CN114249312A - 棒状钠离子正极材料及其制备方法和应用 - Google Patents
棒状钠离子正极材料及其制备方法和应用 Download PDFInfo
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- CN114249312A CN114249312A CN202111422025.7A CN202111422025A CN114249312A CN 114249312 A CN114249312 A CN 114249312A CN 202111422025 A CN202111422025 A CN 202111422025A CN 114249312 A CN114249312 A CN 114249312A
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- Prior art keywords
- rod
- sodium ion
- sodium
- positive electrode
- nanofibers
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
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- 229910001415 sodium ion Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims abstract description 55
- FKNQFGJONOIPTF-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sodium cation Chemical compound [Na+] FKNQFGJONOIPTF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims abstract description 53
- 239000007774 positive electrode material Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 28
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 title abstract description 6
- 239000002121 nanofiber Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 116
- 239000011734 sodium Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 80
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 49
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 23
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 14
- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 13
- 229910052725 zinc Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 5
- 229910052748 manganese Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- 229910052759 nickel Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- 229910052719 titanium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- 229910052720 vanadium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- 229910052750 molybdenum Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 3
- 238000005245 sintering Methods 0.000 claims description 51
- XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N iron Substances [Fe] XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 35
- LYCAIKOWRPUZTN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethylene glycol Chemical compound OCCO LYCAIKOWRPUZTN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 27
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 claims description 27
- NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Phosphoric acid Chemical compound OP(O)(O)=O NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 26
- 238000000498 ball milling Methods 0.000 claims description 21
- 238000001035 drying Methods 0.000 claims description 21
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 claims description 21
- 239000006185 dispersion Substances 0.000 claims description 20
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 claims description 19
- 238000005406 washing Methods 0.000 claims description 18
- 229910019142 PO4 Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 15
- 239000011259 mixed solution Substances 0.000 claims description 14
- 229910000147 aluminium phosphate Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 13
- 239000012298 atmosphere Substances 0.000 claims description 13
- DGAQECJNVWCQMB-PUAWFVPOSA-M Ilexoside XXIX Chemical compound C[C@@H]1CC[C@@]2(CC[C@@]3(C(=CC[C@H]4[C@]3(CC[C@@H]5[C@@]4(CC[C@@H](C5(C)C)OS(=O)(=O)[O-])C)C)[C@@H]2[C@]1(C)O)C)C(=O)O[C@H]6[C@@H]([C@H]([C@@H]([C@H](O6)CO)O)O)O.[Na+] DGAQECJNVWCQMB-PUAWFVPOSA-M 0.000 claims description 12
- 239000010405 anode material Substances 0.000 claims description 12
- 230000001105 regulatory effect Effects 0.000 claims description 12
- 229910052708 sodium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 12
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 claims description 11
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 claims description 11
- 229960002089 ferrous chloride Drugs 0.000 claims description 10
- NMCUIPGRVMDVDB-UHFFFAOYSA-L iron dichloride Chemical compound Cl[Fe]Cl NMCUIPGRVMDVDB-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims description 10
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 claims description 9
- 238000011068 loading method Methods 0.000 claims description 9
- 159000000000 sodium salts Chemical class 0.000 claims description 9
- 206010070834 Sensitisation Diseases 0.000 claims description 8
- 230000008313 sensitization Effects 0.000 claims description 8
- 238000002791 soaking Methods 0.000 claims description 8
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- DDXLVDQZPFLQMZ-UHFFFAOYSA-M dodecyl(trimethyl)azanium;chloride Chemical compound [Cl-].CCCCCCCCCCCC[N+](C)(C)C DDXLVDQZPFLQMZ-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 6
- LZZYPRNAOMGNLH-UHFFFAOYSA-M Cetrimonium bromide Chemical compound [Br-].CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC[N+](C)(C)C LZZYPRNAOMGNLH-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 5
- MNNHAPBLZZVQHP-UHFFFAOYSA-N diammonium hydrogen phosphate Chemical compound [NH4+].[NH4+].OP([O-])([O-])=O MNNHAPBLZZVQHP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000009766 low-temperature sintering Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000001488 sodium phosphate Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910000162 sodium phosphate Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 235000011008 sodium phosphates Nutrition 0.000 claims description 3
- RYFMWSXOAZQYPI-UHFFFAOYSA-K trisodium phosphate Chemical compound [Na+].[Na+].[Na+].[O-]P([O-])([O-])=O RYFMWSXOAZQYPI-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000004254 Ammonium phosphate Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- CXRFDZFCGOPDTD-UHFFFAOYSA-M Cetrimide Chemical compound [Br-].CCCCCCCCCCCCCC[N+](C)(C)C CXRFDZFCGOPDTD-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 2
- CWYNVVGOOAEACU-UHFFFAOYSA-N Fe2+ Chemical compound [Fe+2] CWYNVVGOOAEACU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910021575 Iron(II) bromide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910002651 NO3 Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- NHNBFGGVMKEFGY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nitrate Chemical compound [O-][N+]([O-])=O NHNBFGGVMKEFGY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- VBIIFPGSPJYLRR-UHFFFAOYSA-M Stearyltrimethylammonium chloride Chemical compound [Cl-].CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC[N+](C)(C)C VBIIFPGSPJYLRR-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910000148 ammonium phosphate Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 235000019289 ammonium phosphates Nutrition 0.000 claims description 2
- WOWHHFRSBJGXCM-UHFFFAOYSA-M cetyltrimethylammonium chloride Chemical compound [Cl-].CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC[N+](C)(C)C WOWHHFRSBJGXCM-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 2
- BNIILDVGGAEEIG-UHFFFAOYSA-L disodium hydrogen phosphate Chemical compound [Na+].[Na+].OP([O-])([O-])=O BNIILDVGGAEEIG-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910000397 disodium phosphate Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 235000019800 disodium phosphate Nutrition 0.000 claims description 2
- XJWSAJYUBXQQDR-UHFFFAOYSA-M dodecyltrimethylammonium bromide Chemical compound [Br-].CCCCCCCCCCCC[N+](C)(C)C XJWSAJYUBXQQDR-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 2
- 229940046149 ferrous bromide Drugs 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000011790 ferrous sulphate Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 235000003891 ferrous sulphate Nutrition 0.000 claims description 2
- BAUYGSIQEAFULO-UHFFFAOYSA-L iron(2+) sulfate (anhydrous) Chemical compound [Fe+2].[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O BAUYGSIQEAFULO-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910000359 iron(II) sulfate Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- GYCHYNMREWYSKH-UHFFFAOYSA-L iron(ii) bromide Chemical compound [Fe+2].[Br-].[Br-] GYCHYNMREWYSKH-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000003607 modifier Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 235000011007 phosphoric acid Nutrition 0.000 claims description 2
- SZEMGTQCPRNXEG-UHFFFAOYSA-M trimethyl(octadecyl)azanium;bromide Chemical compound [Br-].CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC[N+](C)(C)C SZEMGTQCPRNXEG-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 2
- CEYYIKYYFSTQRU-UHFFFAOYSA-M trimethyl(tetradecyl)azanium;chloride Chemical compound [Cl-].CCCCCCCCCCCCCC[N+](C)(C)C CEYYIKYYFSTQRU-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 2
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 abstract description 12
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 abstract description 9
- 230000008859 change Effects 0.000 abstract description 4
- 239000002086 nanomaterial Substances 0.000 abstract description 4
- HBBGRARXTFLTSG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Lithium ion Chemical compound [Li+] HBBGRARXTFLTSG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract description 3
- 229910001416 lithium ion Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract description 3
- 238000000605 extraction Methods 0.000 abstract description 2
- 238000003780 insertion Methods 0.000 abstract description 2
- 230000037431 insertion Effects 0.000 abstract description 2
- 230000027756 respiratory electron transport chain Effects 0.000 abstract description 2
- 229910052723 transition metal Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract description 2
- 238000003756 stirring Methods 0.000 description 33
- QTBSBXVTEAMEQO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acetic acid Chemical compound CC(O)=O QTBSBXVTEAMEQO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 24
- 239000003599 detergent Substances 0.000 description 18
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 17
- HEMHJVSKTPXQMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[Na+] HEMHJVSKTPXQMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 15
- VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrochloric acid Chemical compound Cl VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 14
- VMHLLURERBWHNL-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium acetate Chemical compound [Na+].CC([O-])=O VMHLLURERBWHNL-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 13
- 239000001632 sodium acetate Substances 0.000 description 13
- 235000017281 sodium acetate Nutrition 0.000 description 13
- LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethanol Chemical compound CCO LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 11
- 239000010406 cathode material Substances 0.000 description 11
- 239000011701 zinc Substances 0.000 description 10
- 230000000052 comparative effect Effects 0.000 description 9
- VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N methane Chemical compound C VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 9
- PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N nickel Substances [Ni] PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 9
- 239000001509 sodium citrate Substances 0.000 description 9
- NLJMYIDDQXHKNR-UHFFFAOYSA-K sodium citrate Chemical compound O.O.[Na+].[Na+].[Na+].[O-]C(=O)CC(O)(CC([O-])=O)C([O-])=O NLJMYIDDQXHKNR-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 9
- 230000003064 anti-oxidating effect Effects 0.000 description 8
- 239000000919 ceramic Substances 0.000 description 8
- 239000002134 carbon nanofiber Substances 0.000 description 7
- WXMKPNITSTVMEF-UHFFFAOYSA-M sodium benzoate Chemical compound [Na+].[O-]C(=O)C1=CC=CC=C1 WXMKPNITSTVMEF-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 7
- 239000004299 sodium benzoate Substances 0.000 description 7
- 235000010234 sodium benzoate Nutrition 0.000 description 7
- 238000011049 filling Methods 0.000 description 6
- ZOIORXHNWRGPMV-UHFFFAOYSA-N acetic acid;zinc Chemical compound [Zn].CC(O)=O.CC(O)=O ZOIORXHNWRGPMV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 239000004246 zinc acetate Substances 0.000 description 5
- PMZURENOXWZQFD-UHFFFAOYSA-L Sodium Sulfate Chemical compound [Na+].[Na+].[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O PMZURENOXWZQFD-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 4
- LFVGISIMTYGQHF-UHFFFAOYSA-N ammonium dihydrogen phosphate Chemical compound [NH4+].OP(O)([O-])=O LFVGISIMTYGQHF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 229910000387 ammonium dihydrogen phosphate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 235000019837 monoammonium phosphate Nutrition 0.000 description 4
- LGQLOGILCSXPEA-UHFFFAOYSA-L nickel sulfate Chemical compound [Ni+2].[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O LGQLOGILCSXPEA-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 4
- 229910000363 nickel(II) sulfate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 229910052938 sodium sulfate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 235000011152 sodium sulphate Nutrition 0.000 description 4
- 239000000758 substrate Substances 0.000 description 4
- 229910021586 Nickel(II) chloride Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- -1 layered oxides Substances 0.000 description 3
- QMMRZOWCJAIUJA-UHFFFAOYSA-L nickel dichloride Chemical compound Cl[Ni]Cl QMMRZOWCJAIUJA-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 3
- 239000004743 Polypropylene Substances 0.000 description 2
- CDBYLPFSWZWCQE-UHFFFAOYSA-L Sodium Carbonate Chemical compound [Na+].[Na+].[O-]C([O-])=O CDBYLPFSWZWCQE-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 2
- FAPWRFPIFSIZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium chloride Chemical compound [Na+].[Cl-] FAPWRFPIFSIZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 2
- 239000004280 Sodium formate Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000011149 active material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 description 2
- GVPFVAHMJGGAJG-UHFFFAOYSA-L cobalt dichloride Chemical compound [Cl-].[Cl-].[Co+2] GVPFVAHMJGGAJG-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 2
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000003792 electrolyte Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000009830 intercalation Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000011572 manganese Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000004570 mortar (masonry) Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000010452 phosphate Substances 0.000 description 2
- NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-K phosphate Chemical compound [O-]P([O-])([O-])=O NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 2
- 229920001155 polypropylene Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 235000002639 sodium chloride Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- HLBBKKJFGFRGMU-UHFFFAOYSA-M sodium formate Chemical compound [Na+].[O-]C=O HLBBKKJFGFRGMU-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 2
- 235000019254 sodium formate Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- VWDWKYIASSYTQR-UHFFFAOYSA-N sodium nitrate Chemical compound [Na+].[O-][N+]([O-])=O VWDWKYIASSYTQR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910021312 NaFePO4 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000004642 Polyimide Substances 0.000 description 1
- HCHKCACWOHOZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zinc Chemical compound [Zn] HCHKCACWOHOZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000001276 controlling effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000009831 deintercalation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000011161 development Methods 0.000 description 1
- WPUMTJGUQUYPIV-JIZZDEOASA-L disodium (S)-malate Chemical compound [Na+].[Na+].[O-]C(=O)[C@@H](O)CC([O-])=O WPUMTJGUQUYPIV-JIZZDEOASA-L 0.000 description 1
- 239000007772 electrode material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011888 foil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003365 glass fiber Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000000227 grinding Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000006872 improvement Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000002687 intercalation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000037427 ion transport Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000014759 maintenance of location Effects 0.000 description 1
- WPBNNNQJVZRUHP-UHFFFAOYSA-L manganese(2+);methyl n-[[2-(methoxycarbonylcarbamothioylamino)phenyl]carbamothioyl]carbamate;n-[2-(sulfidocarbothioylamino)ethyl]carbamodithioate Chemical compound [Mn+2].[S-]C(=S)NCCNC([S-])=S.COC(=O)NC(=S)NC1=CC=CC=C1NC(=S)NC(=O)OC WPBNNNQJVZRUHP-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 239000012528 membrane Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000007773 negative electrode material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000011056 performance test Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229920000447 polyanionic polymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920001721 polyimide Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920002981 polyvinylidene fluoride Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000002994 raw material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000001878 scanning electron micrograph Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000007790 scraping Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000007789 sealing Methods 0.000 description 1
- HBMJWWWQQXIZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N silicon carbide Chemical compound [Si+]#[C-] HBMJWWWQQXIZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910010271 silicon carbide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 235000019265 sodium DL-malate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- HELHAJAZNSDZJO-OLXYHTOASA-L sodium L-tartrate Chemical compound [Na+].[Na+].[O-]C(=O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)C([O-])=O HELHAJAZNSDZJO-OLXYHTOASA-L 0.000 description 1
- 229910000029 sodium carbonate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 235000017550 sodium carbonate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000011780 sodium chloride Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000011121 sodium hydroxide Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000001394 sodium malate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004317 sodium nitrate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000010344 sodium nitrate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- ZNCPFRVNHGOPAG-UHFFFAOYSA-L sodium oxalate Chemical compound [Na+].[Na+].[O-]C(=O)C([O-])=O ZNCPFRVNHGOPAG-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 229940039790 sodium oxalate Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 239000001433 sodium tartrate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229960002167 sodium tartrate Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 235000011004 sodium tartrates Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 238000003786 synthesis reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000001238 wet grinding Methods 0.000 description 1
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- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
- C01B25/00—Phosphorus; Compounds thereof
- C01B25/16—Oxyacids of phosphorus; Salts thereof
- C01B25/26—Phosphates
- C01B25/45—Phosphates containing plural metal, or metal and ammonium
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
- C01B32/00—Carbon; Compounds thereof
- C01B32/15—Nano-sized carbon materials
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
- C01B32/00—Carbon; Compounds thereof
- C01B32/30—Active carbon
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- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
- H01M10/054—Accumulators with insertion or intercalation of metals other than lithium, e.g. with magnesium or aluminium
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
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- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/13—Electrodes for accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte, e.g. for lithium-accumulators; Processes of manufacture thereof
- H01M4/136—Electrodes based on inorganic compounds other than oxides or hydroxides, e.g. sulfides, selenides, tellurides, halogenides or LiCoFy
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- H—ELECTRICITY
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- H01M4/13—Electrodes for accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte, e.g. for lithium-accumulators; Processes of manufacture thereof
- H01M4/139—Processes of manufacture
- H01M4/1397—Processes of manufacture of electrodes based on inorganic compounds other than oxides or hydroxides, e.g. sulfides, selenides, tellurides, halogenides or LiCoFy
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- H—ELECTRICITY
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- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
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- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/362—Composites
- H01M4/364—Composites as mixtures
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- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/48—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides
- H01M4/50—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of manganese
- H01M4/505—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of manganese of mixed oxides or hydroxides containing manganese for inserting or intercalating light metals, e.g. LiMn2O4 or LiMn2OxFy
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
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- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/58—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic compounds other than oxides or hydroxides, e.g. sulfides, selenides, tellurides, halogenides or LiCoFy; of polyanionic structures, e.g. phosphates, silicates or borates
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- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/58—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic compounds other than oxides or hydroxides, e.g. sulfides, selenides, tellurides, halogenides or LiCoFy; of polyanionic structures, e.g. phosphates, silicates or borates
- H01M4/5825—Oxygenated metallic salts or polyanionic structures, e.g. borates, phosphates, silicates, olivines
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- H—ELECTRICITY
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- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/62—Selection of inactive substances as ingredients for active masses, e.g. binders, fillers
- H01M4/624—Electric conductive fillers
- H01M4/625—Carbon or graphite
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01P—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO STRUCTURAL AND PHYSICAL ASPECTS OF SOLID INORGANIC COMPOUNDS
- C01P2002/00—Crystal-structural characteristics
- C01P2002/50—Solid solutions
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- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01P—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO STRUCTURAL AND PHYSICAL ASPECTS OF SOLID INORGANIC COMPOUNDS
- C01P2002/00—Crystal-structural characteristics
- C01P2002/50—Solid solutions
- C01P2002/52—Solid solutions containing elements as dopants
- C01P2002/54—Solid solutions containing elements as dopants one element only
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Abstract
本发明公开了一种棒状钠离子正极材料及其制备方法和应用,该材料包括棒状的基材及穿插于所述基材中的纳米纤维,所述纳米纤维上负载C‑Na,所述棒状钠离子正极材料的化学通式为Na(FeaTb)PO4/CNF‑cC‑Na,其中T为Ni、Co、Zn、Mn、Fe、V、Ti或Mo中的至少一种,0.9≤a<1,0<b≤0.2,0.001≤c≤0.1。本发明一方面采用掺杂部分过渡金属元素,改善其电化学性能,另一方面通过加入调控剂合成棒状钠离子正极材料,并加入负载C‑Na的纳米纤维来调节大小棒状材料比例,防止单一结构导致其稳定性、电子传递特性较单一,优化单一的Na(FeaTb)PO4棒状纳米结构的组成,加入的纳米纤维能缓解钠离子嵌入和脱出过程中产生的应力以及体积变化。
Description
技术领域
本发明属于钠离子电池技术领域,具体涉及一种棒状钠离子正极材料及其制备方法和应用。
背景技术
锂离子电池(LIBs)能提供较高的能量密度,但钠离子电池(SIBs)是扩大可充电电池种类的最有前途的选择之一。当前提高SIBs性能的主要方法是掺杂锌、锰、铁等元素,其主要目的在于降低成本和供应风险,调控正负极材料的性能。
SIBs正极材料根据其结构可分为四种主要类型,即聚阴离子化合物、转化材料、层状氧化物和富钠材料。其中,NaFePO4钠离子电池正极材料是聚阴离子化合物中最有前途的候选材料,因热稳定性良好、原材料常见,能满足许多应用要求。然而,该材料的充放电循环性能较差以及钠的扩散率较低,导致其导电性低、容量保持率低,限制了其进一步发展。
为解决上述问题的方法有很多,包括改变材料结构、形貌改变、掺杂和涂层等。在这些方法中,掺杂、形貌改变已被证明是一种有效和通用改进方法。形貌改变不仅可以提高电导率,而且可以模拟合成过程中的生长过程,掺杂本身可以提高正极材料的电导率。
发明内容
本发明旨在至少解决上述现有技术中存在的技术问题之一。为此,本发明提出一种棒状钠离子正极材料及其制备方法和应用,一方面采用掺杂部分元素,改善其电化学性能,另一方面改变材料的形貌,通过加入调控剂合成棒状钠离子正极材料,并加入负载C-Na的纳米纤维来调节大小棒状材料的比例,优化棒状纳米结构的组成,通过上述两方面改进措施,借此来解决低循环性能、低能量密度、低导电性问题。
根据本发明的一个方面,提出了一种棒状钠离子正极材料,包括棒状的基材及穿插于所述基材的纳米纤维,所述纳米纤维上负载C-Na,所述棒状钠离子正极材料的化学通式为Na(FeaTb)PO4/CNF-cC-Na,其中T为Ni、Co、Zn、Mn、Fe、V、Ti或Mo中的至少一种,0.9≤a<1,0<b≤0.2,0.001≤c≤0.1。
在本发明的一些实施方式中,所述基材与所述纳米纤维的质量比为20:(0.02-1);所述纳米纤维的截面直径与所述基材的截面直径之比为1:(0.5-5)。进一步优选的,所述纳米纤维的截面直径大于所述基材的截面直径。所述纳米纤维的截面直径与所述基材的截面直径之比为1:(0.5-1)。
在本发明的一些实施方式中所述C-Na的负载量为所述纳米纤维质量的0.1-10%。
本发明还提供所述的棒状钠离子正极材料的制备方法,包括以下步骤:
S1:将磷酸源、铁源、钠源、T源、调控剂和负载C-Na的纳米纤维分散液进行混合,在惰性气氛下干燥,得到待烧结物料;
S2:所述待烧结物料在惰性气氛下先进行低温烧结以分解所述调控剂,得到一烧粉料,将所述一烧粉料进行洗涤、干燥、球磨,再进行高温烧结,即得所述棒状钠离子正极材料。
在本发明的一些实施方式中,步骤S1中,所述磷酸源为磷酸铵、磷酸氢铵、磷酸、磷酸钠或磷酸氢钠中的至少一种。
在本发明的一些实施方式中,步骤S1中,所述铁源为硫酸亚铁、硝酸亚铁、氯化亚铁或溴化亚铁中的至少一种。
在本发明的一些实施方式中,步骤S1中,所述钠源为氢氧化钠、碳酸钠、氯化钠、硝酸钠或硫酸钠中的至少一种。
在本发明的一些实施方式中,步骤S1中,T源为Ni、Co、Zn、Mn、Fe、V、Ti或Mo的可溶性盐中的至少一种。
在本发明的一些实施方式中,步骤S1中,所述调控剂为十二烷基三甲基氯化铵、十二烷基三甲基溴化铵、十四烷基三甲基氯化铵、十四烷基三甲基溴化铵、十六烷基三甲基氯化铵、十六烷基三甲基溴化铵、十八烷基三甲基氯化铵、十八烷基三甲基溴化铵中的至少一种。
在本发明的一些实施方式中,步骤S1中,所述磷酸源中的磷酸根、铁源中的铁元素、钠源中的钠元素和T源中的T元素的摩尔比为(0.9-1.2):(0.8-1.1):(0.9-1):(0.001-0.2)。
在本发明的一些实施方式中,步骤S1中,所述调控剂加入质量为磷酸源、铁源、钠源和T源总质量的0.5-8%。
在本发明的一些实施方式中,步骤S1中,所述负载C-Na的纳米纤维分散液的制备方法如下:将纳米纤维纸浸泡于酸与钠盐的混合溶液中,进行敏化处理,然后所述纳米纤维纸经过洗涤,剥离得到纳米纤维,所述纳米纤维与有机钠盐混合,球磨,在惰性气氛下进行加热,进行负载处理,得到负载C-Na的纳米纤维,再将所述负载C-Na的纳米纤维分散于乙二醇溶液中,得到所述负载C-Na的纳米纤维分散液。
在本发明的一些优选的实施方式中,所述纳米纤维纸为聚亚酰胺纳米纤维纸、聚丙烯纳米纤维纸、碳化硅纳米纤维纸、碳纳米纤维纸或碳-金属纳米纤维纸中的至少一种。
在本发明的一些优选的实施方式中,所述负载C-Na的纳米纤维与所述乙二醇溶液的固液比为(0.1-5):(1-20)(w/v)。
在本发明的一些优选的实施方式中,所述酸与钠盐的混合溶液中,酸的浓度为0.01-0.5mol/L,钠盐的浓度为0.01-3mol/L;所述纳米纤维纸与所述酸与钠盐的混合溶液的固液比为(0.1-5):(1-2)(w/v)。
在本发明的一些优选的实施方式中,所述纳米纤维与有机钠盐的质量比为100:(0.1-10)。
在本发明的一些优选的实施方式中,加热处理的温度为400-900℃。
在本发明的一些优选的实施方式中,所述有机钠盐为甲酸钠、柠檬酸钠、草酸钠、醋酸钠、苯甲酸钠、酒石酸钠或苹果酸钠中的至少一种。
在本发明的一些优选的实施方式中,所述剥离采用刮刀于乙醇溶液中刮除所述纳米纤维纸上的纳米纤维,干燥即得。
在本发明的一些实施方式中,步骤S1中,所述纳米纤维分散液中纳米纤维占磷酸源、铁源、钠源、T源总质量的0.01-5%。
在本发明的一些实施方式中,步骤S1中,所述混合的具体步骤为:先加入磷酸源、铁源、钠源和T源进行第一次搅拌,再加入调控剂,加酸调节pH后,再加入负载C-Na的纳米纤维分散液进行第二次搅拌。优选的,所述第一次搅拌的时间为1-5h,第二次搅拌的时间为2-10h。
在本发明的一些实施方式中,步骤S1中,所述干燥的温度为80-120℃。
在本发明的一些实施方式中,步骤S1和/或步骤S2中,所述惰性气氛为He、Ne、Ar或Kr中的一种。
在本发明的一些实施方式中,步骤S2中,所述低温烧结的温度为100-300℃。优选的,所述低温烧结的时间为3-8h。
在本发明的一些实施方式中,步骤S2中,所述高温烧结的温度为300-800℃。优选的,所述高温烧结的时间为4-12h。
在本发明的一些实施方式中,步骤S2中,所述洗涤采用的洗涤剂为醇与乙酸或甲酸钠的混合液,所述一烧粉料与所述洗涤剂的固液比为1:(0.5-10)(w/v)。
本发明还提供所述的棒状钠离子正极材料在钠离子电池中的应用。
根据本发明的一种优选的实施方式,至少具有以下有益效果:
1、本发明一方面采用掺杂部分过渡金属元素,改善其电化学性能,另一方面通过加入调控剂合成棒状钠离子正极材料,并加入负载C-Na的纳米纤维来调节大小棒状材料比例,防止单一结构导致其稳定性、电子传递特性较单一,优化单一的Na(FeaTb)PO4棒状纳米结构的组成,加入的纳米纤维能缓解钠离子嵌入和脱出过程中产生的应力以及体积变化。多种棒状的结构的组成,使它有不同类型棒状型的材料,提供了更多的通道,从而可能提供不同的连续的电子和离子传输通道。此外纳米纤维上负载C-Na能补充可扩散钠离子的量,反应的活性位点大大增多,更好地起到平衡钠离子脱嵌问题,有助于提高材料的倍率性能和循环稳定性。
2、为了彻底脱去调控剂并降低对钠离子正极材料的破坏,通过一次低温烧结,尽量分解调控剂,再利用洗涤剂洗涤以及二次烧结高温处理除去调控剂,采用两步烧结法以及洗涤处理对材料结构的有序性和形貌的破坏性降低,保证其结构的完整性以及可靠性。
附图说明
下面结合附图和实施例对本发明做进一步的说明,其中:
图1为本发明实施例1-6纳米纤维的SEM图;
图2为本发明实施例3制备得到的棒状钠离子正极材料Na(Fe0.98Zn0.02)PO4/CNF-0.035C-Na的SEM图。
具体实施方式
以下将结合实施例对本发明的构思及产生的技术效果进行清楚、完整地描述,以充分地理解本发明的目的、特征和效果。显然,所描述的实施例只是本发明的一部分实施例,而不是全部实施例,基于本发明的实施例,本领域的技术人员在不付出创造性劳动的前提下所获得的其他实施例,均属于本发明保护的范围。
实施例1
本实施例制备了一种棒状钠离子正极材料,具体过程为:
(1)烧杯中加120mL的0.53mol/L磷酸二氢铵、91.4mL的0.52mol/L氯化亚铁、59.5mL的0.84mol/L乙酸钠、3.4mL的0.74mol/L氯化镍,在1h43min的搅拌器搅拌中,加入0.4g十二烷基三甲基氯化铵,加乙酸控制pH在7.1,静置6h17min后,再加12mL负载3.5%柠檬酸钠的纳米纤维分散液(纳米纤维纸为碳纳米纤维纸,购自浙江某材料公司,纳米纤维纸的纳米纤维截面直径在0.5-3μm之间,见图1;将5g纳米纤维纸,浸泡于60ml浓度为0.04mol/L盐酸与0.23mol/L硫酸钠的混合溶液中,搅拌,进行敏化处理,然后将纳米纤维纸经过洗涤,剥离得到3.7g纳米纤维,与0.13g柠檬酸钠混合,球磨,送至烧结炉在Ar气氛下530℃进行加热,进行负载处理,得到负载有C-Na的纳米纤维,再将所述负载C-Na的纳米纤维分散于40ml乙二醇溶液中,得到负载3.5%C-Na的纳米纤维分散液),搅拌器搅拌6h16min,送至烘箱中,加入Ar气体防氧化处理,80℃下干燥4h7min,得到待烧结物;
(2)取5g待烧结物装入耐温陶瓷坩埚,送至烧结炉中,充满Ar气体下,185℃烧结2h7min,取出一次烧结黑粉,乙酸钠与醇1:1混合制得洗涤剂,取6mL洗涤剂与一次烧结黑粉混合、搅拌,洗涤3次,分离,送至烘箱中102℃下干燥1h3min、球磨,再送至烧结炉中,550℃下烧结6h37min,球磨,得到4.2g棒状钠离子正极材料Na(Fe0.95Ni0.05)PO4/CNF-0.035C-Na。
实施例2
本实施例制备了一种棒状钠离子正极材料,具体过程为:
(1)烧杯中加120mL的0.53mol/L磷酸二氢铵、86.6mL的0.52mol/L氯化亚铁、59.5mL的0.84mol/L乙酸钠、6.8mL的0.74mol/L氯化镍,在1h43min的搅拌器搅拌中,加入0.5g十二烷基三甲基氯化铵,加乙酸控制pH在7.2,静置6h17min后,再加10mL负载3.5%柠檬酸钠的纳米纤维分散液(纳米纤维纸为碳纳米纤维纸,购自浙江某材料公司,纳米纤维纸的纳米纤维截面直径在0.5-3μm之间;将5g纳米纤维纸浸泡于60ml浓度为0.04mol/L盐酸与0.23mol/L硫酸钠的混合溶液中,搅拌,进行敏化处理,然后将纳米纤维纸经过洗涤,剥离得到3.7g纳米纤维,与0.13g柠檬酸钠混合,球磨,送至烧结炉在Ar气氛下530℃进行加热,进行负载处理得到负载C-Na的纳米纤维,再将所述负载C-Na的纳米纤维分散于40ml乙二醇溶液中,得到负载3.5%C-Na的纳米纤维分散液),搅拌器搅拌6h16min,送至烘箱中,加入Ar气体防氧化处理,80℃下干燥4h7min,得到待烧结物;
(2)取5g待烧结物装入耐温陶瓷坩埚,送至烧结炉中,充满Ar气体下,185℃烧结2h7min,取出一次烧结黑粉,乙酸钠与醇1:1混合制得洗涤剂,取6mL洗涤剂与一次烧结黑粉混合、搅拌,洗涤3次,分离,送至烘箱中102℃下干燥1h3min,再送至烧结炉中,550℃下烧结6h37min,得到4.3g棒状钠离子正极材料Na(Fe0.9Ni0.1)PO4/CNF-0.035C-Na。
实施例3
本实施例制备了一种棒状钠离子正极材料,具体过程为:
(1)烧杯中加120mL的0.53mol/L磷酸二氢铵、94.3mL的0.52mol/L氯化亚铁、59.5mL的0.84mol/L乙酸钠、1.8mL的0.55mol/L乙酸锌,在1h43min的搅拌器搅拌中,加入0.6g十二烷基三甲基氯化铵,加乙酸控制pH在6.8,静置6h17min后,再加15mL负载3.5%柠檬酸钠的纳米纤维分散液(纳米纤维纸为碳纳米纤维纸,购自浙江某材料公司,纳米纤维纸的纳米纤维直径在0.5-3μm之间;将5g纳米纤维纸浸泡于60ml浓度为0.04mol/L盐酸与0.23mol/L硫酸钠的混合溶液中,搅拌,进行敏化处理,然后将纳米纤维纸经过洗涤,剥离得到3.7g纳米纤维,与0.13g柠檬酸钠混合,球磨,送至烧结炉在Ar气氛下530℃进行加热,进行负载处理,得到负载C-Na的纳米纤维,再将所述负载C-Na的纳米纤维分散于40ml乙二醇溶液中,得到负载3.5%C-Na的纳米纤维分散液),搅拌器再搅拌6h16min,送至烘箱中,加入Ar气体防氧化处理,80℃下干燥4h7min,得到待烧结物;
(2)取5g待烧结物装入耐温陶瓷坩埚,送至烧结炉中,充满Ar气体下,185℃烧结2h7min,取出一次烧结黑粉,乙酸钠与醇1:1混合制得洗涤剂,取6mL洗涤剂与一次烧结黑粉混合、搅拌,洗涤3次,分离,送至烘箱中102℃下干燥1h3min、球磨,再送至烧结炉中,550℃下烧结6h37min,得到4.3g棒状钠离子正极材料Na(Fe0.98Zn0.02)PO4/CNF-0.035C-Na。
图2为本实施例制备得到的棒状钠离子正极材料Na(Fe0.98Zn0.02)PO4/CNF-0.035C-Na,由棒状的钠离子正极材料基材及穿插于钠离子正极材料基材的纳米纤维组成,钠离子正极材料基材截面直径在0.3-0.5μm之间,纳米纤维截面直径在0.5-1μm之间,直径较大,较大的纳米纤维能够调节大小棒状材料比例。
实施例4
本实施例制备了一种棒状钠离子正极材料,具体过程为:
(1)烧杯中加90mL的0.69mol/L磷酸、86.6mL的0.52mol/L氯化亚铁、50.0mL的1.0mol/L氢氧化钠、4.6mL的0.55mol/L乙酸锌、7.8mL的0.32mol/L硫酸镍,在1h43min的搅拌器搅拌中,加入0.5g十六烷基三甲基溴化铵,加乙酸控制pH在7.2,静置6h25min后,再加10mL负载5.1%苯甲酸钠的纳米纤维分散液(纳米纤维纸为碳纳米纤维纸,购自浙江某材料公司,纳米纤维纸的纳米纤维直径在0.5-3μm之间;将5g纳米纤维纸浸泡于50ml浓度为0.02mol/L盐酸与0.33mol/L磷酸钠的混合溶液中,搅拌,进行敏化处理,然后将纳米纤维纸经过洗涤,剥离得到3.7g纳米纤维,与0.19g苯甲酸钠混合,球磨,送至烧结炉在Ar气氛下580℃进行加热,进行负载处理,得到负载C-Na的纳米纤维,再将所述负载C-Na的纳米纤维分散于70ml乙二醇溶液中,得到负载5.1%C-Na的纳米纤维分散液),搅拌器搅拌6h36min,送至烘箱中,加入Ar气体防氧化处理,90℃下干燥3h41min,得到待烧结物;
(2)取5g待烧结物装入耐温陶瓷坩埚,送至烧结炉中,充满Ne气体下,225℃烧结2h2min,取出一次烧结黑粉,乙酸钠与醇1:1混合制得洗涤剂,取25mL洗涤剂与一次烧结黑粉混合、搅拌,洗涤3次,分离,送至烘箱中110℃下干燥1h3min、球磨,再送至烧结炉中,610℃烧结6h52min,球磨,得到4.3g棒状钠离子正极材料Na(Fe0.9Zn0.05Ni0.05)PO4/CNF-0.051C-Na。
实施例5
本实施例制备了一种棒状钠离子正极材料,具体过程为:
(1)烧杯中加90mL的0.69mol/L磷酸、86.6mL的0.52mol/L氯化亚铁、50.0mL的1.0mol/L氢氧化钠、2.7mL的0.55mol/L乙酸锌、7.8mL的0.32mol/L硫酸镍、1.3mL的0.76mol/L氯化钴,在1h43min的搅拌器搅拌中,加入0.6g十六烷基三甲基溴化铵,加乙酸控制pH在7.1,静置6h25min后,再加15mL负载5.1%苯甲酸钠的纳米纤维分散液(纳米纤维纸为碳纳米纤维纸,购自浙江某材料公司,纳米纤维纸的纳米纤维直径在0.5-3μm之间;将5g纳米纤维纸浸泡于50ml浓度为0.02mol/L盐酸与0.33mol/L磷酸钠的混合溶液中,搅拌,进行敏化处理,然后将纳米纤维纸经过洗涤,剥离得到3.7g纳米纤维,与0.19g苯甲酸钠混合,球磨,送至烧结炉在Ar气氛下580℃进行加热,进行负载处理,得到负载C-Na的纳米纤维,再将所述负载C-Na的纳米纤维分散于70ml乙二醇溶液中,得到负载5.1%C-Na的纳米纤维分散液),搅拌器搅拌6h36min,送至烘箱中,加入Ar气体防氧化处理,90℃下干燥3h41min,得到待烧结物;
(2)取5g待烧结物装入耐温陶瓷坩埚,送至烧结炉中,充满Ne气体下,225℃烧结2h2min,取出一次烧结黑粉,乙酸钠与醇1:1混合制得洗涤剂,取5mL洗涤剂与一次烧结黑粉混合、搅拌,洗涤3次,分离,送至烘箱110℃下干燥1h3min、球磨,再送至烧结炉中,610℃烧结6h52min,球磨,得到4.5g棒状钠离子正极材料Na(Fe0.9Ni0.05Zn0.03Co0.02)PO4/CNF-0.051C-Na。
实施例6
本实施例制备了一种棒状钠离子正极材料,具体过程为:
(1)烧杯中加90mL的0.69mol/L磷酸、82.7mL的0.52mol/L氯化亚铁、50.0mL的1.0mol/L氢氧化钠、2.7mL的0.55mol/L乙酸锌、14.1mL的0.32mol/L硫酸镍、1.3mL的0.76mol/L氯化钴、,在1h43min的搅拌器搅拌中,加入0.05g十六烷基三甲基溴化铵,加乙酸控制pH在7.1,静置6h25min后,再加20mL负载5.1%苯甲酸钠的纳米纤维分散液(纳米纤维纸为碳纳米纤维纸,购自浙江某材料公司,纳米纤维纸的纳米纤维直径在0.5-3μm之间;将5g纳米纤维纸浸泡于50ml浓度为0.02mol/L盐酸与0.33mol/L磷酸钠的混合溶液中,搅拌,进行敏化处理,然后将纳米纤维纸经过洗涤,剥离得到3.7g纳米纤维,与0.19g苯甲酸钠混合,球磨,送至烧结炉在Ar气氛下580℃进行加热,进行负载处理,得到负载C-Na的纳米纤维,再将所述负载C-Na的纳米纤维分散于70ml乙二醇溶液中,得到负载5.1%C-Na的纳米纤维分散液),搅拌器搅拌6h36min,送至烘箱中,加入Ar气体防氧化处理,90℃下干燥3h41min,得到待烧结物;
(2)取5g待烧结物装入耐温陶瓷坩埚,送至烧结炉中,充满Ne气体下,225℃烧结2h2min,取出一次烧结黑粉,乙酸钠与醇1:1混合制得洗涤剂,取5mL洗涤剂与一次烧结黑粉混合、搅拌,洗涤3次,分离,送至烘箱中110℃下干燥1h3min、球磨,再送至烧结炉中,610℃烧结6h52min,球磨,得到4.4g棒状钠离子正极材料Na(Fe0.86Ni0.09Zn0.03Co0.02)PO4/CNF-0.051C-Na。
对比例1(未加纳米纤维)
本对比例制备了一种棒状钠离子正极材料,具体过程为:
(1)烧杯中加120mL的0.53mol/L磷酸二氢铵、91.4mL的0.52mol/L氯化亚铁、59.5mL的0.84mol/L乙酸钠、3.4mL的0.74mol/L氯化镍,在1h43min的搅拌器搅拌中,加入0.4g十二烷基三甲基氯化铵,加乙酸控制pH在7.1,静置6h17min后,搅拌器搅拌6h16min,送至烘箱中,加入Ar气体防氧化处理,80℃下干燥4h7min,得到待烧结物;
(2)取5g待烧结物装入耐温陶瓷坩埚,送至烧结炉中,充满Ar气体下,185℃烧结2h7min,取出一次烧结黑粉,乙酸钠与醇1:1混合制得洗涤剂,取25mL洗涤剂与一次烧结黑粉混合、搅拌,洗涤3次,分离,送至烘箱中102℃下干燥1h3min、球磨,再送至烧结炉中,550℃下烧结6h37min,球磨,得到4.2g棒状钠离子正极材料Na(Fe0.95Ni0.05)PO4。
对比例2(未加调控剂、纳米纤维)
本对比例制备了一种钠离子正极材料,具体过程为:
(1)烧杯中加90mL的0.69mol/L磷酸、86.6mL的0.52mol/L氯化亚铁、50.0mL的1.0mol/L氢氧化钠、4.6mL的0.55mol/L乙酸锌、7.8mL的0.32mol/L硫酸镍,在1h43min的搅拌器搅拌中,搅拌器搅拌6h36min,送至烘箱中,加入Ar气体防氧化处理,90℃下干燥3h41min,得到待烧结物;
(2)取5g待烧结物装入耐温陶瓷坩埚,送至烧结炉中,充满Ne气体下,225℃烧结2h2min,取出一次烧结黑粉,乙酸钠与醇1:1混合制得洗涤剂,取25mL洗涤剂与一次烧结黑粉混合、搅拌,洗涤3次,分离,送至烘箱中110℃下干燥1h3min、球磨,再送至烧结炉中,610℃烧结6h52min,球磨,得到4.3g钠离子正极材料Na(Fe0.9Zn0.05Ni0.05)PO4。
电池组装
(1)制作极片
称取实施例1-6与对比例1-2制得的钠离子正极材料各0.10g和以及对应的0.015gSuperb导电炭黑放入研钵中,于研钵中将活性物质与导电碳黑研磨16min,接着加0.15g的NMP湿磨10min,最后加入0.015gPVDF快速研磨。将黑色浆料状物质均匀的涂覆于铝箔上,锟压成型,放入90℃烘箱烘干10h过夜得到电极片。而后经切片机裁片成0.8cm直径的圆片、并计算圆片中活性材料的质量及设定参数。
(2)电池装配
采取装配CR3202纽扣电池来测试材料的电化学性能,在充满Ar气的手套箱中,将负极壳、弹簧片、垫片、正极材料、电解液(16.8gNaPF6加入50ml混合溶液中,混合溶液由EC、DMC、DEC按1:1:1混合得到)、隔膜(聚丙烯膜)、电解液、钠片、正极壳依次放入纽扣电池,并进行密封,完成装配纽扣电池。其中的金属钠片作对电极材料,玻璃纤维纸作隔离膜。测试环境为25℃,电压在2.5-4.0V,1C倍率下测试。电池的性能测试结果如表1所示。
表1
由表1可知,对比例1和对比例2的电化学性能明显低于实施例,这是由于对比例1只是由单一棒状纳米结构的组成,未能很好地缓解钠离子嵌入和脱出过程中产生的应力以及体积变化,导致循环性能和比容量都较差,对比例2属于普通的掺杂型钠离子正极材料,未经过形貌改变,因此其电化学性能较差。
上面结合附图对本发明实施例作了详细说明,但是本发明不限于上述实施例,在所属技术领域普通技术人员所具备的知识范围内,还可以在不脱离本发明宗旨的前提下作出各种变化。此外,在不冲突的情况下,本发明的实施例及实施例中的特征可以相互组合。
Claims (10)
1.一种棒状钠离子正极材料,其特征在于,包括棒状的基材及穿插于所述基材中的纳米纤维,所述纳米纤维上负载C-Na,所述棒状钠离子正极材料的化学通式为Na(FeaTb)PO4/CNF-cC-Na,其中T为Ni、Co、Zn、Mn、Fe、V、Ti或Mo中的至少一种,0.9≤a<1,0<b≤0.2,0.001≤c≤0.1。
2.根据权利要求1所述的棒状钠离子正极材料,其特征在于,所述基材与所述纳米纤维的质量比为20:(0.02-1);所述纳米纤维的截面直径与所述基材的截面直径之比为1:(0.5-5)。
3.根据权利要求1所述的棒状钠离子正极材料,其特征在于,所述C-Na的负载量为所述纳米纤维质量的0.1-10%。
4.如权利要求1-3任一项所述的棒状钠离子正极材料的制备方法,其特征在于,包括以下步骤:
S1:将磷酸源、铁源、钠源、T源、调控剂和负载C-Na的纳米纤维分散液进行混合,在惰性气氛下干燥,得到待烧结物料;
S2:所述待烧结物料在惰性气氛下先进行低温烧结以分解所述调控剂,得到一烧粉料,将所述一烧粉料进行洗涤、干燥、球磨,再进行高温烧结,即得所述棒状钠离子正极材料。
5.根据权利要求4所述的制备方法,其特征在于,步骤S1中,所述磷酸源为磷酸铵、磷酸氢铵、磷酸、磷酸钠或磷酸氢钠中的至少一种。
6.根据权利要求4所述的制备方法,其特征在于,步骤S1中,所述铁源为硫酸亚铁、硝酸亚铁、氯化亚铁或溴化亚铁中的至少一种。
7.根据权利要求4所述的制备方法,其特征在于,步骤S1中,所述调控剂为十二烷基三甲基氯化铵、十二烷基三甲基溴化铵、十四烷基三甲基氯化铵、十四烷基三甲基溴化铵、十六烷基三甲基氯化铵、十六烷基三甲基溴化铵、十八烷基三甲基氯化铵、十八烷基三甲基溴化铵中的至少一种。
8.根据权利要求4所述的制备方法,其特征在于,步骤S1中,所述负载C-Na的纳米纤维分散液的制备方法如下:将纳米纤维纸浸泡于酸与钠盐的混合溶液中,进行敏化处理,然后所述纳米纤维纸经过洗涤,剥离得到纳米纤维,所述纳米纤维与有机钠盐混合,球磨,在惰性气氛下进行加热,进行负载处理,得到负载C-Na的纳米纤维,再将所述负载C-Na的纳米纤维分散于乙二醇溶液中,得到所述负载C-Na的纳米纤维分散液。
9.根据权利要求4所述的制备方法,其特征在于,步骤S2中,所述低温烧结的温度为100-300℃;所述高温烧结的温度为300-800℃。
10.权利要求1-3任一项所述的棒状钠离子正极材料在钠离子电池中的应用。
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