CN113711876B - Method for constructing rice planting on coastal saline-alkali land through preferential flow, desalination and fertilization topsoil - Google Patents
Method for constructing rice planting on coastal saline-alkali land through preferential flow, desalination and fertilization topsoil Download PDFInfo
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- CN113711876B CN113711876B CN202111156413.5A CN202111156413A CN113711876B CN 113711876 B CN113711876 B CN 113711876B CN 202111156413 A CN202111156413 A CN 202111156413A CN 113711876 B CN113711876 B CN 113711876B
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G22/00—Cultivation of specific crops or plants not otherwise provided for
- A01G22/20—Cereals
- A01G22/22—Rice
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01B—SOIL WORKING IN AGRICULTURE OR FORESTRY; PARTS, DETAILS, OR ACCESSORIES OF AGRICULTURAL MACHINES OR IMPLEMENTS, IN GENERAL
- A01B79/00—Methods for working soil
- A01B79/02—Methods for working soil combined with other agricultural processing, e.g. fertilising, planting
Abstract
The invention belongs to the technology of saline-alkali soil improvement and crop cultivation, and particularly relates to a method for constructing a rice planting layer by utilizing an optimal flow desalination and fertilization in coastal saline-alkali soil. The method comprises the steps of constructing a salt-washing project, constructing a fertile plough layer, measuring soil and fertilizing, and regulating and controlling rice planting by utilizing the optimal flow to desalt soil and the water-salt fertilizer. On the basis of burying underground pipes (ditches), constructing sand ditches and salt-leaching layers, measures such as straw returning, soil conditioner application, plowing, deep scarification, flooding irrigation and the like are implemented, soil dominant flow is created to drip soil salinity and fertilize the plough layers, soil desalination and fertile plough layers construction are realized, rice planting is optimally regulated and controlled through soil testing and fertilization and water-salt fertilizer, and the yield of rice is improved.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technology of saline-alkali soil improvement and crop cultivation, and particularly relates to a method for constructing a rice planting layer by utilizing an optimal flow desalination and fertilization in coastal saline-alkali soil.
Background
The saline-alkali soil in China has large area and wide distribution, is mainly distributed in northwest, north China, northeast west and coastal areas, has various types, and is estimated to have 7930 ten thousand hectares of saline-alkali soil in China which is not developed and utilized yet, but has high salt content and low fertility, is lack of fresh water resources and limits the development of rice production. According to the characteristics of soil, water resources, climate and the like, saline-alkali soil is improved, a suitable fertilizer variety, fertilizing amount, fertilizing time and fertilizing method are determined, a method for planting rice in saline-alkali soil and managing water, salt and fertilizer chemicals is explored, the rice yield is increased, the utilization rate of the saline-alkali soil resources is increased, and great practical significance is achieved for improving the agricultural economic benefit.
In the process of improving and utilizing the saline-alkali soil for a long time, scholars at home and abroad develop methods for improving the saline-alkali soil and planting rice. For example, the patent of 'engineering improvement and ecological planting method for sticky plate severe saline-alkali soil', 'saline-alkali soil improvement method and system based on concealed conduit and saline-alkali tolerant rice' and the like utilizes irrigation and drainage matching equipment for irrigation and salt washing of the soil of the hydraulic engineering, and fresh water irrigation to plant the rice, but the concealed conduit of the patent is buried in a soil body of 100-120cm in depth, the buried conduit is buried too deep, so that the sticky weight of the soil rarely generates a dominant flow, and the soil body is difficult to desalt quickly. For example, the patents of ' a method for planting rice in severe soda saline-alkali soil by ridge culture, salt-avoiding and water-saving planting of rice ', ' a method for planting high-yield rice in saline-alkali soil ', ' a method for improving the saline-alkali soil for planting rice by using desulfurized gypsum under the condition of spray irrigation ', ' a saline-alkali soil improver and a method for planting rice after improving the soil by using the improver ' and the like ' improve the saline-alkali soil for planting rice by combining agriculture and chemistry such as farming, water irrigation, field soaking, soil improvement and the like, pay attention to the desalination of soil on the surface layer of the field, but do not relate to the desalination of soil mass by preferential flow and fertilization of a plough layer. For example, in the patent of 'a method for comprehensively planting paddy rice in saline-alkali soil by mulching film', and the like, a layer of foreign soil, gravel or mulching film salt is paved on the surface layer of soil before paddy rice is planted, and the paddy rice is planted by improving the saline-alkali soil by combining agriculture and physics such as deep straw paving for salt separation and the like, but the optimized fertilization of paddy rice is not involved. For example, the fertilizing method for improving the utilization rate of the nitrogenous fertilizer of rice in coastal saline-alkali soil is characterized in that optimized fertilizing planting of the rice is carried out by utilizing farming, irrigation, field soaking and salt washing, but the rice is planted by means of cooperative optimization management of rapid salt washing, dominant flow desalination and water, fertilizer and salt in saline-alkali soil engineering.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to solve the problems and provides a method for constructing rice seeds on a tope flow desalination fertile plough layer of a coastal saline-alkali land.
A method for constructing rice seeds on an optimal flow desalination fertile plough layer of a coastal saline-alkali land comprises the steps of constructing a salt washing project, constructing a fertile plough layer, measuring soil and applying fertilizer, and adjusting and controlling the rice seeds by the optimal flow desalination soil and water salt fertilizer.
In the method for constructing the rice seeds on the optimal flow desalination and fertilization plough layer of the coastal saline-alkali soil, the construction of the salt-washing engineering comprises the steps of ditching and pipe burying in the field, construction of a salt-leaching layer, construction of a sand ditch and land leveling.
In the method for constructing the rice seeds on the dominant flow desalination fertile plough layer of the coastal saline-alkali land, the step of ditching and pipe burying in the field is to dig a plurality of ditches in the field, wherein each ditch is 20cm in width and 60-70cm in depth, the interval between every two adjacent ditches is 6-9m, and a blind ditch or a buried pipe is built at the bottom of each ditch, the construction of the blind ditch is to bury a non-woven fabric-wrapped perforated PVC corrugated pipe (the aperture is 11-22mm and the hole interval is 10-20 cm) at the bottom of the dug ditch, the pipe diameter is 6.3-11cm, the buried depth is 50-60cm, the slope is 1-2 per mill, and the periphery of the PVC corrugated pipe is covered with 20cm thick non-woven fabric-perforated crushed stone;
the step of building a salt leaching layer is that broken stones with the diameter of 1-2cm, the thickness of 10cm and the width of 20cm are paved on the upper part of an underdrain or an underdrain pipe, and then a layer of non-woven fabric, straw or grass is covered to prevent pores between the broken stones from being blocked, so that the salt leaching layer is built;
the step of building the sand ditch is to fill sand above the salt leaching layer, wherein the filling height of the sand is 30-40cm, so as to form the sand ditch;
and the land leveling step is to backfill soil in the ditch and level the land, wherein the land preparation standard is +/-2 cm.
In the method for constructing the rice seeds on the optimal flow desalination fertile plough layer of the coastal saline-alkali land, the construction of the fertile plough layer comprises the steps of pressing the straw into salt and applying a soil conditioner, wherein:
the step of pressing the salt by the straws is that when the crops with the straws are mature, a combine harvester with a straw cutting and dispersing device is adopted for harvesting, the stubble cutting height of the straws is preferably less than 15cm, all the straws are cut after the stubble cutting, the cutting length is less than 15mm, the cut straws are uniformly spread on the field surface,
the step of applying the soil conditioner is that before the soil is ploughed, phosphogypsum and humic acid are applied, the phosphogypsum and/or the humic acid are uniformly spread in the field spread with the straws,
the dosage of the phosphogypsum is 3750-7500 kg.hm -2 Particle diameter of 0005-0.05mm, and the dosage of humic acid is 1000-2000kg hm -2 And the grain size is between 0.3 and 0.45mm, turning over the soil layer for the first time, wherein the turning over is 60 to 120 degrees, the turning over depth is more than or equal to 20cm, the straws and the soil conditioner which are uniformly thrown on the field surface are turned over into the soil layer of 0 to 20cm, deep scarification is carried out for the first time, the deep scarification depth is more than or equal to 30cm, and soil preparation is carried out to create soil body macropores.
In the method for constructing the rice seeds on the optimal flow desalination fertile plough layer of the coastal saline-alkali soil, the steps of soil measurement and fertilization are soil sampling, and the effective N, P and K contents of the soil are analyzed and detected; determining the fertilizer absorption amount of the rice with unit yield according to the type, variety and target yield of the rice; according to the effective N, P and K contents of soil and the fertilizer absorption amount of rice, the fertilizing amount of the rice is determined according to the crop fertilizing amount (kg) = (the total amount of nutrients required by target yield-soil nutrient supply amount) ÷ [ fertilizer nutrient content x fertilizer utilization rate (%) ].
In the method for constructing the rice seeds on the optimal flow desalination fertile plough layer of the coastal saline-alkali land, N: P in the fertilizer is applied 2 O 5 ∶K 2 O = 0.8-1: 0.5-1: 0.03-0.05, and the organic fertilizer and the phosphate fertilizer are applied at one time by base fertilizer; the nitrogen fertilizer distribution scheme is that the base fertilizer, the tillering fertilizer, the panicle fertilizer and the granular fertilizer are = 4: 1.5: 0.5, and the potassium fertilizer is sprayed outside the roots of the granular fertilizer.
In the method for constructing the rice seeds in the optimal flow desalination fertile plough layer of the coastal saline-alkali soil, the step of soil desalination by optimal flow is to soak the field for many times, soil salt enters a blind ditch or a blind pipe through the optimal flow, then is discharged out of the agricultural drainage ditch, and field surface water is discharged until the water and salt content of the field surface are stabilized at 1 g.L -1 The water layer on the surface of the field is maintained at 2-5cm.
In the method for constructing the rice seeds on the optimal flow desalination fertile plough layer of the coastal saline-alkali land, the optimal flow desalination soil step is as follows: on the basis of a soil layer of the first ploughing and the first deep scarification, fresh water is poured for the first time, a water layer of 20-30cm is controlled to form a dominant flow, soil body salt enters a blind ditch or a blind pipe through the dominant flow and then is discharged out of a farm drainage ditch, the field soaking time for the first time is 2-3d, and field surface water is discharged; soaking the field for the second time: ploughing for the second time to a depth of more than or equal to 20cm, subsoiling for the second time to a depth of more than or equal to 30cm, irrigating fresh water for the second time,controlling a water layer of 5cm, discharging soil salt out of the agricultural drainage ditch after the soil salt enters the blind ditch or the blind pipe through the dominant flow, and discharging water on the surface of the field after the soil is soaked for 1-2d for the second time; soaking the field for the third time and above: the ploughing depth of the third time and above is more than or equal to 20cm, the deep scarification depth of the third time and above is more than or equal to 30cm, fresh water is filled for the third time and above, a water layer of 2m is controlled, soil body salt enters an underdrain or an underpipe through a dominant flow and then is discharged out of a farm drainage ditch, and the field soaking time of the third time and above is 7d, and field surface water is discharged; until the water and salt content of the field surface are stabilized at 1 g.L -1 The water layer on the surface of the field is maintained at 2-5cm.
In the method for constructing the rice seeds on the optimal flow desalination fertile plough layer of the coastal saline-alkali soil, the steps of regulating and controlling the rice seeds by water, salt and fertilizer are as follows:
1) Applying base fertilizer to transplant rice seedlings, and stabilizing water and salt content in the field to 1 g.L -1 When the water layer on the field surface is 2-5cm, applying base fertilizer which is 40% of total nitrogen fertilizer, all organic fertilizer and phosphate fertilizer, turning over, raking the field surface, and transplanting rice seedlings;
2) At the green turning and tillering stage, after transplanting, when the water and salt content of the field surface exceeds 1 g.L -1 Draining and supplementing fresh water, keeping water layer 2-5cm, turning green 7-10 days after transplanting, draining and supplementing fresh water, and regulating and controlling salt content of water at 1 g.L -1 The first application of tillering fertilizer is 20% of total nitrogen fertilizer, and after rice transplanting, 14-20 days, the water of field surface is drained and fresh water is supplemented, and the salt content of field surface water is regulated and controlled at 1 g.L -1 In the later stage of tillering of rice, digging vertical ditches, waist ditches and circumferential ditches in the field, wherein the width of each ditch is 20cm, the depth of each ditch is 40cm, and the ratio of the width of each ditch to the depth of each ditch is 1/2000-3000, and the tillering fertilizer is used for diversion irrigation and removing surface water and soil salinity;
3) In the stage of ear extension and ear bearing, 25 days before ear emergence, when the water and salt content of the field surface exceeds 1 g.L -1 When the water is drained and fresh water is supplemented, the salt content of the water on the field is regulated to be 1 g.L -1 Keeping the water layer of the field surface to be 2-3cm, wherein the first spike fertilizer application is 10% of the total amount of the nitrogen fertilizer so as to promote glume flower differentiation and increase glume flower quantity; draining and supplementing fresh water 15 days before ear emergence, wherein the second ear application fertilizer is 5% of the total amount of the nitrogen fertilizer and is used for increasing the number of solid grains and the grain weight;
4) At the ear-picking flowering stage, the opening is brokenApplying granular fertilizer in the field, keeping the water layer of the field surface to be 2-5cm, and when the water and salt content of the field surface exceeds 1 g.L -1 When the water is drained and fresh water is filled, the salt content of the water on the field is regulated to 1 g.L -1 Applying 30-45 kg.hm of urea -2 The urea amount is 5% of the total amount of the nitrogenous fertilizer, and when the spike is about to be aligned, the concentration of the urea sprayed on the leaf surface is 2wt% (the urea spraying amount is 1.5-2.0 kg.hm) -2 ) And 0.3wt% of potassium dihydrogen phosphate solution (spraying amount of potassium dihydrogen phosphate is 0.25-0.35 kg. Hm) -2 ) The grain weight and the seed setting rate are improved;
5) Grouting and setting period, during which the water and salt content of field surface exceeds 1 g.L -1 When the water is drained and fresh water is supplemented, the salt content of the water on the field is regulated to be 1 g.L -1 And (3) keeping the water layer of the field surface for 2-3cm, draining water 7-10 days before the rice is completely ripe, drying the field surface, and harvesting when the maturity of the rice reaches 90%.
Compared with the prior art, the invention has the advantages that:
on the basis of burying underground pipes (ditches), constructing sand ditches and salt spraying layers, measures such as returning straws to the field, applying soil conditioners, turning over, deep loosening, flooding and irrigating are implemented, a soil dominant flow is created to drip soil salt, fertilizing the plough layers, soil desalination and construction of fertile plough layers are realized, rice seeds are optimally regulated and controlled through soil testing and fertilization and water-salt fertilizer, and the yield of rice is improved.
Detailed Description
The technical solutions in the embodiments of the present invention will be clearly and completely described below with reference to the embodiments of the present invention, and it is obvious that the described embodiments are only a part of the embodiments of the present invention, and not all of the embodiments. All other embodiments, which can be derived by a person skilled in the art from the embodiments given herein without making any creative effort, shall fall within the protection scope of the present invention.
Example 1
The embodiment provides a method for constructing a rice planting layer in a coastal saline-alkali land through an optimal flow desalination and fertilization.
The construction of the salt-washing engineering comprises the steps of digging a ditch and burying a pipe in the field, building a salt-leaching layer, building a sand ditch and leveling the land. Specifically, the method for ditching and burying the pipe in the field comprises the steps of digging a plurality of ditches in the field, wherein each ditch is 20cm wide and 60-70cm deep, the interval between every two adjacent ditches is 6-9m, and building a hidden ditch or a buried hidden pipe at the bottom of the ditch, the built hidden ditch is formed by burying a non-woven fabric-wrapped perforated PVC corrugated pipe (the aperture is 11-22mm, the hole interval is 10-20 cm), the pipe diameter is 6.3-11cm, the buried depth is 50-60cm, the slope is 1-2 per thousand) at the bottom of the dug ditch and burying the non-woven fabric-wrapped perforated PVC corrugated pipe (the aperture is 11-22mm, and the hole interval is 10-20 cm), and the buried hidden pipe is formed by burying the non-woven fabric-wrapped perforated PVC corrugated pipe at the bottom of the dug ditch and covering the non-woven fabric-wrapped permeable crushed stone at the thickness;
the step of building a salt leaching layer is that gravel with the diameter of 1-2cm, the thickness of 10cm and the width of 20cm is paved on the upper part of a hidden ditch or a hidden pipe, and then a layer of non-woven fabric, straw or grass is covered to prevent pores between the gravel from being blocked, so that the salt leaching layer is built;
the step of building the sand ditch is to bury sand above the salt leaching layer, wherein the sand burying height is 30-40cm, and the sand ditch is formed;
and the land leveling step is to backfill soil in the ditch and level the land, wherein the land preparation standard is +/-2 cm.
In this embodiment, constructing a fertile topsoil includes the steps of pressing the straw into salt and applying a soil conditioner, wherein:
the step of pressing the salt by the straws is that when the crops with the straws are mature, a combine harvester with a straw cutting and dispersing device is adopted for harvesting, the stubble cutting height of the straws is preferably less than 15cm, all the straws are cut after the stubble cutting, the cutting length is less than 15mm, the cut straws are uniformly spread on the field surface,
the step of applying the soil conditioner is that before the soil is ploughed, phosphogypsum and humic acid are applied and uniformly spread in the field spread with straws,
the dosage of the phosphogypsum is 3750-7500 kg.hm -2 The grain diameter is between 0.005 and 0.05mm, and the dosage of humic acid is between 1000 and 2000 kg.hm -2 The grain diameter is between 0.3 and 0.45mm, the first plowing is carried out, the soil layer is overturned by 60 degrees to 120 degrees, the plowing depth is more than or equal to 20cm, and the uniform plowing is realizedThe method comprises the steps of throwing the straws and the soil conditioner on the field surface, turning the straws and the soil conditioner into a soil layer of 0-20cm, carrying out first deep loosening with the deep loosening depth being not less than 30cm, carrying out soil preparation, and creating soil mass macropores.
The step of soil testing and fertilizing is to take a soil sample and analyze and detect the effective N, P and K contents of the soil; determining the fertilizer absorption amount of the rice with unit yield according to the type, variety and target yield of the rice; according to the effective N, P and K contents of soil and the fertilizer absorption amount of rice, according to the crop fertilization amount (kg) = (total nutrient required by target yield-soil nutrient supply) ÷ [ fertilizer nutrient content x fertilizer utilization ratio (%)]And determining the fertilizing amount of the rice. Applying N to P in fertilizer 2 O 5 ∶K 2 O = 0.8-1: 0.5-1: 0.03-0.05, and the organic fertilizer and the phosphate fertilizer are applied at one time by base fertilizer; the nitrogen fertilizer distribution scheme is that the base fertilizer, the tillering fertilizer, the panicle fertilizer and the granular fertilizer are equal to 4: 1.5: 0.5, and the potassium fertilizer is sprayed outside the roots of the granular fertilizer.
The step of desalinating soil by using the dominant flow is that the soil is soaked for many times, the salt content of the soil body enters a hidden ditch or a hidden pipe through the dominant flow and then is discharged out of a farm drainage ditch, and the water on the surface of the field is discharged until the salt content of the water on the surface of the field is stabilized at 1 g.L -1 The water layer on the surface of the field is maintained at 2-5cm.
The soil desalting with the dominant flow comprises the following steps of soaking the soil for the first time: on the basis of a soil layer of the first plowing and the first deep scarification, fresh water is irrigated for the first time, a water layer of 20-30cm is controlled to form a dominant flow, soil body salt enters a blind ditch or a blind pipe through the dominant flow and then is discharged out of a farm drainage ditch, the field soaking time for the first time is 2-3d, and field surface water is discharged; soaking the field for the second time: ploughing for the second time, wherein the depth is more than or equal to 20cm, deep scarification for the second time is more than or equal to 30cm, then irrigating fresh water for the second time, controlling a water layer of 5cm, allowing soil body salt to enter a hidden ditch or a hidden pipe through a dominant flow and then discharging the soil body to a drainage ditch, soaking the soil body for 1-2d for the second time, and discharging field water; soaking the field for the third time and above: the ploughing depth of the third time and above is more than or equal to 20cm, the deep scarification depth of the third time and above is more than or equal to 30cm, fresh water is filled for the third time and above, a water layer of 2m is controlled, soil body salt enters an underdrain or an underpipe through a dominant flow and then is discharged out of a farm drainage ditch, and the field soaking time of the third time and above is 7d, and field surface water is discharged; until the water and salt content of the field surface are stabilized at 1 g.L -1 The water layer on the surface of the field is maintained at 2-5cm.
The steps of regulating and controlling the rice seeds by using the water salt fertilizer are as follows:
1) Applying base fertilizer to transplant rice seedlings, and stabilizing water and salt content in the field to 1 g.L -1 When the water layer on the field surface is 2-5cm, applying base fertilizer which is 40% of total nitrogen fertilizer, all organic fertilizer and phosphate fertilizer, turning over, raking the field surface, and transplanting rice seedlings;
2) At the green turning and tillering stage, after transplanting, when the water and salt content of the field surface exceeds 1 g.L -1 Draining and supplementing fresh water, keeping water layer 2-5cm, turning green 7-10 days after transplanting, draining and supplementing fresh water, and regulating and controlling salt content of water at 1 g.L -1 The first application of tillering fertilizer is 20% of total nitrogen fertilizer, and after rice transplanting, 14-20 days, the water of field surface is drained and fresh water is supplemented, and the salt content of field surface water is regulated and controlled at 1 g.L -1 In the later stage of tillering of rice, digging vertical ditches, waist ditches and circumferential ditches in the field, wherein the width of each ditch is 20cm, the depth of each ditch is 40cm, and the ratio of the width of each ditch to the depth of each ditch is 1/2000-3000, and the tillering fertilizer is used for diversion irrigation and removing surface water and soil salinity;
3) In the stage of ear extension and ear bearing, 25 days before ear emergence, when the water and salt content of the field surface exceeds 1 g.L -1 When the water is drained and fresh water is filled, the salt content of the water on the field is regulated to 1 g.L -1 Keeping the water layer of the field surface to be 2-3cm, wherein the first spike fertilizer application is 10% of the total amount of the nitrogen fertilizer so as to promote glume flower differentiation and increase glume flower quantity; draining and supplementing fresh water 15 days before ear emergence, wherein the second ear fertilization accounts for 5% of the total nitrogen fertilizer amount and is used for increasing the number of solid grains and the grain weight;
4) In heading and flowering period, applying granular fertilizer in the opening period, keeping the water layer of the field surface at 2-5cm, and when the water and salt content of the field surface exceeds 1 g.L -1 When the water is drained and fresh water is supplemented, the salt content of the water on the field is regulated to be 1 g.L -1 Applying 30-45kg hm of urea -2 The urea amount is 5% of the total amount of the nitrogenous fertilizer, and when the spike is about to be aligned, the concentration of the urea sprayed on the leaf surface is 2wt% (the urea spraying amount is 1.5-2.0 kg.hm) -2 ) And 0.3wt% of potassium dihydrogen phosphate solution (spraying amount of potassium dihydrogen phosphate is 0.25-0.35 kg. Hm) -2 ) The grain weight and the seed setting rate are improved;
5) Grouting and setting period, during which the water and salt content of the field surface exceeds 1 g.L -1 When in use, the fresh water is drained and supplemented,regulating and controlling the salt content of the surface water to be 1 g.L -1 And (3) keeping the water layer of the field surface for 2-3cm, draining water 7-10 days before the rice is completely ripe, drying the field surface, and harvesting when the maturity of the rice reaches 90%.
Example 2
This example constructed the following salt-washing process according to the method provided in example 1.
The PVC corrugated pipe with holes (the aperture is 15mm, the hole spacing is 20 cm) wrapped by embedded non-woven fabrics for constructing salt washing engineering, the pipe diameter is 11cm, the embedded depth is 50cm, and the spacing is 6m;
a perforated PVC corrugated pipe (the aperture is 15mm, the hole spacing is 20 cm) wrapped by non-woven fabrics is embedded in the salt-washing engineering, the pipe diameter is 11cm, the embedding depth is 50cm, and the spacing is 9m;
a perforated PVC corrugated pipe (the aperture is 15mm, the hole spacing is 20 cm) wrapped by non-woven fabrics is embedded in the salt-washing engineering, the pipe diameter is 11cm, the embedding depth is 50cm, and the spacing is 12m;
the PVC corrugated pipe with holes (the aperture is 15mm, the hole spacing is 20 cm) wrapped by embedded non-woven fabrics for constructing salt washing engineering, the pipe diameter is 11cm, the embedded depth is 70cm, and the spacing is 6m;
a perforated PVC corrugated pipe (the aperture is 15mm, the hole spacing is 20 cm) wrapped by non-woven fabrics is embedded in the salt-washing engineering, the pipe diameter is 11cm, the embedding depth is 70cm, and the spacing is 9m;
the PVC corrugated pipe with holes (the hole diameter is 15mm, the hole spacing is 20 cm) wrapped by the embedded non-woven fabric is used for constructing a salt-washing project, the pipe diameter is 11cm, the embedded depth is 70cm, and the spacing is 12m.
The salt content of the Daisy rocket salt field soil is 12 g/kg when the soil is 0-20cm -1 Basic hydrolyzable nitrogen (N) 45 mg/kg -1 Available phosphorus (P) 2 O 5 )14mg·kg -1 Quick-acting potassium (K) 2 O)506mg·kg -1 . The salt content of 0-100cm soil is 17.5 g/kg -1 . Yongyou 1540 for testing rice variety, brackish water (total salt content 0.6-0.9 g. L) -1 ) And (5) irrigating. Each cell area is 0.2hm 2 Repeat 3 times. The dosage of the urea is 650kg hm -2 The scheme of applying fertilizer by times is that the ratio of base fertilizer to tillering fertilizer to panicle fertilizer to granulated fertilizer is = 4: 1.5: 0.5, and the calcium superphosphate is 2650 kg.hm -2 30000kg hm of organic fertilizer -2 The base fertilizer is applied, and the monopotassium phosphate is sprayed by 3 kg.hm outside the root of the granulated fertilizer -2 . After harvesting, soil samples were taken for analysis.
TABLE 1 soil salinity of different buried pipes with different burying intervals and depths
As seen from Table 1, the arrangement of the concealed pipe has obvious desalting effect, which is reflected in high soil desalting rate and high desalting speed. After the land is changed in the salt pan, the salt content of the original 0-20cm soil is 12g kg -1 The salt content of 0-100cm soil is 17.5 g/kg -1 . Planting 1-season rice by burying underground concealed pipes with different intervals and depths, wherein when the rice is harvested, the buried depth of the concealed pipes is 50cm, and the soil desalinization rates of 0-20cm treated at intervals of 6m,9m and 12m are respectively 87.5%, 81.7% and 78.3%; while the respective treated 0-100cm soils had a salt rejection of 84.0%, 81.7% and 77.7%, respectively. The buried depth of the concealed pipe is 70cm, and the desalinization rates of the soil with the depth of 0-20cm treated by 6m,9m and 12m are 82.5%, 79.2% and 71.7% respectively; while the respective treated 0-100cm soils had respective salt rejection rates of 81.7%, 78.3% and 76.6%. The soil desalting effect is better when the buried concealed pipes are processed at the distance of 6m and the depth of 50 cm.
TABLE 2 influence of different concealed pipes on rice yield
As can be seen from Table 2, when rice is planted in 1 season by burying underground pipes at different intervals and depths, the rice yield is the highest in the case of treatment at 50cm under the underground pipes and at 6m intervals, and is increased by 9.0% and 30.3% respectively compared with the case of treatment at the same underground pipe but at 9m and 12m intervals, and is increased by 17.5% compared with the case of treatment at 70cm under the underground pipes and at 6m intervals. Table 2 it can also be seen that the different pitch processes with a buried depth of 50cm of the buried pipe all have higher yields than the corresponding pitch processes with a buried depth of 70 cm. Therefore, from the rice yield point of view, the treatment of 50cm buried depth and 6m spacing of the concealed pipe is the most effective improvement effect of the seashore solonchak.
Example 3
This example constructed the following fertile topsoil according to the method provided in example 1.
The soil conditioner for constructing the fertile plough layer is humic acid, and the application amount of the soil conditioner is CK (control) when no humic acid is applied;
the soil conditioner for constructing the fertile plough layer is humic acid, and the application amount of the humic acid is 500 kg.hm -2 Is T1;
the soil conditioner for constructing the fertile plough layer is humic acid, and the application amount of the humic acid is 1000 kg.hm -2 Is T2;
the soil conditioner for constructing the fertile plough layer is humic acid, and the application amount of the humic acid is 1500 kg.hm -2 Is T3;
the soil conditioner for constructing the fertile plough layer is humic acid, and the application amount of the humic acid is 2000 kg.hm -2 Is T4.
The soil to be tested is Sagittaria sagittifolia coastal saline soil, and the soil salt content of a soil layer of 0-20cm is 2.0 g/kg -1 pH 8.05, organic matter 12.5 g.kg -1 Alkaline hydrolysis nitrogen 110.2 mg/kg -1 10.0 mg/kg of available phosphorus -1 Quick-acting potassium 110.5 mg/kg -1 . The rice variety tested in 2020 is Yongyou 1540. The pH value of humic acid is 5.45, and the content of organic carbon is 72 percent. 3 times of repetition, cell area 30m 2 . Spreading humic acid and base fertilizer, ploughing and transplanting rice seedlings. Fertilizing amount: 225 N.hm -2 ，P 2 O 5 40kg·hm -2 And K 2 O 120kg·hm -2 . The nitrogen fertilizer is urea (containing N46%), and the application proportion is base fertilizer: and (3) tillering fertilizer: pregnant panicle fertilizer =2:1:1, the phosphate fertilizer is superphosphate (containing P) 2 O 5 12 percent of base fertilizer is applied at one time, and the potassium fertilizer is potassium chloride (containing K) 2 O60%) is base fertilizer: pregnant spike fertilizer =1:1. transplanting in 5 months and harvesting rice in 10 months.
TABLE 3 influence of different humic acid dosages on physicochemical properties of 0-20cm soil
In soil layers of 0-20cm (table 3), the pH value of soil of each soil layer treated by humic acid is reduced to different degrees, and the consumption of the humic acid is more than or equal to 1000 kg.hm -2 The pH value of the treated soil is obviously lower than that of CK control soil, and the pH value of the soil is obviously reduced along with the increase of the consumption of humic acid; the dosage of humic acid is more than or equal to 1000 kg.hm -2 The salt content of the treated soil is significantly lower than that of the CK control soil, and the salt content of the soil is significantly reduced with the increase of the amount of humic acid. Compared with CK, the content of organic matters and the content of alkaline hydrolysis nitrogen in the soil are both obviously improved along with the increase of the consumption of humic acid, and when the application amount of the humic acid is more than or equal to 1000 kg.hm -2 When the soil is used, the content of organic matters and the content of alkaline nitrogen are obviously higher than CK and T1 along with the increase of the dosage of humic acid, but the dosage of humic acid is 1500 kg.hm -2 And 2000kg hm -2 There were no significant differences between treatments. The soil available phosphorus and available potassium content did not change significantly between all treatments.
TABLE 4 influence of different application amounts of humic acid on rice yield
As can be seen from Table 4, the rice yield shows a tendency of increasing first and then decreasing as the application amount of humic acid increases. But compared with ck, the application of humic acid can obviously increase the rice yield to more than 18.6 percent in different degrees, wherein when the dosage of the humic acid is 1500 kg.hm -2 At (T3), the rice yield reached the highest, which was 29.8% greater than the ck control.
Example 4
This example carried out soil testing and fertilization according to the method provided in example 1. And the following nitrogen addition was determined:
determining the nitrogen application amount of 255kg hm -2 (N1)；
Determining the nitrogen application amount of 300kg hm -2 (N2)；
Determining the nitrogen application amount of 345kg hm -2 (N3)。
The salt content of the soil in the salt field of the tested Daisy rocket is 12 g/kg -1 Basic hydrolyzable nitrogen (N) 45 mg/kg -1 Available phosphorus (P) 2 O 5 )14mg·kg -1 Quick-acting potassium (K) 2 O)506mg·kg -1 . Rice variety Xiushui water "54", brackish water (full salt content 0.6-0.9 g.L) -1 ) And (5) irrigating. The nitrogen fertilizer is urea, and the distribution scheme is that the base fertilizer, the tillering fertilizer, the panicle fertilizer and the granular fertilizer are = 4: 1.5: 0.5; 2650kg hm of calcium superphosphate serving as phosphate fertilizer -2 30000kg hm of organic fertilizer -2 Applying a base fertilizer; the potassium fertilizer is potassium dihydrogen phosphate which is sprayed with 3 kg.hm outside the granular fertilizer root -2 . Each cell area is 0.2hm 2 Repeat 3 times. Transplanting in 5 months and harvesting rice in 10 months.
TABLE 5 influence of different nitrogen application amounts on rice yield
As can be seen from Table 5, the preferred nitrogen application level for seashore solonchak rice production in 3 treatments was N2 (pure N300 kg. Hm) -2 The nitrogen fertilizer is urea with the application amount of 650kg hm -2 ) The rice yield is the highest and is respectively higher than the nitrogen application level N1 (255 kg. Hm) -2 ) And N3 (345 kg. Hm) -2 ) The treatment of (2) increased yield by 24.0% and 4.7%. Therefore, the urea dosage is 650kg hm -2 The scheme of applying fertilizer by times is that the base fertilizer, the tillering fertilizer, the panicle fertilizer and the granular fertilizer are = 4: 1.5: 0.5, and the calcium superphosphate is 2650 kg.hm -2 30000kg hm of organic fertilizer -2 The base fertilizer is applied, and the monopotassium phosphate is sprayed by 3 kg.hm outside the granular fertilizer roots -2 Is the preferable fertilization scheme for rice production.
Example 5
In the method for constructing the rice seeds in the periwiny saline-alkali land dominant flow desalination fertile plough layer, the dominant flow desalination soil is used as CK (contrast) for irrigating the rice seeds without washing salt and desalinating the rice seeds;
in the method for constructing the rice planting by using the optimal flow desalination fertile plough layer in the coastal saline-alkali land, the salt washing engineering for constructing the salt leaching layer and the sand ditch is P, wherein the interval between the buried pipes is 6m, the buried depth is 50cm, and the slope drop is 1.5 per mill;
in the method for constructing the rice planting layer by using the optimal flow desalination fertile plough layer in the coastal saline-alkali land, the optimal flow desalination soil is used for ploughing, deep scarification, field soaking, drainage and water change, and the optimal flow desalination soil is circularly ploughed, deep scarification, field soaking and water change until the water and salt content on the field surface are stabilized at 1 g.L -1 The following dominant flow desalinates the soil to D;
the method for constructing the rice planting method by utilizing the preferential flow for desalting the fertile plough layer of the coastal saline-alkali land is characterized in that the preferential flow for desalting the soil is P + D by taking a measure of desalting the soil by utilizing the preferential flow while performing a salt washing project.
The salt content of the soil with the thickness of 0-20cm in the tested soil is 12.1 g/kg -1 65.7 mg/kg of alkaline hydrolyzable nitrogen (N) -1 Available phosphorus (P) 2 O 5 )12.3mg·kg -1 Quick-acting potassium (K) 2 O)307.1 mg·kg -1 The salt content of 0-100cm soil is 15.5 g/kg -1 . Rice variety Yongyou 1540, brackish water (total salt content less than or equal to 0.9 g.L) -1 ) And (5) irrigating. Each cell area is 0.2hm 2 Repeat 3 times. The dosage of the urea is 650kg hm -2 The scheme of applying fertilizer by times is that the base fertilizer, the tillering fertilizer, the panicle fertilizer and the granular fertilizer are = 4: 1.5: 0.5, and the calcium superphosphate is 2650 kg.hm -2 30000kg hm of organic fertilizer -2 The base fertilizer is applied, and the monopotassium phosphate is sprayed by 3 kg.hm outside the granular fertilizer roots -2 . Transplanting rice in 5 months, harvesting rice in 10 months, and taking soil sample for analysis.
TABLE 6 influence of different salinity reducing measures on the salinity of coastal saline soil
As seen from Table 6, the original 0-20cm soil after the reclamation of the land from the salt pan has a salt content of 12,1g.kg -1 The salt content of 0-100cm soil is 15.5 g/kg -1 Treated by different salt-reducing measures and desalted without washing saltCompared with the contrast of irrigated rice seeds, the desalinization rate of 0-20cm soil is improved by 47.9-57.9%, the desalinization rate of 0-100cm soil is improved by 31.8-67.1%, and the desalinization effect of P + D (salt washing engineering + optimal potential flow soil desalination measure) treatment soil is optimal.
TABLE 7 influence of different salinity reducing measures on rice yield
As can be seen from table 7, the rice yields of both P (salt leaching) and D (gravity flow soil desalination) treatments were significantly higher than control CK, but there was no significant difference between the P and D treatments, while the rice yield of P + D (salt leaching + gravity flow soil desalination) treatment was the highest, with P + D (salt leaching + gravity flow soil desalination) treatment increasing 108.2% over control CK, and 10.1% and 12.9% over P and D treatments, respectively. Therefore, from the perspective of rice yield, the P + D (salt washing engineering + optimal flow soil desalination) treatment is the best improvement effect on the coastal saline soil.
Example 6
The embodiment provides a method for constructing rice seeds on an optimal flow desalination fertile plough layer of a coastal saline-alkali land, which comprises the steps of constructing a salt-washing project, constructing a fertile plough layer, measuring soil and applying fertilizer, and adjusting and controlling the rice seeds by optimal flow desalination soil and water salt fertilizer. The rice seeds are irrigated without washing salt and desalting as a control.
The construction of the salt-washing engineering comprises the steps of digging a ditch in the field and burying pipes, constructing a salt-leaching layer, constructing a sand ditch and leveling the land. Specifically, the steps of ditching and pipe burying in the field are that a plurality of ditches are dug in the field, each ditch is 20cm wide, the ditch depth is 60-70cm, the interval between every two adjacent ditches is 6m, and a hidden pipe is buried at the bottom of each ditch, wherein the buried pipe is formed by burying a PVC corrugated pipe (the aperture is 15mm, the hole interval is 20 cm) with holes on the pipe wall wrapped by non-woven fabric at the bottom of the dug ditch, the pipe diameter is 11cm, the buried depth is 50cm, the slope drop is 1-2 per thousand, and permeable macadam with the thickness of 20cm is covered around the PVC corrugated pipe with holes;
paving broken stones with the diameter of 1-2cm, the thickness of 10cm and the width of 20cm on the upper part of the concealed pipe, and then covering a layer of non-woven fabric, straw or grass to prevent pores among the broken stones from being blocked to build a salt leaching layer;
the step of building the sand ditch is to fill sand above the salt leaching layer, wherein the filling height of the sand is 30-40cm, so as to form the sand ditch;
and the land leveling step is to backfill soil in the ditch and level the land, wherein the land preparation standard is +/-2 cm.
In this embodiment, constructing a fertile topsoil includes the steps of pressing the salt from the straw and applying a soil conditioner, wherein:
the step of pressing salt by straws is that when crops with straws are mature, a combine harvester with a straw cutting and dispersing device is adopted to harvest the crops, the height of the cut stubbles of the straws is less than 15cm, all the straws after the stubbles are cut, the cutting length is less than 15mm, the cut straws are uniformly spread on the field surface,
the step of applying the soil conditioner is that before the soil is ploughed, humic acid is applied and evenly spread in the field spread with the straws,
the dosage of humic acid is 1500 kg.hm -2 The grain size is 0.3-0.45mm, the soil layer is turned for the first time, the turning depth is more than or equal to 20cm, the straws and the soil conditioner which are uniformly thrown on the field surface are turned into the soil layer with the depth of 0-20cm, the soil is deeply loosened for the first time, the deep loosening depth is more than or equal to 30cm, and soil preparation is carried out to create soil mass macropores.
The step of soil testing and fertilizing comprises the steps of sampling soil, analyzing and detecting the effective N, P and K content of the soil; determining the fertilizer absorption amount of the rice with unit yield according to the type, variety and target yield of the rice; according to the effective N, P and K contents of soil and the fertilizer absorption amount of rice, according to the fertilizing amount (kg) = (total nutrient required by target yield-soil nutrient supply) ÷ [ fertilizer nutrient content x fertilizer utilization ratio (%)]And determining the fertilizing amount of the rice. Applying N to P in fertilizer 2 O 5 ∶K 2 O = 0.8-1: 0.5-1: 0.03-0.05, and the application amount of urea is 650 kg. Hm -2 2650kg hm of superphosphate -2 30000kg hm of organic fertilizer -2 Applying a base fertilizer; the nitrogen fertilizer distribution scheme is that the base fertilizer, the tillering fertilizer, the panicle fertilizer and the granular fertilizer are = 4: 1.5: 0.5, and the potassium fertilizer is granular fertilizer rootSpraying 3kg hm -2 。
The step of desalinating soil by using the dominant flow is that the soil is soaked for many times, the salt content of the soil body enters a hidden ditch or a hidden pipe through the dominant flow and then is discharged out of a farm drainage ditch, and the water on the surface of the field is discharged until the salt content of the water on the surface of the field is stabilized at 1 g.L -1 The water layer on the surface of the field is maintained at 2-5cm.
The step of soil desalination by using the dominant flow is as follows: on the basis of a soil layer of the first plowing and the first deep scarification, fresh water is irrigated for the first time, a water layer of 20-30cm is controlled to form a dominant flow, soil body salt enters a blind ditch or a blind pipe through the dominant flow and then is discharged out of a farm drainage ditch, the field soaking time for the first time is 2-3d, and field surface water is discharged; soaking the field for the second time: ploughing for the second time, wherein the depth is more than or equal to 20cm, deep scarification for the second time is more than or equal to 30cm, then irrigating fresh water for the second time, controlling a water layer of 5cm, allowing soil body salt to enter a hidden ditch or a hidden pipe through a dominant flow and then discharging the soil body to a drainage ditch, soaking the soil body for 1-2d for the second time, and discharging field water; soaking the field for the third time and above: the depth of the third and above plowing is more than or equal to 20cm, the depth of the third and above deep scarification is more than or equal to 30cm, fresh water is filled for the third and above, a water layer of 2m is controlled, the salt of the soil body enters a blind ditch or a blind pipe through a dominant flow and then is discharged out of a farm drainage ditch, and the field soaking time for the third and above is 7d, and field surface water is discharged; until the water and salt content of the field surface are stabilized at 1 g.L -1 The water layer on the surface of the field is maintained at 2-5cm.
The steps of regulating and controlling the rice planting by the water, the salt and the fertilizer are as follows:
1) Applying base fertilizer to plant seedlings, and stabilizing water and salt content in the field surface to 1 g.L -1 When the water layer on the surface of the field is 2-5cm, applying base fertilizer which is 40 percent of the total amount of nitrogenous fertilizer and all organic fertilizer and phosphate fertilizer, turning over, raking the surface of the field, and transplanting rice seedlings;
2) At the green turning and tillering stage, after transplanting, when the water and salt content of the field surface exceeds 1 g.L -1 Draining and supplementing fresh water, keeping water layer 2-5cm, turning green 7-10 days after transplanting, draining and supplementing fresh water, and regulating and controlling salt content of water at 1 g.L -1 The first application of tillering fertilizer is 20% of total nitrogen fertilizer, and after rice transplanting, 14-20 days, the water of field surface is drained and fresh water is supplemented, and the salt content of field surface water is regulated and controlled at 1 g.L -1 The second time of applying the tillering fertilizer is 20 percent of the total amount of the nitrogen fertilizer, and the tillering fertilizer is applied to the rice at the tillering endIn the stage, vertical ditches, waist ditches and circumferential ditches are dug in the field, the width of the ditches is 20cm, the depth of the ditches is 40cm, and the specific drop is 1/2000-3000, and the vertical ditches, the waist ditches and the circumferential ditches are used for diversion irrigation and drainage of surface water and soil salinity;
3) In the stage of ear-plucking and ear-booting, 25 days before ear-plucking, when the water and salt content of field surface exceeds 1 g.L -1 When the water is drained and fresh water is filled, the salt content of the water on the field is regulated to 1 g.L -1 Keeping the water layer of the field surface to be 2-3cm, wherein the first spike fertilizer application is 10% of the total amount of the nitrogen fertilizer so as to promote glume flower differentiation and increase glume flower quantity; draining and supplementing fresh water 15 days before ear emergence, wherein the second ear application fertilizer is 5% of the total amount of the nitrogen fertilizer and is used for increasing the number of solid grains and the grain weight;
4) In the heading and flowering period, applying grain fertilizer in the opening breaking period, keeping the water layer of the field surface at 2-5cm, and when the water and salt content of the field surface exceeds 1 g.L -1 When the water is drained and fresh water is supplemented, the salt content of the water on the field is regulated to be 1 g.L -1 Applying 30-45 kg.hm of urea -2 The urea amount is 5 percent of the total amount of the nitrogen fertilizer, when the plants are close to heading, the concentration of the urea is sprayed on the leaf surfaces by 2 weight percent (the urea spraying amount is 1.5 to 2.0 kg.hm) -2 ) And 0.3wt% of potassium dihydrogen phosphate solution (spraying amount of potassium dihydrogen phosphate is 0.25-0.35 kg. Hm) -2 ) The grain weight and the seed setting rate are improved;
5) Grouting and setting period, during which the water and salt content of field surface exceeds 1 g.L -1 When the water is drained and fresh water is supplemented, the salt content of the water on the field is regulated to be 1 g.L -1 And keeping the water layer of the field surface for 2-3cm, draining water 7-10 days before the rice is completely ripe, drying the field surface, and harvesting when the maturity of the rice reaches 90%.
Comparative example
The salt content of the Daisy rocket salt field soil is 12 g/kg when the soil is 0-20cm -1 Basic hydrolyzable nitrogen (N) 45 mg/kg -1 Available phosphorus (P) 2 O 5 )14mg·kg -1 Quick-acting potassium (K) 2 O)506mg·kg -1 . The salt content of 0-100cm soil is 17.5 g/kg -1 . Yongyou 1540 for testing rice variety, brackish water (total salt content 0.6-0.9 g. L) -1 ) And (5) irrigating. Each cell area is 0.2hm 2 Repeat 3 times. The dosage of the urea is 650kg hm -2 The scheme of applying fertilizer by times is that the ratio of base fertilizer, tillering fertilizer, panicle fertilizer and granulated fertilizer is = 4: 1.5: 0.5,2650kg hm of superphosphate -2 30000kg hm of organic fertilizer -2 The base fertilizer is applied, and the monopotassium phosphate is sprayed by 3 kg.hm outside the granular fertilizer roots -2 . After harvesting, soil samples were taken for analysis. Setting 4 treatments as follows:
control (CK): irrigating to plant rice without washing salt and desalting;
salt leaching engineering treatment (P): irrigating to seed rice by constructing a salt washing project of a salt leaching layer and a sand ditch with the spacing of buried concealed pipes of 6m, the buried depth of 50cm and the slope drop of 1.5 per mill;
salt washing engineering + treatment of soil by gravitational flow desalination (P + D): building salt-washing engineering of salt-leaching layer and sand ditch with buried underground pipes at 6m interval, buried depth of 50cm and slope drop of 1.5 ‰, and by ploughing, deep loosening, soaking field, draining and changing water, so as to realize circulation of ploughing, deep loosening, soaking field and changing water until the water and salt content in field surface are stabilized at 1 g.L -1 The following dominant flow is used for desalting soil and irrigating to grow rice;
salt washing engineering, soil desalination by using an advective flow, straw salt pressing and humic acid fertilizer fertilizing plough layer treatment (P + T + D): building salt-washing engineering of salt-leaching layer and sand ditch with buried underground pipes at interval of 6m, buried depth of 50cm and slope drop of 1.5 ‰, pressing salt with straw, ploughing, deep loosening, soaking field, draining, and changing water, so as to realize circulation of ploughing, deep loosening, soaking field and changing water until water and salt content on field surface is stabilized at 1 g.L -1 The soil is desalted by the following dominant flow, and 1500 kg.hm of humic acid is applied to a plough layer -2 And (5) irrigating to plant rice.
TABLE 8 influence of optimal flow desalination fertile topsoil construction measures on rice yield
As can be seen from table 8, the rice yields of P + D (salt washing project + potential flow desalted soil) and P + T + D (salt washing project + potential flow desalted soil + straw pressing salt + humic acid fertilizer fertile plough layer) treatments were significantly higher than those of control CK and P (salt washing project), but there was no significant difference between the P + D (salt washing project + potential flow desalted soil) and P + T + D (salt washing project + potential flow desalted soil + straw pressing salt + humic acid fertilizer plough layer) treatments, while the rice yields of P + T + D (salt washing project + potential flow desalted soil + straw pressing salt + humic acid fertilizer plough layer) treatments were the highest, increasing 11.1% and 9.9% respectively than those of control CK and P (salt washing project). Therefore, from the perspective of rice yield, the treatment of the dominant flow desalination fertile plough layer construction measure P + T + D (salt washing engineering + dominant flow desalination soil + straw pressing salt + humic acid fertile plough layer) is the best coastal saline soil improvement effect.
The specific embodiments described herein are merely illustrative of the spirit of the invention. Various modifications or additions may be made to the described embodiments or alternatives may be employed by those skilled in the art without departing from the spirit of the invention.
Claims (5)
1. A method for constructing rice seeds on an optimal flow desalination fertile plough layer of a coastal saline-alkali land is characterized by comprising the steps of constructing a salt-washing project, constructing a fertile plough layer, measuring soil and applying fertilizer, adjusting and controlling the rice seeds by an optimal flow desalination soil and a water salt fertilizer,
the construction of the salt-washing engineering comprises the steps of ditching and pipe burying in the field, building a salt leaching layer, building a sand ditch and leveling the land,
digging a plurality of ditches in the field, wherein each ditch is 20cm in width and 60-70cm in depth, the interval between every two adjacent ditches is 6-9m, constructing an underground ditch or burying the underground pipe at the bottom of the ditch, wherein the underground ditch is built at the bottom of the dug ditch, the buried depth is 50-70cm, the ditch width is 20cm, 20 cm-thick permeable broken stones are buried, the slope of the bottom of the ditch is 1-2 per thousand, the buried underground pipe is a perforated PVC corrugated pipe wrapped by non-woven fabric at the bottom of the dug ditch, the pipe diameter of the perforated PVC corrugated pipe is 6.3-11cm, the buried depth is 50-60cm, the slope is 1-2 per thousand, and 20 cm-thick permeable broken stones are covered around the perforated PVC corrugated pipe;
the step of building a salt leaching layer is that broken stones with the diameter of 1-2cm, the thickness of 10cm and the width of 20cm are paved on the upper part of an underdrain or an underdrain pipe, and then a layer of non-woven fabric, straw or grass is covered to prevent pores between the broken stones from being blocked, so that the salt leaching layer is built;
the step of building the sand ditch is to bury sand above the salt leaching layer, wherein the sand burying height is 30-40cm, and the sand ditch is formed;
the land leveling step is to backfill soil in the ditch and level the land with the land preparation standard of +/-2 cm,
the soil desalting with the dominant flow comprises the following steps of soaking the soil for the first time: on the basis of a soil layer of the first plowing and the first deep scarification, fresh water is irrigated for the first time, a water layer of 20-30cm is controlled to form a dominant flow, soil body salt enters a blind ditch or a blind pipe through the dominant flow and then is discharged out of a farm drainage ditch, the field soaking time for the first time is 2-3d, and field surface water is discharged; soaking the field for the second time: ploughing for the second time, wherein the depth is more than or equal to 20cm, subsoiling for the second time, the depth is more than or equal to 30cm, then irrigating fresh water for the second time, controlling a water layer of 5cm, allowing soil body salt to enter a blind ditch or a blind pipe through a dominant flow and then discharging the soil body salt out of a farm drainage ditch, and soaking the field for 1-2d for the second time, and discharging field water; soaking the field for the third time and above: the ploughing depth of the third time and above is more than or equal to 20cm, the deep scarification depth of the third time and above is more than or equal to 30cm, fresh water is filled for the third time and above, a water layer of 2cm is controlled, soil body salt enters an underdrain or an underpipe through a dominant flow and then is discharged out of a farm drainage ditch, and the field soaking time of the third time and above is 7d, and field surface water is discharged; until the water and salt content of the field surface are stabilized at 1 g.L -1 The water layer on the field surface was maintained at 2-5cm.
2. The method for constructing rice seeds on the coastal saline-alkali land by utilizing the optimal flow desalination and fertilization topsoil as claimed in claim 1, wherein the construction of the fertilization topsoil comprises a step of pressing the straw into salt and a step of applying a soil conditioner, wherein:
the step of pressing salt by straws is that when crops with straws are mature, a combine harvester with a straw cutting and dispersing device is adopted to harvest the crops, the height of the cut stubbles of the straws is less than 15cm, all the straws after the stubbles are cut, the cutting length is less than 15mm, the cut straws are uniformly spread on the field surface,
the step of applying the soil conditioner is that before the soil is ploughed, phosphogypsum and humic acid are applied and uniformly spread in the field spread with straws,
the dosage of the phosphogypsum is 3750-7500 kg.hm -2 The grain diameter is between 0.005 and 0.05mm, and the dosage of humic acid is between 1000 and 2000 kg.hm -2 The grain diameter is between 0.3 and 0.45mm, the first plowing,turning the soil layer to 60-120 degrees, turning the soil layer to a depth of more than or equal to 20cm, turning the straws and the soil conditioner uniformly thrown on the field surface into the soil layer of 0-20cm, deeply loosening for the first time to a depth of more than or equal to 30cm, preparing the soil, and creating soil mass macropores.
3. The method for constructing rice seeds on the optimal flow desalination fertile plough layer of the coastal saline-alkali land as claimed in claim 1, wherein the step of soil testing and fertilizing is to sample soil and analyze and detect the effective N, P and K contents of the soil; determining the fertilizer absorption amount of the rice with unit yield according to the type, variety and target yield of the rice; according to the effective N, P and K contents of soil and the fertilizer absorption amount of rice, the fertilizing amount of the rice is determined according to the fertilizing amount (kg) = (total nutrient amount required by target yield-soil nutrient supply amount) ÷ [ fertilizer nutrient content x fertilizer utilization rate (%) ].
4. The method for constructing rice seeds on the optimal flow desalination fertile plough layer of coastal saline-alkali land as claimed in claim 3, characterized in that N: P in the fertilizer is applied 2 O 5 ∶K 2 O = 0.8-1: 0.5-1: 0.03-0.05, and the organic fertilizer and the phosphate fertilizer are applied at one time by base fertilizer; the nitrogen fertilizer distribution scheme is that the base fertilizer, the tillering fertilizer, the panicle fertilizer and the granular fertilizer are = 4: 1.5: 0.5, and the potassium fertilizer is sprayed outside the roots of the granular fertilizer.
5. The method for constructing rice seeds on the optimal flow desalination fertile plough layer of the coastal saline-alkali soil as claimed in claim 1, wherein the step of regulating and controlling the rice seeds by water, salt and fertilizer comprises the following steps:
1) Applying base fertilizer to plant seedlings, and stabilizing water and salt content in the field surface to 1 g.L -1 When the water layer on the surface of the field is 2-5cm, applying base fertilizer which is 40 percent of the total amount of nitrogenous fertilizer and all organic fertilizer and phosphate fertilizer, turning over, raking the surface of the field, and transplanting rice seedlings;
2) At the green turning and tillering stage, after transplanting, when the water and salt content of the field surface exceeds 1 g.L -1 Draining and supplementing fresh water, keeping water layer 2-5cm, turning green 7-10 days after transplanting, draining and supplementing fresh water, and regulating and controlling salt content of water at 1 g.L -1 The first application of tillering fertilizer is 20% of total nitrogen fertilizer, and the fertilizer can be used for transplanting rice seedlingsAnd (4) 14-20 days later, draining the field surface and filling fresh water, and regulating the salt content of the field surface water to be 1 g.L -1 In the last stage of tillering of rice, digging vertical ditches, waist ditches and circumferential ditches in the field, wherein the width of each ditch is 20cm, the depth of each ditch is 40cm, and the ratio is reduced to 1/2000-3000, and the fertilizer is used for diversion irrigation and removal of surface water and soil salinity;
3) In the stage of ear extension and ear bearing, 25 days before ear emergence, when the water and salt content of the field surface exceeds 1 g.L -1 When the water is drained and fresh water is filled, the salt content of the water on the field is regulated to 1 g.L -1 Keeping the water layer of the field surface to be 2-3cm, wherein the first spike fertilizer application is 10% of the total amount of the nitrogen fertilizer so as to promote glume flower differentiation and increase glume flower quantity; draining and supplementing fresh water 15 days before ear emergence, wherein the second ear fertilization accounts for 5% of the total nitrogen fertilizer amount and is used for increasing the number of solid grains and the grain weight;
4) In the heading and flowering period, applying grain fertilizer in the opening breaking period, keeping the water layer of the field surface at 2-5cm, and when the water and salt content of the field surface exceeds 1 g.L -1 When the water is drained and fresh water is supplemented, the salt content of the water on the field is regulated to be 1 g.L -1 Applying 30-45 kg.hm of urea -2 When the amount of urea is 5 percent of the total amount of the nitrogenous fertilizer, urea with the concentration of 2 percent and monopotassium phosphate solution with the concentration of 0.3 percent are sprayed on the leaf surfaces when the plants are about to be aligned with ears, so that the grain weight and the seed setting rate are improved;
5) Grouting and setting period, during which the water and salt content of the field surface exceeds 1 g.L -1 When the water is drained and fresh water is filled, the salt content of the water on the field is regulated to 1 g.L -1 And keeping the water layer of the field surface for 2-3cm, draining water 7-10 days before the rice is completely ripe, drying the field surface, and harvesting when the maturity of the rice reaches 90%.
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