CN114679992B

CN114679992B - Ecological planting method for green grapes

Info

Publication number: CN114679992B
Application number: CN202011643395.9A
Authority: CN
Inventors: 胡志辉; 张红君
Original assignee: Jianghan University
Current assignee: Yunnan Haofeng Agricultural Technology Development Co ltd
Priority date: 2020-12-31
Filing date: 2020-12-31
Publication date: 2023-04-21
Anticipated expiration: 2040-12-31
Also published as: CN114679992A

Abstract

The invention belongs to the field of plant cultivation, and discloses an ecological planting method of green grapes, which is characterized in that the fertilizer is applied during the bud expansion period, the flowering early period, the young fruit expansion period after flower falling and fruit coloring and color conversion according to the fertilizer requirement rule of the grapes, so that the fertilizer utilization rate is improved, the land is combined with the cultivated land, and meanwhile, the plant protection and control technology is comprehensively and comprehensively utilized, the pest and disease control is effectively and reasonably carried out, the application of pesticides is reduced, and the pesticide residue hazard is effectively reduced.

Description

Ecological planting method for green grapes

Technical Field

The invention belongs to the field of plant cultivation, and particularly relates to an ecological planting method of green grapes.

Background

Green grapes are important for various countries because of their great consumption demands, and green grapes are one of the main components of fruits in developing countries. The aim of increasing yield of the green grapes can be achieved by exploring the ecological planting method of the green grapes. However, the following problems are also present in current cultivation:

1. the phenomenon that the fruiting part moves upwards and the phenomenon of empty knots is more caused by the problem of bud retention in winter pruning, so that illumination cannot be fully utilized, and the yield and the quality are affected;

2. due to lack of knowledge of fertilizer requirements of grapes, the fertilizer utilization rate is low, the production cost is increased, and soil salinity is accumulated;

3. lack of knowledge on occurrence rules of diseases and insect pests leads to blind medication, resulting in yield reduction and exceeding of pesticide residues.

Disclosure of Invention

In order to solve the defects in the existing grape cultivation method, the invention provides an ecological planting method for green grapes, topdressing is carried out according to the grape fertilizer requirement rule, the fertilizer utilization rate is improved, and meanwhile, the plant protection and control technology is comprehensively applied, so that pest and disease control is effectively and reasonably carried out.

In order to achieve the above purpose, the present invention adopts the following technical scheme:

an ecological planting method of green grapes comprises the following steps:

(1) Performing first topdressing in the bud expansion period of the green grape, and drip-irrigating high-nitrogen water-soluble fertilizer (N: P: K=30:10:10) with 4-5 kg/mu+0.01% brassinolide 200-300 g/mu, and supplementing nutrition to promote bud differentiation germination; removing weakness and keeping strong for sprouting, and wiping out 1-2 of double buds or 3 buds; the leaf surface is supplemented with 800-1000 times of 6% sugar alcohol zinc;

(2) Performing secondary topdressing 8-12 days before flowers, and drip-irrigation high-phosphorus water-soluble fertilizer (N: P: K=12:40:10) with 8-10 kg/mu of medium-micro star accounting for 4-5 kg/mu and 10% of medium-micro star so as to ensure flowering, pollination, fertilization and fruit setting;

(3) The third topdressing is carried out in the young fruit swelling period after the flower falling, and balanced water-soluble fertilizer (N: P: K=20:20:20) is applied for 4-5 kg/mu and alginic acid is added for 10-12 kg/mu; watering 1 time of fruit promoting water 10-13 days after flowers, and spraying 0.2% -0.3% of monopotassium phosphate solution or zinc-boron-calcium fertilizer;

(4) Applying ripening fertilizer during fruit coloring, performing fourth topdressing, and adding Shi Gaojia type water-soluble fertilizer (N: P: K=14:10:36) 4-5 kg/mu, wherein 18% sugar alcohol calcium 800-1000 times of liquid is supplied to leaves;

(5) The fifth additional fertilizer is carried out when the color of the fruits is changed, 4-5 kg/mu of super-potassium type water-soluble fertilizer (N: P: K=10:4:40) and 0.5-1 kg/mu of mineral source potassium fulvate are applied, so that the sugar conversion of the fruits is ensured;

(6) Before bagging the ears, spraying or soaking the 43% prochloraz 800-1000 times liquid and 18% sugar alcohol calcium 800-1000 times liquid to facilitate coloring; spraying monopotassium phosphate in the fruit expanding period; the hardness and storability of grape pulp are improved by spraying 600-800 times of the calcium solution or the calcium acetate solution of the Yibixi calcium for 1 time every 10 days.

Further, in the step (1), in the bud swelling period of the green grapes, 30% of boscalid 800-1000 times of liquid is sprayed to prevent grape gray mold and downy mildew, 25% of pyraclostrobin 1000-1500 times of liquid is sprayed to prevent black spot, and 60% of imidacloprid or 30% of thiamethoxam 2000-2500 times of liquid and 5% of avermectin 2000-2500 times of liquid are sprayed to prevent aphid plant bug mites.

Further, in the step (2), a solution 800-1000 times of 15% boron fertilizer and a solution 800-1000 times of 10% medium and micro speed fertilizer are sprayed 3-5 days before flowers, and a flower bud is sprayed with a high-efficiency compound primordium No. 3 (Abies, 20 hundred million/g) or a solution 800-1000 times of 0.01% brassin to promote the increase of the yield; pre-flowering spike pulling treatment and spike trimming.

Further, in the step (4), 50% tebuconazole 2000-2500 times liquid, or 10% flusilazole 1500-2000 times liquid, or 40% phenyl ether 2000-2500 times liquid+70% oxadixyl 2500-3000 times liquid+5% lufenuron 1500-2000 times liquid is sprayed to prevent and treat diseases and insect pests

Compared with the prior art, the invention has the following advantages:

1. reasonably trimming and leaving buds, ensuring uniform distribution of branches, being beneficial to ventilation, fully utilizing illumination, uniformly coloring fruits and improving sugar content;

2. the fertilizer is applied according to the grape fertilizer requirement rule, so that the fertilizer utilization rate is improved, the land is combined with the land, the production cost is reduced by 10%, and the manual management cost is reduced;

3. and the plant protection and control technology is comprehensively and reasonably used for effectively controlling plant diseases and insect pests, reducing the application of pesticides, reducing the pollution to the environment and effectively reducing the harm of pesticide residues.

Detailed Description

The following describes the method for ecologically planting green grapes in combination with specific examples, and the method is specifically as follows:

1. after the orchard is turned over, the base fertilizer is applied for 10-11 months in autumn and winter, and the depth reaches 30-40 cm, preferably to the main distribution layer of the grape root system. The mature farmyard manure is mainly applied, and the mature tree is generally dug into a ditch with the depth of 40-60 cm and the width of 40 cm at the position 50-120 cm away from the tree, and the ditch direction is consistent with the line direction. The young tree is dug into a ring-shaped ditch with the depth of 20-50 cm and the width of 30 cm at the outer edge of the tree disk, 1500 kg of decomposed farmyard manure and 20kg of 10% medium-micro star are applied per mu, 40-50 kg of 45% potassium phosphate compound fertilizer are covered with soil, and the soil humidity is kept at 70-75%.

2. Selecting new shoots of fruiting parent branches with good last year as fruiting parent branches; on the fruiting parent branch, pruning 1 bud as extremely short tip, 2-4 buds as short tip, 5-7 buds as medium tip, 8-10 buds as long tip, and more than 12 buds as extremely long tip to obtain the fruiting parent branch. Mu of remaining result parent branches = planned yield per mu +.f (average number of remaining parent branches per parent branch x average number of ears per parent branch x average weight of ears).

The whole-garden tillage of the winter kang is generally carried out before the soil is frozen after winter pruning, and then the garden is cleaned and disinfected by using a lime sulphur agent. The base fertilizer is applied in combination to permeate water, also called as frozen water, so that drought in winter and spring can be prevented, soil taking and cold prevention are facilitated, and safe overwintering of grapes is facilitated. The greenhouse is closed for warming and sprouting in the protected area.

3. The first additional fertilizer is carried out in the bud expansion period, and 4-5kg+0.01% brassinosteroids 200 g/mu of high nitrogen water-soluble fertilizer (N: P: K=30:10:10) is dripped into each mu, so that nutrition is supplemented to promote bud differentiation and germination. For sprouting (early cultivation), the sprouting should be removed, and for double or 3 sprouts, 1 or 2 sprouts should be removed according to the space of the shelf surface (15 cm for one sprout). The bud picking is early and not late, 1 time every 3-5 days, and 2-3 times generally; spraying 30% of boscalid 1000-fold liquid or Taiwan Jinbeisi No. 3 compound microbial agent (20 hundred million/g) and other agents for preventing and treating grape gray mold and downy mildew, spraying 25% of pyraclostrobin 1000-1500-fold liquid and other anti-black pox diseases, and spraying 60% of imidacloprid or 30% of thiamethoxam 2000-2500-fold liquid and 2000-2500-fold liquid of abamectin for preventing and treating aphid plant bug mites; in addition, the leaf surface must be supplemented with 16% sugar alcohol zinc 800-1000 times liquid. Watering for the weather, and watering for 2 times to promote germination. The protection area should be careful about the management of water, and not excessive, so as to prevent the vigorous growth of the branches and buds from affecting the quality of the flowers and buds. And (5) taking precautions against weeds.

4. About 10 days before the flowers, the second topdressing (also called as "fruit fertilizer") is carried out. Phosphate fertilizer is taken as a main material, medium trace element fertilizer is properly applied, 4-5kg of high-phosphorus water-soluble fertilizer (N: P: K=12:40:10) and 8-10kg of +10% medium trace element fertilizer are applied per mu, so that flowering, pollination, fertilization and fruit setting are ensured; and watering and fertilizer watering can not be performed in the cutting and recording period. Watering 1 time of flower forcing water 10 days before flowering; spraying 15% sugar alcohol boron 800-1000 times liquid and 10% Ai Jisu replenishing 800-1000 times liquid 3-5 days before flowers, spraying plant ferment or Jinbeisi No. 1 compound microbial agent (20 hundred million/g) or 0.01% brassin 800-1000 times liquid to protect flowers and fruits in the flowering period, and promoting yield increase. Pre-flowering spike pulling treatment and trimming, 6-7 new leaves and 7-10 cm inflorescences; preferably 20-25 days after germination or 20 days before flowers; selecting American Qibao according to varieties to carry out ear pulling, wherein the ear pulling needs to keep the soil with enough soil moisture content; the pre-flower spray Shi Bi has obvious ear pulling effect. The trimming of the flower spike should be carried out by trimming the auxiliary flower spike, keeping the flower spike for 5-7 cm, and at this time, the cutting off of the flower spike tip or after the flower is carried out. Pest control, particularly gray mold, anthracnose and virus diseases; aphids, lygus lucorum, and the like.

5. And (3) carrying out third topdressing (also called fruit swelling fertilizer) in the swelling period of young fruits after flower falling. Applying 4-5kg of balanced water-soluble fertilizer (N: P: K=20:20:20) and 10-12kg of alginic acid water flush fertilizer per mu; watering 1 time of fruit forcing water 10-13 days after flowers; spraying 0.2 to 0.3 percent of monopotassium phosphate solution or 15 percent of zinc-boron fertilizer 800 to 1000 times of solution, and simultaneously, preparing the control work of gray mold spike blight and anthracnose. Thinning and fruit setting, removing too many fruits, one ear and one fruit, keeping strong branches, and taking auxiliary branches with poor nutrition, wherein the ratio of leaves to fruits is 18:1 is preferable. Plant adjustment, bud picking, heart picking and piggybacking; the tendrils are led and bound, and tendrils are removed.

6. Applying ripening fertilizer during fruit coloring, and performing top dressing for the fourth time. Applying ripening fertilizer in late 5 months, applying ripening fertilizer in early fruit coloring, applying Gao Jia water-soluble fertilizer (N: P: K=14:10:36) 4-5kg per mu, and supplementing 18% sugar alcohol calcium 800-1000 times liquid to leaves. Picking new branches: (1) the bearing branch is left before flowers for about 10 days, and 4-6 leaves are left on inflorescences to pick the heart (according to varieties); (2) the nutrition branch can leave 8-12 leaves for picking the heart, and the side tip of the nutrition branch leaves 2-3 leaves for repeated picking the heart; (3) 1-2 auxiliary tips on the fruiting branch are reserved, the rest is completely erased, 2-4 leaf pinching is reserved on the auxiliary tips reserved on the top, and the 3 rd and 4 th auxiliary tips generated later are treated according to the process; (4) the auxiliary shoots on the nutrition branches are removed after the sterilization by leaving 1 leaf, namely, the auxiliary shoots are removed together with winter buds and summer buds. Binding the new tip and removing tendrils and old leaves. When picking the heart and binding the vines, old yellow leaves below tendrils and ears are removed in time. The glowing and sunburn are prevented in advance. Pest control: spraying 50% tebuconazole 2000-2500 times liquid or 10% flusilazole 1500-2000 times liquid or 40% phenyl ether 2000-2500 times liquid+70% oxadixyl 2500-3000 times liquid+5% lufenuron 1500-2000 times liquid, etc. for 1 time every 7 days, spraying for 2 times continuously to prevent and treat various comprehensive diseases and insect pests.

7. When the color of the fruits changes by 60%, the fifth additional fertilizer is carried out, 4-5kg of super-potassium type water-soluble fertilizer (N: P: K=10:4:40) and 0.5-1kg of mineral source potassium fulvate are applied per mu, so that the quality is ensured. The end of the color transfer controls moisture to facilitate coloring.

8. And (5) timely bagging the ears. Before bagging, 600-800 times of solution or 43% of prochloraz solution 800-1000 times of solution and 18% of sugar alcohol calcium 800-1000 times of solution of a golden beis No. 3 compound microbial agent (20 hundred million/g) can be sprayed (or soaked), then the paper bag is covered and fastened, and the bag is torn off 1 week before fruit ripening, so as to be convenient for coloring. Simultaneously, powdery mildew, brown spot, white rot, leafhoppers, cotton bollworms and the like are prevented. The soil anti-chafer is treated by 5% phoxim granules, and thousand trees are prevented and treated if the soil anti-chafer occurs.

9. In the fruit expanding period, 98% monopotassium phosphate 800-1000 times of liquid is sprayed, and 1 time of 18% calcium chloride solution or calcium acetate solution 600-800 times of calcium chloride solution is sprayed every 10 days, so that the hardness and storability of grape pulp can be obviously improved.

10. And (5) harvesting in a proper period. When the grape fruits reach the mature period, harvesting can be carried out after dew is dried in the morning on a sunny day, preferably before 10 am or after 3 pm, and the harvested fruits are classified, packaged and sold.

11. And (5) cleaning the garden. The fallen leaves and rotten insects are removed, the insects are found to be prevented and treated immediately, the wounded bark fruit trees are disinfected, and the wounded branches are bound.

Claims

1. An ecological planting method of green grapes is characterized by comprising the following steps:

(1) Performing first topdressing in the bud expansion period of the green grape, and performing drip irrigation on N: p: k=30: 10:10, 10

4-5 kg/mu of high-nitrogen water-soluble fertilizer and 200-300 g/mu of 0.01% brassinolide ester, and supplementing nutrition to promote bud differentiation and germination; for the double buds or 3 buds, 1 to 2 buds are wiped out; the leaf surface is supplemented with 800-1000 times of 6% sugar alcohol zinc;

(2) The second topdressing is carried out 8-12 days before flowers, and N is drip irrigation: p: k=12: 40:10, 4-5 kg/mu of high-phosphorus water-soluble fertilizer and 8-10 kg/mu of medium-micro star accounting for +10% of medium-micro star so as to ensure flowering, pollination, fertilization and fruit setting; spraying a solution of 800-1000 times of 15% boron fertilizer and a solution of 800-1000 times of 10% medium-micro speed fertilizer for 3-5 days before flowers, spraying a compound microbial agent or a solution of 800-1000 times of 0.01% brassin for protecting flowers and fruits in the flowering period, and promoting yield increase; pre-flowering spike pulling treatment and spike trimming;

(3) And (3) carrying out additional fertilizer for the third time in the expansion period of young fruits after flower dropping, and applying N: p: k=20: 20:20, 4-5 kg/mu of balanced water-soluble fertilizer and 10-12 kg/mu of alginic acid water flush fertilizer; watering 1 time of fruit promoting water 10-13 days after flowers, and spraying 0.2% -0.3% of monopotassium phosphate solution or zinc-boron-calcium fertilizer;

(4) Applying ripening fertilizer during fruit coloring, performing top dressing for the fourth time, and applying N: p: k=14: 10:36, 4-5 kg/mu of high-potassium water-soluble fertilizer, and 800-1000 times of 18% calcium sugar alcohol solution is supplemented to the leaves;

(5) The fifth additional fertilizer is carried out when the color of the fruit changes, and N: p: k=10: 4:40, 4-5 kg/mu of super-potassium water-soluble fertilizer and 0.5-1 kg/mu of mineral source potassium fulvate, so as to ensure sugar conversion of fruits;

2. The ecological planting method of green grapes according to claim 1, wherein in the step (1), 30% of boscalid 800-1000 times of liquid is sprayed to prevent grape gray mold and downy mildew, 25% of pyraclostrobin 1000-1500 times of liquid is sprayed to prevent black spot, 60% of imidacloprid or 30% of thiamethoxam 2000-2500 times of liquid and +5% of avermectin 2000-2500 times of liquid are sprayed to prevent aphid plant bug mites.

3. The ecological planting method of the green grapes according to claim 1, wherein in the step (4), 50% tebuconazole 2000-2500 times liquid, 10% flusilazole 1500-2000 times liquid, or 40% phenyl ether 2000-2500 times liquid+70% oxadixyl 2500-3000 times liquid+5% lufenuron 1500-2000 times liquid is sprayed to prevent and treat diseases and insect pests.