CN115624956A - 一种高效可循环利用的沼渣炭基阳离子吸附剂的制备方法 - Google Patents
一种高效可循环利用的沼渣炭基阳离子吸附剂的制备方法 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明涉及一种高效可循环利用的沼渣炭基阳离子吸附剂的制备方法,该方法以农作物秸秆厌氧发酵生成的沼渣和小分子有机酸为主要原料制得,所得沼渣炭基吸附剂具有较高比表面积,且表面引入了大量羧基官能团。本发明所制备的沼渣基重金属吸附剂属于环境友好型材料,其具有生产工艺简单、吸附性能好、化学稳定性强、可多次循环利用等优点。同时,该发明所得吸附剂可以广泛应用于多种重金属离子的工业废水或其他受污染水体,实现了沼渣“以废治废”“变废为宝”的环保目标。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及一种阳离子吸附剂的制备方法,具体是一种高效可循环利用的沼渣炭基吸附剂的制备方法,属于固体废物资源化利用及环境治理技术领域。
背景技术
厌氧发酵产沼气技术可以有效解决环境污染的问题,是秸秆等农业有机固体废弃物资源化和能源化使用的一种有效途径。秸秆的厌氧发酵技术不仅实现了废弃秸秆资源的无害化、减量化和资源化有效处理,而且也加快了国家进一步调整能源结构的步伐。然而在积极发展沼气工程建设的同时,随之产生了含有有机质、病原菌和腐殖酸等成分的发酵残余物沼渣。在产沼气的过程中产生的沼渣体量大,无法及时消纳,这成为了限制沼气工程可持续发展的瓶颈之一。由于传统的沼渣资源化利用方式对沼渣利用率低,且对环境或人体都有着潜在的影响,随着我国可持续发展战略的不断推进,对沼渣进行综合利用和高值化利用的新方法受到了越来越多的关注。
鉴于沼渣含有丰富的纤维结构,可以直接依靠自身的纤维素、半纤维素和木质素等结构中的官能团,如羟基、肽链等与废水中重金属离子发生相互作用,实现水体中重金属离子的去除,同时这些结构也使沼渣具备了良好的改性潜力。因此,为了提高沼渣资源的使用价值,实现农业废弃物沼渣的高值化转化,将沼渣用作吸附剂具有良好的可行性这可以实现以“废”治“废”的处理目标,具有良好的可行性,同时这也是近几年环境功能材料领域的研究热点。沼渣作为吸附剂的相关研究尚处于起步阶段,尽管沼渣可直接用于吸附重金属离子,但是由于沼渣表面吸附位点有限,与重金属离子之间的相互作用弱,导致了沼渣对重金属吸附的能力有限,远不及人们的预期。同时,沼渣作为秸秆厌氧发酵后的产物,易碎易断,导致其产品机械强度较小,在水处理应用中受限。为了更好地利用沼渣资源,须对其结构进行化学改性,使其适用范围更广,吸附能力更强。
因此,亟需研发一种机械强度高、化学稳定性好、吸附能力强的环境友好型沼渣基阳离子吸附剂。
发明内容
针对现有技术的不足,本发明提供一种高效可循环利用的沼渣炭基阳离子吸附剂的制备方法,本发明方法首先将沼渣进行低温碳化,随后,以次磷酸钠为催化剂,利用小分子有机酸对沼渣炭进行改性,使沼渣表面引入大量羧基官能团,得到了机械强度高、吸附能力强、循环利用效果好的环境友好型沼渣炭基吸附剂,且该方法对原料沼渣颗粒尺寸无要求、步骤简单,操作方便。
原料说明:
沼渣:本发明的沼渣为秸秆厌氧发酵产生的废物沼渣,含水率<10%,其纤维素含量为20-40%,半纤维素含量为10-30%,木质素含量为10-30%,蛋白质及灰分含量为5-20%。
本发明的技术方案如下:
一种高效可循环利用的沼渣炭基阳离子吸附剂的制备方法,包括步骤如下:
(1)将沼渣适量平铺于磁舟中,将磁舟转移至高温管式炉中,在氮气气氛下进行低温碳化,按5℃/min的升温速率升至一定温度后,保温2小时后,冷却至室温取出。
(2)将低温碳化后的沼渣炭与小分子有机酸溶液混合,加入次磷酸钠后在油浴加热条件下进行酯化反应,使有效官能团成功嫁接至沼渣结构中,将终产物用碱性溶液洗涤并抽滤,再用去离子水洗涤,烘干、筛分,即得小分子有机酸改性的沼渣基吸附剂。
根据本发明优选的,步骤(1)中升温至200~400℃进行低温碳化。
进一步优选的,碳化温度为250~350℃。
根据本发明优选的,步骤(2)中,小分子有机酸为酒石酸或草酸或柠檬酸等,其浓度为0.1~1mol/L,沼渣炭加入量与有机酸溶液的质量体积比为1:50~1:150,单位:g/mL。
进一步优选的,有机酸浓度为0.4~0.8mol/L,酯化反应温度为90~120℃,酯化反应时间为1~3h。
根据本发明优选的,步骤(2)中,沼渣炭与次磷酸钠用量的质量比为1:0.2~1:1。
根据本发明优选的,步骤(2)中所用碱性溶液为0.1mol/L的氢氧化钠或氢氧化钾。
本发明得到的沼渣基重金属吸附剂的应用,用于废水中阳离子的吸附去除。
根据本发明优选的,具体的吸附去除方法为:将沼渣炭基阳离子吸附剂加入废水中,于温度15~45℃,pH为2.0~6.0的震荡条件下,反应去除2~4h,震荡速度为120~160r/min,吸附剂与废水质量体积比为1:2~4,单位:g/L。
废水中含有铜离子、镍离子、铅离子和亚甲基蓝中的一种或多种污染物。
本发明所述制备方法所得的高效可循环利用的沼渣炭基阳离子吸附剂,经实验测定,该吸附剂外观呈灰黑色固体,zeta电位位于5~-25mv之间;沼渣炭基阳离子吸附剂的骨架通式如下:
本发明的沼渣炭基阳离子吸附剂应用于水处理领域与现有吸附剂相比具有如下优点:
1.本发明的制备方法采用沼渣为原料,经过低温碳化和酯化反应得到了沼渣炭基阳离子吸附剂,其原料来源广泛,价格低廉;制备工艺操作简单,试剂成本低,为绿色环保合成方式,可以广泛适用于电镀、冶金、纺织、印染等行业的废水处理。同时,也为实现农业固体废弃物减量化、资源化利用提供了一个新的解决思路。
2.本发明的制备方法采用沼渣为原料,经过低温碳化和酯化反应得到了沼渣炭基阳离子吸附剂,其表面含有大量的羧基官能团,是一种表面带负电的高效的阳离子吸附剂,其对阳离子的吸附能力强、吸附量大、去除效率高、再生稳定性好,从而可以高效循环的去除阳离子。
3.本发明的制备方法采用沼渣为原料,经过低温碳化和酯化反应得到了沼渣炭基阳离子吸附剂,得到的新型沼渣基重金属吸附剂,机械强度高、化学稳定性好。
4.本发明得到的沼渣炭基阳离子吸附剂再生方法简单,直接用0.1mol/L的HCl即可实现吸附剂的再生,再生能力强,稳定性好,实现了沼渣炭基吸附剂多次重复利用,节约了水处理成本。
附图说明
图1为本发明的高效可循环的沼渣炭基阳离子吸附剂外观照片;
图2为1号样品多次吸附-解吸附循环去除铜离子和亚甲基蓝的效果图;
图3为1号样品在多次铜离子解吸附过程中TOC值。
具体实施方式
下面结合实施例对本发明做进一步说明,但本发明不限于此。
实施例中所用沼渣取自山东宝力生物质能源股份有限公司。
实施例1:
一种高效可循环的沼渣炭基阳离子吸附剂的制备方法,包括步骤如下:
(1)取2g沼渣于磁舟中,放入磁舟中,将磁舟转移至管式炉中,在氮气气氛下,以5℃/min的升温速率升至300℃后进行低温碳化,保温2h后,冷却至室温;
(2)将低温碳化后的沼渣炭与0.6mol/L的柠檬酸溶液按质量体积比1:100(g/mL)混合,随后再加入次磷酸钠进行酯化反应,沼渣炭与次磷酸钠质量比为1:0.4,在110℃油浴加热条件下进行酯化反应,反应结束后将产物取出,用0.1mol/L的氢氧化钠溶液冲洗抽滤后,用去离子水洗涤3次,干燥,制备得到沼渣炭基阳离子吸附剂,用No.1表示,得到的沼渣基重金属吸附剂外观照片如图1所示。
实施例2:
一种高效可循环的沼渣炭基阳离子吸附剂的制备方法,同实施例1,不同之处在于:步骤(1)中低温碳化温度为200℃,得到的沼渣炭基阳离子吸附剂,用No.2表示。
实施例3:
一种高效可循环的沼渣炭基阳离子吸附剂的制备方法,同实施例1,不同之处在于:步骤(1)中低温碳化温度为400℃,得到的沼渣炭基阳离子吸附剂,用No.3表示。
实施例4:
一种高效可循环的沼渣炭基阳离子吸附剂的制备方法,同实施例1,不同之处在于:步骤(2)中柠檬酸浓度为0.2mol/L,得到的沼渣炭基阳离子吸附剂,用No.4表示。
实施例5:
一种高效可循环的沼渣炭基阳离子吸附剂的制备方法,同实施例1,不同之处在于:步骤(2)中柠檬酸浓度为1mol/L,得到的沼渣炭基阳离子吸附剂,用No.5表示。
实施例6:
一种高效可循环的沼渣炭基阳离子吸附剂的制备方法,同实施例1,不同之处在于:步骤(2)中柠檬酸换为酒石酸,得到的沼渣炭基阳离子吸附剂,用No.6表示。
实施例7:
一种高效可循环的沼渣炭基阳离子吸附剂的制备方法,同实施例1,不同之处在于:步骤(2)中柠檬酸换为草酸,得到的沼渣炭基阳离子吸附剂,用No.7表示。
实验例:
将按上述合成的高效可循环的沼渣炭基阳离子吸附剂用于铜离子、镍离子、铅离子及亚甲基蓝的吸附。
吸附试验条件:
铜离子:0.2g吸附剂与100mL 100mg/L(以Cu2+计)硝酸铜溶液混合,吸附温度25,℃震荡速度140r/min,吸附时间4小时。
镍离子:0.2g吸附剂与100mL 100mg/L(以Ni2+计)硝酸镍溶液混合,吸附温度25,℃震荡速度140r/min,吸附时间4小时。
铅离子:0.2g吸附剂与100mL 100mg/L(以Pb2+计)硝酸铅溶液混合,吸附温度25,℃震荡速度120r/min,吸附时间4小时。
亚甲基蓝:0.2g吸附剂与100mL 200mg/L亚甲基蓝溶液混合,吸附温度25,℃震荡速度140r/min,吸附时间4小时。
处理结果见表1、2、3、4。
表1沼渣基重金属吸附剂对铜离子的吸附效果
表2沼渣基重金属吸附剂对镍离子的吸附效果
表3沼渣基重金属吸附剂对铅离子的吸附效果
表4沼渣基重金属吸附剂对亚甲基蓝的吸附效果
将去除效果最好的No.1吸附剂用于再生实验,再生液为0.1mol/L的HCl,吸附饱和的No.1吸附剂经10次铜离子以及亚甲基蓝吸附—解吸附过程,每次吸附过程吸附效果如图2所示。
且在铜离子的10次解吸附实验中,同时测定解吸附后溶液的有机碳含量(TOC),以此表明该过程中沼渣基吸附剂的有机物溶出情况,测试结果见图3所示。
由以上数据可得,由本发明所制备多种沼渣基重金属吸附剂对铜离子、镍离子、铅离子和亚甲基蓝染料皆具有良好的吸附效果。根据现有文献,沼渣基吸附剂对阳离子吸附研究报导数量有限,且沼渣预处理过程复杂,所得沼渣吸附剂的机械强度小、可循环利用次数较少、效果较差,而本发明所制备的沼渣炭基阳离子吸附剂可有效去除常见重金属离子及阳离子型的染料,并且在多次连续吸附—解吸附过程中吸附能力没有明显下降,且再生过程中有机物析出较少,再生稳定性好,可在一定程度上应用于电镀废水、印染废水等。
Claims (6)
1.一种高效可循环利用的沼渣炭基阳离子吸附剂的制备方法,包括步骤如下:
(1)将沼渣适量平铺于磁舟中,将磁舟转移至高温管式炉中,在氮气气氛下进行低温碳化,按5℃/min的升温速率升至一定温度后,保温2小时后,冷却至室温取出。
(2)将低温碳化后的沼渣炭与小分子有机酸溶液混合,加入次磷酸钠后在油浴加热条件下进行酯化反应,使有效官能团成功嫁接至沼渣结构中,将终产物用碱性溶液洗涤并抽滤,再用去离子水洗涤,烘干、筛分,即得小分子有机酸改性的沼渣基吸附剂。
2.根据权利要求1所述的制备方法,其特征在于,步骤(1)中升温至200~400℃进行低温碳化。
3.根据权利要求1所述的制备方法,其特征在于,步骤(2)中,小分子有机酸为酒石酸或草酸或柠檬酸等,其浓度为0.1~1mol/L,沼渣炭加入量与有机酸溶液的质量体积比为1:50~1:150,单位:g/mL。
4.根据权利要求1所述的制备方法,其特征在于,步骤(2)中,沼渣炭与次磷酸钠用量的质量比为1:0.2~1:1。
5.根据权利要求1所述的制备方法,其特征在于,步骤(2)中,酯化反应温度为90~120℃,酯化反应时间为1~3h。
6.根据权利要求1所述的制备方法,其特征在于,步骤(2)中所用碱性溶液为0.1mol/L的氢氧化钠或氢氧化钾。
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