CN114402779B - Citrus variable soil testing and formulated fertilization method for increasing organic fertilizer application and reducing chemical fertilizer - Google Patents
Citrus variable soil testing and formulated fertilization method for increasing organic fertilizer application and reducing chemical fertilizer Download PDFInfo
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- CN114402779B CN114402779B CN202210028136.8A CN202210028136A CN114402779B CN 114402779 B CN114402779 B CN 114402779B CN 202210028136 A CN202210028136 A CN 202210028136A CN 114402779 B CN114402779 B CN 114402779B
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01C—PLANTING; SOWING; FERTILISING
- A01C21/00—Methods of fertilising, sowing or planting
- A01C21/007—Determining fertilization requirements
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01C—PLANTING; SOWING; FERTILISING
- A01C21/00—Methods of fertilising, sowing or planting
- A01C21/005—Following a specific plan, e.g. pattern
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G17/00—Cultivation of hops, vines, fruit trees, or like trees
- A01G17/005—Cultivation methods
Abstract
The invention relates to a citrus variable soil testing and formulated fertilization method for increasing the application of organic fertilizers and reducing the amount of chemical fertilizers, which comprises the following steps: 1) Acquiring the content of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium nutrient elements in the soil of the citrus planting field; 2) Determining the fertilizer requirement of the citrus plants; 3) Calculating the nutrient amount required by the growth of the citrus plants to be obtained from the fertilizer; 4) Determining the actual application amount of the organic fertilizer; 5) Calculating the application amount of the inorganic fertilizer; 6) Determining the application proportion of the base fertilizer and the additional fertilizer; 7) Determining the actual application amount of the base fertilizer; 8) And performing top dressing and variable rate fertilization. Compared with the prior art, the invention improves the soil by increasing the application of the organic fertilizer; variable fertilization is carried out according to climate data, so that the application amount of the fertilizer is reduced, the utilization efficiency of the fertilizer is improved, and the non-point source pollution is reduced; according to the characteristic that the special citrus plants have unbalanced fruiting and growth in different years, the base fertilizer and additional fertilizer ratio is adjusted, the tree vigor recovery is promoted, the vegetative growth and reproductive growth are balanced, the yield is balanced, and the phenomena in different years are relieved.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of agricultural fruit tree cultivation production, and relates to a citrus variable soil testing and formulated fertilization method with increased organic fertilizer application and reduced chemical fertilizer application.
Background
The soil testing formula fertilization technology is characterized in that balanced matching of mineral nutrient elements such as nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium is carried out according to nutrient substances required by crops in a growth stage and fertilizer supply performance of a growth environment, so that nutrient elements lacking in soil are supplemented, therefore, the soil nutrient condition is firstly known when soil testing formula fertilization is carried out, and then the proportion of the nutrient elements of the fertilizer, the total application amount and the application period are determined according to a fertilizer requirement rule and a fertilizer effect of the crops.
The soil testing and formulated fertilization technology needs to focus on the research on the interrelation among the land, crops and fertilizers. The application of the technology is that on the planning of fertilizer application, the nutrient condition of soil is firstly known, and the fertilizer is promoted to be absorbed by crops through reasonable proportion, reasonable total amount and reasonable application period, so that the utilization efficiency of the fertilizer is improved, and the non-point source pollution is reduced. Through research on the relationship among the land, the fertilizer and the crop nutrition absorption, how well the fertilizer is absorbed by the crops is realized. Meanwhile, environmental pollution can be reduced through reasonable use of the fertilizer, and the purpose of environmental protection is achieved.
However, at present, china still has many problems in the popularization and application of soil testing formula fertilization, and the problems are mainly reflected in the research, popularization and application of grain crops such as rice, wheat and the like, economic crops, particularly fruit trees; the correlation between soil and plants is emphasized, and the influence of climatic conditions on the growth of crops is ignored. Agricultural production is not only related to soil and crops, but also growth of outdoor crops such as fruit trees and the like is still eaten in the sky, the growth of the crops is closely related to climatic conditions and changes, only the former two are considered on a complete chain of crops, soil and climate by traditional soil testing formula fertilization, and unified coordination research and application of the three are far from sufficient.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to overcome the defects that the traditional soil testing formula fertilization technology only depends on the mineral nutrient element content of soil, and neglects the climate change which greatly influences the growth of plants; only the application of inorganic nutrient elements is considered, and the application of beneficial organic fertilizer for improving soil property is not considered; the citrus variable soil testing formula fertilization method for increasing the application amount of the organic fertilizer and reducing the fertilizer is provided, the water retention and fertilizer retention and ventilation capacity of the soil are improved by increasing the application amount of the organic fertilizer, variable fertilization is performed according to climate data on the basis of the traditional soil testing formula, the application amount of the fertilizer is reduced, the fertilizer utilization efficiency is improved, the area source pollution is reduced, the proportion of base fertilizer and additional fertilizer is adjusted according to the characteristic of uneven year-to-year results of citrus plants, the tree vigor recovery is promoted, the nutritional growth and reproductive growth are balanced, the yield is balanced, and the year-to-year phenomenon is slowed down. The invention can improve the production technology of citrus fruits, ensure the supply of citrus agricultural products and the stability of the market, and improve the planting benefit of fruit growers.
The purpose of the invention can be realized by the following technical scheme:
a citrus variable soil measurement and formula fertilization method for increasing organic fertilizer application and reducing chemical fertilizer comprises the following steps:
1) Acquiring the content of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium nutrient elements in the soil of the citrus planting field;
2) Determining the fertilizer requirement of the citrus plants;
3) Calculating the nutrient amount required by the citrus plants to grow from the fertilizer according to the data in the step 1) and the step 2);
4) Determining the application amount of the organic fertilizer by adopting the principle of determining the organic fertilizer by nitrogen, adjusting and calculating according to the classification of shortage and abundance of the organic fertilizer according to the national soil nutrient classification standard, and determining the actual application amount of the organic fertilizer;
5) According to the principle of increasing the application amount of the organic fertilizer and reducing the amount of the chemical fertilizer, reducing the application amount of the chemical fertilizer on the basis of increasing the application amount of the organic fertilizer according to the data in the step 3) and the step 4), and calculating the actual application amount of the inorganic chemical fertilizer;
6) Determining the application proportion of the base fertilizer and the additional fertilizer according to the fruit yield condition in the last year;
7) Determining the actual application amount of the base fertilizer according to the data in the step 5) and the step 6);
8) And performing top dressing variable fertilization according to the effective accumulated temperature of the citrus plant planting field.
Further, in the step 1), the calculation formula of the content of the nutrient elements of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in the soil is as follows:
soil nitrogen content = soil alkaline hydrolysis nitrogen measurement value × 0.15 × available nutrient coefficient;
soil phosphorus content = soil available phosphorus measured value × 0.15 × available nutrient coefficient;
soil potassium content = soil available potassium measured value × 0.15 × available nutrient coefficient;
the unit of the soil nitrogen content, the unit of the soil phosphorus content and the unit of the soil potassium content are all kg/mu, the unit of the soil alkaline hydrolysis nitrogen measured value, the unit of the soil available phosphorus measured value and the unit of the soil available potassium measured value are all mg/kg, and the available nutrient coefficient is determined according to the national soil nutrient classification standard and the condition of abundance of soil nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium.
Further, in the step 2), the formula for calculating the fertilizer demand of the nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium nutrient elements is as follows:
nitrogen demand = target yield × nitrogen fertilizer uptake per unit yield;
phosphorus demand = target yield × phosphorus fertilizer absorption amount per unit yield;
potassium demand = target yield × amount of potassium fertilizer absorbed per unit yield;
wherein the nitrogen demand, the phosphorus demand and the potassium demand are all kg/mu.
Further, in the step 3), the nutrient amount required to be obtained from the fertilizer is calculated by the formula:
the amount of nitrogen required to be obtained from the fertilizer = amount required-soil nitrogen content;
the amount of phosphorus required to be obtained from the fertilizer = amount of phosphorus required-soil phosphorus content;
potassium needed to be obtained from the fertilizer = potassium needed-soil potassium content.
Further, in the step 4), the calculation formula of the application amount of the organic fertilizer is as follows:
the application amount of the organic fertilizer = the nitrogen supply amount of the soil/(nitrogen content in the applied organic fertilizer × (1-organic fertilizer utilization rate)).
Further, the actual application amount of the organic fertilizer is 100-125% of the application amount of the organic fertilizer.
Further, in the step 5), the formula for calculating the application amount of the inorganic fertilizer is as follows:
nitrogen application rate = nitrogen amount to be obtained from the fertilizer x application ratio;
phosphorus application amount = phosphorus amount to be obtained from the fertilizer x application ratio;
potassium element application amount = potassium amount to be obtained from the fertilizer x application ratio;
wherein, the application proportion is 75-100%.
Further, in the step 6), the application proportion of the base fertilizer is 55-65%, and the application proportion of the additional fertilizer is 35-45%.
Further, in the step 7), the actual application amount of the base fertilizer is calculated according to the formula:
the application amount of the nitrogen fertilizer = the application amount of the nitrogen element × the application proportion of the base fertilizer;
the phosphate fertilizer application amount = phosphorus element application amount × base fertilizer application ratio;
and (3) potassium fertilizer application amount = potassium element application amount × base fertilizer application ratio.
Further, in step 8), the effective accumulated temperature calculation formula is as follows:
effective accumulated temperature = ∑ (daily average air temperature-effective growth temperature);
performing topdressing variable fertilization according to comparison of the current year effective accumulated temperature of the citrus plant planting field and data of nearly ten years;
the top dressing was applied 3 times in total.
Compared with the prior art, the invention has the following characteristics:
(1) Promoting the application of organic fertilizer: the improved soil testing formula fertilization technology emphasizes the utilization of organic fertilizer in citrus planting, can improve soil structure, enhance soil fertility, maintain soil activity and improve citrus quality.
2) Fertilizer decrement application: on the basis of the original soil testing formula fertilization, the additional application of organic fertilizers is combined, the application of chemical fertilizers is reduced, the non-point source pollution is reduced on the basis of being beneficial to keeping the soil activity, and the planting benefit of the oranges can be improved.
3) And (3) base fertilizer topdressing proportion change fertilization: according to the inherent phenomena of growth and fruiting of citrus fruit trees in large and small years, a fertilizing method with variable proportions of base fertilizer and top dressing is adopted, the relationship between the growth of citrus fruits and the growth of branches can be coordinated, the phenomena in large and small years are relieved, and the production and market supply of citrus are stabilized.
4) Top dressing and variable rate fertilization: on the basis that the traditional soil testing formula fertilization only focuses on the soil background nutrient condition and the plant absorption, the coordination and unification of soil-plant-climate conditions are fully considered, the application amount of the top dressing fertilizer is adjusted according to the accumulated temperature change of the current year of fruit tree growth, the fertilization is carried out on the daily basis, the utilization efficiency of the fertilizer can be further improved, the non-point source pollution is reduced, and the fertilizer plays a role in promoting the yield and the quality of oranges.
Detailed Description
The present invention will be described in detail with reference to specific examples. The present embodiment is implemented on the premise of the technical solution of the present invention, and a detailed implementation manner and a specific operation process are given, but the scope of the present invention is not limited to the following embodiments.
The invention provides a citrus variable soil testing and formulated fertilization method for increasing organic fertilizer application and reducing chemical fertilizer, which comprises the following specific scheme:
1. obtaining soil background value and calculating soil nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium nutrient element content
Through field research, sampling analysis or a national soil information system, the content of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium nutrient elements of the soil of the citrus planting field is obtained, and a planting field soil nutrient condition database is established and used as a basic basis for implementing the citrus production soil testing formula.
The content of soil nutrient elements (kg/mu) = soil measured value (background value) (mg/kg) × 0.15 × effective nutrient coefficient, the effective nutrient coefficient is determined according to the classification standard of national soil nutrients (table 1), a soil effective nutrient coefficient grade table (table 2) is formulated, the grade classification is determined according to the background value data of soil nutrients, and the soil effective nutrient coefficient is determined according to the grade classification.
TABLE 1 national soil nutrient grading Standard
TABLE 2 available nutrient coefficient adjusting table for NPK soil nutrient
2. Citrus plant fertilizer requirement calculation
After the contents of the nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium nutrient elements of the soil are determined, the fertilizer requirement of the citrus plants is determined (table 3), and the fertilizer requirement is calculated according to the following formula:
nitrogen demand (kg/mu) of crops, target yield and unit yield
Phosphorus demand (kg/mu) = target yield x phosphorus fertilizer absorption amount of unit yield for crops
The potassium demand (kg/mu) of crops is not less than the target yield multiplied by the potassium fertilizer absorption amount of unit yield
TABLE 3 fertilizer uptake per yield for crop citrus plants
3. The amount of nutrients obtained from the fertilizer is required for the growth of citrus trees
And after the fertilizer requirement of the crops is obtained through calculation, calculating the application amount of the fertilizer nutrient elements by combining the data of the background value. The calculation formula is as follows:
application amount of nitrogen fertilizer (kg/mu) = nitrogen demand of crops-nitrogen supply of soil
Phosphorus fertilizer application amount (kg/mu) = phosphorus demand of crops-phosphorus supply amount of soil
Potassium fertilizer application amount (kg/mu) = potassium demand of crops-potassium supply of soil
4. Calculation of organic fertilizer application
The principle of deciding the fertilizer with nitrogen is adopted, and the fertilizer application amount is confirmed according to the principle that the residual nitrogen amount of the fertilizer and the residual nitrogen amount in the soil of the previous season are equal:
the application amount of the organic fertilizer = the nitrogen supply amount of the soil/(the nitrogen content of the organic fertilizer is multiplied by (1-the annual utilization efficiency of the organic fertilizer))
After the application amount of the organic fertilizer is determined, the organic matter content of the soil needing to be applied is compared with the national soil organic matter standard, and the application amount of the organic fertilizer is adjusted according to the principle of increasing the application of the organic fertilizer (table 4) on the basis of the original calculation according to the comparison result.
Table 4 organic fertilizer application adjusting table
After the basic and adjustment calculation of the organic fertilizer is completed, the organic fertilizer is applied to the orchard soil in a base fertilizer (fruit picking fertilizer) mode.
5. Calculation of the amount of inorganic chemical fertilizer applied
The organic fertilizer is applied to improve the granular structure of the soil and the performance of water and fertilizer retention, so that the application amount of the fertilizer can be further reduced on the basis of the application of the organic fertilizer, the utilization efficiency of the fertilizer is improved, and the non-point source pollution is reduced. According to the application amount of organic fertilizer, the application amount of the fertilizer is proportionally reduced, and the decrement adjustment of the application amount of the fertilizer is carried out according to a fertilizer decrement adjustment table (table 5)
TABLE 5 adjustment table for fertilizer decrement application
6. Base fertilizer topdressing proportion adjustment
In agricultural production, the application of fertilizers can be divided into base fertilizers and additional fertilizers, particularly in the production of citrus fruit trees, the fertilizers can be divided into base fertilizers (fruit picking fertilizers), the fertilizers are applied after fruit harvest in the current year is finished, and the additional fertilizers are applied for three times, including germination fertilizers, fruit stabilizing fertilizers and fruit strengthening fertilizers, in order to balance the yield, coordinate the relationship between fruit growth and branch growth and slow down the phenomenon of the year and the phenomenon of the year, on the basis of unchanged total fertilizing amount, the proportion of the base fertilizers and the additional fertilizers is adjusted according to the fruit tree yield in the previous year so as to be beneficial to the recovery of the fruit trees and promote the branch growth and flowering and fruiting, and the proportion of the fertilizers applied in the base fertilizers and the additional fertilizers is adjusted, and the specific scheme is shown in the sixth table (taking jinggan honey pomelos as an example)
TABLE 6 base fertilizer topdressing ratio change table
7. Application of base fertilizer
After the application proportion of the base fertilizer is confirmed, the method is as follows
Application amount (kg/mu) of nitrogen fertilizer in fruit picking fertilizer = total amount of nitrogen fertilizer applied in fertilizer and application ratio of base fertilizer
The application amount (kg/mu) of the fruit picking fertilizer phosphate fertilizer is not less than the total amount of the fertilizer phosphate fertilizer applied and the application proportion of the base fertilizer
Application amount (kg/mu) of fruit picking fertilizer potash fertilizer = total application amount of fertilizer potash fertilizer x application proportion of base fertilizer
After the calculation is finished, the actual application amount of each specific chemical fertilizer is calculated according to the types of the used chemical fertilizers and the fertilizer characteristics thereof (table 7), and the urea, the potassium chloride and the calcium superphosphate are used for supplementing the insufficient nutrient elements which meet the requirements of the nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium by the compound fertilizer (15-15-15).
The calculated organic fertilizer is completely applied to the soil of the orchard in the base fertilizer (fruit picking fertilizer), and the inorganic fertilizer is applied to the soil of the orchard according to the calculated amount of the base fertilizer.
TABLE 7 nutrient content and in-season utilization of applied fertilizers
8. Top dressing variable rate fertilization
The growth of plants, particularly fruit trees, is closely related to climatic conditions, and accumulated temperature in one area can influence the flowering, fruiting and fruit expansion of oranges, so that the application amount of the additional fertilizer is further adjusted according to the change of effective accumulated temperature on the basis of the traditional soil testing formula fertilization, the coordination and unification of soil, plants and climate can be realized, the application of the fertilizer is further reduced, the utilization efficiency of the fertilizer is improved, and the quality of fruits can also be improved. Firstly, calculating the effective accumulated temperature of a region, wherein the effective accumulated temperature of the citrus takes 5 ℃ as the effective growth temperature, and the calculation formula of the effective accumulated temperature is as follows:
effective accumulated temperature = ∑ (daily average air temperature-effective growth temperature), and if the daily average air temperature is lower than the effective growth temperature of 5 ℃, the temperature on the day is not counted as the effective accumulated temperature.
Then establishing an accurate-to-day effective accumulated temperature database of 10 years (from 2010 to 2019) of the citrus planting land, automatically calculating the effective accumulated temperature of the period of the 10 years after inputting the last fertilization time and the date of the planned fertilization in the system, automatically arranging the data of the 10 years according to the descending order, and then carrying out average calculation on the data of 5 years with higher effective accumulated temperature to obtain the Max Effective accumulated temperature Average calculation is carried out on the data of 5 years with lower effective accumulated temperature to obtain Min Effective accumulated temperature Then the effective accumulated temperature data of this year is compared with Max Effective accumulated temperature And Min Effective accumulated temperature In comparison, variable fertilization was performed according to the scheme of the following table based on the results of comparison (table 8).
TABLE 8 topdressing variable fertilizing table based on effective accumulated temperature
Example 1:
in the orchard for producing jinggang honey pomelos in jinggan mountain city of Jiangxi province, the area of the orchard is 208 mu, the orchard is located in a hilly land and is a hilly orchard, more than 90% of fruit trees are 7 years old, the fruit trees are fruit trees in a full production period, and the average background value of the soil in the orchard is measured through actual measurement: the organic matter content is 32.5g/kg, the alkaline hydrolysis nitrogen is 112.6mg/kg, the quick-acting potassium is 90.2mg/kg, the available phosphorus is 21.0mg/kg, the average yield of orchard and jinggang honey pomelos in 2020 is 1363 kg/mu, and the planned yield in 2021 is 1500 kg/mu, so the specific soil testing formula is implemented according to the scheme:
1. the existing retained nutrients of soil
Soil nitrogen supply (kg/mu) = soil alkaline hydrolysis nitrogen (mg/kg) × 0.15 × nutrient effective utilization coefficient (the coefficient is determined according to the grade of soil background value)
The phosphorus supply amount (kg/mu) = soil available phosphorus (mg/kg) × 0.15 × nutrient effective utilization coefficient (the coefficient is determined according to the grade of soil background value)
Soil potassium supply (kg/mu) = soil rapid potassium (mg/kg) × 0.15 × nutrient effective utilization coefficient (the coefficient is determined by soil background value grade) (Table 2)
The nitrogen content of the orchard soil is =112.6 × 0.15 × 0.4=6.8 (kg/mu)
The content of potassium in the orchard soil is =90.2 × 0.15 × 0.55=7.4 (kg/mu)
The content of phosphorus in the orchard soil =21.0 × 0.15 × 0.55=1.7 (kg/mu)
2. Amount of nutrients required to obtain target yield from Jinggang honey pomelo
The amount of nitrogen required =1500 × 1.0 × 0.01=15 (kg/mu)
Potassium is required in an amount =1500 × 1.0 × 0.01=15 (kg/mu)
Phosphorus requirement =1500 × 0.6 × 0.01=9 (kg/mu)
3. Amount of nutrients required to be extracted from the fertilizer
According to the one-year growth period of the Jinggang honey pomelos, the nutrient amount required by obtaining the target yield and the existing retained nutrients of the soil are calculated, and the nutrient amount required to be obtained from the fertilizer is calculated as follows:
the amount of nitrogen required to be obtained from the fertilizer is 15-6.8=8.2 (kg/mu)
The amount of potassium needed to be obtained from the fertilizer is 15-7.4=7.6 (kg/mu)
The amount of phosphorus required to be obtained from the fertilizer is 9.0-1.7=7.3 (kg/mu)
4. Calculation of organic fertilizer application
The principle of fixing the organic fertilizer by nitrogen is adopted, the application amount of the organic fertilizer is determined according to the principle that the residual nitrogen amount of the organic fertilizer is equal to the residual nitrogen amount of the soil in the previous season, the applied organic fertilizer is a purchased sheep manure fermented commercial organic fertilizer, the total amount of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium of the organic fertilizer is 9%, and the nitrogen content of the organic fertilizer is 3% according to the total amount.
The application amount of the organic fertilizer = soil nitrogen content/nitrogen content in the applied organic fertilizer × (1-utilization rate of the organic fertilizer in season) =6.8/3.0% × (1-0.45) =412 (kg/mu)
According to the principle of increasing the application of the organic fertilizer, the application amount of the actual organic fertilizer is determined according to the background organic matter content of the soil and the national soil organic matter classification standard (table 1), the organic matter content of the orchard soil is 32.5g/kg, the organic matter content of the orchard soil is 2 types according to the national soil organic matter classification standard, the organic matter content is rich, and according to the organic fertilizer increasing and applying adjustment table (table 4), the actual organic fertilizer application amount of the orchard is as follows: actual application amount of organic fertilizer =412 × 1.05=433 (kg/mu).
5. Application amount of nutrient elements of inorganic fertilizer
According to the principle of increasing the application amount of the organic fertilizer and reducing the amount of the chemical fertilizer (table 5), the application amount of the organic fertilizer is 433 kg/mu, and the application amount of the chemical fertilizer is adjusted to 80% of a calculated value, so that the actual application amount of the nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium nutrient elements is as follows:
actual application amount of nitrogen element 8.2X 0.8=6.6 (kg/mu)
Actual application amount of potassium element 7.6 × 0.8=6.1 (kg/mu)
Actual application amount of phosphorus element 7.3X 0.8=5.8 (kg/mu)
6. Application of base fertilizer (fruit picking fertilizer)
The yield of the orchard in the last year is 1363 kg/mu, the base fertilizer is applied according to the variable rate of the base fertilizer and the additional fertilizer (table 6), the application rate of the base fertilizer is 60 percent, so the application rate of the nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium nutrient elements of the base fertilizer is as follows:
application amount of nitrogen element of base fertilizer 6.6X 0.6=4.0 (kg/mu)
The application amount of the base fertilizer potassium element is 6.1 multiplied by 0.6=3.7 (kg/mu)
Application amount of base fertilizer phosphorus element 5.8X 0.6=3.5 (kg/mu)
And (3) applying the organic fertilizer 433 kg/mu in a base fertilizer (fruit picking fertilizer), wherein the fertilizer is compound fertilizer (15-15-15), urea and potassium chloride, and calculating the application amount of the fertilizer according to the characteristics of the fertilizer (shown in table 7).
The specific fertilizer application comprises the following steps:
compound fertilizer (15-15-15) application rate =3.5/0.15 × 0.45=52 (kg/mu)
Urea application amount = (4.0-3.5)/0.46 × 0.5=2.2 (kg/mu)
Potassium chloride application amount = (3.7-3.5)/0.6 x 0.5=0.7 (kg/mu)
Base fertilizer (fruit picking fertilizer) fertilization table:
and (3) fertilizing date: 11 month and 1 day
Applying a fertilizer:
organic fertilizer 433 kg/mu
52 kg/mu of compound fertilizer (15-15-15)
2.2 kg/mu of urea
Potassium chloride 0.7 kg/mu
A fertilizing mode: applying fertilizer to the soil in orchard
7. Application of topdressing
1. First time topdressing (sprout fertilizer)
According to the variable fertilization of the base fertilizer and the additional fertilizer (table 6), the application proportion of the first additional fertilizer (the sprouting fertilizer) is 15 percent at most, the local effective accumulated temperature in 11/2/2020/2/2021/2/28 is 192.32 ℃, and the average local effective accumulated temperature in the same time period from 2010 to 2019 is Max Effective accumulated temperature =150.48 ℃, so according to the effective accumulated temperature top dressing variable fertilization principle (table 8), the application amount of the nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium nutrient elements of the first top dressing (germination fertilizer) is 15%:
the application amount of nitrogen element in sprout fertilizer is 6.6X 0.15=1.0 (kg/mu)
The application amount of the germinated acid fertilizer potassium element is 6.1 multiplied by 0.15=0.9 (kg/mu)
The application amount of the phosphorus element of the sprout fertilizer is 5.8 multiplied by 0.15=0.9 (kg/mu)
Determining the amount of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium nutrient elements to be applied, selecting a fertilizer, and calculating the specific fertilizer application amount according to the characteristics of the fertilizer (table 7):
compound fertilizer (15-15-15) application rate =0.9/0.15 × 0.45=13 (kg/mu)
Urea application amount = (1.0-0.9)/0.46 × 0.5=0.4 (kg/mu)
First top dressing (germination fertilizer) fertilization table:
and (3) fertilizing date: 3 month and 1 day
Applying a fertilizer:
compound fertilizer (15-15-15) 13 (kg/mu)
Urea 0.4 (kg/mu)
A fertilizing mode: applying fertilizer to the soil in orchard
2. Second topdressing (fruit fertilizer)
According to the variable fertilization of the base fertilizer and the additional fertilizer (table 6), the application proportion of the second additional fertilizer (fruit stabilizing fertilizer) is 5 percent at most, the local effective accumulated temperature of 3 and 2 months in 2021 and 5 and 30 months in 2021 is 712.38 ℃, and the average local effective accumulated temperature in the same time period from 2010 to 2019 is Max Effective accumulated temperature =633.20 ℃, so according to the effective accumulated temperature top dressing variable fertilization principle (table 8), the application amount of the nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium nutrient elements of the second top dressing (fruit-stabilizing fertilizer) is 5%:
application amount of nitrogen element in fruit stabilizing fertilizer is 6.6X 0.05=0.3 (kg/mu)
Application amount of stable fruit fertilizer potassium element 6.1 × 0.05=0.3 (kg/mu)
Application amount of stabilized fertilizer phosphorus element 5.8X 0.05=0.3 (kg/mu)
Determining the amount of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium nutrient elements to be applied, selecting the fertilizer, and calculating the specific fertilizer application amount according to the characteristics of the fertilizer (table 7):
application amount of compound fertilizer (15-15-15) =0.3/0.15 × 0.45=4.4 (kg/mu)
Secondary top dressing (fruit stabilizing fertilizer) fertilization table:
and (3) fertilizing date: 5 months and 31 days
Applying a fertilizer: compound fertilizer (15-15-15) 4.4 (kg/mu)
A fertilizing mode: dissolving with water, and spraying onto foliage with sprayer
3. Topdressing for the third time (fruit fertilizer)
The fertilizer is applied according to the ratio of the base fertilizer to the top dressing (table 6), the application ratio of the third top dressing (fruit-strengthening fertilizer) is 20 percent at most, the local effective accumulated temperature of 2021 year 6, month 1, 2021 year 7, month 31 is 1460.03 ℃, and the local effective accumulated temperature is from 2010 to 201The average local effective accumulated temperature high value in the same time period of 9 years is Max Effective accumulated temperature =1221.27 ℃, so according to the effective accumulated temperature top dressing variable fertilizing principle (table 8), the application amount of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium nutrient elements of the third top dressing (fruit fertilizer) is 20%:
the application amount of nitrogen element in the fruit-strengthening fertilizer is 6.6 multiplied by 0.20=1.3 (kg/mu)
The application amount of potassium element in the fruit-strengthening fertilizer is 6.1 multiplied by 0.20=1.2 (kg/mu)
The application amount of the phosphorus element for fruit-strengthening fertilizer is 5.8 multiplied by 0.20=1.2 (kg/mu)
Determining the amount of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium nutrient elements to be applied, selecting a fertilizer, and calculating the specific fertilizer application amount according to the characteristics of the fertilizer (table 7):
application amount of compound fertilizer (15-15-15) =1.2/0.15 × 0.45=17.8 (kg/mu)
Urea application amount = (1.3-1.2)/0.46 × 0.5=0.4 (kg/mu)
The third topdressing (fruit strengthening fertilizer) fertilization table:
and (3) fertilizing date: 7 month and 31 days
Applying a fertilizer:
compound fertilizer (15-15-15) 17.8 (kg/mu)
Urea 0.4 (kg/mu)
A fertilizing mode: applying fertilizer to the soil in orchard
Example 2:
an orchard is produced by jinggang honey pomelo in stone bridge town of Yongxin county in Jiangxi province, the area of the orchard is 30 mu, the orchard is located in hilly land and is a hilly orchard, more than 90% of fruit trees are 9 years old, the fruit trees are fruit trees in a full-production period, and the average background value of the soil in the orchard is measured through actual measurement: the organic matter content is 29.0g/kg, the alkaline hydrolysis nitrogen is 205.4mg/kg, the quick-acting potassium is 77.6mg/kg, the quick-acting phosphorus is 15.0mg/kg, the average yield of the orchard and jinggang honey pomelos in 2020 is 1638 kg/mu, and the planned yield in 2021 is 1600 kg/mu, so the specific soil testing formula is implemented according to the following scheme:
1. the existing retained nutrients of soil
Soil nitrogen supply (kg/mu) = soil alkaline hydrolysis nitrogen (ppm) × 0.15 × nutrient effective utilization coefficient (the coefficient is determined according to the grade of soil background value)
The soil phosphorus supply amount (kg/mu) = soil available phosphorus (ppm) × 0.15 × nutrient effective utilization coefficient (the coefficient is determined according to the grade of soil background value)
Soil potassium supply (kg/mu) = soil available potassium (ppm) × 0.15 × nutrient effective utilization coefficient (the coefficient is determined by the grade of soil background value) (Table 2)
The nitrogen content of the orchard soil is =205.4 × 0.15 × 0.3=9.2 (kg/mu)
The content of potassium in the orchard soil is =77.6 × 0.15 × 0.55=6.4 (kg/mu)
The content of phosphorus in the orchard soil =15.0 × 0.15 × 0.65=1.5 (kg/mu)
2. Amount of nutrients required to achieve target yield
The amount of nitrogen required =1600 × 1.0 × 0.01=16 (kg/mu)
Potassium is required in an amount =1600 × 1.0 × 0.01=16 (kg/acre)
The amount of phosphorus required =1600 × 0.6 × 0.01=9.6 (kg/mu)
3. Amount of nutrients required to be extracted from the fertilizer
According to the one-year growth period of the Jinggang honey pomelos, the nutrient amount required by obtaining the target yield and the existing retained nutrients of the soil are calculated to obtain the nutrient amount required by the fertilizer applied
The amount of nitrogen required to be obtained from the fertilizer is 16-9.2=6.8 (kg/mu)
The amount of potassium needed to be obtained from the fertilizer is 16-6.4=9.6 (kg/mu)
The amount of phosphorus required to be obtained from the fertilizer is 9.6-1.5=8.1 (kg/mu)
4. Calculation of organic fertilizer application
The principle of fixing the organic fertilizer by nitrogen is adopted, the application amount of the organic fertilizer is determined according to the principle that the residual nitrogen amount of the organic fertilizer is equal to the residual nitrogen amount of the soil in the previous season, the applied organic fertilizer is a purchased sheep manure fermented commercial organic fertilizer, the total amount of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium of the organic fertilizer is 9%, and the nitrogen content of the organic fertilizer is 3% according to the total amount.
The application amount of the organic fertilizer = the nitrogen content of the soil/the nitrogen content in the applied organic fertilizer × (1-the utilization rate of the organic fertilizer in the season) =9.2/3.0% × (1-0.45) =558 (kg/mu)
According to the principle of increasing the application amount of the organic fertilizer, the application amount of the actual organic fertilizer is determined according to the background organic matter content of soil and the national soil organic matter classification standard (table 1), the organic matter content of the orchard soil is 29.0g/kg, the organic matter content of the orchard soil is 3 types and the organic matter content is medium according to the national soil organic matter classification standard, according to the organic fertilizer increasing and applying adjustment table (table 4), the actual organic fertilizer application amount of the orchard is as follows: actual application amount of organic fertilizer =558 × 1.10=613 (kg/mu).
5. Application amount of nutrient elements of inorganic fertilizer
According to the principle of increasing the application amount of the organic fertilizer and reducing the amount of the chemical fertilizer (table 5), the application amount of the organic fertilizer is 613 kg/mu, and the application amount of the chemical fertilizer is adjusted to 75% of a calculated value, so that the actual application amount of the nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium nutrient elements is as follows:
actual application amount of nitrogen element 6.8X 0.75=5.1 (kg/mu)
Actual application amount of potassium element 9.6 × 0.75=7.2 (kg/mu)
Actual application amount of phosphorus element 8.1 × 0.75=6.1 (kg/mu)
6. Application of base fertilizer (fruit picking fertilizer)
The yield of the orchard in the last year is 1638 (kg/mu), the base fertilizer is applied according to the variable rate of the base fertilizer and the top dressing (table 6), the application proportion of the base fertilizer is 65%, so the application amount of the nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium nutrient elements of the base fertilizer is as follows:
application amount of nitrogen element in fruit picking fertilizer is 5.1X 0.65=3.3 (kg/mu)
Application amount of fruit picking fertilizer potassium element 7.2X 0.65=4.7 (kg/mu)
The application amount of the phosphorus element of the fruit picking fertilizer is 6.1 multiplied by 0.65=4.0 (kg/mu)
Determining the amount of nutrient elements of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium, selecting fertilizer, and calculating the specific fertilizer application amount according to the fertilizer characteristics (Table 7)
Compound fertilizer (15-15-15) application rate =3.3/0.15 × 0.45=48.9 (kg/mu)
Potassium chloride application amount = (4.7-3.3)/0.6 x 0.5=4.7 (kg/mu)
Calcium superphosphate application amount = (4.0-3.3)/0.27 × 0.25=10.4 (kg/mu)
Base fertilizer (fruit picking fertilizer) fertilization table:
and (3) fertilizing date: 11 month and 1 day
The fertilizer types are as follows:
organic fertilizer 613 (kg/mu)
Compound fertilizer (15-15-15) 48.9 (kg/mu)
Potassium chloride 4.7 (kg/mu)
Calcium superphosphate 10.4 (kg/mu)
A fertilizing mode: applying fertilizer to the soil in orchard
7. Application of topdressing
1. First time topdressing (sprout fertilizer)
According to the variable fertilization of the base fertilizer and the additional fertilizer (table 6), the application proportion of the first additional fertilizer (the sprouting fertilizer) is 15 percent at most, the local effective accumulated temperature of 11, 2, 2020, 2021, 2, 28 and 2 is 192.32 ℃, and the average local effective accumulated temperature in the same time period from 2010 to 2019 is Max Effective accumulated temperature =150.48 ℃, so according to the effective accumulated temperature top dressing variable rate fertilization principle (table 8), the application amount of the nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium nutrient elements in the first top dressing (germination fertilizer) is 15%:
application amount of germinal nitrogen element is 5.1 × 0.15=0.8 (kg/mu)
Application amount of germinated fertile potassium element is 7.2X 0.15=1.1 (kg/mu)
The application amount of the phosphorus element of the sprout fertilizer is 6.1 multiplied by 0.15=0.9 (kg/mu)
Determining the amount of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium nutrient elements to be applied, selecting a fertilizer, and calculating the specific fertilizer application amount according to the characteristics of the fertilizer (table 8):
application amount of compound fertilizer (15-15-15) =0.8/0.15 × 0.45=11.9 (kg/mu)
Potassium chloride application amount = (1.1-0.8)/0.6 x 0.5=1.0 (kg/mu)
Calcium superphosphate application rate = (1.1-0.9)/0.27 × 0.25=3.0 (kg/mu)
First top dressing (germination fertilizer) fertilization table:
and (3) fertilizing date: 3 month and 1 day
The fertilizer types are as follows:
compound fertilizer (15-15-15) 11.9 (kg/mu)
Potassium chloride 1.0 (kg/mu)
Calcium superphosphate 3.0 (kg/mu)
A fertilizing mode: applying fertilizer to the soil in orchard
2. Second time topdressing (fruit fertilizer)
According to the variable fertilization of the base fertilizer and the additional fertilizer (table 6), the application proportion of the second additional fertilizer (fruit stabilizing fertilizer) is 5 percent at most, the local effective accumulated temperature of 3 and 2 months in 2021 and 5 and 30 months in 2021 is 712.38 ℃, and the average local effective accumulated temperature in the same time period from 2010 to 2019 is Max Effective accumulated temperature =633.20 ℃, so according to the effective accumulated temperature top dressing variable fertilization principle (table 8), the application amount of the nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium nutrient elements of the second top dressing (fruit-stabilizing fertilizer) is 5%:
application amount of nitrogen element of fruit stabilizing fertilizer is 5.1 multiplied by 0.05=0.3 (kg/mu)
Application amount of stable fruit fertilizer potassium element 7.2X 0.05=0.4 (kg/mu)
Application amount of stabilized fertilizer phosphorus element 6.1 × 0.05=0.3 (kg/mu)
Determining the amount of NPK nutrient elements to be applied, selecting fertilizer, and calculating the specific fertilizer application amount according to the characteristics of the fertilizer (Table 8)
Compound fertilizer (15-15-15) application rate =0.3/0.15 × 0.45=4.4 (kg/mu)
Potassium chloride application amount = (0.4-0.3)/0.6 x 0.5=0.3 (kg/mu)
And (3) secondary topdressing (fruit stabilizing fertilizer) fertilization table:
and (3) fertilizing date: 5 months and 31 days
The fertilizer types are as follows:
compound fertilizer (15-15-15) 4.4 (kg/mu)
Potassium chloride 0.3 (kg/mu)
A fertilizing mode: dissolving in water, and spraying with sprayer
3. Topdressing for the third time (fruit fertilizer)
According to the variable fertilization of the base fertilizer and the additional fertilizer (table 6), the application proportion of the third additional fertilizer (fruit-strengthening fertilizer) is 15 percent at most, the local effective accumulated temperature of 2021 year 6, 1 year 2021, 7, 31 years 2021 is 1460.03 ℃, and the average local effective accumulated temperature in the same time period from 2010 to 2019 is Max Effective accumulated temperature =1221.27 ℃, so according to the effective accumulated temperature top dressing variable fertilization principle (table 8), the application amount of the nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium nutrient elements of the third top dressing (fruit fertilizer) is 15%:
the application amount of nitrogen element in the fruit-strengthening fertilizer is 5.1 multiplied by 0.15=0.8 (kg/mu)
The application amount of potassium element in the fruit-strengthening fertilizer is 7.2 multiplied by 0.15=1.1 (kg/mu)
The application amount of the phosphorus element of the fruit-strengthening fertilizer is 6.1 multiplied by 0.15=0.9 (kg/mu)
Determining the amount of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium nutrient elements to be applied, selecting a fertilizer, and calculating the specific fertilizer application amount according to the characteristics of the fertilizer (table 7):
compound fertilizer (15-15-15) application rate =0.8/0.15 × 0.45=11.9 (kg/mu)
Potassium chloride application amount = (1.1-0.8)/0.6 × 0.5=1.0 (kg/mu)
Calcium superphosphate application amount = (0.9-0.8)/0.27 × 0.25=1.5 (kg/mu)
The third top dressing (fruit strengthening fertilizer) fertilization table:
and (3) fertilizing date: 7 month and 31 days
The fertilizer types are as follows:
compound fertilizer (15-15-15) 11.9 (kg/mu)
Potassium chloride 1.0 (kg/mu)
Calcium superphosphate 1.5 (kg/mu)
A fertilizing mode: and (5) applying the fertilizer to the soil in the orchard.
The embodiments described above are intended to facilitate a person of ordinary skill in the art in understanding and using the invention. It will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art that various modifications to these embodiments may be made, and the generic principles described herein may be applied to other embodiments without the use of the inventive faculty. Therefore, the present invention is not limited to the above embodiments, and those skilled in the art should make improvements and modifications within the scope of the present invention based on the disclosure of the present invention.
Claims (9)
1. A citrus variable soil testing and formula fertilizing method for increasing the application of organic fertilizer and reducing the amount of chemical fertilizer is characterized by comprising the following steps:
1) Acquiring the content of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium nutrient elements in the soil of the citrus planting field;
2) Determining the fertilizer requirement of the citrus plants;
3) Calculating the nutrient amount required to be obtained from the fertilizer for the growth of the citrus plants according to the data in the step 1) and the step 2);
4) Determining the application amount of the organic fertilizer by adopting the principle of determining the organic fertilizer by nitrogen, adjusting and calculating according to the classification of shortage and abundance of the organic fertilizer according to the national soil nutrient classification standard, and determining the actual application amount of the organic fertilizer;
5) Calculating the application amount of the inorganic fertilizer according to the principles of increasing the application amount of the organic fertilizer and reducing the amount of the fertilizer and the data in the steps 3) and 4);
6) Determining the application proportion of the base fertilizer and the additional fertilizer according to the yield condition of the previous year;
7) Determining the actual application amount of the base fertilizer according to the data in the step 5) and the step 6);
8) The method comprises the following steps of performing top dressing variable rate fertilization according to the effective accumulated temperature of the citrus plant planting field:
8-1) collecting the effective accumulated temperature of all the local 10 years every year in any time period through meteorological big data, wherein the effective accumulated temperature =
；
8-2) calculating the effective accumulated temperature between two fertilization times in the current year according to the last fertilization time and the next fertilization time in the current year on the day before the planned additional fertilization;
8-3) arranging the effective accumulated temperatures in the same time period of 10 years from high to low;
8-4) respectively and averagely calculating the high value and the low value of the historical effective accumulated temperature of the upper 5 years and the effective accumulated temperature of the lower 5 years in 10 years;
8-5) comparing the effective accumulated temperature of the current year with the high value and the low value of the historical effective accumulated temperature of the same time period;
8-6) if the effective accumulated temperature of the current year is higher than or equal to the high value of the historical effective accumulated temperature, fertilizing according to the high grade of the grading of the application amount, if the effective accumulated temperature of the current year is lower than or equal to the low value of the historical effective accumulated temperature, fertilizing according to the low grade, and if the effective accumulated temperature of the current year is between the two values, fertilizing according to the medium grade.
2. The citrus variable soil testing and formula fertilizing method for increasing the application of organic fertilizer and reducing the fertilizer quantity according to claim 1, characterized in that in the step 1), the calculation formula of the content of the nutrient elements of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in soil is as follows:
soil nitrogen content = soil alkaline hydrolysis nitrogen measurement value × 0.15 × effective nutrient coefficient;
soil phosphorus content = soil available phosphorus determination value × 0.15 × available nutrient coefficient;
soil potassium content = soil available potassium measured value × 0.15 × available nutrient coefficient;
the unit of the soil nitrogen content, the unit of the soil phosphorus content and the unit of the soil potassium content are all kg/mu, the unit of the soil alkaline hydrolysis nitrogen measured value, the unit of the soil available phosphorus measured value and the unit of the soil available potassium measured value are all mg/kg, and the available nutrient coefficient is determined according to the national soil nutrient classification standard and the condition of abundance of soil nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium.
3. The citrus variable soil testing and formula fertilization method for increasing the application of organic fertilizer and reducing the fertilizer quantity according to claim 1, wherein in the step 2), the calculation formula of the fertilizer demand of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium nutrient elements is as follows:
nitrogen demand = target yield × nitrogen fertilizer uptake per unit yield;
phosphorus demand = target yield × phosphorus uptake per yield;
potassium demand = target yield × amount of potassium fertilizer absorbed per unit yield;
wherein the units of the nitrogen demand, the phosphorus demand and the potassium demand are kg/mu.
4. The citrus variable soil testing and formula fertilizing method for increasing the application of organic fertilizer and reducing the fertilizer quantity according to claim 1, wherein in the step 3), the calculation formula of the nutrient quantity required to be obtained from the fertilizer is as follows:
the amount of nitrogen required to be obtained from the fertilizer = nitrogen requirement-soil nitrogen content;
the amount of phosphorus required to be obtained from the fertilizer = amount of phosphorus required-soil phosphorus content;
potassium needed to be obtained from the fertilizer = potassium needed-soil potassium content.
5. The citrus variable soil testing and formula fertilizing method for increasing the application of organic fertilizer and reducing the fertilizer quantity according to claim 1, characterized in that in the step 4), the calculation formula of the application amount of the organic fertilizer is as follows:
the application amount of the organic fertilizer = the nitrogen supply amount of the soil/(nitrogen content in the applied organic fertilizer × (1-organic fertilizer utilization rate)).
6. The citrus variable soil testing and formula fertilizing method for increasing the application of organic fertilizer and reducing the fertilizer quantity as claimed in claim 5, wherein the actual application amount of organic fertilizer is 100% -125% of the calculated application amount of organic fertilizer.
7. The citrus variable soil testing and formula fertilizing method for increasing the application of organic fertilizer and reducing the fertilizer quantity according to claim 1, characterized in that in the step 5), the application amount calculation formula of the inorganic fertilizer is as follows:
nitrogen application rate = nitrogen amount to be obtained from the fertilizer x application ratio;
phosphorus application amount = phosphorus amount to be obtained from the fertilizer x application ratio;
potassium application rate = amount of potassium to be obtained from fertilizer × application ratio;
wherein, according to the principle of increasing the application amount of the organic fertilizer and reducing the amount of the fertilizer, the actual fertilizer application amount is 75-100% of the calculated application amount.
8. The citrus variable soil testing and formula fertilization method for increasing the application amount of the organic fertilizer and reducing the amount of the chemical fertilizer according to claim 1, wherein in the step 6), the application proportion of the base fertilizer is 55% -65%, and the application proportion of the additional fertilizer is 35% -45%.
9. The citrus variable soil testing and formulated fertilization method for increasing the application of organic fertilizers and decreasing the amount of chemical fertilizers according to claim 1, wherein in the step 7), the actual application amount calculation formula of the base fertilizer is as follows:
the nitrogen fertilizer application amount = nitrogen element application amount × base fertilizer application ratio;
the phosphate fertilizer application amount = phosphorus element application amount × base fertilizer application ratio;
and (4) potassium fertilizer application amount = potassium element application amount x base fertilizer application ratio.
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