CN110140502B - Method for improving utilization efficiency of phosphate fertilizer of dry-land corn - Google Patents
Method for improving utilization efficiency of phosphate fertilizer of dry-land corn Download PDFInfo
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- CN110140502B CN110140502B CN201910497979.0A CN201910497979A CN110140502B CN 110140502 B CN110140502 B CN 110140502B CN 201910497979 A CN201910497979 A CN 201910497979A CN 110140502 B CN110140502 B CN 110140502B
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01B—SOIL WORKING IN AGRICULTURE OR FORESTRY; PARTS, DETAILS, OR ACCESSORIES OF AGRICULTURAL MACHINES OR IMPLEMENTS, IN GENERAL
- A01B79/00—Methods for working soil
- A01B79/02—Methods for working soil combined with other agricultural processing, e.g. fertilising, planting
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01C—PLANTING; SOWING; FERTILISING
- A01C21/00—Methods of fertilising, sowing or planting
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G22/00—Cultivation of specific crops or plants not otherwise provided for
- A01G22/20—Cereals
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C05—FERTILISERS; MANUFACTURE THEREOF
- C05B—PHOSPHATIC FERTILISERS
- C05B1/00—Superphosphates, i.e. fertilisers produced by reacting rock or bone phosphates with sulfuric or phosphoric acid in such amounts and concentrations as to yield solid products directly
- C05B1/02—Superphosphates
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C05—FERTILISERS; MANUFACTURE THEREOF
- C05B—PHOSPHATIC FERTILISERS
- C05B1/00—Superphosphates, i.e. fertilisers produced by reacting rock or bone phosphates with sulfuric or phosphoric acid in such amounts and concentrations as to yield solid products directly
- C05B1/04—Double-superphosphate; Triple-superphosphate; Other fertilisers based essentially on monocalcium phosphate
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Abstract
The invention discloses a method for improving the utilization efficiency of a phosphate fertilizer of corn in dry land, and mainly belongs to the technical field of crop planting. The method specifically comprises the following steps: before corn is sown, selecting a water-soluble phosphate fertilizer and a physiological acid nitrogen fertilizer, applying reasonable nitrogen fertilizer, phosphorus fertilizer and potassium fertilizer according to the growth requirement of the corn, and cultivating the corn in a double-ridge-groove film covering mode, wherein the nitrogen fertilizer and the phosphate fertilizer are applied to ridge side grooves in a cultivation mode, additionally applying the nitrogen fertilizer in the growth jointing stage of the corn, and harvesting at proper time. The planting method adopts a quantitative positioning fertilization technology, can effectively reduce the usage amount of chemical phosphate fertilizer, improve the utilization efficiency of the phosphate fertilizer, maintain the corn yield unchanged, and increase the economic benefit of growers.
Description
Technical Field
The invention mainly belongs to the technical field of crop planting, and particularly relates to a method for improving the utilization efficiency of a phosphate fertilizer of corn in dry land by reducing the use of the phosphate fertilizer.
Background
Phosphorus is an essential nutrient element essential for plant growth and is an important basis for corn yield formation; because the phosphorus is easy to be fixed, the phosphate fertilizer is used in large quantity, and the average dosage per hectare of farmlands in China reaches 120 kg P2O5Above, far exceeds the actual demand of crops, and is the average consumption of phosphate fertilizers in the world (30 kg P)2O5More than 4 times of ha), which leads to the rapid consumption of phosphorus ore resources and seriously influences the sustainable development and use of phosphate fertilizers.
The corn main production area in northern China is mainly distributed in the calcareous soil area, the effective use of phosphorus in the fertilizer is seriously influenced by factors such as high pH, high carbonate content, low soil organic matter content and soil moisture deficiency of the calcareous soil, farmers have to use a large amount of phosphorus fertilizer in order to obtain high yield, and further the utilization efficiency of the phosphorus fertilizer is low (10.7%) and is far lower than the international average level (> 20%).
A large amount of phosphorus is accumulated in soil due to long-term use of a large amount of phosphorus fertilizer, and the accumulated amount of phosphorus in farmland soil in China reaches 2000 kg P according to statistics from 19802O5More than ha, the content of available phosphorus in the soil reaches more than 25 mg/kg, which can theoretically meet the requirementThe requirement of 5-12 years of crop growth provides a foundation for reducing the use amount of chemical phosphate fertilizers.
Northwest dry land is an important agricultural production area in China, the crop seeding area is more than 1654 million hectares in 2014, and the usage amount of phosphate fertilizer is more than 168 million tons (P)2O5) Wherein the seeding area of the corn reaches 339.1 ten thousand hectares, which accounts for 9.1 percent of the area of the whole country. The unreasonable use of phosphate fertilizer in the production of corn aggravates the consumption of phosphate fertilizer resources, and phosphorus accumulated in soil also enters water body due to water and soil loss, so that non-point source pollution of phosphorus and water body eutrophication are caused. At present, some technologies exist in the actual production of corn, which can realize high yield of corn and high-efficiency use of phosphate fertilizer, but an effective whole set of technical scheme and method is lacked. Therefore, a more suitable method is needed to be provided, the usage amount of chemical phosphate fertilizer in the corn production in the area is reduced, the utilization effect of the phosphate fertilizer is effectively improved, the grain safety is guaranteed, and the national fertilizer zero-growth plan is promoted.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention provides a method for reducing the usage amount of a chemical phosphate fertilizer and improving the utilization efficiency of the phosphate fertilizer in dry-land corn planting, aiming at the problem of low utilization efficiency of the phosphate fertilizer caused by overlarge usage amount of the phosphate fertilizer in dry-land corn in northwest and combining the fact that the effective phosphorus content of soil is greatly improved compared with the prior art. The invention can effectively reduce the usage amount of chemical phosphate fertilizer, improve the utilization efficiency of the phosphate fertilizer and maintain the corn yield by reasonably selecting the fertilizer usage amount and variety, the full-film double-furrow seeding technology and the fertilizer positioning application technology.
The invention is realized by the following technical scheme: a method for improving the utilization efficiency of phosphate fertilizer of corn in dry land is characterized by comprising the following steps:
1) determining the fertilizer dosage: determining the dosage of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizers according to the climate conditions of a production area and the target yield of the corn, namely determining the dosage of the nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizers by multiplying the target yield of the corn by the fertilization coefficients of the nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium;
2) land preparation: spreading a potassium fertilizer according to the using amount of the potassium fertilizer before sowing the corn, then leveling the field block in a rotating mode, and ridging according to a double-furrow film mulching cultivation mode of the corn;
3) fertilizing: according to the amount of the phosphate fertilizer and the nitrogen fertilizer determined in the step 1), applying half of the amount of the nitrogen fertilizer and all of the phosphate fertilizer into the side furrows of the ridges, wherein the depth of the side furrows is 10 cm;
4) film covering: covering ridge and soil among ridges with a mulching film with the width of 150 cm and the thickness of 0.01 mm, and covering a small amount of soil on the film to press the film and prevent wind;
5) sowing: sowing the selected excellent corn varieties on the ridge side;
6) topdressing: in the corn jointing stage, additionally applying the other half amount of nitrogen fertilizer beside the corn root system;
7) field management: watering, weeding and harvesting in due time according to local climatic conditions.
Further, the phosphate fertilizer is any one of water-soluble phosphate superphosphate or triple superphosphate; the nitrogen fertilizer is water physiological acidic nitrogen fertilizer ammonium sulfate.
Further, the method for improving the utilization efficiency of the phosphate fertilizer of the dry land corn by reducing the use of the phosphate fertilizer comprises the following specific steps:
1) determining the fertilizer dosage: determining the dosage of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizers according to the climate conditions of the production area and the target yield of the corns, namely determining the dosage by multiplying the target yield of the corns by the nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilization coefficient. Wherein the nitrogen fertilization coefficient is 0.025, the phosphorus fertilization coefficient is 0.008, and the potassium fertilization coefficient is 0.011.
2) Land preparation: before corn sowing, spreading potassium fertilizer according to the using amount of the potassium fertilizer, then, utilizing an agricultural machine to level the field blocks in a rotating mode, and ridging according to a corn double-furrow film covering cultivation mode, namely, ridging with the 80 th cm position on each meter wide land block as the center, wherein the ridge height is 20 cm, and the ridge interval is 100 cm.
3) Fertilizing: and applying half of the amount of the nitrogenous fertilizer and all of the phosphate fertilizer into the side furrows of the ridges according to the amount of the phosphate fertilizer and the nitrogenous fertilizer, wherein the depth is 10 cm.
4) Film covering: and covering the ridges and the soil among the ridges by adopting a mulching film with the width of 150 cm and the thickness of 0.01 mm, and covering a small amount of soil on the side film of the ridges to press the film and prevent wind.
5) Sowing: selecting a good corn variety, and sowing corn on the ridge side by using an agricultural portable corn seeder, wherein the row spacing is 40 or 60 cm, the plant spacing is 27-31 cm, and the sowing density is 6.5-7.5 ten thousand plants per hectare.
6) Topdressing: and in the period that the corn is pulled out to a large flare opening, the other half of the nitrogen fertilizer is applied by using an agricultural portable fertilizer applicator beside the corn root system.
7) Field management: following the local optimal field management, weeding in time and harvesting in due time.
The method for improving the utilization efficiency of the phosphate fertilizer of the dry-land corn has the beneficial effects that: according to the invention, by reasonably selecting the fertilizer dosage and variety, the double-furrow mulching cultivation technology and the fertilizer positioning application technology, the dosage of chemical phosphate fertilizer in corn production can be effectively reduced by more than 40%, and the utilization efficiency of the phosphate fertilizer is improved by more than 20%.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is an operational flow chart of the method for improving the utilization efficiency of phosphate fertilizer in dry-land corn according to the invention.
FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram of a sowing structure of the method for improving the utilization efficiency of phosphate fertilizer of dry-land corn.
Detailed Description
In order to make the objects, technical solutions and advantages of the present invention more apparent, the present invention is further described in detail with reference to the following examples.
Example 1
A method for improving the utilization efficiency of phosphate fertilizer of corn in dry land comprises the following steps:
1) determining the fertilizer dosage: determining the dosage of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizers according to the climate conditions of a production area and the target yield of the corn, namely determining the dosage of the nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizers by multiplying the target yield of the corn by the fertilization coefficients of the nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium;
2) land preparation: spreading a potassium fertilizer according to the using amount of the potassium fertilizer before sowing the corn, then leveling the field block in a rotating mode, and ridging according to a double-furrow film mulching cultivation mode of the corn;
3) fertilizing: according to the amount of the phosphate fertilizer and the nitrogen fertilizer determined in the step 1), applying half of the amount of the nitrogen fertilizer and all of the phosphate fertilizer into the side furrows of the ridges, wherein the depth of the side furrows is 10 cm;
4) film covering: covering ridge and soil among ridges with a mulching film with the width of 150 cm and the thickness of 0.01 mm, and covering a small amount of soil on the film to press the film and prevent wind;
5) sowing: sowing the selected excellent corn varieties on the ridge side;
6) topdressing: in the corn jointing stage, additionally applying the other half amount of nitrogen fertilizer beside the corn root system;
7) field management: watering, weeding and harvesting in due time according to local climatic conditions.
The nitrogen fertilization coefficient of the step 1) is 0.025, the phosphorus fertilization coefficient is 0.008, and the potassium fertilization coefficient is 0.011.
And 2) ridging the 80 th cm position of each meter of land on the land block as a center, wherein the height of each ridge is 20 cm, and the distance between every two ridges is 100 cm.
The method for sowing the corn in the step 3) comprises the steps of enabling row spacing to be 40cm, enabling plant spacing to be 31cm and enabling sowing density to be 6.5 thousands of plants per hectare.
Test example 1
The example was tested in 2017, 2018, Changwu county, Shaanxi province. The soil properties of the test field were as follows: the soil has 16.5 g/kg of organic matter, 10.5 mg/kg of available phosphorus, 15.5 mg/kg of nitrate nitrogen, 133 mg/kg of available potassium, pH8.25 and volume weight of 1.25 g/cm3. The specific test contents are as follows:
the field test is provided with four treatments: control (no phosphate fertilizer application), farmer mode (phosphorus application 120 kg P)2O5The fertilization mode is broadcast application), and the phosphorus reduction optimization mode 1 (phosphorus application is 72 kg P)2O5Perha, the fertilization mode is strip application), and the phosphorus reduction optimization mode 2 (applying phosphorus 72 kg P)2O5And/ha, the nitrogen fertilizer replaces urea with ammonium sulfate, and the fertilization mode is strip application). 225 kg of nitrogen fertilizer (urea or ammonium sulfate) N/ha and 100 kg of potassium fertilizer (potassium sulfate) K are applied to each treatment at the same time2And O/ha. And planting the corns in a double-furrow film covering mode in each treatment. Repeat 3 times, random block permutation. The corn is sown in 25-30 days in 4 months and harvested in 25-30 days in 9 months.
The experiment adopts the operation flow of figure 1 and the sowing structure schematic diagram of figure 2, and the concrete steps are as follows:
1) determining the fertilizer dosage: according to the climate conditions of the production area, the target yield of the corn is determined to be 9 t/ha, and then according to the fertilization coefficient, the nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizers are determined to be 225 kg N/ha of nitrogen fertilizer and 72 kg P of phosphate fertilizer respectively2O5100 kg K of ha and potash fertilizer2O/ha。
2) Land preparation: and (4) utilizing an agricultural machine to level the field blocks in a rotating manner before sowing the corns.
3) Fertilizing: in contrast and farmer mode treatment, phosphate fertilizer and potassium fertilizer are all basal applied at one time, half of the nitrogen fertilizer is used as the basal fertilizer, and the fertilizing mode is broadcast application. In the treatment of the phosphorus reduction optimization mode 1, all potassium fertilizers are used as base fertilizers, and half of the amount (122.5 kg N/ha) of nitrogen fertilizers are used as the base fertilizers for broadcasting. In the phosphorus-reducing optimization mode 2 treatment, phosphate fertilizer and potash fertilizer are all used as base fertilizers to be broadcast and applied to soil at one time, and the nitrogen fertilizer base fertilizer is applied according to half dosage (122.5 kg N/ha). Except the nitrogenous fertilizer and phosphate fertilizer to be applied in the side ditches of the ridges, all the fertilizer to be applied in a broadcasting way is mixed with the soil.
4) Ridging, fertilizing and film covering: and ridging is carried out according to a double-furrow film-covering cultivation mode of the corn, the ridge spacing is 100 cm, namely ridging is carried out by taking the 80 cm-th position on a land block with the width of each meter as a center. After ridging, the phosphate fertilizer in the phosphorus-reducing optimization mode 1 and the nitrogen fertilizer (half of the total amount) in the phosphorus-reducing optimization mode 2 are applied to the side ditches of the ridges respectively, the depth is 10 cm, and soil covering is carried out. And then covering the ridges and the soil among the ridges by adopting a mulching film with the width of 150 cm and the thickness of 0.01 mm, and covering a small amount of soil on the side film of the ridges to press the film and prevent wind.
5) Sowing: selecting a good corn variety (firstly, corn 335), and sowing corn on the ridge side by using an agricultural portable corn sowing machine, wherein the row spacing is 40 or 60 cm, the plant spacing is 31cm, and the density is 6.5 ten thousand plants/ha.
6) Field management: according to the local corn planting management field test.
7) Topdressing: and in the period that the corn is in the joint-elongation state to the large flare, the other half amount of the nitrogen fertilizer (122.5 kg N/ha) is applied by using an agricultural portable fertilizer applicator beside the corn root system.
8) Harvesting: corn was harvested, tested for yield, and sampled for indoor chemical analysis according to the test protocol, as customary at the time.
As a result:
the samples collected in test example 1 above were analyzed by a conventional method, and the results are shown in Table 1:
TABLE 1 Effect of phosphate optimization application test on corn yield and phosphate Effect
As can be seen from Table 1, compared with the farmer mode treatment, the phosphorus reduction optimization mode treatment can significantly increase the utilization efficiency of the phosphate fertilizer on the basis of reducing the chemical phosphate fertilizer dosage by 40%, wherein the yield of the phosphate fertilizer is increased by 38.8-74%, the recycling efficiency of the phosphate fertilizer is increased by 40.6-103%, and the corn yield is not significantly different from the farmer mode. The method can obviously reduce the use of chemical phosphate fertilizer and improve the utilization efficiency of the fertilizer.
The foregoing descriptions of specific exemplary embodiments of the present invention have been presented for purposes of illustration and description. It is not intended to limit the invention to the precise form disclosed, and obviously many modifications and variations are possible in light of the above teaching. The exemplary embodiments were chosen and described in order to explain certain methods of the present invention and its practical application to enable one skilled in the art to make and use various exemplary embodiments of the present invention and various alternatives and modifications as are suited to the particular use contemplated. It is intended that the scope of the invention be defined by the claims and their equivalents.
Claims (2)
1. A method for improving the utilization efficiency of phosphate fertilizer of corn in dry land is characterized by comprising the following steps:
1) determining the fertilizer dosage: determining the use amounts of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizers according to the climatic conditions of a production area and the target yield of the corn, namely determining the use amounts of the nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizers by multiplying the target yield of the corn by a nitrogen fertilization coefficient of 0.025, a phosphorus fertilization coefficient of 0.008 and a potassium fertilization coefficient of 0.011;
2) land preparation: before sowing, spreading all potassium fertilizer according to the amount of the potassium fertilizer, then leveling the field block in a rotating mode, and ridging according to a double-furrow film mulching cultivation mode of the corn;
3) fertilizing: according to the amount of the phosphate fertilizer and the nitrogen fertilizer determined in the step 1), applying half of the amount of the nitrogen fertilizer and all of the phosphate fertilizer into the side furrows of the ridges, wherein the depth of the side furrows is 10 cm;
4) film covering: covering ridge and soil among ridges with a mulching film with the width of 150 cm and the thickness of 0.01 mm, and covering a small amount of soil on the film to press the film and prevent wind;
5) sowing: sowing the selected excellent corn varieties on the ridge side by using a handheld dibbler;
6) topdressing: in the corn jointing stage, additionally applying the other half amount of nitrogen fertilizer beside the corn root system;
the ridging method comprises the steps of ridging with the center at the 80 cm position on a plot with the width of each meter, wherein the height of each ridge is 20 cm, and the distance between the centers of the ridges is 100 cm;
the corn sowing method comprises the steps of row spacing of 40-60 cm, plant spacing of 27-31 cm and sowing density of 6.5-7.5 thousands of plants per hectare.
2. The method of claim 1, wherein the nitrogen fertilizer is physiological acidic ammonium sulfate fertilizer.
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Citations (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN101984781A (en) * | 2010-11-17 | 2011-03-16 | 中国科学院东北地理与农业生态研究所 | Organic fertilizer application method for improving special waxy corn yield |
| CN103771965A (en) * | 2013-09-28 | 2014-05-07 | 西南大学柑桔研究所 | Special fertilizer for navel oranges at red soil regions and precise-variable fertilizing method |
| CN108967079A (en) * | 2018-07-28 | 2018-12-11 | 安徽省万果园农业科技发展有限公司 | A method of improving corn planting phosphate fertilizer utilization efficiency |
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Patent Citations (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN101984781A (en) * | 2010-11-17 | 2011-03-16 | 中国科学院东北地理与农业生态研究所 | Organic fertilizer application method for improving special waxy corn yield |
| CN103771965A (en) * | 2013-09-28 | 2014-05-07 | 西南大学柑桔研究所 | Special fertilizer for navel oranges at red soil regions and precise-variable fertilizing method |
| CN108967079A (en) * | 2018-07-28 | 2018-12-11 | 安徽省万果园农业科技发展有限公司 | A method of improving corn planting phosphate fertilizer utilization efficiency |
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| 充分发挥磷肥后效作用是实现玉米节本增效的重要举措;王立春;《玉米科学》;20041230;第91-94页 * |
| 施磷量对旱地全膜双垄沟播玉米产量土壤速效磷和磷肥利用率影响;唐文雪等;《干旱地区农业研究》;20160910(第05期);第69-73页 * |
| 氮、磷肥料不同施用量对玉米产量的影响;李金彦;《农业科技与信息》;20100410(第07期);第40页 * |
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