CN1143335A - 用于除掉气流中污染物的材料 - Google Patents

用于除掉气流中污染物的材料 Download PDF

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CN1143335A
CN1143335A CN95191939A CN95191939A CN1143335A CN 1143335 A CN1143335 A CN 1143335A CN 95191939 A CN95191939 A CN 95191939A CN 95191939 A CN95191939 A CN 95191939A CN 1143335 A CN1143335 A CN 1143335A
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absorbent
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L·E·卡姆贝尔
R·丹兹格尔
E·D·古斯
S·帕德朗
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Abstract

公开了一种减少燃气轮机的NOx、CO和SO2排放物浓度的方法。使用一种优选由氧化铝(22)/铂(24)/碳酸盐(26)制成的催化剂吸收剂将污染质氧化物氧化并将其吸收。催化剂吸收剂可以随后再生并重新使用。还公开了一种处理烟道气的装置和制备催化剂吸收剂的方法。

Description

用于除掉气流中污染物的材料
本发明涉及减少空气中的气体污染物,即氮的氧化物(NOX)、硫的氧化物和/或一氧化碳(CO)的方法,这些污染物是由烃类或氢在发动机或锅炉中以及主要地在燃气轮机中燃烧生成的。本发明还涉及进行此方法的装置和制造反应器/催化剂吸收剂的方法。
汽轮机发电厂正在成为产生电力的标准方法,因为与任何其它的电力生产形式相比,它的效率更高。为城市居民及生产设施供应电力的燃烧甲烷的汽轮机发电厂,也产生作为污染物的一氧化碳和氮的氧化物。非常需要减少或消除这些污染物,以便使空气不致因电力生产而被污染。
最初,发电厂污染的允许水平对于包括一氧化氮(NO)和二氧化氮(NO2)在内的氮的氧化物(NOX)是小于100ppm,对于一氧化碳(CO)是小于100ppm。后来,采取了第二个步骤将NOX减小到少于25ppm,CO现在仍允许为小于100ppm的任何数量。采用现代的技术,NOX的排出浓度可以减小到5-9ppm,外加由于下述的选择性催化还原(SCR)技术而产生的NH3的逃逸。
现今能达到5-9ppmNOX浓度的仅有的技术称作选择性催化还原,其中将氨与烟道气混合,然后从催化剂上面经过,该催化剂选择性地使氮的氧化物与氨结合,从而消除了大部分NOX。这种选择性催化还原的一个问题是实际上它只能将NOX减少到5-9ppm。另一问题称为逃逸,是由于有害的氨穿过催化剂造成的。
SCR技术的又一问题是,它所要求的操作条件只有将下游的锅炉或热交换系统进行昂贵的改造才能达到。
还曾经提出过其它的减少污染的方法,例如在燃烧室内浇大量的水,这些方法也有可能减少NOX污染,但是其中没有一个能将NOX减少到大大小于5-9ppm的水平。
在一项由本申请受让人拥有的共同未决的申请中,介绍了一种主要包括两步法的系统。在第一步中,烟道气先与催化剂在引起包括NO和CO在内的某些氧化物污染质氧化的一定条件下接触。在第二步中,氧化过的污染质在吸收床内被吸收。
最好是将氧化和吸收步骤结合成由单独一种材料完成的一个步骤。
本发明能减少燃烃发动机的排放污染物,特别是燃气轮机的污染物,包括氮的氧化物、一氧化碳和硫的氧化物。正如后面所详细说明的,本发明包括一种新的催化剂吸收剂和制造该吸收剂的方法,能减少空气污染物的新方法和装置,以及制造该装置的方法。
在发电厂烟道中的汽轮机污染物主要以NO的形式存在。本发明的方法使NO氧化成NO2。这就使基本上所有的氮的氧化物(NO)都成为NO2。NO2是活泼得多的物质,即使从ppm量级的低浓度存在时,也能够并且容易被催化吸收剂从气流中吸收。
汽轮机废气在已经从中抽取了轴能之后最初约为1000°F。然后令这些气体自热交换器上流过以便去除能量和产生蒸汽,同时将废气或烟道气冷却。烟道气以高速运动,其速度与烟道直径有关,在除掉了热量之后,烟道气通常为250-500°F,速度为30-50英尺/秒。该气体中含13-15%氧、最高约12%的水和约4%的CO2。此外还有污染物,当燃料是天然气时,污染物是由约90%NO和10%NO2混合成的NOX、浓度为30-200ppm的CO和0.2-2.0ppm的二氧化硫(SO2)。
本发明涉及用于从烟道气中除掉氮的氧化物、一氧化碳和硫的氧化物的一种一步/单元件方法和装置。使用组合的催化剂/吸收剂,氮的氧化物被氧化成二氧化氮;一氧化碳被氧化成二氧化碳,二氧化硫(SO2)被氧化成三氧化硫(SO3)。氧化在150°-425°F的温度下发生,优选175°-400°F,最好是200°-365°F。废气的空间速度可以是5000-50000/hr-1,优选10000-20000hr-1,但是预料可以在更大的空间流速下进行有效的操作而不会使排出气的质量不利地降低。这里所用的空间速度一词是指每小时每单位体积催化剂流过的体积单位。
本发明的催化剂吸收剂吸收氧化过的氧化物,从而使得只有很小百分数的、通常为10%或更少的初始氧化物污染质通过系统排放出去。虽然不受特定理论的约束,但是现在认为,对于三种污染质各发生了如下的反应,随后是与碳酸盐例如碳酸钠反应:
   催化剂
   催化剂
   催化剂
催化剂/吸收剂可以是承载在氧化铝上的铂催化剂,上面涂敷着碱金属或碱土金属的碳酸盐或碳酸氢盐,碳酸盐涂层是碳酸锂、钠、钾或钙,目前优选的涂层是碳酸钾。
当吸收剂不再有效时,具体地说,当与催化剂吸收剂接触后从装置中排放出的污染物含量超过可接受的水平时,可以更换吸收剂,用过的吸收剂可以再装填成有效状态。催化剂的再装填是通过将失效的(饱和或部分饱和的)碳酸盐去掉并用未反应的新鲜碳酸盐代替失效的碳酸盐来完成的。
图1是本发明催化剂吸收剂的示意图。
图1a是一项优选实施方案中的催化剂吸收剂球。
图1b是本发明催化剂吸收剂球一部分表面的放大图。
图1c是本发明的整块催化剂吸收剂的表面图。
图2是表示制造本发明催化剂的工艺流程图。
图3是用来改换和再生本发明的氧化催化剂/吸收剂的轮式装置的图示说明。
图4是用来改换和再生本发明的氧化催化剂/吸收剂的园盘传送带装置的示意图。
图5是用来改换和再生本发明的氧化催化剂/吸收剂的流化床装置示意图。
图6是用来改换和再生本发明的氧化催化剂/吸收剂的多级流化床装置示意图。
本发明涉及一种用于除去燃烧废气流中气体污染物的材料,该材料包括承载在高表面积载体上的涂覆着吸收剂材料的氧化催化剂。氧化催化剂物质选自贵金属元素、贱金属过渡元素及它们的混合物。更具体地说,氧化催化剂选自铂、钯、铑、钴、镍、铁、铜和钼,优选铂和铑,最好是铂。
氧化催化剂物质的浓度为该材料的0.05-0.6%重量,优选0.1-0.4%,最好是0.15-0.3%。可以使用一种以上的元素作为氧化催化剂,在这样的条件下每种元素的浓度为0.05-0.6%重量。
高表面积的载体由氧化铝、氧化锆、二氧化钛、二氧化硅或这些氧化物中两种或多种的混合物构成。最好是,高表面积载体由氧化铝制成。载体的表面积为每克50-350平方米,优选每克100-325平方米,最好是每克200-300平方米。这种高表面积载体可以涂覆在陶瓷或金属基体结构上。
这种催化剂吸收剂可以是例如球形、实心圆柱体、中空园柱体、星形或轮形等各种形状。
吸收剂上涂覆着至少一种碱金属或碱土金属化合物,它们可以是氢氧化物、碳酸氢盐或碳酸盐,或是氢氧化物和/或碳酸氢盐和/或碳酸盐的混合物。吸收剂优选主要含各种碳酸盐,最好是碳酸钠、碳酸钾或碳酸钙。分布在材料上的吸收剂的浓度为材料重量的0.5-20%,优选5.0-15%,最好是约10%。
制造本发明新催化剂吸收剂的方法包括自溶液中施加氧化催化剂物质。溶液最好是非水溶液。氧化催化剂物质也可以从无氯的水溶液中施加。施加完后将氧化催化剂物质干燥,并且可以通过煅烧进行活化。
在催化剂吸收剂失效或部分失效之后,可以将其再活化。再活化是通过取出和更换失效的吸收剂并将取出的失效吸收剂进行处置来完成的。失效的吸收剂可以作为肥料使用,因为它富含氮、碳和硫。或者是,将污染物与吸收剂结合形成的组分分解并捕集浓缩的污染气体以便丢弃或使用,以这种方式完成再活化。本发明的装置支承着催化剂吸收剂并使催化剂吸收剂与燃烧废气接触。它包括这样一种装置,该装置取出与燃烧气接触的失效的催化剂吸收剂,同时运入等量的新的或再生的催化剂吸收剂与燃烧气接触,以便保持指定的出口处污染浓度极限。该装置为轮形或者是园盘转送带,也可以是一个流化床或者两个或多个流化床,它们交替使用以便吸收污染物气体和再活化。
如图1所示,本发明的催化剂吸收剂可以采取不同的构型。图1a表示由氧化铝球10和它上面的铂涂层12及碳酸盐涂层14作成的球形催化剂吸收剂。如图1b中所示,球的表面很不规则,以致于每克材料有如本文所述的极大的表面积。如图1c所示,催化剂吸收剂可以是大块表面的形式,包括陶瓷的或不锈钢的载体20、氧化铝层22、铂层24和碳酸盐层26。
制造催化剂吸收剂的方法示于图2。本发明的催化剂/吸收剂的制备由每克表面积为50-350m2的高表面积氧化铝球开始,这些球可由几个来源购得,最好是从La Roche Chemicals.Inc.,BatonRouge,La.购买。这些球的直径约1/8英寸。应该理解,可以使用其它形式的载体而不背离本发明的精神和范围。用蒸镏水洗氧化铝球以便除掉松散地粘合在表面上的小颗粒。然后将球在300°F下干燥约16小时以保证球内所有空穴和裂隙都完全干燥,表面无水。然后将球贮存在不透气的容器中,直到准备进一步处理。
将含有25%pt的2-乙基己酸铂的溶液加到甲苯中以便达到某个pt浓度,使得重量与甲苯吸收量相等的溶液中将含有足量的pt,能够使氧化铝的承载量为0.23%重量。然后将涂覆了铂的球在空气中于900°F下干燥1小时。再将球冷却到室温左右,贮存在不透气的容器中。随后用碱金属或碱土金属碳酸盐或碳酸氢盐涂料涂敷已涂有铂的球,碱金属或碱土金属碳酸盐或碳酸氢盐选自锂、钠、钾或钙的碳酸盐或碳酸氢盐溶液,优选浓度为14%重量的碳酸氢钠在蒸镏水中的溶液。将水加热使所有的碳酸钠溶解。然后将涂覆了碳酸盐的球在300°F下干燥2小时,最终的催化剂吸收剂除氧化铝之外有0.23%重量的铂涂层和10.0%重量的Na2CO3。然后将球排布在一个3×3×3英寸的筛网篮中按下面所述使用。
或者是,可以用陶瓷或金属的大块载体制成另一种形式的催化剂吸收剂。进行试验时,取一个每平方英寸约有300个开孔的金属整块型芯塞,由它得到尺寸适合在试验设备中使用的芯材,用水浆体中的氧化铝涂覆该整块材料中的通道表面,在900°F下煅烧3小时,冷却。然后如上面对球所述的用铂涂层涂覆该芯材,随之用对于球的同样方法施加碳酸盐。
在催化剂吸收剂被耗尽或饱和之后,可以将其再生。一种典型的再生步骤如下:
1.将球冷却后转移到约7”×10”×5”的容器中。容器有可盖紧的盖子和进出气体或排放管线。
2.将约260立方英寸的球在190°F下用4升软化水在搅拌下洗5分钟。
3.当液体排完后取样。
4.向容器中加入3升190°F的约14%的碳酸钠或钾溶液。
5.将球搅拌和侵泡20分钟,或者短到2-5分钟。
6.当液体排完后取样。
7.在300°F的炉中将球干燥约45分钟,同时用约10SCfm(每分钟标准立方英尺)的干燥热空气流过容器。
8.将已加重的干燥的球送回到筛网容器中重新使用。
如图3所示,本发明的催化剂吸收剂可以装入一个轮式装置内以便使烟道气能与催化剂吸收剂接触,并使催化剂吸收剂在饱和或部分饱和之后能够再生。如图3所示,轮式装置包括一个接收燃烧气的入口30和用来排放处理过的气体的烟道32、其中含有催化剂吸收剂的圆筒形组合件34和用来使失效的催化剂再生的再生装置36,该再生装置有入口37和出口38,用来补充新鲜的再生液体。邻近烟道32的轮的一部分的内壁39和外壁40是多孔的或者有孔的,以便使气体能从中通过。轮的剩余部分的内壁和/或外壁41和42是封闭的,因此废气只经过烟道32排放。使用驱动器44使轮断续地或连续地转动。箭头A代表驱动器44的转动方向,箭头B代表轮的转动方向。
如图4所示,公开了催化剂吸收剂的另一种布置,其中使用圆盘传送带。烟道气经入口50进入,经烟道52排出。催化剂吸收剂在54处嵌入有烟道气的管道中,当失效时在56处后移到圆盘传送带中并放入新的吸收剂。然后将失效的催化剂吸收剂再生。新鲜的再生流体经入口管57进入,经出口管58排出。
如图5所示,公开了一种流化床装置。这种装置有燃烧气入口60和烟道出口70。在带有气体的管道中有一个内装活性催化剂吸收剂的流化床62。从流化床中取出一部分催化剂吸收剂移至再生装置64处。再生流体在65处送入再生器中,用流体分离器66除去。
如图6所示,公开了一种多级流化床装置。该装置有燃烧气入口71和烟道气出口80。在含气体的管道中有一个内装活性催化剂吸收剂的第一流化床72。有一个正在被再生的第二流化床73。第一流化床有带有阀门的入口76和出口77,使再生流体得以进出。第二流化床有带有阀门的入口74和出口75使再生流体得以进出。阀78控制着燃烧气是进入第一还是第二流化床。
在以下实施例中,气体测定如下进行:CO用TECO48型红外分析仪测定,CO2用Horiba CO2红外仪测定,NO和NO2用带有不锈钢转换器的TECO#10R型化学发光检测器测定。硫的氧化物用TECO#43a型脉中式荧光SO2分析仪测定。
下面陈述进行本发明的实施例。
                   实验1
在以下各实施例中,起始气体皆由热电厂汽轮机废气的滑流得到。催化剂吸收剂安置在两个尺寸为3×3×6英寸的筛网篮中,以串联形式放在有滑流的管道中以减小边缘效应并保证所有的滑流与催化剂吸收剂接触。滑流的空间速度为18,000hr-1。列出的两个温度代表上游第一个篮子的温度和下游第二个篮子的温度。所有的污染物测定值用ppm表示。NOX是一氧化氮(NO)和二氧化氮(NO2)的总浓度。最初的起始污染物浓度CO,10.98ppmNO,29.0ppmNOX,33.0ppm时间    温度1  温度2   排出气CO    排出气NO   排出气NOX小时:分(°F)  (°F)   (ppm)       (ppm)      (ppm):15     230    216    0.36        3.0        3.0:30     355    323    0.18        3.0        4.0:45     355    328    0.20        3.0        4.01   hr.  354    329    0.19        3.0        5.01:15    352    328    0.20        3.0        5.01:30    351    328    0.23        2.5        6.01:45    350    327    0.25        3.0        7.02   hrs. 348    325    0.17        7.0        8.02:15    348    325    0.17        7.0        8.02:30    348    325    0.19        8.0        10.02:45    348    325    0.18        9.0        10.03   hrs. 348    325    0.18        10.0       11.03:15    347    325    0.17        11.0       12.03:30    346    323    0.17        11.0       12.03:45    346    322    0.18        12.0       13.0
                  实验1-a
将催化剂吸收剂再生,用再生的催化剂吸收剂在同样条件下再进行实验。最初起始污染物浓度CO,9.91ppmNO,30.0ppmNOX,36.0ppm时间      温度1  温度2   排出气CO   排出气NO    排出气NOX小时:分  (°F)  (°F)   (ppm)      (ppm)       (ppm):15       135    162    2.49       16.0        16.0:30       365    160    0.13       5.0         5.0:45       363    351    0.05       2.0         2.01   hr.    363    353    0.05       2.5         2.51:15      362    353    0.08       4.0         4.01:30      362    352    0.05       4.5         5.01:45      362    354    0.07       5.5         6.02   hrs.   362    354    0.07       6.0         7.02:15      362    354    0.07       7.0         8.02:30      361    353    0.06       7.5         8.52:45      362    354    0.09       8.5         9.53   hrs.   362    354    0.08       9.0         10.03:15      362    354    0.08       9.0         10.53:30      363    355    0.08       10.0        11.53:45      363    356    0.08       10.0        12.04   hrs.   364    356    0.07       10.5        12.5
据信在第15分钟的第一个读数显示出高的污染物浓度,因为催化剂吸收剂的温度低于必要的氧化温度。
                     实验1-b
将催化剂吸收剂第二次再生,用二次再生的催化剂吸收剂在同样条件下再进行实验。最初起始污染物浓度CO,13.16ppmNO,26.0ppmNOX,32.5ppm时间     温度1    温度2    排出气CO  排出气NO  排出气NOX小时:分 (°F)    (°F)    (ppm)     (ppm)     (ppm):15     133      134      0.2       23.0      23.0:30     296      139      3.02      16.0      16.0:45     313      142      0.43      7.5       7.51   hr.  296      296      0.30      6.0       6.01:15    285      285      0.34      7.0       7.01:30    279      278      0.37      8.5       8.51:45    282      273      0.40      10.0      10.02   hrs. 304      290      0.30      9.5       9.52:15    320      308      0.25      9.5       10.02:30    330      319      0.22      10.0      11.02:45    339      329      0.20      10.5      12.03   hrs. 343      334      0.20      11.5      12.53:15    347      338      0.22      12.0      14.0
                 实验1-c
将催化剂吸收剂又一次再生,用三次再生的催化剂吸收剂在同样条件下再进行实验。最初起始污染物浓度CO,12.13ppmNO,28.0ppmNOX,34.0ppm时间    温度1     温度2    排出气CO  排出气NO  排出气NOX小时:分 (°F)    (°F)    (ppm)     (ppm)     (ppm):15     142      155      7.61      20.0      20.0:30     352      195      0.30      3.0       3.0:45     350      342      0.22      2.5       2.51   hr.  351      342      0.23      3.0       3.51:15    351      343      0.24      4.0       4.51:30    351      345      0.24      5.0       5.51:45    351       344     0.27        6.0       6.52   hrs. 352       345     0.24        6.5       7.52:15    351       346     0.24        8.0       9.02:30    351       345     0.23        8.0       9.02:45    351       345     0.30        9.0       10.03   hrs. 350       343     0.37        9.5       11.03:15    350       342     0.28        10.0      12.03:30    348       341     0.30        11.0      12.03:45    348       341     0.30        12.0      13.5
                 实验1-d
将催化剂吸收剂再一次再生,用四次再生的催化剂吸收剂在同样条件下再进行实验。最初起始污染物浓度CO,13.16ppmNO,28.0ppmNOX,34.0ppm时间     温度1     温度2   排出气CO    排出气NO  排出气NOX小时:分 (°F)     (°F)   (ppm)       (ppm)     (ppm):15     132       132     10.28       22.0      23.0:30     353       143     1.22        8.0       8.0:45     351       259     0.45        4.0       4.51   hr.  350       338     0.42        4.0       4.51:15    349       338     0.43        5.0       5.51:30    349       338     0.41        6.0       6.51:45    349       339     0.41        7.0       7.52   hrs. 349       339     0.42        8.0       9.02:15    348       338     0.46        8.5       9.52:30    349       339     0.45        9.5       10.52:45    349       339     0.49        10.0      11.53   hrs. 349       339     0.48        10.5      12.03:15    350     340       0.55      11.0      13.0
                   实验2
这一系列的实验的条件与实验1相同。此系列用与上述实验1相同类型和构型的新的催化剂吸收剂开始。最初起始污染物浓度CO,10.98ppmNO,29.0ppmNOX,33.0ppm时间    温度1    温度2     排出气CO  排出气NO  排出气NOX小时:分(°F)    (°F)     (ppm)     (ppm)     (ppm):15     345     225       0.20      2.0       2.0:30     348     308       0.19      2.0       2.5:45     350     315       0.22      2.0       2.01   hr.  350     317       0.24      2.0       2.51:15    351     317       0.23      2.5       2.51:30    351     318       0.23      3.0       3.01:45    351     317       0.24      3.5       4.02   hrs. 351     317       0.26      5.0       7.02:15    350     318       0.24      6.0       8.02:30    351     319       0.25      8.0       10.02:45    351     320       0.23      10.0      11.03   hrs. 352     320       0.26      10.0      12.03:15    352     320       0.22      11.0      12.03:30    353     321       0.26      11.0      13.0
                    实验2-a
将催化剂吸收剂再生,用再生的催化剂吸收剂在相同的条件下再进行实验。最初起始污染物浓度CO,11ppmNO,29ppmNOX,33ppm时间      温度1   温度2  排出气CO   排出气NO   排出气NOX小时:分  (°F)   (°F)  (ppm)      (ppm)      (ppm):15       144    142    7.75       20.0       20.0:30       374    142    0.39       5.0        5.0:45       372    358    0.17       2.0        2.01   hr.    371    362    0.15       1.5        2.01:15      370    363    0.17       3.0        3.51:30      370    363    0.17       4.0        4.51:45      368    361    0.18       4.5        5.02   hrs.   367    369    0.13       5.0        6.02:15      367    360    0.15       6.5        7.52:30      366    358    0.17       7.5        8.52:45      366    359    0.18       8.0        9.03   hrs.   366    358    0.14       9.0        10.03:15      366    358    0.17       10.0       11.03:30      365    358    0.17       10.0       11.53:45      363    356    0.18       10.5       12.04   hrs.   362    354    0.17       11.5       13.0
                   实验2-b
将催化剂吸收剂再次再生,用二次再生的催化剂吸收剂在相同的条件下再进行实验。最初起始污染物浓度CO,11ppmNO,29ppmNOX,33ppm时间      温度1   温度2  排出气CO   排出气NO   排出气NOX小时:分  (°F)   (°F)  (ppm)      (ppm)      (ppm):15       186    142    5.53       18.0       18.0:30       279    144    2.65       12.0       13.0:45     275      255    0.85      7.0        7.01   hr.  271      254    0.65      7.0        7.01:15    267      253    0.77      9.0        9.01:30    274      255    0.78      10.0       10.01:45    283      262    0.73      11.0       11.02  hrs.  284      266    0.68      11.0       11.52:15    282      266    0.68      13.0       13.0
                 实验2-c
将催化剂吸收剂又一次再生,用三次再生的催化剂吸收剂在相同的条件下再进行实验。最初起始污染物浓度CO,9.05ppmNO,26.0ppmNOX,32.0ppm时间    温度1    温度2   排出气CO  排出气NO   排出气NOX小时:分(°F)    (°F)   (ppm)     (ppm)      (ppm):15     354      142    1.06      7.0        7.0:30     356      150    0.49      2.0        2.0:45     354      338    0.41      2.0        2.01   hr.  351      337    0.43      2.0        3.01:15    352      338    0.45      3.0        5.01:30    352      339    0.50      6.0        7.01:45    352      337    0.50      7.0        8.02   hrs. 351      338    0.50      8.0        9.02:15    350      336    0.49      8.5        9.52:30    349      335    0.50      9.0        10.02:45    348      334    0.56      10.0       11.03  hrs.  348      334    0.58      11.0       12.0
              实验3-第一轮
此实验用大块的芯材催化剂在于下述条件下建立的实验室中进行。空间速度为10000hr-1·S最初起始污染物浓度列在时间0分处。只使用一个催化剂吸收剂装置,在紧靠催化剂吸收剂的前面测定温度。时间 温度   CO     NOX   NO   硫(SO2)(分) (°F)  (ppm)  (ppm)  (ppm)  (ppm)0    351    18.0   33.0   29.0   0.51    405    0      1.0           0.52    415           1.0    0.5    0.355    420           0.75          0.05910   480           0.45          0.00420   401    0      0.4           032   380           2.4           0.00442   408           2.3           0.00748   360           1.5           0.00150   344           1.85          0.00264   296           5.2    4.2    0.01675   291           8.6    7.1    0.02385   291           9.0           0.037
         实验3-第二轮
将催化剂吸收剂再生,用再生的催化剂吸收剂在同样条件下再进行实验。时间 温度    CO    NOX   NO    硫(SO2)(分) (°F)  (ppm)  (ppm)  (ppm)  (ppm)0           20.0   34.0   31.0   0.510.5  378    0.1    1.8           0.081    369    0.1    1.8           0.022    343    0.1    1.75   1.55   0.323    326    0.1    1.75   1.6    0.196     300    0.1    2.0    1.85   0.0510    286    0.1    2.6    2.6    0.02512    284    0.1    3.0           0.02121    287    0.1    5.0           0.02125    288    0.1    6.2    6.2    0.02430    291    0.1    9.0    7.9    0.0247    300    0.1    13.5   12.5   0.05
               实验4
在以下实验中,象实验1和2一样,由热电厂汽轮机的废气滑流得到起始气体。催化剂与实验1和2中的构型相同。滑流的空间速度为18000hr-1。上游第一个篮子的温度为330°F,下游第二个篮子为300°F。所有污染物测量值均用ppm表示。时间    O       NOX   NO     NO2(分)    (ppm)  (ppm)   (ppm)  (ppm)0       20.0    33      27     60       0       1.5     1.5    0.5      0       1.5     1.5    01.5     0       5       5      103       0       10      10     0
                    装置
为了将催化剂吸收剂用于连续减少烟道气中的气体污染物,需要一种装置。催化剂吸收剂被移入与烟道气接触,并在那里保持到一氧化碳、氮的氧化物和/或硫的氧化物的浓度超过某个指定的低浓度。然后使催化剂吸收剂与烟道气脱离接触以便再生,同时用新的或预先再生的催化剂吸收剂代替。再生好的催化剂吸收剂依次循环送回,与烟道气接触。
施加本发明催化剂吸收剂的装置可以是轮式或园盘转送带式,它的一部分与烟道气接触,另一部分不与烟道气接触。在这种情形,装在轮上的催化剂吸附剂随着轮子转送而进入和移出烟道气流。该装置也可以是一种移动的连续带,催化剂吸收剂放在带上。或者是,可以在烟道气流中安置一个催化剂吸收剂氧化铝球的流化床。在这种实施方案中,连续地取出、再生和送回一小部分催化剂吸收剂,例如每分钟1%。任何其它的装置均可用来完成本发明规定的目标,这些装置的选择取决于专门的用途。
对于本领域的普通技术人员,显然可以对所述的工艺、装置和方法作许多变动和修改而不偏离本发明的精神和范围。本发明将由本文列出的权利要求限定并且将所有处在与之相符的等价物范围内的变动都包括在内。

Claims (57)

1.一种用于除掉燃烧废气中气体污染物的材料,其中含有一种分布在高表面积载体上的氧化催化剂,该催化剂选自铂、钯、铑、钴、镍、铁、铜、钼或它们的混合物,催化剂组分被一种吸收剂材料紧密而完全地包覆,该吸收剂材料选自碱金属或碱土金属的氢氧化物、碳酸盐、碳酸氢盐或它们的混合物。
2.权利要求1的材料,其中的氧化催化剂物质是铂。
3.权利要求1的材料,其中的氧化催化剂物质的浓度为该材料的0.05-0.6%重量。
4.权利要求3的材料,其中的氧化催化剂物质的浓度为该材料的0.1-0.4%重量。
5.权利要求4的材料,其中的氧化催化剂物质的浓度为该材料的0.15-0.3%重量。
6.权利要求1的材料,其中使用一种以上的元素作为氧化催化剂物质,每种元素的浓度均为0.05-0.6%重量。
7.权利要求1的材料,其中的高表面积载体包括氧化铝、氧化锆、二氧化钛、二氧化硅或这些氧化物的两种或多种的混合物。
8.权利要求7的材料,其中的高表面积载体包括氧化铝。
9.权利要求1的材料,其中载体的表面积为每克50-350平方米。
10.权利要求9的材料,其中载体的表面积为每克100-325平方米。
11.权利要求10的材料,其中载体的表面积为每克200-300平方米。
12.权利要求1的材料,其中的碱金属选自锂、钠和钾。
13.权利要求1的材料,其中(至少一部分)吸收剂含有氢氧化物。
14.权利要求1的材料,其中至少一部分吸收剂含有碳酸氢盐。
15.权利要求1的材料,其中至少一部分吸收剂含有碳酸盐。
16.权利要求1的材料,其中吸收剂含有氢氧化物和/或碳酸氢盐和/或碳酸盐的混合物。
17.权利要求15的材料,其中的吸收剂主要由碳酸盐构成。
18.权利要求17的材料,其中的吸收剂主要由碳酸钠构成。
19.权利要求17的材料,其中吸收剂主要由碳酸钾构成。
20.权利要求17的材料,其中的吸收剂主要含钾。
21.权利要求1的材料,其中吸收剂分布在该材料上,浓度为该材料的0.5-20%重量。
22.权利要求21的材料,其中吸收剂浓度为材料的5.0-15%重量。
23.权利要求22的材料,其中吸收剂浓度为材料的约10%重量。
24.一种制备用于去除气体污染物的材料的方法,该方法包括,使选自铂、钯、铑、钴、镍、铁、铜、钼或它们的混合物的一种氧化催化剂物质从溶液中沉积到一种高表面积的载体上,将载体干燥,自溶液中在该氧化催化剂物质上沉积一种吸附剂材料,该材料选自碱金属或碱土金属的氢氧化物、碳酸盐或碳酸氢盐或其混合物,将载体干燥,由此用吸收剂包覆该氧化催化剂物质。
25.权利要求24的方法,其中将氧化催化剂物质在施加后活化。
26.权利要求24的方法,其中将氧化催化剂物质在施加后干燥。
27.权利要求24的方法,其中的氧化催化剂物质在施加和干燥后煅烧。
28.权利要求27的方法,其中用于催化剂吸附剂的载体是高表面积的无轨材料,其形状选自球形、实心园柱体、空心园柱体、星形和车轮形。
29.权利要求27的方法,其中高表面积载体是包覆在金属基质结构上。
30.权利要求27的方法,其中的高表面积载体是包覆在陶瓷基质结构上。
31.权利要求27的方法,其中的金属基质结构被高表面积材料包覆,涂层则经过煅烧稳定。
32.权利要求27的方法,其中吸收剂材料从含有溶剂的溶液施加到稳定的氧化催化剂物质的表面上,然后除掉溶剂。
33.权利要求27的方法,其中的吸收剂从水溶液中施加到已稳定的氧化催化剂物质表面上并干燥之。
34.根据权利要求24的方法,其中的氧化催化剂物质含有铂。
35.根据权利要求34的方法,其中的吸收剂含一种碳酸盐。
36.根据权利要求35的方法,其中的吸收剂含一种碱金属碳酸盐。
37.根据权利要求1的材料,其中的高表面积载体涂敷在陶瓷或金属基质结构上。
38.根据权利要求37的材料,其中的陶瓷或金属基质结构包括整块结构。
39.根据权利要求38的材料,其中的基质结构包括金属整块结构。
40.根据权利要求39的材料,其中的高表面积载体含氧化铝。
41.根据权利要求40的材料,其中的氧化催化剂物质含铂,吸收剂材料含碳酸盐。
42.根据权利要求1的材料,其中吸收剂涂层与氧化催化剂物质相邻接。
43.根据权利要求1的材料,其中的氧化催化剂物质与载体相邻接。
44.一种从汽轮机废气中除掉氮的氧化物、一氧化碳和硫的氧化物的方法,包括以下步骤:
提供一种催化剂吸收剂,其中包含一个氧化铝载体、在该氧化铝载体上的铂涂层和一个碳酸盐层;
使废气与所述催化剂吸附剂在至少150°F的温度下接触,由此将氮的氧化物、一氧化碳和硫的氧化物氧化并随后被催化剂吸收剂吸收,直到该催化剂吸收剂变成至少部分饱和。
45.权利要求44的方法,其中的温度为200°-400°F。
46.权利要求45的方法,其中的温度为300°-365°F。
47.权利要求44的方法,其中的铂分布在催化剂上,其数量为氧化铝重量的约0.23%。
48.权利要求44的方法,其中的碳酸盐是碳酸钠,它分布在催化剂上,其数量为氧化铝重量的约10.0%。
49.权利要求44的方法,其中的催化剂吸收剂由表面积为每克50-350平方米的氧化铝球组成。
50.权利要求44的方法,其中的催化剂吸收剂包含许多放置在筛网容器中的氧化铝球。
51.权利要求44的方法,其中将催化剂吸收剂在用完后再生。
52.权利要求44的方法,其中的步骤还包括,在气体污染物的浓度增加到某个预定水平时,从气流中取出吸收剂并装入新的吸收剂。
53.一种用于支承催化剂吸收剂和使催化剂吸收剂与燃烧废气相接触的装置,其中包括这样的装置,它们用来使失效的催化剂吸收剂与燃烧气脱离接触并同时移入等量的新的或再生的催化剂吸收剂与燃烧气接触,以便保持规定的出口污染物浓度限制。
54.权利要求53的装置,该装置的形状为轮形。
55.权利要求53的装置,该装置是园盘传送带。
56.权利要求53的装置,该装置是流化床。
57.权利要求56的装置,该装置有两个或更多的床体,它们交替地用于吸收污染气和再活化。
CN95191939A 1994-02-04 1995-02-02 用于除掉气流中污染物的材料 Pending CN1143335A (zh)

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AU1869995A (en) 1995-08-21
US5607650A (en) 1997-03-04
AU690969B2 (en) 1998-05-07
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DE69523738T2 (de) 2002-08-22
US5665321A (en) 1997-09-09
WO1995021019A1 (en) 1995-08-10
US5451558A (en) 1995-09-19
PL316687A1 (en) 1997-02-03
CZ223196A3 (en) 1997-02-12
DE69523738D1 (de) 2001-12-13
HUT74856A (en) 1997-02-28
NZ281772A (en) 1998-04-27
JPH10500054A (ja) 1998-01-06
EP0742739A4 (en) 1997-05-02
HU9602132D0 (en) 1996-09-30
RU2148429C1 (ru) 2000-05-10
BR9506673A (pt) 1997-09-23
EP0742739A1 (en) 1996-11-20
ATE208230T1 (de) 2001-11-15

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