendicular to the tree crowns. Ditching is carried out on the young tea trees which are 10-15 cm away from the trunk, and the fertilizing position is gradually enlarged to the vertical position of the crown along with the increase of the tree width.

A.2 topdressing applications

A.2.1 Young tea garden

The frequency of topdressing in the first year after planting can be controlled to be 3-4 times. The first top dressing is carried out after the tea seedlings begin to grow new roots in about 4-5 months. Topdressing is carried out once every two months in 5-9 months. Hole-applying a compound fertilizer (N: P: K = 2-3 = 1), namely digging holes at a position 15cm away from the tea seedlings, wherein the depth is 10 cm-15 cm, and covering soil after applying; or spraying biogas slurry and sprinkling a low-concentration nitrogen fertilizer solution.

The tea seedlings are planted in two years, additional fertilizer is applied once in spring, summer and autumn respectively, the dosage is increased properly each time, generally 8kg of compound fertilizer is applied per mu, and the application method is the same as that in the first year.

The frequency and the period of fertilizer application for planting tea seedlings in three years are the same as those in the second year, the application amount is properly increased along with the increase of the tree age, and generally 10kg of compound fertilizer is applied to each mu of additional fertilizer.

A.2.2 mature-age plucking tea garden

The amount of the top dressing is determined according to the yield and is applied in 2 times. Quick-acting nitrogen fertilizer is mainly used, and after shallow plowing, ditching (the depth of a ditch is 5 cm) is preferably carried out, and soil covering is preferably carried out.

The first topdressing is a germination accelerating fertilizer, the top dressing is optimal after spring application and before tea bud scales are unfolded, the fertilizing amount accounts for about 25% of the annual fertilizing amount, and 40 kg-50 kg of compound fertilizer is generally applied per mu.

The second additional fertilization is carried out 1 week after the spring tea is finished and before the tea is pruned. In order to ensure that the shoots in summer and autumn are renewed one year, the shoots in summer and autumn are kept for breeding, the tree vigor is enhanced, the fertilizing amount accounts for more than half of the fertilizing amount in the whole year, and generally 150kg of commercial organic fertilizer or 150kg of cake fertilizer and 25 kg-50 kg of compound fertilizer are applied per mu.

4.4 moisture management

The low-temperature sensitive albino tea is weak in drought resistance, and needs to be irrigated and supplemented in time in a drought season; when continuous overcast and rainy days occur, ditch cleaning and drainage should be timely performed.

5. Pest control

5.1 agricultural control

The occurrence of plant diseases and insect pests is reduced by agricultural measures such as pruning, picking, turning and the like.

5.2 physical control

The pests such as tea geometrid, tea caterpillar, empoasca vitis, aleyrodids spinulosa and the like are trapped by physical means such as an insecticidal lamp, a color plate, a sex pheromone and the like.

5.3 biological control

Active measures are taken to create a good ecological environment for natural enemies, and the natural enemies of good tea garden pests, such as ladybug, frog, lizard, birds and the like, are protected and utilized.

5.4 chemical control

The pesticide application amount and the safe interval period are controlled strictly according to the requirements of GB/T8321 (all parts).

6. Picking fresh leaves

6.1 picking Standard

The picking standards are one bud, one leaf and two leaves.

6.2 optimum period of exploitation

When 5% of fresh leaves of spring tea in the stereoscopic picked tea garden reach the picking standard, and 10% of fresh leaves of summer and autumn tea reach the picking standard, the fresh leaves are in the proper period of exploitation.

6.3 picking method

Timely picking according to standard in batches. The first tea leaves are collected and the fish leaves are collected, and the spring end tea and the summer and autumn tea leaves are collected and the real leaves are collected according to the tree vigor.

The newly built tea garden can be properly topped and harvested after the second year of planting, only new shoots which are more than 30cm away from the ground are harvested when the spring tea is topped, and generation-harvesting shearing is forbidden.

Comparison of the present invention with the prior art:

1. compared with other tea gardens of the prior art, the method can be used for early mining, and the tea garden which is cut again is 3 to 5 days earlier than the tea garden which does not adopt the method.

2. According to the invention, the picking surface is increased by cultivating the three-dimensional tree crowns, so that the yield can be increased, the yield is one time of the spring tea yield in the traditional mode, and the picking period is 1 month.

3. Through the heavy shearing in the invention, the pest high-incidence period in summer is conveniently coped with, the pest food source environment is worsened through the heavy shearing, and the pest damage and the pesticide application frequency can be reduced.

4. The method increases the green leaf layer and enhances the tree vigor by culturing the three-dimensional tree crown.

The above embodiments are merely illustrative and not restrictive, and those skilled in the art can modify the embodiments without inventive contribution as required after reading this specification, but the invention is protected by the claims only.

Claims (4)

1. A novel low-temperature sensitive albino tea tree crown culture method is characterized by comprising the following steps: the method comprises the following steps:

s1, fertilizing after spring tea is finished for 1 week;

s2, selecting time to trim after the fertilization is finished, carrying out one-year re-trimming on the trimming, and carrying out re-trimming after the spring tea is stopped being picked and the daily average temperature reaches more than 25 ℃ and is relatively stable; cutting off all upper branches at the position 30-35 cm away from the ground, and gradually cutting off the branches year by year to increase the length by 3-5 cm, and one period every three years;

s3, keeping young shoots in summer and autumn, culturing the three-dimensional tree crowns, and picking albino fresh leaves sequentially from top to bottom in the next year.

2. The method for culturing the low-temperature sensitive albino tea tree crown as claimed in claim 1, which is characterized in that: in the process of culturing the three-dimensional tree crowns, the young tea garden further comprises shaping and trimming, wherein the shaping and trimming comprises first-time fixed shearing, second-time fixed shearing and third-time fixed shearing.

3. A novel method for cultivating low-temperature sensitive albino tea tree crowns as claimed in claim 2, which is characterized by comprising the following steps: the first fixed shearing is immediately carried out after fixed planting, the height is 15 cm-20 cm, and 3-4 leaves are left; the second fixed shearing is that the height of the shearing opening is increased by 10cm to 15cm in the middle and last ten days of 4 months after the first fixed shearing is carried out for one year, and the shearing is completely flat; and the third fixed shearing is that in the middle and late ten days of 4 months after the second fixed shearing for one year, the second cut is lifted by 10-15 cm, the cut is cut horizontally, meanwhile, the weak branches and the branches with diseases and pests are cut off, the soft shearing can be carried out after autumn, and a flat and wide picking face is cultivated.

4. The method for culturing the low-temperature sensitive albino tea tree crown as claimed in claim 1, which is characterized in that: also comprises a platform mowing step: when the tea tree is old in tree vigor, rare in bud and leaf and gray and brown in branches, carrying out desk mowing; after the spring tea is picked, cutting off upper branches 5-10 cm away from the ground, and germinating again to renew the crown.