CN114223413A

CN114223413A - Breeding method of excellent strain wild jujube

Info

Publication number: CN114223413A
Application number: CN202111667495.XA
Authority: CN
Inventors: 杨勇; 陈艳玲; 杨佳兴; 杨佳丽
Original assignee: Individual
Current assignee: Individual
Priority date: 2021-12-31
Filing date: 2021-12-31
Publication date: 2022-03-25

Abstract

The application discloses a method for breeding good-line wild jujube, which sequentially comprises the following steps of selecting good varieties, collecting scions, grafting, managing after grafting (bud picking, watering, fertilizing, weeding, pinching and binding removing), selecting a wild jujube line with a mature period of 9-10 months per year, wherein fruits are oblate, large in size, 1.5-3cm in diameter of fresh fruits, 1.4-2.6cm in diameter of dry fruits, slightly concave in fruit tops, thick in pulp, small in kernel, thin in dry fruit skin, suitable for eating, small in kernel, slightly sour in taste, good in palatability, moderate in annual growth amount of branches, easy to form after pruning, capable of bearing fruits on the grafted branches in the same year, capable of entering a high-yield period in the second year, capable of hanging full fruits on each jujube hanger, and strong in wind resistance, cold resistance and drought resistance. The strain is easy to trim, labor force can be saved, and the economic benefit of a grower can be improved due to high yield.

Description

Breeding method of excellent strain wild jujube

Technical Field

The application relates to the technical field of wild jujube breeding, in particular to a method for breeding excellent-strain wild jujube.

Background

Wild jujube is also named as spine, wild jujube and the like, belongs to original wild varieties in China from ancient and wild, is mainly produced in northern areas of China, and is always appeared on the market at once every October every year for people to taste fresh, but many beverages and foods processed by the wild jujube are processed by the wild jujube juice, the wild jujube powder, the wild jujube wine and the like. The wild jujube has high nutritive value, the nutrition of the wild jujube is mainly embodied in the components of the wild jujube, and the wild jujube not only contains various trace elements such as potassium, sodium, iron, zinc, phosphorus, selenium and the like other fruits; more importantly, the fresh wild jujube contains a large amount of vitamin C, the content of the vitamin C is 2-3 times of that of red jujube and 20-30 times of that of citrus, the utilization rate of the vitamin C in a human body can reach 86.3%, and the vitamin C is outstanding in all fruits. The wild jujube has proven to have the effects of preventing diseases, resisting aging, maintaining beauty and prolonging life, and the nutritional value of the wild jujube is more and more valued by people.

The wild jujube likes warm and dry climate, is drought-resistant, cold-resistant and alkali-resistant, is suitable for cultivating sunny and dry hillsides, hills, valleys, plains and roadside sandstone soil, is a pioneer afforestation tree species for landscaping, mountains and towns, and enriches the species of landscaping by artificially breeding sour and sweet species with large, thick and small fruits, cultivating nursery stocks and fruit-viewing bonsais.

Wild jujube, which is in the stage of gradual reduction and endangering extinction, needs to be protected, and excellent varieties are bred from the wild jujube, and an excellent variety protection area is established; the product has high nutritive value, and can be used for fresh eating, processed food and beverage; the method can be used for grafting Chinese dates to manufacture fruit-viewing bonsais and enrich the species of landscaping. Regarding some species of wild jujube, at present, the wild jujube is in the gradual reduction and endangering extinction stage, and the ecological environment of the nature is protected, which is also required for protecting the normal development of the human society.

Therefore, the breeding of high-quality wild jujube seedlings is a problem which needs to be solved urgently by technical personnel in the technical field.

Disclosure of Invention

The application provides a method for breeding excellent-strain wild jujube, and solves the problems of few varieties and poor quality of the existing wild jujube.

In order to solve the technical problem, the application provides a method for breeding excellent-strain wild jujube, which comprises the following steps:

collecting scions: collecting scions about 20 days per year in 4 months, collecting the 6 wild jujube varieties bred by selection, selecting strong branches suitable for grafting in the current year and having no plant diseases and insect pests, and classifying the branches into bundles, wherein each 30 branches form one bundle. The hanging labels of each variety are classified and are placed according to the variety when being stored, and the sand is required to completely cover the scions. The moisture of the sand is preferably kept in the hands to form a mass and then fall on the ground to disperse.

Grafting: during grafting, the scion and the cambium of the stock are tightly combined to ensure the survival of the scion.

Pruning the stock grafted with the wild jujube: each tree is reserved with 1-2 positions, and a proper stump with the length of 4-5cm is reserved on the current-year healthy and strong branches. The cut is cut flat on the grafting day, and is preferably carried out synchronously with the grafting work, so that the moisture of the tree body is not lost, the cut is moisturized, the grafting survival and healing are fast, and the growth is easy.

And (3) management after grafting: watering is not suitable for the field within one week after grafting. And observing whether the scion is blown down by wind or artificially. When the method is used in field operation, attention must be paid to the fact that newly grafted scions cannot be touched. Irrigation can be carried out 10-15 days after grafting. And observing the growth of the shoot of the tree body below the grafting opening, and timely removing the shoot to promote the growth of the scion. The watering, fertilizing and weeding work is carried out in order. After grafting, the tightness of the binding film is observed at any time, and if the binding is too tight, the binding film is released, so that the scion and the stock are completely healed, and then the strong wind can be resisted. When the bound membrane is released, attention is paid to the fact that the bound membrane cannot be released at one time, a sharp blade is used for scratching one surface back to the grafting opening, the membrane cannot be completely scratched completely, and the membrane can be completely released after the growth knot is solidified.

Transplanting: transplanting the grafted wild jujube finished seedlings to the ground, planting the wild jujube finished seedlings at a proper row spacing, cultivating the wild jujube finished seedlings according to classified varieties, observing and recording the transplanted 6 wild jujubes under the same natural conditions and the same management method, and observing and comparing the biological characteristics, the botanical shapes and the fruit economic characters of the wild jujubes. After transplanting, when the growth length of the branches is 60-80cm, pinching of the transplanted seedlings is needed, spindly growth of the wild jujube seedlings can be controlled, and thickening growth and fruit development promotion are facilitated.

Determination of excellent wild jujube strain: determining the wild jujube with good taste, high fruiting yield and strong stress resistance as a current excellent variety, then repeating all the steps, and determining the best wild jujube strain through the preferential work of 3-4 years.

Preferably, the scion is stored in a cellar and the cellar is padded with 40-50% moisture of bright sand.

Preferably, the scion is a branch with two-bud stem segments.

Preferably, the row spacing is set to a distance of 2 meters by 4 meters.

Preferably, the humidity of the sand is 40% to 45%.

Preferably, the grafting can adopt a cleft grafting method and a butt grafting method.

Compared with the prior art, the method for breeding the good strain wild jujube provided by the application sequentially comprises the following steps of selecting the good variety, collecting scions, grafting, managing after grafting (bud picking, watering, fertilizing, weeding, pinching and binding removing), selecting the wild jujube strain with the mature period of 9-10 months per year, wherein the fruit is oblate, large in size, 1.5-3cm in diameter of fresh fruit, 1.4-2.6cm in diameter of dry fruit, slightly concave on fruit top, thick in pulp, small in kernel, thin in peel, edible, sweet in taste, slightly sour and slightly sour, good in palatability, moderate in annual growth amount of branches, easy to form by trimming, capable of bearing fruits on the grafted branches in the same year, capable of entering the high-yield period in the second year, capable of hanging fruits on each jujube hanger, and strong in wind resistance, cold resistance and drought resistance. The strain is easy to trim, labor force can be saved, and the economic benefit of a grower can be improved due to high yield.

Drawings

In order to more clearly explain the technical solution of the present application, the drawings needed to be used in the embodiments are briefly described below, and it is obvious to those skilled in the art that other drawings can be obtained according to the drawings without making any inventive changes.

FIG. 1 is a statistical schematic diagram of economic traits of 6 wild jujube fruits provided by the embodiment of the present invention.

Detailed Description

In order to make those skilled in the art better understand the technical solutions in the present application, the technical solutions in the embodiments of the present application will be described clearly and completely with reference to the accompanying drawings.

The core of the application is to provide a method for breeding excellent-strain wild jujube, which can solve the problems of few varieties and poor quality of the existing wild jujube.

Fig. 1 is a statistical schematic diagram of economic traits of 6 wild jujube fruits provided by an embodiment of the present invention, as shown in fig. 1, the method includes:

To ensure the stock rate of scions, preferably the scions are stored in a cellar and the cellar is padded with 40-50% moisture of Ming Sha. The cellar is built by utilizing the heat inertia of soil, a round or square hole or pit is dug underground according to the depth of an underground water layer, and the cellar is directly below the ground surface, so that the humidity required by the scion can be ensured, and the scion is prevented from being dried up by direct sunlight.

Preferably, the scion is a branch with two-bud stem segments. The stem segments of the two buds can ensure the survival rate of the grafted scions, and when the two buds shoot and germinate, the breeding speed is increased, the yield of the wild jujube is improved, the condition that the branches obtain uneven nutrients is avoided, and partial jujubes are hung without grafting jujubes, so that the nutrient loss is caused.

For the wild jujube, preferably, the plant row spacing is set to a distance of 2 m × 4 m.

When the scion is stored in the cellar, the humidity of the sand is preferably 40-45% in order to avoid the scion dying due to water loss. Through comparison of actual multiple storage tests, the humidity of the covered sand is determined to be optimal at 40% -45%, so that the activity of the scion in a cellar can be guaranteed, and the activity of the scion after grafting can also be guaranteed.

In order to improve the survival rate of the scion, preferably, the grafting can adopt a cleft grafting method and a inarching method. Cleft grafting: removing a growing point and heart leaves of the stock, and vertically cutting a crack with the length of 8-10 mm downwards between two cotyledons; cutting the scion cotyledon into a double-sided wedge shape with the length of 8-10 mm by using a blade at two sides of the young stem, slightly inserting the scion double-wedge surface in alignment with the rootstock interface to ensure that the two incisions are tightly attached, and fixing the grafting clamp. The approach method comprises the following steps: the rootstock is hung on the scion stock plant, the branches with similar thickness and smoothness of both sides are selected, 1/3-1/2 of the branch thickness is cut off, the length of the cut surface is 3-5 cm, cambiums of the cuts of both sides are aligned, the cuts are tied by plastic film strips, after the joints of both sides are healed to survive, the scion stock plant branch at one part of the joint is cut off, and the upper part of the rootstock is cut off, so that a new plant is formed.

Specifically, 6 wild jujube varieties are divided into S-1, S-2, S-3, S-4, S-5 and S-6 respectively according to the steps, and after 3-4 years, the economic shapes of the 6 wild jujube fruits are as follows:

s-1 strain zizyphus jujuba:

1. the fruit is round, the fruit size is moderate, the diameter of the fresh fruit reaches 1-1.5cm, the diameter of the dry fruit reaches 0.9-1.3cm, the fruit top is slightly convex, the pulp is thick and the kernel is small, the dry fruit peel is easy to break and is suitable for eating, the kernel exists in the kernel, and the taste is moderate.

2. The tree body is easy to form. The annual growth amount of branches is moderate, and pruning is easy to form.

3. High yield: the branch grafted in the current year can bear fruit, and the third year can be in a high yield period. Fruits can be hung on each jujube crane, so that harvest is realized.

4. Stress resistance: the wild jujube has strong wind resistance, cold resistance and drought resistance. In 8-9 months, the fruit falling phenomenon is less when the fruit is in the mature period in windy weather. The cold resistance of the branches is not harmful to the tree body at the temperature of minus 20 ℃, and the cold resistance is extremely strong. Drought tolerance is the special property of the wild jujube tree, and particularly in the fruit expanding period, the weather is not affected.

S-2 strain ziziphus jujuba:

1. the fruit is long oval, the fruit is flat and long, the diameter of the fresh fruit reaches 1.7-3.5cm, the diameter of the dry fruit reaches 1.6-3cm, the fruit top is slightly convex, the pulp is thick, the kernel is small, the dry fruit peel is easy to break and is suitable for eating, the kernel is in the kernel, and the taste is sweet.

4. Stress resistance: the wild jujube has strong wind resistance, cold resistance and drought resistance. In 8-9 months, the fruit falling phenomenon is less when the fruit is in the mature period in windy weather. The cold resistance of the branches is not harmful to the tree body at the temperature of-23 ℃, and the cold resistance is extremely strong. Drought tolerance is the special property of the wild jujube tree, and particularly in the fruit expanding period, the weather is not affected.

S-3 strain zizyphus jujuba:

1. the fruit is oval, the fruit is moderate in size, the diameter of the fresh fruit reaches 1.7-3.3cm, the diameter of the dry fruit reaches 1.6-3cm, the fruit top is slightly convex, the pulp is thick and the kernel is small, the dry fruit peel is easy to break and is suitable for eating, the kernel is in the kernel, and the taste is sour.

4. Stress resistance: the wild jujube has strong wind resistance, cold resistance and drought resistance. In 9 months, the fruit is less in fruit drop phenomenon when meeting the weather of strong wind in the fruit mature period. The cold resistance of the branches is not harmful to the tree body at the temperature of minus 20 ℃, and the cold resistance is extremely strong. Drought tolerance is the special property of the wild jujube tree, and particularly in the fruit expanding period, the weather is not affected.

S-4 strain zizyphus jujuba:

1. the fruit is oblate, the fruit is big, the diameter of the fresh fruit reaches 1.5-3cm, the diameter of the dry fruit reaches 1.4-2.6cm, the fruit top is slightly concave, the pulp is thick, the kernel is small, the dry fruit peel is easy to break and is suitable for eating, the kernel is in the kernel, the taste is sweet, slightly sour and delicious.

2. The tree body is easy to form. The annual growth amount of branches is moderate, and pruning is easy to form. Compared with other varieties, the method does not germinate redundant branches, and can save labor force in production.

3. High yield: the branch grafted in the current year can bear fruit, and the second year can be in a high yield period. Every jujube hanging can be full of fruits, so that the special harvest is realized, and the jujube hanging is one of the characteristics which are not available in other varieties.

4. Stress resistance: the wild jujube has strong wind resistance, cold resistance and drought resistance. In 9-10 months, the fruit falling phenomenon is less when the fruit is in the mature period in windy weather. The cold resistance of the branches is not harmful to the tree body at minus 28 ℃, and the cold resistance is extremely strong. Drought tolerance is the special property of the wild jujube tree, and particularly in the fruit expanding period, the weather is not affected.

S-5 strain zizyphus jujuba:

1. the fruit is long oval, the fruit is flat and long, the diameter of the fresh fruit reaches 1.7-3.5cm, the diameter of the dry fruit reaches 1.6-3cm, the fruit top is slightly convex, the pulp is thick, the kernel is small, the dry fruit peel is easy to break and is suitable for eating, the kernel is in the kernel, and the taste is sour.

3. High yield: the branch grafted in the current year can bear fruit, and the third year can be in a high yield period. Some of the jujube hangers can be full of fruits, and some of the jujube hangers have few or no fruits, so that the harvest is relatively high.

4. Stress resistance: the wild jujube has strong wind resistance, cold resistance and drought resistance. In 9-10 months, the fruit falling phenomenon is less when the fruit is in the mature period in windy weather. The cold resistance of the branches is not harmful to the tree body at the temperature of-23 ℃, and the cold resistance is extremely strong. Drought tolerance is the special property of the wild jujube tree, and particularly in the fruit expanding period, the weather is not affected.

S-6 strain zizyphus jujuba:

Through the comparison, the S-4 strain wild jujube is selected as the excellent strain wild jujube, and the wild jujube has sour and sweet taste, moderate length and extremely high yield.

The breeding method of the good-line wild jujube provided by the application sequentially comprises the following steps of selecting excellent varieties, collecting scions, grafting, managing after grafting (bud picking, watering, fertilizing, weeding, pinching and binding removing), selecting a wild jujube line with a mature period of 9-10 months per year, wherein fruits are oblate, large in size, 1.5-3cm in diameter of fresh fruits, 1.4-2.6cm in diameter of dry fruits, slightly concave in fruit tops, thick in pulp, small in kernel, thin in dry fruit skin, suitable for eating, small in kernel, slightly sour in taste, good in palatability, moderate in annual growth amount of branches, easy to form after pruning, capable of bearing fruits on the grafted branches in the same year, capable of entering a high-yield period in the second year, capable of hanging full fruits on each jujube hanger, and strong in wind resistance, cold resistance and drought resistance. The strain is easy to trim, labor force can be saved, and the economic benefit of a grower can be improved due to high yield.

Other embodiments of the present application will be apparent to those skilled in the art from consideration of the specification and practice of the application disclosed herein. This application is intended to cover any variations, uses, or adaptations of the invention following, in general, the principles of the application and including such departures from the present disclosure as come within known or customary practice in the art to which the invention pertains. It is intended that the specification and examples be considered as exemplary only, with a true scope of the disclosure being indicated by the following claims.

It will be understood that the present application is not limited to the precise arrangements described above and shown in the drawings and that various modifications and changes may be made without departing from the scope thereof. The above-described embodiments of the present application do not limit the scope of the present application.

Claims

1. A method for breeding excellent strain wild jujube is characterized by comprising the following steps:

collecting scions: collecting scions at about 4 months and 20 days every year, collecting 6 wild jujube varieties which are bred, selecting branches which are strong and have no plant diseases and insect pests and have the thickness suitable for grafting in the current year, classifying the branches into bundles, wherein each 30 branches form one bundle, each variety is classified by hanging a label, placing the branches according to the types when storing the branches, sand completely covers the scions, and the moisture and humidity of the sand are suitable for being pinched in hands to form a cluster and scattered on the ground;

grafting: the scion and the cambium of the stock are tightly combined during grafting so as to ensure the survival of the scion,

pruning the stock grafted with the wild jujube, and reserving 1-2 tree stumps with proper length of 4-5cm on each tree, and preferably reserving the stumps on the current-year-old healthy and strong branches; cutting the interface on the grafting day, preferably synchronously with the grafting work, so as to be beneficial to the trees not to lose moisture, and the cut moisturizing grafting has the advantages of fast survival and healing and easy growth;

and (3) management after grafting: watering is not needed in the field within one week after grafting, whether the scion is blown down by wind or artificially is observed at any time, the newly grafted scion cannot be touched during field operation, water can be poured 10-15 days after grafting, the growth of the sprout tiller of a tree below a grafting opening is observed, the sprout tiller needs to be removed in time, the growth of the scion is promoted, the watering, fertilizing and weeding work needs to be carried out orderly, the tightness of a bound film needs to be observed at any time after grafting, if the bound film needs to be removed due to too tight binding, the scion and a stock are completely healed, then strong wind can be resisted, the bound film needs to be removed, one side of the back of the bound film is scratched by a blade, the sharp side of the back of the bound film cannot be completely scratched, and the scion and the back of the bound film can be completely removed after growth knot is formed;

transplanting: transplanting the grafted wild jujube finished seedlings to the ground, wherein the plant-row spacing is moderate, the wild jujube finished seedlings are cultivated according to classified varieties, the 6 transplanted wild jujubes are observed and recorded under the same natural conditions and the same management method, the biological characteristics, the botanical shapes and the fruit economic characters of the wild jujubes are observed and compared, after the wild jujubes are transplanted, when the growth length of branches is 60-80cm, the transplanted wild jujube seedlings need to be pinched, the spindly growth of the wild jujube seedlings can be controlled, and the wild jujube seedlings are beneficial to thickening growth and promoting fruit development;

2. The method for breeding a good line of wild jujube according to claim 1, wherein the scion is stored in a cellar and the cellar is matted with 40-50% humidity Ming Sha.

3. The method for breeding the excellent-line wild jujube according to claim 1, wherein the scion is a branch with two-bud stem.

4. The method for breeding the excellent-line wild jujube according to claim 1, wherein the plant-row spacing is set to be 2 m x 4 m.

5. The method for breeding the excellent wild jujube according to claim 1, wherein the humidity of the sand is 40-45%.

6. The method for breeding the excellent-line wild jujube according to claim 1, wherein the grafting can adopt a cleft grafting method and a inarching grafting method.