CN113906883A - Fertilizing method for nitrogen fertilizer of rice in hot area - Google Patents
Fertilizing method for nitrogen fertilizer of rice in hot area Download PDFInfo
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- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
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- A01C21/00—Methods of fertilising, sowing or planting
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Abstract
The invention discloses a fertilization method of a nitrogen fertilizer for hot-zone rice, which specifically comprises the following application steps when the rice geology is clay soil: recording the transplanting date after rice transplanting; after rice is transplanted for 14 days, applying nitrogen fertilizer for the first time, wherein the applied nitrogen fertilizer accounts for 19% of the total fertilizer application amount per mu; after rice transplanting is carried out for 32 days, applying nitrogen fertilizer for the second time, wherein the applied nitrogen fertilizer accounts for 54% of the total fertilizer application amount per mu; after rice transplanting for 62 days, applying nitrogen fertilizer for the third time, wherein the applied nitrogen fertilizer accounts for 21% of the total fertilizer application amount per mu; after 80 days of rice transplanting, applying nitrogen fertilizer for the fourth time, wherein the applied nitrogen fertilizer accounts for 5% of the total fertilizer application amount per mu; the rice nitrogen fertilizer application method is mainly characterized in that urea is quantitatively and regularly applied to a rice field according to the content change of ammonium nitrogen in soil, the nitrogen fertilizer using amount is saved, the nitrogen fertilizer utilization rate is improved, the rice yield is improved, and the influence of the nitrogen fertilizer on the soil acidification degree and the pollution degree of agricultural non-point sources are reduced.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of crop fertilization, in particular to a fertilization method of a nitrogen fertilizer for hot-zone rice.
Background
Nitrogen is the most important nutrient element for rice growth. After the nitrogen consumption of the rice is determined by a target yield method (also called a nutrient balance method), how to distribute the nitrogen consumption of the rice is related to the growth, development and final yield of the rice. At present, nitrogen fertilizer applied to rice is mainly urea, and is generally applied for four times respectively in base fertilizer, tiller fertilizer, spike fertilizer and grain fertilizer. The nitrogen fertilizer application method does not consider the transformation of urea nitrogen in the paddy field soil, so that the situation that the soil nitrogen supply capacity is not suitable for the nitrogen demand of paddy rice can occur, and two results are caused: firstly, excessive nitrogen supply generates a large amount of ineffective tillers, rice grows vigorously and is easy to fall down, diseases and insect pests are frequent, greedy and late maturing are caused, and the like; on the other hand, the nitrogen supply is insufficient, rice plants are short and small, tillering is insufficient, leaves become yellow and senilism and the like. Secondly, excessive nitrogen can also aggravate the loss of the nitrogen, and cause the risk of agricultural non-point source pollution.
Disclosure of Invention
The embodiment of the application provides a fertilization method of a hot-zone rice nitrogen fertilizer, the application method of the hot-zone rice nitrogen fertilizer is provided on the basis of urea hydrolysis, ammonium nitrogen nitrification balance and nitrogen requirement of rice in each period, urea is quantitatively and regularly applied to a rice field mainly according to the change of soil ammonium nitrogen content, the nitrogen fertilizer using amount is saved, the nitrogen fertilizer utilization rate is improved, the rice yield is improved, and the influence of the nitrogen fertilizer on the soil acidification degree and the pollution degree of an agricultural non-point source are reduced.
The embodiment of the application provides a fertilization method of a nitrogen fertilizer for hot-zone rice, and when the rice geology is clay soil, the fertilization method specifically comprises the following application steps:
(1) after rice is transplanted, recording the rice transplanting date;
(2) according to the rice transplanting date, applying nitrogen fertilizer for the first time to the rice field 14 days after rice transplanting, wherein the applied nitrogen fertilizer accounts for 19% of the total fertilizer application amount per mu;
(3) after rice is transplanted for 32 days, applying nitrogen fertilizer to the rice field for the second time, wherein the applied nitrogen fertilizer accounts for 54 percent of the total fertilizer application amount per mu;
(4) after rice transplanting for 62 days, applying nitrogen fertilizer to the rice field for the third time, wherein the applied nitrogen fertilizer accounts for 21 percent of the total fertilizer application amount per mu;
(5) and after 80 days of rice transplanting, applying nitrogen fertilizer to the rice field for the fourth time, wherein the applied nitrogen fertilizer accounts for 5% of the total fertilizer application amount per mu.
Further, when the rice geology is sandy soil, the method specifically comprises the following application steps:
(1) after rice is transplanted, recording the rice transplanting date;
(2) according to the rice transplanting date, after 16 days of rice transplanting, applying nitrogen fertilizer to the rice field for the first time, wherein the applied nitrogen fertilizer accounts for 19% of the total fertilizer application amount per mu;
(3) after rice is transplanted for 54 days, applying nitrogen fertilizer to the rice field for the second time, wherein the applied nitrogen fertilizer accounts for 54% of the total fertilizer application amount per mu;
(4) after 67 days of rice transplanting, applying nitrogen fertilizer to the rice field for the third time, wherein the applied nitrogen fertilizer accounts for 21 percent of the total fertilizer application amount per mu;
(5) and after 85 days of rice transplanting, applying nitrogen fertilizer to the rice field for the fourth time, wherein the applied nitrogen fertilizer accounts for 5% of the total fertilizer application amount per mu.
Further, the nitrogen fertilizer is urea.
One or more technical solutions provided in the embodiments of the present application have at least the following technical effects or advantages: the application method of the nitrogen fertilizer for the hot-zone rice is provided based on urea hydrolysis, ammonium nitrogen nitrification balance and nitrogen demand of the rice in each period, urea is quantitatively and regularly applied to the rice field mainly according to the content change of the ammonium nitrogen in the soil, the nitrogen fertilizer using amount is saved, the nitrogen fertilizer utilization rate is improved, the rice yield is improved, and the influence of the nitrogen fertilizer on the soil acidification degree and the pollution degree of an agricultural non-point source are reduced. The method is simple and easy to learn, and is suitable for popularization and application.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram showing the change of soil ammonium nitrogen after nitrogen application in a flooded rice field;
FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram showing the change of the ammonium nitrogen content in soil after nitrogen application in the wet and dry alternative rice fields;
FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram showing the content of ammonium nitrogen in the soil of a paddy field with different nitrogen application amounts;
FIG. 4 is a graph showing the change of the increment of nitrogen uptake by rice.
Detailed Description
In order that the invention may be more fully understood, reference will now be made to the following description. This invention may, however, be embodied in many different forms and should not be construed as limited to the embodiments set forth herein. Rather, these embodiments are provided so that this disclosure will be thorough and complete.
Unless defined otherwise, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which this invention belongs. The terminology used herein in the description of the invention is for the purpose of describing particular embodiments only and is not intended to be limiting of the invention. As used herein, the term "and/or" includes any and all combinations of one or more of the associated listed items
Example one
A fertilization method of hot-zone rice nitrogen fertilizer, after applying nitrogen fertilizer in rice field, fertilizer enters soil, the nitrogen fertilizer is hydrolyzed into ammonium nitrogen by urease, and is continuously converted into nitrate nitrogen by nitrification;
research shows that the existing rice prefers to absorb ammonium nitrogen, and the content of the ammonium nitrogen in the soil is crucial to the growth and development of the rice, so that the maintenance of the concentration of the ammonium nitrogen in the soil of the rice field is an important guarantee for ensuring the high yield of the rice.
The shortage of labor force in the prior rural areas and the low income of rice planting cause the rice to be dredged in the planting process, except that the rice seedlings are transplanted to the paddy field surface at the early stage of tillering to keep a certain depth of water layer, the soil in the paddy field presents the characteristic of alternation of dryness and humidity due to untimely watering in other time, particularly in a hot area, more frequently;
the change of the soil moisture management mode of the rice field causes the change of the soil air permeability, so that after the nitrogen fertilizer is applied to the rice field, the fertilizer enters the soil, and the urea nitrogen conversion of the soil is changed;
the change of soil ammonium nitrogen after the nitrogen fertilizer is applied to the traditional long-term flooded rice field is obviously different from the current dry-wet alternative water management rice field. The equivalent nitrogen fertilizer is applied to the paddy field, the nitrification of the soil ammonium nitrogen of the paddy field is slow when the paddy field is flooded for a long time, and the soil ammonium nitrogen needs about 30 days from the fertilization to the stabilization (the specific data change is shown in figure 1);
the retention time of the dry-wet alternative water management paddy soil ammonium nitrogen is shortened from fertilizer input to stabilization, the sticky paddy soil is maintained for about 24 days, and the light paddy soil is only about 18 days (the specific data change is shown in figure 2);
the concentration of the paddy soil at the time of ammonium nitrogen balance is correlated with the nitrogen fertilizer input amount, and the concentration of ammonium nitrogen in the soil with a large nitrogen fertilizer input amount is higher than that of the soil with a low nitrogen input amount (the concrete data change is shown in fig. 3).
The growth period of the rice in the hot zone is about 105 days, and the nitrogen fertilizer requirements at each stage are different (the specific data are shown in figure 4);
the increment of the nitrogen fertilizer absorbed by the rice reflects the nitrogen supply amount, each nitrogen increment peak means a great amount of demand of the nitrogen fertilizer, and the demand is met by applying the nitrogen fertilizer;
according to the nitrogen demand of the rice in the non-stop time period shown in the figure 4, the four nitrogen increasing peaks exist in the whole rice growth period, the nitrogen accumulation increasing peaks of the rice are added by nitrogen, and the corresponding additional fertilization needs to be carried out for 4 times;
the nitrogen demand of the rice is positively correlated with the nitrogen accumulation increment, and after the nitrogen fertilizer is applied, the maximum value of the ammonium nitrogen is required to coincide with the nitrogen increment peak, which is also the time basis for applying the nitrogen fertilizer to the rice field.
The time from transplanting rice to heading later stage in the hot zone is about 45 days, the surface of the rice field can keep a certain water layer, and then the rice field is basically in a dry-wet alternating water condition. The application method of the nitrogen fertilizer when the hot-zone rice is clay soil aiming at the rice geology is formulated by combining the characteristics of the rice water management and the soil texture, and the method specifically comprises the following steps:
(1) after rice is transplanted, recording the rice transplanting date;
(2) according to the rice transplanting date, applying nitrogen fertilizer for the first time to the rice field 14 days after rice transplanting, wherein the applied nitrogen fertilizer accounts for 19% of the total fertilizer application amount per mu;
(3) after rice is transplanted for 32 days, applying nitrogen fertilizer to the rice field for the second time, wherein the applied nitrogen fertilizer accounts for 54 percent of the total fertilizer application amount per mu;
(4) after rice transplanting for 62 days, applying nitrogen fertilizer to the rice field for the third time, wherein the applied nitrogen fertilizer accounts for 21 percent of the total fertilizer application amount per mu;
(5) and after 80 days of rice transplanting, applying nitrogen fertilizer to the rice field for the fourth time, wherein the applied nitrogen fertilizer accounts for 5% of the total fertilizer application amount per mu.
The nitrogen fertilizer is urea.
The technical scheme in the embodiment of the application at least has the following technical effects or advantages: the application method of the nitrogen fertilizer for the hot-zone rice is provided based on urea hydrolysis, ammonium nitrogen nitrification balance and nitrogen demand of the rice in each period, urea is quantitatively and regularly applied to the rice field mainly according to the content change of the ammonium nitrogen in the soil, the nitrogen fertilizer using amount is saved, the nitrogen fertilizer utilization rate is improved, the rice yield is improved, and the influence of the nitrogen fertilizer on the soil acidification degree and the pollution degree of an agricultural non-point source are reduced. The method is simple and easy to learn, and is suitable for popularization and application.
Example two
Because the paddy field later stage is in dry-wet alternation's moisture situation basically, the soil texture that leads to the paddy field can appear clayey soil and sandy soil, and the change of paddy field soil texture also can lead to soil air permeability to change, from this paddy field application nitrogen fertilizer back, fertilizer gets into soil, and the urea nitrogen conversion of soil can change equally.
The application method of the nitrogen fertilizer when the hot-zone rice aims at the sandy soil of the rice geology is formulated by combining the characteristics of the soil texture of the rice field, and specifically comprises the following steps:
(1) after rice is transplanted, recording the rice transplanting date;
(2) according to the rice transplanting date, after 16 days of rice transplanting, applying nitrogen fertilizer to the rice field for the first time, wherein the applied nitrogen fertilizer accounts for 19% of the total fertilizer application amount per mu;
(3) after rice is transplanted for 54 days, applying nitrogen fertilizer to the rice field for the second time, wherein the applied nitrogen fertilizer accounts for 54% of the total fertilizer application amount per mu;
(4) after 67 days of rice transplanting, applying nitrogen fertilizer to the rice field for the third time, wherein the applied nitrogen fertilizer accounts for 21 percent of the total fertilizer application amount per mu;
(5) and after 85 days of rice transplanting, applying nitrogen fertilizer to the rice field for the fourth time, wherein the applied nitrogen fertilizer accounts for 5% of the total fertilizer application amount per mu.
The applied nitrogen fertilizer is also urea.
The technical scheme in the embodiment of the application at least has the following technical effects or advantages: by adopting different nitrogen fertilizer application modes for rice fields with different geologies, the utilization rate of nitrogen fertilizer is improved, and the yield of rice can also be improved.
Test example 1
The test site is located in the large town of Johai city, Hainan province, and belongs to tropical monsoon climate, the annual average temperature is 24 ℃, the annual average precipitation is 2042.6mm, and the annual sunshine duration exceeds 2155 hours. The soil is developed from basalt parent substance and is sticky and heavy. The rice plant is a species family 13;
applying nitrogen fertilizer according to the method of the application, wherein the nitrogen fertilizer dosage is 11.5 kg/mu;
the amount of nitrogen fertilizer applied conventionally is 13 kg/mu, and is respectively 1 day before transplanting, 5 days, 15 days, 36 days and 74 days after transplanting, according to the proportion of 1: 8: 8: 2: 1, applying nitrogen in a proportion;
in the application, the usage amounts of other fertilizers, namely phosphate fertilizers and potash fertilizers, are respectively 6 kilograms per mu and 9 kilograms per mu;
the using amounts of phosphorus and potassium for conventional fertilization are respectively 12 kg/mu and 16 kg/mu;
although the nitrogen fertilizer application amount is lower than that of the conventional fertilizer application, the yield is increased by 42 kilograms compared with the conventional fertilizer application, and the nitrogen utilization rate of the fertilizer application method is 8 percent higher than that of the conventional fertilizer application. The cost is saved without considering the fertilizer amount cost, only the income increase brought by the rice yield increase is considered to be 126 yuan per mu, and the specific data analysis is shown in a table 1.
TABLE 1
The effects of the fertilization and the conventional fertilization on the growth of rice, the utilization rate of nitrogen fertilizer and the pH value of soil
According to the data comparison analysis of the table 1, when the nitrogen fertilizer is applied to the sticky weight of the soil texture of the paddy field, the application amount of the nitrogen fertilizer is reduced, the nitrogen utilization rate is improved, the acre yield of the paddy rice is improved, and the pollution of the nitrogen fertilizer to the non-point source of the paddy field is reduced; meanwhile, the influence of the nitrogen fertilizer application method on the pH of the soil is weaker than that of the conventional fertilizer application method, the pH of the rice soil of the nitrogen fertilizer application method adopted by the invention is 6.12, and the conventional nitrogen fertilizer application method is 5.69.
Test example two
The test site is located in bridgehead town of Chengmei county in Hainan province, belongs to tropical monsoon climate, and has an annual average temperature of 23.80 ℃, an annual average rainfall of 1786.10mm and an annual average sunshine duration of 2059 hours. The soil is rice soil developed by coastal sediment matrixes and is light in texture. The planted rice variety is super-excellent 669;
the nitrogen amount for fertilizing by adopting the method is 12 kg/mu;
the nitrogen amount for conventional fertilization is 15 kg/mu, no base fertilizer is used, nitrogen fertilizers are respectively applied to the rice seedlings at the 7 th day, the 20 th day and the 49 th day after the rice seedlings are transplanted, and the proportion of nitrogen application for three times is 5: 3: 2;
the phosphate fertilizer and the potash fertilizer used in the two methods have the same dosage, which is respectively 8 kg/mu and 10 kg/mu.
The yield of the method is 410 kg/mu, which is 50kg higher than that of the conventional fertilization, and the income per mu is increased by 150 yuan according to the price of 3 yuan per kg; secondly, the nitrogen utilization rate of the method is 9 percent higher than that of the conventional fertilization method on sandy soil, and specific data analysis is shown in table 2.
TABLE 2
The influence of the fertilization and the conventional fertilization on the yield factor, the yield and the utilization rate of the nitrogen fertilizer of the rice
According to the comparative analysis of the data in the table 2, when nitrogen fertilizer is applied to the soil texture of the paddy field lightly, although the rice spike forming by adopting the nitrogen applying method is lower than that of the conventional fertilizer application, the yield of the rice processed by the method is higher than that of the rice processed by the conventional fertilizer application method because the rice processed by the method has high total grain number, high maturing rate, high thousand grain weight and the like, the nitrogen utilization rate is increased, and the per mu yield of the rice is improved.
The above description is only a preferred embodiment of the present invention and is not intended to limit the present invention, and various modifications and changes may be made by those skilled in the art. Any modification, equivalent replacement, or improvement made within the spirit and principle of the present invention should be included in the protection scope of the present invention.
Claims (3)
1. A fertilization method of nitrogen fertilizer for hot-zone rice is characterized in that when the rice geology is clay soil: the method specifically comprises the following application steps:
(1) after rice is transplanted, recording the rice transplanting date;
(2) according to the rice transplanting date, applying nitrogen fertilizer for the first time to the rice field 14 days after rice transplanting, wherein the applied nitrogen fertilizer accounts for 19% of the total fertilizer application amount per mu;
(3) after rice is transplanted for 32 days, applying nitrogen fertilizer to the rice field for the second time, wherein the applied nitrogen fertilizer accounts for 54 percent of the total fertilizer application amount per mu;
(4) after rice transplanting for 62 days, applying nitrogen fertilizer to the rice field for the third time, wherein the applied nitrogen fertilizer accounts for 21 percent of the total fertilizer application amount per mu;
(5) and after 80 days of rice transplanting, applying nitrogen fertilizer to the rice field for the fourth time, wherein the applied nitrogen fertilizer accounts for 5% of the total fertilizer application amount per mu.
2. The method for fertilizing nitrogen fertilizer for rice in hot-zone area as claimed in claim 1, wherein when the rice geology is sandy soil, the method comprises the following steps: the method specifically comprises the following application steps:
(1) after rice is transplanted, recording the rice transplanting date;
(2) according to the rice transplanting date, after 16 days of rice transplanting, applying nitrogen fertilizer to the rice field for the first time, wherein the applied nitrogen fertilizer accounts for 19% of the total fertilizer application amount per mu;
(3) after rice is transplanted for 54 days, applying nitrogen fertilizer to the rice field for the second time, wherein the applied nitrogen fertilizer accounts for 54% of the total fertilizer application amount per mu;
(4) after 67 days of rice transplanting, applying nitrogen fertilizer to the rice field for the third time, wherein the applied nitrogen fertilizer accounts for 21 percent of the total fertilizer application amount per mu;
(5) and after 85 days of rice transplanting, applying nitrogen fertilizer to the rice field for the fourth time, wherein the applied nitrogen fertilizer accounts for 5% of the total fertilizer application amount per mu.
3. The method for fertilizing nitrogen fertilizer to rice in hot-zone as claimed in claim 1 or 2, wherein: the nitrogen fertilizer is urea.
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