CN114787172A - 使用卤代氧代二过氧金属酸盐作为催化剂的烯烃氧化裂解方法 - Google Patents
使用卤代氧代二过氧金属酸盐作为催化剂的烯烃氧化裂解方法 Download PDFInfo
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- CN114787172A CN114787172A CN202080064444.5A CN202080064444A CN114787172A CN 114787172 A CN114787172 A CN 114787172A CN 202080064444 A CN202080064444 A CN 202080064444A CN 114787172 A CN114787172 A CN 114787172A
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Abstract
Description
技术领域
背景技术
烯烃的氧化裂解已知多年,并且一直是新发展的主题,烯烃的氧化裂解是一种化学反应,它可以使碳-碳双键转化为两个单独的氧化官能团,如醛、酮或羧酸。该反应对植物油的改善特别有利。这是因为氧化裂解在一个阶段中将不饱和脂族羧酸转化为用于聚合物工业、食品加工工业或甚至香水工业的高附加值的氧化产物。例如,油酸通过氧化裂解转化为壬酸和壬二酸。壬二酸(或杜鹃花酸)是一种用作聚合物(如聚酯或聚酰胺)制造或润滑剂制造中的前体的二羧酸。由于其抗菌特性,该化合物作为化妆品和皮肤病学活性剂也具有优势。就其本身而言,壬酸(或风吕草酸)是一种可单独使用或与壬二酸结合使用用作除草剂、或也可用作润肤剂的羧酸。
臭氧分解使用臭氧O3作为氧化剂,是烯烃氧化裂解最广泛使用的方法。虽然这一方法清洁且高效,但臭氧的使用需要实施严格的安全措施,以及安装昂贵的设备。因此,化学工业转向开发毒性和危险性较小的基于过渡金属和氧化剂的催化体系。已经开发了多种使用基于贵金属如铼、钌和金的催化剂的方法(WO 2014/020281)。然而,这些昂贵催化剂的催化负载量高且缺乏回收利用,使得难以设想以工业水平开发此类方法。钼和钨与过氧化氢(一种相对廉价的氧化剂)的组合也显示了它们在烯烃氧化裂解中的潜力。
因此,专利US 5 336 793描述了在两相介质中通过不饱和酯或酸的氧化裂解制备羧酸或酯的方法,其中有机相包含反应物,水相包含过氧化氢和由钨酸或钼酸组成的催化剂。所述方法的特征在于添加作为相转移剂的盐,例如氯化四烷基铵或氯化四烷基使催化剂可与反应物接触,从而在不需要使用有机溶剂的情况下改善产率。然而,该专利中采用的反应条件与工业应用不兼容。这是因为在过氧化氢水溶液的存在下使用乙醚提取反应产物,然后蒸发溶剂,潜在地会导致在浓缩状态下形成过氧化二乙基,从而形成高爆炸性混合物。
文献WO 2013/093366描述了通过油酸氧化裂解合成壬二酸和壬酸的另一种方法,其中为了提高反应的产率,反应在单个阶段中进行,包括原位形成由磷钨酸季铵盐组成的催化剂。然而,所使用的催化负载量按重量计为19重量%,鉴于磷钨酸的价格高,该催化负载量对于工业方法来说是一个过高的值。
因此,仍然实际需要开发一种通过烯烃氧化裂解合成二羧酸的高效方法,使其从经济和方法安全角度来看可以在令人满意的工业条件下获得该二羧酸。更一般地,仍然需要一种能有效氧化裂解各种烯烃的可用催化剂。
在该背景下,本发明人开发了一种使用卤代氧代二过氧金属酸盐作为催化剂的烯烃氧化裂解方法。Ryo Ishimoto等人在出版物化学快报(Chem.Lett.),2013,42,476-478中已经描述了这类化合物,其中将所述化合物用作烯烃的选择性氧化用催化剂的制造中的前体。专利申请EP 0 122 804还提到了一种化合物,所述化合物在过氧化氢存在下,在pH小于2、特别是pH为1时,通过卤化与钨酸或钨酸盐反应而获得,现已证明所述化合物对应于卤代氧代二过氧钨酸在申请EP 0 122804中,该化合物作为磷钨酸的替代物用作二醇氧化裂解中的催化剂。然而已表明,除非将对叔丁基苯酚添加到反应介质中,否则所述替代物提供的羧酸产率较低。事实上,这种化合物最近被欧盟委员会列为潜在的内分泌干扰物。专利申请JP 2013/144626还描述了在烯烃环氧化方法中与过氧化氢组合使用的单核催化剂(特别是卤代氧代二过氧金属酸)或双核催化剂。然而,利用所述单核催化剂获得的环氧化物产率很低。
因此,仍然需要提供一种涉及反应物毒性较小的方法,用于以良好的产率制造二羧酸。
令人惊讶的是,现在已证实在烯烃的氧化裂解中使用如EP 0 122804所述制备的替代催化剂能够满足这一需求。这是更令人惊讶的,因为这种氧化裂解方法涉及一系列反应,包括底物的环氧化,以及获得的环氧化物的反应,以形成氢过氧醇和/或α-二醇,随后形成醛,最终氧化生成酸。因此,以下事实是非显而易见的:单一催化剂可以在这些转化的整个过程中有效,或在任何情况下不对这些转化之一产生负面影响。
发明内容
因此,本发明的主题是将底物氧化裂解的方法,所述底物由至少一种官能化或非官能化线性烯烃或者是由至少一种非官能化环烯烃组成,所述方法在于在金属催化剂的存在下,使用过氧化氢将底物的碳-碳双键转化为选自醛、酮和羧酸中的两个单独的氧化官能团,其特征在于,所述催化剂由至少一种卤代氧代二过氧金属酸根的盐形成。
本发明的另一主题是式(II)的新型催化剂:
其中:
M是选自W和Mo的金属,
X是卤素原子,
L表示具有至少一对非键合孤对电子的中性配体,
-R1表示线性或支链的、优选线性的C6-C20烷基,R2和R3各自独立地表示线性或支链的、优选线性的C1-C4烷基,并且R4表示线性或支链的、优选线性的C1-C4烷基或者是芳基,或
本发明的另一主题是所述催化剂在单不饱和脂族羧酸或多不饱和脂族羧酸或其酯的氧化裂解中的用途。
具体实施方式
在一个实施方式中,根据本发明的氧化裂解方法使用至少一种官能化或非官能化线性烯烃作为底物。术语“非官能化烯烃”被理解为是指仅包含碳原子和氢原子且包含至少一个不饱和键的烃链。术语“官能化烯烃”被理解为是指包含碳原子和氢原子的烃链,其包含至少一个不饱和键,并且另外携带至少一个、通常一至四个如下基团,所述基团在氧化裂解反应的条件下是惰性的,并且特别选自:羧基(-COOH)基团、烷氧羰基(-OCOR)基团、羟基(-OH)基团、硝基(-NO2)基团、卤素(特别是-Cl或-F)原子、烷氧基(-OR)基团、烷基羰基(-COR)基团、酰胺基(-CONH2)或二烷基胺基(-NR2)基团或腈(-CN)基团,其中R表示包含1到9个碳原子的烃基团。
根据本发明的氧化裂解方法在于将底物的碳-碳双键转化为两个单独的氧化官能团,从而使得可以制备醛类、酮类和/或羧酸类的羰基化合物,更特别是单羧酸、二羧酸和/或三羧酸。
在本发明的优选实施方式中,烯烃由至少一个羧基或烷氧羰基官能化。因此,所述官能化线性烯烃选自单不饱和脂族羧酸或多不饱和脂族羧酸及其酯。所述羧酸可包含6至60个碳原子,优选6至32个碳原子,更优选12至24个碳原子,更优选12至18个碳原子,且其可包含1至6个不饱和键,优选1至3个不饱和键。
单不饱和脂族羧酸或多不饱和脂族羧酸的实例包括月桂烯酸、十四烯酸、棕榈油酸、杉皮酸(sapienic acid)、反式洋芫荽子酸(petroselaidic acid)、油酸、反油酸、岩芹酸、异油酸、鳕油酸、鲸蜡烯酸、芥酸、鲨鱼酸或神经酸、α-亚油酸、γ-亚麻酸、瘤胃酸、亚麻酸、亚麻油酸、桐酸、梓树酸、花生四烯酸及其混合物。所述酸可任选地为单羟基化或多羟基化的,并且特别选自蓖麻油酸。上述酸可通过通常由植物油获得的至少一种脂肪酸甘油三酯的化学水解或酶水解而获得。或者,所述脂肪酸甘油三酯可能来自动物脂肪。就其本身而言,所述酸的酯可以是所述酸的甘油三酯,或者可以通过使用单醇将所述酸进行酯化或将甘油三酯进行酯基转移来获得。单不饱和脂族羧酸酯或多不饱和脂族羧酸酯的实例包括线性或支链C1-C6烷基酯,例如甲基、乙基、丙基、异丙基、丁基、叔丁基、戊基、异戊基或己基酯,但不限于该名单。甘油三酯的一个实例是三油酸甘油酯。
优选地,使用油酸、棕榈油酸、芥酸、亚油酸、α-亚麻酸、其混合物和/或其酯之一,更优选地使用油酸或其酯之一,特别是油酸甲酯。
作为植物油的示例,可以特别提到小麦胚芽、向日葵、摩洛哥坚果、木槿、芫荽、葡萄籽、芝麻、玉米、杏、蓖麻、乳木果、鳄梨、橄榄、花生、大豆、甜杏仁、棕榈、油菜籽、棉籽、榛子、澳洲坚果、荷荷巴、苜蓿、红栗南瓜、芝麻、南瓜、黑醋栗、月见草、薰衣草、琉璃苣、小米、大麦、藜麦、黑麦、红花、石栗、西番莲、麝香玫瑰、蓝蓟属、亚麻荠或茶花的油。或者,可以使用由微藻生物质产生的一种或多种油。
下表整理了能够通过上述酸的氧化裂解获得的单羧酸和二羧酸(及其酯)的实例。
不饱和酸 | 单酸 | 二酸 |
油酸 | 壬酸 | 壬二酸 |
亚油酸 | 己酸 | 壬二酸、丙二酸 |
花生四烯酸 | 己酸 | 丙二酸、戊二酸 |
棕榈油酸 | 庚酸 | 壬二酸 |
亚麻酸 | 丙酸 | 壬二酸、丙二酸 |
蓖麻油酸 | 3-羟基壬酸 | 壬二酸 |
芥酸 | 壬酸 | 十三烷二酸 |
应理解,鉴于上述大量的不饱和脂肪酸,根据本发明一个实施方式获得的二羧酸优选为壬二酸。
在本发明的另一实施方式中,将至少一种非官能化环烯烃用作底物。
本发明中可用作底物的非官能化环烯烃的实例包括:环己烯、环庚烯、环辛烯、环壬烯、环癸烯、环十一烯、环十二烯、双环戊二烯、降冰片烯和降冰片二烯,但不限于该名单。
下表整理了能够通过非官能化环烯烃的氧化裂解获得的二羧酸(及其酯)的实例。
环烯烃 | 二酸 |
环己烯 | 己二酸 |
环庚烯 | 庚二酸 |
环辛烯 | 辛二酸 |
环壬烯 | 壬二酸 |
环癸烯 | 癸二酸 |
环十一烯 | 十一烷二酸 |
环十二烯 | 十二烷二酸 |
三羧酸可通过表现出受限环结构、特别是桥连结构的环烯烃的氧化裂解来获得,所述环烯烃例如降冰片烯、双环戊二烯或降冰片二烯。例如,降冰片烯的氧化裂解可获得丁烷-1,2,4-三羧酸成为可能。
在本说明书的后续部分中,为了简单起见,将使用术语“底物”来指代可在根据本发明的方法中反应的官能化或非官能化线性烯烃以及非官能化环烯烃两者。在此方法中,在特定催化剂存在下使用过氧化氢来氧化所选底物。
所述方法中使用的过氧化氢量通常是以每1摩尔当量存在于底物中的双键计为4摩尔当量至20摩尔当量之间、优选4摩尔当量至10摩尔当量之间、更优选是4摩尔当量至8摩尔当量之间的过氧化氢,包括端值。在底物由烯烃混合物、特别是官能化线性烯烃混合物组成的情况下,如在植物油的情况下,双键的数量可以通过参考这些脂肪物质的酸值和碘值来计算,例如,根据Wijs方法使用一氯化碘计算。
过氧化氢的使用浓度可在1%至70%(w/V)之间,优选在30%(w/V)至70%(w/V)之间,包括端值,优选为60%(w/V)。
根据本发明的方法中使用的催化剂由至少一种卤代氧代二过氧金属酸组成。所述可以选自四烷基铵、四烷基和烷基吡啶苄乙氧铵(benzethonium)和三苯基正膦亚基(triphenylphosphoranylidene),所述烷基独立地包含1至20个碳原子(优选1至18个碳原子)。在本发明中,优选使用四烷基铵。
根据本发明可使用的离子的实例特别为:十二烷基三甲基铵、三辛基甲基铵、十四烷基三甲基铵、十六烷基三甲基铵、二甲基二(十六烷基)铵、十八烷基三甲基铵、二(十八烷基)二甲基铵、苄基二甲基十二烷基铵、苄基二甲基十四烷基铵、苄基二甲基十六烷基铵、苄基二甲基十八烷基铵、十二烷基吡啶十六烷基吡啶苄乙氧铵、四丁基铵、十四烷基三己基十六烷基三丁基双(三苯基正膦亚基)铵和四丁基铵。
就其本身而言,卤代氧代二过氧金属酸根可从式(I)的化合物中选择:
其中,
M是选自W和Mo的金属,
X是卤素原子,
L表示具有至少一对非键合孤对电子的中性配体。
配体L的例子是水、胺、醚和膦,但不限于此。根据本发明,优选L为H2O。
此外,优选使用卤代氧代二过氧钨酸根(M=W),例如氯代氧代二过氧钨酸根、氟代氧代二过氧钨酸根、溴代氧代二过氧钨酸根和碘代氧代二过氧钨酸根,更优选氯代氧代二过氧钨酸根。
根据本发明使用的催化剂可以按照Ryo Ishimoto等人在化学快报,2013,42,476-478中的描述制备。或者,它可以根据如下方法合成,所述方法包括:
(a)第一阶段,其中使金属盐的水溶液(优选为任选水合的钨酸盐或钼酸盐,特别是任选水合的碱金属盐)在上述分子L的存在下与强酸和过氧化氢接触,以及
随后可分离所述催化剂:
(c1)通过冷却混合物以析出催化剂,随后可通过过滤回收催化剂,然后任选地用水和/或使用醇(如乙醇)冲洗,
(c2)或通过将所获得的有机相和水相分离,使用不与水混溶的溶剂(例如二氯甲烷、乙酸乙酯、环己烷、甲苯或甲基叔丁基醚)萃取水相,以获得第二有机相,然后使用脱水剂(如无水硫酸钠)干燥,最后在真空下将合并的有机相蒸发。
在上述第一阶段中,优选使用二水钨酸钠作为金属盐,硫酸作为强酸。
调节强酸的量从而使反应介质的pH成为0.5至2.0之间、优选在1.0至1.5之间的数值。相对于金属酸盐的摩尔量,过氧化氢的使用量优选为1摩尔当量至10摩尔当量,更优选为2摩尔当量至10摩尔当量,更优选是3摩尔当量至8摩尔当量,实际上甚至是5摩尔当量至6摩尔当量。
可用于该方法的第二阶段的卤化的实例特别是:十二烷基三甲基氯化铵、三辛基甲基氯化铵、十四烷基三甲基氯化铵、十六烷基三甲基氯化铵、二甲基二(十六烷基)氯化铵、十八烷基三甲基氯化铵、二(十八烷基)二甲基氯化铵、苄基二甲基十二烷基氯化铵、苄基二甲基十四烷基氯化铵、苄基二甲基十六烷基氯化铵、苄基二甲基十八烷基氯化铵、十二烷基氯化吡啶十六烷基氯化吡啶苄索氯铵、四丁基氯化铵、十四烷基三己基氯化十六烷基三丁基氯化双(三苯基正膦亚基)氯化铵、四丁基氟化铵及其混合物。通常,上述氯化物盐可由相同阳离子的氟化物、溴化物或碘化物盐代替。
相对于所述底物中存在的双键的摩尔量而言,根据本发明的方法中使用的催化剂的量通常在0.1摩尔%至10摩尔%之间,优选在0.5摩尔%至8摩尔%之间,更优选在2摩尔%至6摩尔%之间。替代地或另外地,相对于存在于底物中的双键的摩尔量,所述催化剂可为0.1重量%至15重量%,优选5重量%至10重量%。因此,根据本发明的方法可以在经济上非常有利的条件下实施,因为所述方法使用少量催化剂,而且所述催化剂可以容易地制造。此外,由于所述催化剂中不含有毒金属,因此相比于现有技术的一些方法,本方法可以在对环境和人类健康更友好的条件下实施。
由于如上所述制备的一些催化剂是新型的,因此本发明的另一主题是式(II)的这些催化剂:
其中:
M是选自W和Mo的金属,
X是卤素原子,
L表示具有至少一对非键合孤对电子的中性配体,
-R1表示线性或支链的、优选线性的C6-C20(例如C12-C18)烷基,R2和R3各自独立地表示线性或支链的、优选线性的C1-C4烷基,R4表示线性或支链的、优选线性的C1-C4烷基或者是芳基,或
配体L的实例为水、胺、醚和膦;优选地,L是H2O。
在特定实施方式中,R1表示线性或支链的、优选线性的C12-C18(例如C12-C14)烷基,R2和R3各自独立地表示线性或支链的、优选线性的C1-C4烷基,R4表示线性或支链的、优选线性的C1-C4烷基或者是芳基。
在另一具体实施方式中,R1表示线性或支链的、优选线性的C6-C20(例如C12-C14)烷基,R2和R3各自表示甲基,R4表示甲基或芳基。
在本发明的优选实施方式中,R1表示线性或支链的、优选线性的C12-C18(例如C12-C14)烷基,R2和R3各自表示甲基,R4表示甲基或芳基。
在所述线性烯烃为单不饱和脂族羧酸或多不饱和脂族羧酸或其酯之一的情况下,上述新型催化剂使得可以以至少40%、优选至少50%、至少60%、至少70%、甚至至少80%或甚至至少90%的摩尔产率获得所需二羧酸。
此外,卤素优选为氯或氟,更优选为氯。上文给出了与上述定义相对应的催化剂实例。其中,氯代氧代二过氧钨酸十二烷基三甲基铵因其易于在没有有机溶剂的情况下制备且效率高而优选。
根据本发明的氧化裂解方法通常包括以下阶段:
-优选在环境温度下,将先前原位形成或分离而得的催化剂与任选地预先置于20℃至120℃温度下的所述底物和与过氧化氢混合,
-在例如50转/分钟-1200转/分钟的搅拌下,使混合物温度为20℃至120℃、优选50℃至120℃、更优选50℃至100℃或更优选80℃至100℃一段时间,所述一段时间的范围例如可以为2小时至24小时,特别是4小时至6小时,以及
-以任何手段特别是通过结晶、过滤、蒸馏、液-液萃取或色谱纯化回收由此形成的产物。
在一个具体实施方式中,所述底物由至少一种单不饱和线性烯烃组成,并用于制备至少一种单羧酸。在这样的具体实施方式中,所述烯烃是非官能化的,或者是由羧基以外的任何基团官能化的。
在本发明的另一个具体实施方式中,所述底物由至少一种环烯烃(例如环己烯、环庚烯、环辛烯、环壬烯、环癸烯、环十一烯、环十二烯、双环戊二烯、降冰片烯和降冰片二烯,但不限于该列举)组成,并且用于制备至少一种二羧酸或三羧酸或其酯之一。
在本发明的优选实施方式中,所述底物由至少一种单不饱和脂族羧酸或多不饱和脂族羧酸或其酯之一组成,并用于制备至少一种二羧酸或其酯之一、以及任选的至少一种单羧酸。
在该优选实施方式中,根据本发明的氧化裂解方法通常包括以下阶段:
-优选在环境温度下,将先前原位形成或分离而得的催化剂与任选地预先置于20℃至120℃温度下的底物和与过氧化氢混合,
-在例如50转/分钟-1200转/分钟的搅拌下,使混合物温度为20℃至120℃、优选50℃至120℃、更优选50℃至100℃或更优选80℃至100℃一段时间,所述一段时间的范围例如可以为2小时至24小时,特别是4小时至6小时,以及
-回收由此形成的二羧酸或其酯、以及任选的作为副产物获得的单羧酸或其酯。
有利地,所述方法不使用有机溶剂,特别是选自1,2-二氯乙烷、二氯甲烷、氯仿、乙醚、叔丁醇或乙腈的有机溶剂。所述二羧酸可以通过结晶、然后过滤或离心而回收。为此,可将所述反应混合物冷却至例如0℃至30℃、优选15℃至25℃以析出二羧酸。所述二羧酸随后可任选地在水中再溶解,然后从适当的溶剂、特别是非极性有机溶剂例如庚烷中析出,这使得可以提取出同时形成的单羧酸。
可根据本发明的该优选实施方式制备的二羧酸的实例特别是壬二酸、己二酸、丁二酸、癸二酸、1,7-庚二酸、1,8-辛二酸、1,11-十一烷二酸、1,12-十二烷二酸、十三烷二酸、1,14-十四烷二酸、1,15-十五烷二酸和十六烷二酸,优选壬二酸、己二酸、丁二酸、癸二酸、1,12-十二烷二酸、十三烷二酸和十六烷二酸,更优选壬二酸。
这些二羧酸特别可用作聚合物(如聚酯或聚酰胺)制造中的单体、酯或润滑剂制造中的增塑剂、化妆品或皮肤病学活性剂。当所述二羧酸由壬二酸组成时,它还可用作抗菌活性剂,特别用于治疗痤疮或酒渣鼻。
通过本发明方法制备的单羧酸、二羧酸或三羧酸随后可例如如下还原成醇:借助于氢化锂铝,如生物大分子(Biomacromolecules),2010,11,911–918(壬二酸还原制备1,9-壬二醇)中所述;或者通过金属催化氢化(化学通讯(Chem.Commun.),2018,54,13319)。
附图说明
图1表示通过XRD获得并用50%概率椭圆表示的实施例2中描述的化合物的分子结构。
实施例
将根据以下实施例获得对本发明的更好理解,这些实施例仅作为示例,不具有限制本发明的范围的目的,本发明的范围由所附权利要求书限定。
材料和方法
反应物来自普通商业供应商(西格玛-奥德里奇-默克公司、Acros公司、阿法埃莎公司、费希尔公司),使用时事先未纯化。
所有的反应都是在大气压力下的空气中进行的。
GC-MS分析使用岛津QP2010SE仪器,以H2为载气,采用Zebron Fast GC(Phenomenex公司)(20m×0.18mm×0.18μm)柱进行。以辛酸为内标物进行所述GC-MS定量。使用校准曲线(三种情况下R2>0.99)计算壬二酸、壬酸和油酸的浓度。
在25℃在400.1MHz在Avance 400NMR光谱仪上记录质子核磁共振(NMR)光谱(Bruker公司)。相对于残余非氘化溶剂的信号,化学位移以ppm(百万分率)表示。所述信号的多重性描述如下:单重态(s)、双重态(d)、三重态(t)和多重态(m)。
实施例1:制备和表征催化剂的一般方法
将Na2WO4·2H2O(6.93毫摩尔,1.00当量)引入50ml圆底烧瓶中,然后添加5ml蒸馏水以溶解Na2WO4·2H2O。随后将H2SO4溶液(2M,5毫摩尔;0.72当量)添加到该溶液中,然后立即添加过氧化氢水溶液(30w/v%;37.48毫摩尔;5.4当量)。所述溶液变成黄色,然后变成几乎无色。后者的pH介于0.9至1.1之间;如果pH不在上述范围内,则可以用几滴额外的H2SO4溶液进行调节。随后逐滴添加事先溶解在5毫升蒸馏水中的烷基氯化铵(7.28毫摩尔;1.05当量)。随后在20℃下搅拌介质30分钟,然后在低温条件下(4℃)放置过夜。将形成的析出物滤出,然后用H2O(4×50ml)冲洗,然后用冷却至0℃的乙醇(25ml)冲洗。所述产物随后在旋转蒸发器上预干燥,然后在存在P2O5的情况下在真空下干燥过夜。
将Na2WO4·2H2O(6.93毫摩尔;1.0当量)引入50ml圆底烧瓶中,然后添加5ml蒸馏水以溶解Na2WO4·2H2O。随后将H2SO4溶液(2M,5毫摩尔;0.72当量)添加到该溶液中,然后立即添加过氧化氢水溶液(30w/v%;37.48毫摩尔;5.4当量)。所述溶液变成黄色,然后变成几乎无色。后者的pH介于0.9和1.1之间;如果pH不在上述范围内,则可以用几滴额外的H2SO4溶液进行调节。随后将在10mL二氯甲烷中的烷基卤化铵溶液添加到介质中(7.28毫摩尔;1.05当量)。随后在20℃下剧烈搅拌该溶液1小时30分钟。随后分离各相,并用15ml二氯甲烷萃取水相。所述有机相用无水硫酸钠干燥,然后在旋转蒸发器上蒸发。所得固体在真空下干燥过夜。
下表整理了在上述方法结束时获得的产量。
将Na2WO4·2H2O(6.93毫摩尔,1.00当量)引入50ml圆底烧瓶中,然后添加5ml蒸馏水以溶解Na2WO4·2H2O。随后将H2SO4溶液(2M,5毫摩尔;0.72当量)添加到该溶液中,然后立即添加过氧化氢水溶液(30w/v%;37.48毫摩尔;5.4当量)。所述溶液变成黄色,然后变成几乎无色。后者的pH介于0.9至1.1之间;如果pH不在上述范围内,则可以用几滴额外的H2SO4溶液进行调节。随后逐滴添加事先溶解在5ml蒸馏水中的十二烷基三甲基氯化铵(7.28毫摩尔;1.05当量)。白色析出形成,然后再溶解。随后在20℃下搅拌该介质30分钟,然后在低温条件下(4℃)放置过夜。滤出形成的析出物,然后用H2O(4×50ml)冲洗,然后用冷却至0℃的乙醇(25ml)冲洗。产物随后在旋转蒸发器上预干燥,然后在存在P2O5的情况下在真空下干燥过夜。以白色粉末的形式获得氯代氧代二过氧钨酸十二烷基三甲基铵,摩尔产率为85%。
1H NMR(CDCl3,400MHz)δ:0.75(m,3H);1.06-1.30(m,18H);1.60(m,2H);3.06-3.20(s,9H);3.81(m,2H);13C NMR(101MHz,CDCl3)δ:66.8,52.9,31.8,29.5,29.4,29.2,26.2,23.0,22.5,13.9;IRν最大2915,2850,1469,947,835,775,720,619,572,547,486,419。
单晶X射线衍射:
在配备PHOTON 100(CMOS)检测器的D8 VENTURE Bruker AXS衍射仪上进行测量,利用Mo-Kα辐射(多层单色仪),T=150(2)K;单斜晶体P 21/c(I.T.#14),a=18.8525(16),b=7.3078(7), β=97.340(4)°,Z=4,d=1.723g.cm-3,μ=5.643mm-1。利用SHELXT程序通过对偶空间算法求解结构[G.M.Sheldrick,晶体学报(Acta Cryst.),A71(2015),3-8],然后基于F2(SHELXL)通过全矩阵最小二乘法进行细化[Sheldrick G.M.,Acta Cryst.,C71(2015),3-8]。除氢以外的所有原子都用各向异性原子位移参数进行了细化。对于在I>2σ(I)条件下观测到的4125个反射,对具有4810个独特强度和227个参数的F2进行最终细化,收敛到ωR(F2)=0.0496(R(F)=0.0218)。
所获得的结构如附图所示。
实施例3:油酸的氧化裂解
向装有20×10mm磁棒的250ml单颈圆底烧瓶装入氯代过氧钨酸十二烷基三甲基铵催化剂(700mg,1.28毫摩尔,0.040当量),然后装入油酸(90%纯度)(10.0g,31.86毫摩尔,1.0当量)。在22℃下以300转/分钟搅拌混合物5分钟,形成均匀的白色液相。然后在22℃下,在搅拌下用5分钟将60%(w/V)过氧化氢水溶液(10.84ml,191.16毫摩尔,6.0当量)逐滴加入至该混合物中。随后,向圆底烧瓶配备回流冷凝器,并且在1000转/分钟的搅拌下,反应混合物通过接触预热至90℃的金属加热块(DrySyn块,Asynt公司)回流5小时。在反应期间,反应介质保持两相,有白色的下相和无色的上相。反应完成后,使介质冷却至22℃。冷却后,圆底烧瓶底部出现白色固体。
根据色谱杂志A(Journal of Chromatography A),2004,1047,111–116中描述的程序,在使用三甲基氢氧化锍(0.2mol/l,在甲醇中)衍生化后,对介质进行GC-MS分析。然后使用辛酸作为内标物,借助于校准曲线计算摩尔产率:壬二酸98%,壬酸74%。
可通过以下程序分离壬二酸:反应完成后,在300转/分钟的搅拌下,向圆底反应烧瓶中加入25ml去离子水,然后将混合物加热至90℃。在加热10分钟后,所述白色固体完全溶解,从而得到了灰白色溶液。然后向混合物中添加20ml庚烷,并在90℃下继续搅拌10分钟。随后停止加热和搅拌,然后使所述介质冷却至22℃。3小时后,圆底烧瓶底部出现白色固体,上层相为无色。然后在Whatman玻璃微纤维盘(直径4.25cm,参考号1820042)上过滤所述混合物,并用3×75ml庚烷冲洗。收集由壬二酸组成的白色固体,并在有P2O5存在的干燥器中减压干燥。获得了6.44g的重量。所述滤液可以在减压下蒸发,以无色油的形式得到壬酸。
利用具有1%三甲基氯硅烷的N,O-双(三甲基甲硅烷基)三氟乙酰胺衍生化后,通过GC-MS分析计算所得壬二酸的纯度:将50mg壬二酸溶解在1ml THF中,然后将10μl该溶液引入GC小瓶,然后添加100μl无水吡啶,然后添加具有1%三甲基氯硅烷的N,O-双(三甲基甲硅烷基)三氟乙酰胺100μl。将混合物在40℃下在GC瓶中加热并搅拌1小时,然后用600μlTHF稀释并注入GC-MS。在GC-MS分析后,确定了壬二酸的纯度为91%,剩余物由痕量的壬酸(7%)和C4杂质(2%)组成。
考虑到收集的壬二酸的重量和计算的纯度,所述壬二酸的校正的分离摩尔产率为97%。
通过遵循与实施例2中相同的方案,不同之处在于使用其它催化剂,可获得以下产率:
实施例4:环己烯的氧化裂解
向装有10×5mm磁棒的反应器(外径16mm,15ml)装入氯代氧代二过氧钨酸十二烷基三甲基铵催化剂(44.7mg;0.08毫摩尔;0.029当量),然后装入环己烯(99%纯度)(234.9mg;2.83毫摩尔;1.0当量)。然后将60%(w/V)过氧化氢水溶液(960μl;16.93毫摩尔;5.9当量)添加到该混合物中。通过在1000转/分钟的搅拌下使反应混合物接触已预热至90℃的金属加热块(DrySyn块,Asynt公司)加热5小时。在反应期间,反应介质变成单相且完全透明。反应完成后,使介质冷却至25℃,使白色固体出现在反应器底部。
反应分析和1H NMR定量:然后将内标物1,4-二溴苯(669.5mg;2.83毫摩尔)添加到25ml容量瓶中,然后用d6-DMSO使整个反应介质均质化,然后添加到容量瓶中。然后,用氘化二氯甲烷将后者补充体积,直到内标物完全溶解,然后用d6-DMSO补充体积至刻度线。对该混合物进行1H NMR分析,可以计算出己二酸的摩尔产率为90%。
Claims (17)
4.根据权利要求3所述的方法,其特征在于L选自水、胺、醚和膦;优选地,L是H2O。
5.根据权利要求3或4所述的方法,其特征在于所述卤代氧代二过氧金属酸根选自氯代氧代二过氧钨酸根、氟代氧代二过氧钨酸根、溴代氧代二过氧钨酸根和碘代氧代二过氧钨酸根,优选氯代氧代二过氧钨酸根。
6.根据权利要求1至5中的任一项所述的方法,其特征在于相对于所述底物中双键的摩尔量,所述催化剂的使用量范围为0.1摩尔%至10摩尔%,优选0.5摩尔%至8摩尔%之间,更优选2摩尔%至6摩尔%。
7.根据权利要求1至6中的任一项所述的方法,其特征在于相对于所述底物中双键的摩尔量,所述过氧化氢的使用量为4摩尔当量至20摩尔当量,优选4摩尔当量至8摩尔当量。
8.根据权利要求1至7中的任一项所述的方法,其特征在于所述底物由至少一种单不饱和脂族羧酸或多不饱和脂族羧酸或其酯之一组成,并且所述方法用于分别制备至少一种二羧酸或其酯之一、和任选的至少一种单羧酸。
9.根据权利要求8所述的方法,其特征在于所述单不饱和脂族羧酸或多不饱和脂族羧酸或其酯之一选自:油酸、棕榈油酸、芥酸、亚油酸、α-亚麻酸、其混合物和/或其酯之一,更优选油酸或其酯之一,特别是油酸甲酯。
10.根据权利要求8和9中的任一项所述的方法,其特征在于所述二羧酸选自壬二酸、己二酸、丁二酸、癸二酸、1,7-庚二酸、1,8-辛二酸、1,11-十一烷二酸、1,12-十二烷二酸、十三烷二酸、1,14-十四烷二酸、1,15-十五烷二酸和十六烷二酸,优选壬二酸、己二酸、丁二酸、癸二酸、1,12-十二烷二酸、十三烷二酸和十六烷二酸,更优选壬二酸。
11.根据权利要求8至10中的任一项所述的方法,其特征在于所述方法包括以下阶段:
-将先前原位形成或分离而得的催化剂与任选地预先置于20℃至120℃温度下的所述底物和与过氧化氢混合,
-在搅拌下使所述混合物的温度为20℃至120℃、优选50℃至120℃、更优选50℃至100℃、或更优选80℃至100℃一段时间,所述一段时间的范围可例如为2小时至24小时,特别是4小时至6小时,以及
-回收由此形成的二羧酸或其酯,以及任选地回收作为副产物获得的单羧酸或其酯。
12.根据权利要求1至7中的任一项所述的方法,其特征在于所述底物由至少一种非官能化环烯烃组成,所述非官能化环烯烃优选选自:环己烯、环庚烯、环辛烯、环壬烯、环癸烯、环十一烯、环十二烯、双环戊二烯、降冰片烯和降冰片二烯。
14.根据权利要求13所述的催化剂,其特征在于,R1表示线性或支链的、优选线性的C12-C18烷基,R2和R3各自表示甲基,R4表示甲基或芳基。
15.根据权利要求13或14所述的催化剂,其特征在于所述卤素是氯或氟,优选氯。
16.根据权利要求13至15中的任一项所述的催化剂,其特征在于所述催化剂由氯代氧代二过氧钨酸十二烷基三甲基铵组成。
17.根据权利要求13至16中的任一项所述的催化剂在单不饱和脂族羧酸或多不饱和脂族羧酸或其酯的氧化裂解中的用途。
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