CN110959481A - Wheat field acid soil improvement and wheat yield increase cultivation method - Google Patents
Wheat field acid soil improvement and wheat yield increase cultivation method Download PDFInfo
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G22/00—Cultivation of specific crops or plants not otherwise provided for
- A01G22/20—Cereals
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01B—SOIL WORKING IN AGRICULTURE OR FORESTRY; PARTS, DETAILS, OR ACCESSORIES OF AGRICULTURAL MACHINES OR IMPLEMENTS, IN GENERAL
- A01B79/00—Methods for working soil
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01B—SOIL WORKING IN AGRICULTURE OR FORESTRY; PARTS, DETAILS, OR ACCESSORIES OF AGRICULTURAL MACHINES OR IMPLEMENTS, IN GENERAL
- A01B79/00—Methods for working soil
- A01B79/02—Methods for working soil combined with other agricultural processing, e.g. fertilising, planting
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01C—PLANTING; SOWING; FERTILISING
- A01C21/00—Methods of fertilising, sowing or planting
Abstract
The invention discloses a wheat field acid soil improvement and wheat yield increase cultivation method, and aims to solve the technical problems of grain yield and safety caused by soil acidification. The invention improves the pH value of the soil obviously and improves the soil fertility level by supplementing various technical measures, such as conditioner, reasonable nitrogen fertilizer, phosphate fertilizer, potash fertilizer (organic fertilizer and chemical fertilizer), deep ploughing and deep ploughing combined application and reasonable selection of fertilizer types, thereby providing the method for improving the acid soil of the wheat field and increasing the yield of the wheat in the area, aiming at improving the acid soil of the wheat field, realizing stable yield and yield increase of the wheat in the area and ensuring the grain safety in China.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of wheat production, in particular to a wheat field acid soil improvement and wheat yield increase cultivation method.
Background
Currently, highly intensive modern agriculture faces increasingly serious soil acidification problems. Soil acidification refers to the process of continuously reducing the pH value of soil and continuously increasing soil exchangeable acid, and is a natural process accompanying the generation and development of soil, and mainly generates hydrogen ions (H) by the dissociation of carbonic acid and organic acid+) And (5) driving. Researches show that the reasons of soil acidification are complex and various, and include natural factors and more complex and frequent human activity factors, while the causes and mechanisms of soil acidification in different areas are different, and long-term deep research and experimental research is needed to find a way for targeted response.
Soil acidification is an important expression of soil degradation, and as a result, soil fertility is reduced, fertilizer efficiency is reduced, toxicity of toxic substances to crops is increased, and crop growth and development are affected:
① the fertility of soil is weakened because the effect is highest when the pH of the soil is 6.0-7.0 and the effect is sharply reduced when the soil contains a large amount of N, P, K, Ca, Mg, S, Si, B, Mo and the like and trace elements, ② the microbial community in the soil is changed, bacteria and actinomycetes in the soil are suitable for neutral and slightly alkaline environments, the activity of nitrobacteria, azotobacter, silicate bacteria, phosphorus bacteria and the like is inhibited in the strongly acidic soil, the transformation of N, P, K, S, Si and the like is inhibited, the activity of metal elements in the soil is enhanced by acidification, the crops are poisoned, the enzymatic activity in the soil is reduced by acid substance sedimentation, the content of aluminum ions in the ③ soil is increased because the activity of the increased aluminum ions under the strongly acidic condition, and the excessive aluminum ions cause the plants to be poisoned④ soil buffer capacity is reduced, the positive ions adsorbed on the strong acid soil colloid are expressed as H+、Al3+Mainly, the leaching of basic ions, the alteration of clay minerals, the disintegration of aggregate structures, the deterioration of physical properties of soil and the reduction of soil buffering capacity.
Soil acidification has become a limiting factor for crop growth in northern China. Henan province is an important agricultural province in China, and medium and low yield fields occupy 2/3 of the cultivated land area of the whole province due to reasons such as soil acidification, so that the potential for improvement and yield increase is great. Soil acidification of farmland has become an irremediable major problem in the current intensive agricultural production process of the province. The winter wheat is a traditional grain crop in China, particularly the yield of the winter wheat in Henan province accounts for one fourth of the whole country, the production period of the winter wheat is long, and the period from sowing to harvesting is nearly 8 months. The current tendency of farmland soil acidification has obviously influenced wheat yield, some plots even are dead, and the method is particularly obvious in Henan and southern regions. This situation seriously threatens the safety of grain production.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to provide a wheat field acid soil improvement and wheat high-yield cultivation method suitable for Henan to improve wheat field acid soil, and ensure high yield, stable yield and high quality of grains in China while improving wheat field acid soil.
The inventor finds out in long-term research and working practice that the reasons for causing soil acidification in Henan province mainly include the following aspects:
firstly, fertilization influence: soil acidification mainly comes from excessive and unreasonable application of fertilizers besides acid substance sedimentation, corresponding nutrients are applied to an ecological system with relatively insufficient nitrogen or phosphorus and potassium nutrients to effectively slow down soil acidification, corresponding nutrients are applied to an ecological system with relatively surplus nitrogen or phosphorus and potassium nutrients to obviously accelerate soil acidification, especially excessive application of nitrogen fertilizers (soil acidification is most obvious when nitrogen surplus is increased), and further research shows that soil acidification caused by nitrogen fertilizers is 25 times larger than acid substance sedimentation;
secondly, influencing farming: at present, the multiple species finger in the areaHigh in yield, in order to save farming time, most farmlands adopt a rotary tillage mode all the year round, and the tillage layer is shallow, so that the soil is hardened, the permeability is poor, and the activity of beneficial acidophilic bacteria in the soil is reduced, thereby causing H+Long-term accumulation in soil, resulting in soil acidification;
in addition, ferrous sulfate (black alum), ammonium chloride and ammonium sulfate series high-acidity trace element fertilizers are mistakenly applied as fertilizers and soil conditioners for treating crop yellowing and soil disinfection and sterilization, so that soil acidification is aggravated.
In order to solve the technical problems, the invention adopts the following technical scheme:
a method for improving acid soil of a wheat field is designed, and comprises the following steps:
(1) the straws harvested in the previous season are ground and uniformly scattered, a decomposition agent is sprayed on the straws, and deep ploughing, deep burying and compaction are combined;
(2) applying an organic fertilizer in combination with a land preparation base, and replacing 25-35% of the using amount of the fertilizer by adopting an equivalent method;
(3) when the pH value of the wheat field soil is less than or equal to 5.5, applying an alkaline soil conditioner, uniformly scattering the alkaline soil conditioner on the ground surface, and deeply ploughing and harrowing in combination with soil preparation to uniformly mix the alkaline soil conditioner with plough layer soil;
(4) the applied chemical fertilizer is alkaline and physiological alkaline fertilizer, wherein the phosphate fertilizer and the potash fertilizer are all used as base fertilizer for one-time base application, and the nitrogen fertilizer is applied according to a base dressing ratio of 7: 3-8: 2;
(5) and sowing when the temperature of the plough layer soil is reduced to be not more than 3 ℃ different from that of untreated acid soil in the same area.
Preferably, the phosphate fertilizer is at least one of calcium magnesium phosphate fertilizer and diammonium phosphate fertilizer.
Preferably, the soil conditioner is applied to acid soil with the pH value = 4.5-5.5 at intervals of one year by 50-60 kg/667.7m2Applying 60-75 kg/667.7m of soil conditioner to strongly acidic soil with pH value less than 4.5 at intervals of one year2。
Preferably, in the step (1), the crushed length of the straws is less than or equal to 10cm, and the stubble height is less than or equal to 5 cm; the decomposing inoculant accounts for 2-5 kg/667.7m2The dosage is uniformly sprayed on the straws;the depth of deep ploughing and deep ploughing is controlled to be 25-30 cm, so that the plough bottom layer is broken.
The alkaline conditioner is any one of silicon-calcium-potassium-magnesium fertilizer and lime.
Preferably, the organic fertilizer is at least one of farmyard manure, biogas residue and biogas slurry, plant ash and/or commercial organic fertilizer.
The wheat yield increasing cultivation method based on the acid soil comprises the following steps besides the steps:
① determining the contents of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in the soil, and determining the target yield of wheat by combining the average yield of the field to be planted in the first two years or the yield of the soil before acidification;
② determining the nitrogen fertilizer dosage by combining the target yield, when the target yield of wheat is 450-550 kg/667.7m2In the time, the total amount of nitrogen fertilizer application is controlled to be 12-14 kg/667.7m in terms of pure N2(ii) a When the target yield of the wheat is less than 450kg/667.7m2The total amount of nitrogen fertilizer application is controlled to be 10-12 kg/667.7m2；
Determining the application amount of the phosphate fertilizer by combining the effective phosphorus content of the soil: when the content of available phosphorus P in soil is less than 10mg/kg, applying phosphorus fertilizer P2O55 to 7kg/667.7m2(ii) a When the content of available phosphorus P in the soil is 10-17 mg/kg, the phosphorus fertilizer P2O5The application amount is 4-6 kg/667.7m2(ii) a When the available phosphorus P of the soil is more than 17mg/kg, the phosphate fertilizer P2O5The application amount is 3kg/667.7m2；
Determining the application amount of the potash fertilizer by combining the content of the quick-acting potassium K in the soil: when the content of the quick-acting potassium K in the soil is less than 80mg/kg, applying potassium fertilizer K2O3～5kg/667.7m2(ii) a When the content of the quick-acting potassium K in the soil is 80-120 mg/kg, applying potassium fertilizer K2O 2～4kg/667.7m2(ii) a When the content of the quick-acting potassium K in the soil is more than 120mg/kg, no potassium fertilizer is applied;
③ spreading all the phosphate fertilizers determined in the step ② to upturned soil spreading heads, ploughing and covering the bottom or applying the fertilizers in a layered mode, applying the potassium fertilizers in a layered mode, and applying the nitrogen fertilizers when the yield of wheat is 450-550 kg/667.7m2When the yield of wheat is less than 450kg/667.7m, 65-75% of the total nitrogen fertilizer amount is applied based on the base fertilizer2In the process, 75-85% of the total amount of the basal nitrogenous fertilizer and the balanceTopdressing nitrogen fertilizer in the period from green turning to jointing;
④ spraying liquid fertilizer 30-50 kg/667.7m on the leaf surface of wheat from booting ear to filling stage2The liquid fertilizer comprises, by mass, 2% of urea, 0.05% of ammonium molybdate, 0.2% of zinc sulfate, 0.3% -0.4% of monopotassium phosphate, and the balance of water;
on the premise of sufficient soil moisture, the semi-winter wheat variety is sown in 10 months and 12-20 days, and the sowing amount is 9-10 kg/667.7m2(ii) a The weak spring wheat variety is sown in 18-25 days in 10 months with the sowing amount of 10-12 kg/667.7m2。
Preferably, the semi-winter variety is any one of west nong 979, Bainong 207, Bainong 4199 and dwarf 58; the weak spring variety is any one of Xinong 9718, Huaixuan 916, Zhengmai 101 and Zhengmai 9023.
Preferably, the seeds are coated prior to sowing, said coating being at least one of non-acidifying difenoconazole, silthiopham, rickettsia, fludioxonil and/or thiacloprid.
Compared with the prior art, the invention has the main beneficial technical effects that:
(1) according to the invention, through implementing various supplementary technical measures, such as conditioner + preparation of reasonable nitrogenous fertilizer, phosphate fertilizer and potash fertilizer (organic fertilizer and chemical fertilizer) + deep ploughing combined application and reasonable selection of fertilizer types, the pH value of soil is obviously improved, and the soil fertility level is improved;
(2) the cultivation method can recover to 500kg/667m in season2The highest yield increase rate reaches 316 percent at the normal yield level, and the economic benefit is obvious;
(3) the organic fertilizer is partially used for replacing a chemical fertilizer, the using amount of the chemical fertilizer is reduced by 20-30%, the non-point source pollution of farmlands is reduced, the ecological quality of soil can be continuously improved, the agricultural ecological environment is optimized, and the sustainable development of agricultural production is realized.
Detailed Description
The following examples are given to illustrate specific embodiments of the present invention, but are not intended to limit the scope of the present invention in any way.
Acid soil: soil with raised active acidity caused by natural and/or artificial factors; 0-20 cm plough layer soil with pH value less than 6.5. According to the technical specification of the second general survey of soil in China, the acid soil is classified into 3 grades, the acid soil with the pH value = 5.5-6.5 is slightly acidic, the acid soil with the pH value between 4.5-5.5 is acidic soil, and the acid soil with the pH value less than 4.5 is strongly acidic soil.
According to the analysis results of 90 ten thousand soil samples covering the whole province between 2005-2014 in Henan: the pH value of the farmland in Henan province is distributed between 4 and 10, wherein the pH value is 5.6 to 8.5, and the area of the neutral and slightly alkaline soil is 10605.95 ten thousand mu (94.6%); the acid soil with the pH value of 4.6-5.5 has an area of 336.81 ten thousand mu (3.0%); the pH value is less than 4.5, the area of the strong acid soil is 9.01 ten thousand mu (0.1%); compared with the second general soil survey, the pH value of the soil of 3181.01 ten thousand mu (25.9%) in the province is reduced, the acidification trend is obvious, and the method is particularly serious on the brown soil with low original pH background value.
The total farmland area of the loess is 2065.3 ten thousand mu, accounts for 15.4 percent of the total farmland area of the whole province, is mainly distributed in south-south China (43.7 percent), horseshop (34.6 percent), Xinyang (11.4 percent), flat-topped mountain (7.0 percent) and Luodao (2.9 percent) 5 city, and the pH value of the plough layer soil is 6.5-7.7 during the second soil general investigation. Analyzing 80137 samples of the loess plough layer soil of the tested soil formula fertilizer, wherein the soil pH4.0-7.7 is as follows: the slightly acidic soil point accounts for 40.9 percent of the total sample, the acidic soil point accounts for 9.8 percent of the total sample, and the strongly acidic soil point accounts for 0.3 percent. After 30 years of the second general survey of the soil, the brown soil which is originally neutral soil is acidified to slightly acidic, acidic and strongly acidic soil (see table 1) in 51.1%.
Aiming at the severity of acidification in Henan, the invention implements different schemes to inhibit or restore soil acidification in multiple regions in Henan.
Example 1:
the brown soil region represented by the region of the residential store of the province of Henan, belongs to strong acid soil, and is the most serious and obvious region for soil acidification in the whole province.
A method for improving acid soil, comprising the steps of:
(1) the harvested corn straws are ground on the spot, the ground length of the straws is preferably less than or equal to 10cm, the stubble height is preferably less than or equal to 5cm, the straws are uniformly scattered, and 2-5 kg/667.7m of the straws are sprayed on2The decomposing inoculant of (1);
(2) according to the yield of wheat in the first two years, the contents of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in soil and the pH value of soil, reasonable nitrogenous fertilizer, phosphate fertilizer and potash fertilizer are prepared, and a commercial organic fertilizer is prepared by adopting an equivalent method: fertilizer = 3: 7, applying the soil conditioner when the pH value of the soil is less than or equal to 5; the commercial organic fertilizer is purchased from Hongxin industry Co Ltd of Henan province, 45 percent of organic matter and 5 percent of total nutrient; chemical fertilizers were purchased from Hongxin industries, Inc., Henan province.
(3) Deeply ploughing the soil for 25-30 cm to deeply bury the straws, compacting the deeply ploughed soil, and leveling the farmland;
(4) and fertilizing and sowing when the soil temperature of the plough layer is reduced to be the same as that of untreated acid soil in the same area.
Preferably, the acid soil is any one of slightly acid soil, medium acid soil and strong acid soil, the phosphate fertilizer additionally applied to the acid soil is at least one of calcium magnesium phosphate fertilizer and diammonium phosphate, and the use amount of the phosphate fertilizer is the recommended amount of soil formula fertilization; 50-60 kg/667.7m of medium acid soil is additionally applied every 2 years2The soil conditioner is a strong acid soil applied at a rate of 60-75 kg/667.7m every 2 years2A soil conditioner; wherein the pH value of the slightly acidic soil is 5.5-6.5, the pH value of the moderately acidic soil is 4.5-5.5, and the pH value of the strongly acidic soil is less than 4.5.
Preferably, before sowing, the seeds are coated, and the coating is at least one of difenoconazole, silthiopham, rickettsia, fludioxonil and/or thiacloprid.
The wheat yield increasing cultivation method based on the acid soil comprises the following steps in addition to the steps:
① determining the contents of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in the soil, and determining the target yield of wheat by combining the average yield of the field to be planted in the first two years or the yield of the soil before acidification;
② determining the nitrogen fertilizer dosage by combining the target yield, when the target yield of wheat is 450-550 kg/667.7m2The total amount of nitrogen fertilizer application is controlled to be 12-14 kg/667.7m2(ii) a When the target yield of the wheat is less than 450kg/667.7m2The total amount of nitrogen fertilizer application is controlled to be 10-12 kg/667.7m2；
Determining the application amount of the phosphate fertilizer by combining the effective phosphorus content of the soil: when the available phosphorus P of the soil is less than 10mg/kg, applying phosphate fertilizer P2O55 to 7kg/667.7m2(ii) a When the available phosphorus P in the soil is 10-17 mg/kg, the phosphorus fertilizer P2O5The application amount is 4-6 kg/667.7m2(ii) a When the available phosphorus P of the soil is more than 17mg/kg, the phosphate fertilizer P2O5The application amount is 3kg/667.7m2；
Determining the application amount of the potash fertilizer by combining the content of the quick-acting potassium K in the soil: when the content of the quick-acting potassium K in the soil is less than 80mg/kg, applying potassium fertilizer K2O3～5kg/667.7m2(ii) a When the content of the quick-acting potassium K in the soil is 80-120 mg/kg, applying potassium fertilizer K2O 2～4kg/667.7m2(ii) a When the content of the quick-acting potassium K in the soil is more than 120mg/kg, no potassium fertilizer is applied;
③ spreading all the phosphate fertilizers determined in the step ② to upturned soil spreading heads, ploughing and covering the bottom or applying the fertilizers in a layered mode, applying the potassium fertilizers in a layered mode, and applying the nitrogen fertilizers when the yield of wheat is 450-550 kg/667.7m2When the yield of wheat is less than 450kg/667.7m, 65-75% of the total nitrogen fertilizer amount is applied based on the base fertilizer2In the process, 75-85% of the total amount of the basal nitrogenous fertilizer is applied, and the balance nitrogenous fertilizer is applied in the period from green turning to jointing;
④ spraying liquid fertilizer 30-50 kg/667.7m on the leaf surface of wheat from booting ear to filling stage2The liquid fertilizer comprises, by mass, 2% of urea, 0.05% of ammonium molybdate, 0.2% of zinc sulfate, 0.3% -0.4% of monopotassium phosphate, and the balance of water;
on the premise of sufficient soil moisture, the semi-winter wheat variety is sown in 10 months and 12-20 days, and the sowing amount is 9-10 kg/667.7m2(ii) a The weak spring wheat variety is sown in 18-25 days in 10 months with the sowing amount of 10-12 kg/667.7m2。
Wherein, the semi-winter variety is at least one of west agriculture 979, Bainong 207, Bainong 4199 and dwarf 58; the weak spring variety is at least one of Xinong 9718, Huai Chuan 916, Zheng Mai 101, Zheng Mai 9023
First, test area
Effect example 1: the data in tables 1 to 6 below are the same as in example 1 except for the processing in the tables.
In 2017, a test place is arranged in a responsibility field of villagers such as Liulaishun in the stretch of natural village of wheat kernel in Xiping county of Cuoman shop, and the tested soil is brown soil with the pH value of 4.56; the test variety Zheng wheat 366, the sowing quantity is 225 kg/hm2. On the basis of the same formula and dosage of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium, the variety of a macroelement fertilizer is adjusted, a biological organic fertilizer, an alkaline conditioner, an organic fertilizer, lime and the like are applied additionally, and the influence of different combinations on the acidity of soil is researched. The experiment is totally set with 9 treatments, arranged in random blocks, repeated for 3 times, and the area of a cell is 150m2。
1.1 Effect of different fertilisation treatments on soil chemistry
It can be seen from a year of experimental study (Table 2) that the chemical properties of the soil of different fertilization treatments are greatly changed compared with the soil before the test, and the difference between the fertilization treatments is also significant, wherein the pH values of the soil are ⑧ > ⑦ > ⑦ > ⑦ > ⑦ > ③ > ④ > ① > ⑦ respectively, the pH increases of the soil of the ⑦ treatment applied with an alkaline conditioner and the ⑦ treated with lime are respectively the highest, significantly higher than those of the soil before the test and other fertilization treatments, and are respectively 1.39 and 1.56 pH units higher than that of the soil before the test, the pH of the soil of the ⑨, ⑥ treatment applied with an organic fertilizer and the ② treatment applied with a calcium magnesium phosphate fertilizer is also significantly higher than that of the soil before the test and other fertilization treatments, while the pH of the soil with the ⑤ treatment containing ammonium chloride is the lowest, significantly lower than that of the other treatments, and is reduced by 0.8 pH units compared with the pH value of the soil before the test, and the effect of the soil with the difference between the pH of the soil before the fertilization treatments is 895, and the effect of the soil before the soil with the optimum pH value of 895.
The content change trend of soil organic matter, alkaline hydrolysis nitrogen, available phosphorus and quick-acting potassium after each fertilization treatment is as follows: applying (a) toThe treatment of the calcium-containing magnesium phosphate fertilizer is higher than that of the calcium-containing magnesium phosphate fertilizer treated by an alkaline conditioner and lime or a physiological alkaline fertilizer and an organic fertilizer, the treatment of the calcium-containing magnesium phosphate fertilizer is higher than that of soil before test, and the soil before test is higher than that of other fertilization treatments, wherein the treatment with lime is highest in ⑧, and is respectively increased by 11.37%, 11.38%, 7.70% and 8.92% compared with the soil before test, and the difference reaches a significant level (the difference is all shown in the specification)P<0.05) The treatments ⑤, all with ammonium chloride, were minimal except for soil available phosphorus, and were all significantly lower than the pre-test soil and each of the other treatments.
In conclusion, lime, an alkaline conditioner and an organic fertilizer can obviously adjust the soil acidification degree and can improve and enhance other chemical properties of the soil, wherein the lime is most obvious for adjusting the soil acidity; the calcium magnesium phosphate fertilizer has a good effect on regulating soil acidity as a physiological alkaline salt fertilizer, and the application of the physiological acidic fertilizer aggravates soil acidification, particularly, ammonium chloride cannot be used for acidic soil.
1.2 Effect of different fertilization treatments on wheat production Performance
The test results show (Table 3) that each fertilization treatment generally presents the following trends in the aspects of effective spike number, spike grain number, thousand grain weight, yield index and the like, wherein ⑧ & gt ⑦ & gt ⑨ & gt ⑥ & gt ② & gt ① & gt ③ & gt ④ & ⑤, the soil is further acidified due to the application of ammonium chloride to ⑤, the absolute harvest level is almost reached, the effective spike number, spike grain number and thousand grain weight are negligible.
In conclusion, the effective spike number, the spike grain number and the thousand grain weight of the acidified soil can be obviously improved by lime, the alkaline conditioner and the organic fertilizer, and the yield of the acidified soil is obviously improved. The calcium magnesium phosphate fertilizer as a physiological alkaline salt fertilizer has good effects on the improvement of the yield of winter wheat and the improvement of yield constituent elements, and the application of ammonium chloride is not beneficial to the growth of winter wheat, thereby almost causing the outmost harvest of winter wheat.
Effect example 2
The experiment includes statistics of wheat yield in 2015-2017, in Nanyang city Fangcheng county, New wild county, Tanghe county and the like, in Zhou city Huaiyang county, Luyi county and the like, in Zheng Ma city Wen Ping county, Tu county, Shancai county and the like.
2. Influence of different area cultivation modes on wheat production performance
Compared with rotary tillage, the deep tillage has the advantages that the yield of Nanyang is increased by 10.1%, the yield of a round mouth is increased by 6.3%, and the yield of a Standby store is increased by 2.5%, so that the popularization of the deep tillage in a wheat field in a Yunan rain-fed area is an effective yield increase measure.
Effect example 3:
the test is carried out in 2015-2017, and the influence of deep ploughing on the wheat production performance by different soil species in Nanyang city Fangcheng county, New wild county, Tanghe county and the like, Stadium shop West county, Sunping county, Shancai county and the like.
4. Influence of deep ploughing of different soil species on wheat production performance
The yield of the sand ginger and the black soil are slightly poor in deep ploughing, and the yield of the yellow brown soil is slightly increased, but the yield increasing effect can be achieved.
Effect example 4
The test is carried out in 2018 and 2019 continuously for two years, and is carried out in Xiping county, Erlangxiang, the city of Tokuai shop.
5. Influence of different amounts of ferrous sulfate on wheat production performance
Compared with normal fertilization, the yield is reduced by 29.7 percent by applying 40kg of ferrous sulfate, the yield is reduced by 59.5 percent by applying 40kg of ferrous sulfate, the yield is greatly reduced in a wheat field by applying excessive ferrous sulfate, and excessive ferrous sulfate application is avoided.
6. Influence of deep ploughing, soil testing formula fertilization and increased alkaline fertilizer application on wheat production performance
Deep ploughing, soil testing and formulated fertilization, and increased application of 50kg/667.7m calcium magnesium phosphate fertilizer2The yield is increased by 9.4 percent compared with the control, the deep ploughing, the soil testing formula fertilization and the soil conditioner increasing application are carried out at 50kg/667.7m2The yield is increased by 20.8 percent compared with the control, the deep ploughing, the soil testing and formulated fertilization and the lime increasing are 50kg/667.7m2The yield of the product is increased by 19.8 percent compared with the control.
Second, demonstration zone (other procedures are the same as embodiment 1)
1. Xiping county demonstration area
The method comprises the steps of establishing a soil conservation and safe and efficient fertilization technical system, constructing and applying a project core area of 300 mu (cultivation measures and materials are planned and implemented uniformly by project groups), a demonstration area of 5000 mu (project groups provide calcium magnesium phosphate fertilizer, technical scheme and technical guidance, and demonstration area of 5000 mu, wherein the core area is constructed in the province of Khaki village to plant professional cooperative society, the demonstration area is constructed in the village of Shanghai Xiaowangzhuang, Zhang village, Zhao Wancun of Daizhen town and the like, through the implementation of projects, on the basis of implementing deep ploughing and soil testing formula fertilization, mastering different soil acidification degrees, using different amounts of soil conditioner regulators, inviting a county soil fertilization station of 22 days in 5 months to invite a county rural technical center to construct and apply the project core area and the demonstration area, the average number of mu in the core area is 43.7 ten thousand, the number of grains is 32.2, calculating the average yield per mu of 514.2kg according to 43 g of thousand grains; the average ear number per mu of the demonstration area is 42.3 ten thousand, the ear number is 31.8 grains, and the average yield per mu of thousand grains is 491.6kg according to 43 g; wheat is harvested in 6 months and 2 days, actual yield statistics is carried out, the average yield per mu in a core area is 523.6kg, and the average yield per mu in a demonstration area is 495.5 kg.
Xiping county radiation driven demonstration area
Guiding farmers to add calcium magnesium phosphate fertilizer, lime, alkaline soil conditioner and the like on the basis of implementing deep ploughing and soil testing formula fertilization. The area of the demonstration area is not less than 10000 mu (project groups provide technical schemes and technical guidance). Demonstration is purchased by farmers by themselves. The subject group members provide technical support and make tracking guidance. 5, 22 days in 5 months, inviting a county agricultural technology center to construct a western-plain county soil conservation and safe and efficient fertilization technology system in 2018-2019 years, and measuring yield of a radiation driving area of an application project, wherein the average number of ears per mu is 42.7 ten thousand, the number of grains per mu is 31.6, and the average yield per mu of thousand-grain weight is 493.2kg according to 43 g; wheat is harvested in 6 months and 2 days, actual yield statistics is carried out, the average per mu yield of the radiation-driven area is 493.4kg, and good economic benefit and social benefit are obtained.
3. Shangcai county demonstration area
Tests of influences of different conditioners on the growth yield and quality of wheat are arranged in a project, and demonstration of improvement effects of different alkaline conditioners on acidified soil is established, so that a soil conservation and safe and efficient fertilization technical system is established, 500 mu of a core area of the project is established and applied (cultivation measures and materials are planned and implemented by project groups), and 5000 mu of the demonstration area is established (the project groups provide calcium magnesium phosphate fertilizers, and technical schemes and technical guidance). The core area is built in a special morning glory planting cooperative society of Yangro after Lugang street office in Shancai county, the demonstration area is built in three villages of Yangro, front Yangro, Bozhuang village and the like after the shoal town, the soil acidification degree is controlled to be different through the implementation of projects on the basis of implementing deep ploughing and soil testing formula fertilization, and different amounts of regulators are used; the method comprises the steps that a 5-month and 25-day county agricultural technical station builds a soil conservation and safe and efficient fertilization technical system in the Shanghai county of 2018-2019, and the yield of a core area and a demonstration area of application items is measured, wherein the average number of ears per mu in the core area is 46 ten thousand, the number of grains per mu is 37.5 grains, and the average yield per mu is 630.5kg according to 43 g of thousand-grain weight; the average ear number per mu in the demonstration area is 41.8 ten thousand, the ear number is 36.4 grains, and the average yield per mu of thousands of grains is 556.1kg according to 43 grams.
Radiation driving effect of Shangcai county
Part of the yellow brown soil in towns such as shores, towns, Lugang offices and the like is acidified, so that the yield of wheat is reduced, serious plots are extremely harvested, and the yield per mu is about 300 kg mostly. In order to recover the production capacity, project groups are constructed in towns such as shores, towns and sentry offices to radiate and drive the area of a demonstration area to be not less than 10000 mu (the project groups provide technical schemes and technical guidance, and alkaline fertilizers in the demonstration area are bought by farmers spontaneously). In 2019, 5 and 28 days, a county agricultural technical station measures yield of a radiation driving area of an application project for constructing a soil conservation and safe and efficient fertilization technical system in Shangxia county in 2018-2019, wherein the average number of ears per mu is 43.9 ten thousand, the number of grains per ear is 33.6, the average yield per mu is 605.4 kg according to 43 g of thousand-grain weight, the yield is increased by 100% to the maximum, and the yield recovery is obvious.
Although the present invention has been described in detail with reference to the embodiments, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that various changes in the specific parameters of the embodiments may be made without departing from the spirit of the present invention, and a plurality of specific embodiments are formed, which are common variations of the present invention, and will not be described in detail herein.
Claims (9)
1. A method for improving wheat field acid soil is characterized in that: the method comprises the following steps:
(1) the straws harvested in the previous season are ground and uniformly scattered, a decomposition agent is sprayed on the straws, and deep ploughing, deep burying and compaction are combined;
(2) applying an organic fertilizer in combination with a land preparation base, and replacing 25-35% of the using amount of the fertilizer by adopting an equivalent method;
(3) when the pH value of the wheat field soil is less than or equal to 5.5, applying an alkaline soil conditioner, uniformly scattering the alkaline soil conditioner on the ground surface, and deeply ploughing and harrowing in combination with soil preparation to uniformly mix the alkaline soil conditioner with plough layer soil;
(4) the chemical fertilizer is alkaline and physiological alkaline fertilizer, wherein the phosphate fertilizer and the potash fertilizer are all used as base fertilizer for one-time basal application, and the nitrogen fertilizer is applied according to the proportion of 7: 3-8: 2, basal chase administration;
(5) and sowing when the temperature of the plough layer soil is reduced to be not more than 3 ℃ different from that of untreated acid soil in the same area.
2. The method for improving acidic soil of wheat field according to claim 1, wherein: the phosphate fertilizer is at least one of calcium magnesium phosphate fertilizer and diammonium phosphate.
3. The method for improving acidic soil of wheat field according to claim 1, wherein: 50-60 kg/667.7m of soil conditioner is applied to acid soil with pH value = 4.5-5.5 every other year2The soil conditioner is applied to the strongly acidic soil with the pH value of less than 4.5 at intervals of 60 g-75 kg/667.7m2。
4. The method for improving acidic soil of wheat field according to claim 1, wherein: in the step (1), the length of the crushed straw is less than or equal to 10cm, and the stubble height is less than or equal to 5 cm; the decomposing inoculant accounts for 2-5 kg/667.7m2The dosage is uniformly sprayed on the straws; the depth of deep ploughing and deep ploughing is controlled to be 25-30 cm, so that the plough bottom layer is broken.
5. The method for improving acidic soil of wheat field according to claim 1, wherein: the alkaline conditioner is at least one of silicon-calcium-potassium-magnesium fertilizer and lime.
6. The method for improving acidic soil of wheat field according to claim 1, wherein: the organic fertilizer is at least one of farmyard manure, biogas residue and biogas slurry, plant ash and/or commercial organic fertilizer.
7. A wheat yield-increasing cultivation method based on acid soil is characterized in that: in addition to carrying out the steps recited in claim 1, comprising the steps of:
① determining the content of available nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in the soil, and determining the target yield of wheat by combining the average yield of the field to be planted in the first two years or the yield of the soil before acidification;
② determining the nitrogen fertilizer dosage by combining the target yield, wherein the target yield of wheat is 450-550 kg/667.7m in terms of pure N2The total amount of nitrogen fertilizer application is controlled to be 12-14 kg/667.7m2(ii) a When the target yield of the wheat is less than 450kg/667.7m2The total amount of nitrogen fertilizer application is controlled to be 10-12 kg/667.7m2；
Determining the application amount of the phosphate fertilizer by combining the effective phosphorus content of the soil: when the content of available phosphorus P in soil is less than 10mg/kg, applying phosphorus fertilizer P2O55 to 7kg/667.7m2(ii) a When the content of available phosphorus P in the soil is 10-17 mg/kg, the phosphorus fertilizer P2O5The application amount is 4-6 kg/667.7m2(ii) a When the content of available phosphorus P in soil is more than 17mg/kg, the phosphorus fertilizer P2O5The application amount is 3kg/667.7m2；
Determining the application amount of the potash fertilizer by combining the content of the quick-acting potassium K in the soil: when the content of the quick-acting potassium K in the soil is less than 80mg/kg, applying potassium fertilizer K2O 3～5kg/667.7m2(ii) a When the content of the quick-acting potassium K in the soil is 80-120 mg/kg, applying potassium fertilizer K2O 2～4kg/667.7m2(ii) a When the content of the quick-acting potassium K in the soil is more than 120mg/kg, no potassium fertilizer is applied;
③ spreading all the phosphate fertilizers determined in the step ② to upturned soil spreading heads, ploughing and covering the bottom or applying the fertilizers in a layered mode, applying the potassium fertilizers in a layered mode, and applying the nitrogen fertilizers when the yield of wheat is 450-550 kg/667.7m2When the yield of wheat is less than 450kg/667.7m, 65-75% of the total nitrogen fertilizer amount is applied based on the base fertilizer2In the process, 75-85% of the total amount of the basal nitrogenous fertilizer is applied, and the balance nitrogenous fertilizer is applied in the period from green turning to jointing;
④ spraying liquid fertilizer 30-50 kg/667.7m on the leaf surface of wheat from booting ear to filling stage2The liquid fertilizer comprises, by mass, 2% of urea, 0.05% of ammonium molybdate, 0.2% of zinc sulfate, 0.3% -0.4% of monopotassium phosphate, and the balance of water;
on the premise of sufficient soil moisture, the semi-winter wheat variety is sown in 10 months and 12-20 days, and the sowing amount is 9-10 kg/667.7m2(ii) a The weak spring wheat variety is sown in 18-25 days in 10 months with the sowing amount of 10-12 kg/667.7m2。
8. The wheat yield increasing cultivation method according to claim 7, wherein: the semi-winter variety is any one of west farming 979, Bai nong 207, Bai nong 4199 and dwarf 58; the weak spring variety is any one of Xinong 9718, Huaixuan 916, Zhengmai 101 and Zhengmai 9023.
9. The wheat yield increasing cultivation method according to claim 7, wherein the method comprises the following steps: the seeds are coated before sowing, wherein the coating is at least one of non-acidity-causing difenoconazole, silthiopham, rickettsia, fludioxonil and/or thiacloprid.
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