CN113662144A - 酱肉制备方法 - Google Patents
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
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- A23L13/00—Meat products; Meat meal; Preparation or treatment thereof
- A23L13/70—Tenderised or flavoured meat pieces; Macerating or marinating solutions specially adapted therefor
- A23L13/76—Tenderised or flavoured meat pieces; Macerating or marinating solutions specially adapted therefor by treatment in a gaseous atmosphere, e.g. ageing or ripening; by electrical treatment, irradiation or wave treatment
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- A23L3/00—Preservation of foods or foodstuffs, in general, e.g. pasteurising, sterilising, specially adapted for foods or foodstuffs
- A23L3/015—Preservation of foods or foodstuffs, in general, e.g. pasteurising, sterilising, specially adapted for foods or foodstuffs by treatment with pressure variation, shock, acceleration or shear stress or cavitation
- A23L3/0155—Preservation of foods or foodstuffs, in general, e.g. pasteurising, sterilising, specially adapted for foods or foodstuffs by treatment with pressure variation, shock, acceleration or shear stress or cavitation using sub- or super-atmospheric pressures, or pressure variations transmitted by a liquid or gas
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Abstract
本发明公开了酱肉制备方法,包括步骤:分割原料肉、腌制、浸制、卤制、冷却、刷酱,在腌制前,对原料肉进行第一次常温超高压处理:温度为室温,压力范围为350MPa~600MPa,保压时间为2min~15min,卸压时间为10s~270s;对卤制刷酱后的酱肉进行第二次常温超高压处理:温度为室温,压力范围为350MPa~600MPa,保压时间为2min~15min,卸压时间为1s~2s;本发明解决酱肉非热灭菌问题以及在贮藏过程中肉质劣化问题,提升酱肉品质,延长货架期;使用超高压处理,在常温条件下很短的时间内实现了灭菌的过程,口感和香气损失较小;而超高压处理包括升压时间(5min.)、控制卸压时间(4.5min.),两次处理过程加起来不超过45min,效率提高了2倍以上。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及一种酱肉制备方法,用于制备酱肉。
背景技术
真空包装酱肉在贮藏过程中肉质快速劣化,目前食品企业真空包装的酱肉超过20天后,酱肉的滋味和口感都会发生变化,且酱肉中致病菌开始快速滋生,因此,真空包装的酱肉保质期只标注20天。
为了解决此类问题,一般采用高压处理,如公开号为CN105105219A的专利文献公开了基于超高压条件下河蚌肉的嫩化方法,该方法采用超高压处理河蚌肉,其剪切力、蒸煮损失率、值等指标均有明显变化,高压促使河蚌肉蛋白质变性加快肌肉成熟,同时具有一定的非热力杀菌作用,保证了河蚌肉的营养成分。又如公开号为CN104542894A的专利文献公开的一种低分子渗透剂协同超高压处理提高冷冻肉品质的方法,该方法利用低分子渗透剂注射联合超高压处理可提高肉品的保质期、嫩度和保水性,有效提高肉品品质,最终提高其商品价值,该方法安全、无毒,应用性强。再如公开号为CN108936371A的专利文献公开的一种调理鸡胸肉真空结合超高压腌制的工艺方法,该方法将优质鸡胸肉与腌制液共同在真空滚揉机中滚揉、超高压腌制,可以提高产品保水性、出品率、食品品质和感官品质;真空与超高压前后联合组合腌制,提高肉糜品质;真空促进腌制液的渗透速度、超高压进一步使腌制均匀,提高腌制效果、提高肉糜品质。
针对酱肉,若采用上述超高压处理存在一定的弊端:超高压直接处理生肉原料时,如果卸压时间很短(1s~2s),组织细胞的压力从几百兆帕迅速减小为常压,在反方向压力的作用下,细胞内部的原汁原液在高渗透压差下被转移出去,造成生肉原汁原液的损失;超高压灭菌依靠正向压力和反向作用力共同作用,若卸压时间长会影响灭菌效果;酱肉卤制和刷酱之后产生独特的香气和香味,传统工艺在后期使用高压灭菌锅(高温121℃、高压0.12MPa)灭菌20-30min后,酱肉进一步蒸煮,原本劲道弹性的口感会变得绵软、酱肉的香味也会在蒸煮的过程中发生逸散,香味在一定程度上受到损失;使用高压灭菌锅,灭菌时间20-30min.,加上之前加热水产生水蒸气的升温升压时间,以及之后等待自然降温卸压的时间,整个过程至少需要90min以上,灭菌工序时间长,效率低下。
发明内容
本发明所要解决的技术问题是提供一种酱肉制备方法,解决酱肉在贮藏过程中肉质劣化和货架期短的问题。
为解决上述技术问题,本发明酱肉制备方法,包括步骤:分割原料肉、腌制、浸制、卤制、冷却、刷酱;在腌制前,对原料肉(生肉)进行第一次常温超高压处理,所述第一次常温超高压处理的温度为室温,压力范围为350MPa~600MPa(如600MPa),保压时间为2min~30min(如5min或10min),卸压时间为10s~270s(如120s);对卤制刷酱后的酱肉进行第二次常温超高压处理,所述第二次常温超高压处理的温度为室温,压力范围为350MPa~600MPa(如600MPa),保压时间为2min~30min(如5min或10min),卸压时间1s~2s(如1s)。
本发明采用350MPa-600MPa处理压力,正在生长的细菌、酵母、霉菌在这个压力范围可以被杀灭或失活。保压时间2min~30min,可以达到灭菌和肉质嫩化的目的。
本发明对肉制品进行两次超高压处理,第一次常温超高压处理对原料肉进行处理,处理后为采用控制卸压,卸压时间为10s~270s,目的在于避免出现组织细胞的压力从几百兆帕迅速减小为常压的情况,如果采用常规卸压(1s~2s),在反方向压力的作用下,细胞内部的原汁原液在高渗透压差下被转移出去,造成生肉原汁原液的损失。第一次常温超高压处理对原料肉的超高压处理主要目的不是灭菌,而是肉质嫩化,第一次常温超高压处理期间生肉的蛋白、脂肪会发生变性,灭菌是顺带完成的,灭菌并不完全,产品的灭菌主要靠第二次常温超高压处理。第二次常温超高压处理的目的是对酱肉最终产品进行灭菌,虽然第二次常温超高压处理的卸压时间1-2s,由于经过一系列煮制过程,酱肉已经是熟肉,肉质已经很紧实,其中已经没有汁液了,因此不会造成细胞内部的原汁原液的损失。
本发明通过两次超高压处理,第一次常温超高压处理完成酱肉原料生肉肉质嫩化和原料肉非热灭菌,第二次常温超高压处理完成酱肉制品的非热灭菌,实现酱肉的彻底灭菌,可以防止酱肉肉质劣化和致病菌大量繁殖,提高酱肉在保质期内的品质,延长货架期。通过两次非热加工灭菌处理,减少口感和香气损失,缩短加工时间,提高灭菌效率。
本发明解决酱肉非热灭菌问题以及在贮藏过程中肉质劣化问题,提升酱肉品质,延长货架期;使用超高压处理,在常温条件下很短的时间内实现了灭菌的过程,口感和香气损失较小;超高压处理包括升压时间(5min)、控制卸压时间(4.5min),两次处理过程加起来不超过45min,效率提高了2倍以上。
具体实施方式
对比例1
(1)分割原料肉:选取新鲜猪五花肉,将选取的猪肉修割成方块状,得到方块状原料肉,原料肉清洗备用。
(2)腌制:配制腌肉料,对原料生肉进行腌制。腌肉料的成分包括食盐、味精、花椒、五香粉、味极鲜、糖等,具体根据口味进行配置。
(3)浸制:在适量老汤中加水至水位线,撇出汤表面的浮油、浮沫,调整盐度,加入料包及原料肉,开锅后调整汤的颜色至酱褐色,浸制过程中控制火候保持沸腾状态,浸制时间(30-60)分钟。
(4)卤制:将有毛、有异物的拣出,整齐摆放入锅中,加入老汤及料包,卤制过程中保持沸腾状态,卤制时间:开锅后计时,卤制(120-150)分钟。
(5)冷却:将半成品皮朝上均匀摆放整齐,严禁重叠,同时将皮肉分离的、有毛及有淤血的等不合格品挑出,冷却至室温。
(6)刷酱:将制好的酱汁刷到冷却好的产品上,刷酱均匀完整。刷酱后检查产品是否刷酱均匀,如有不匀的补充完整。
(7)真空包装。
对比例2
与对比例1相同,区别在于:对卤制、刷酱后的酱肉进行高温高压灭菌处理,高温高压灭菌工艺为:温度121℃,压力0.12MPa,时间30min。
对比例3
与对比例1相同,区别在于:对卤制、刷酱、真空包装后酱肉进行常温超高压灭菌1次,常温超高压灭菌工艺为:600MPa,保压时间10min,卸压1s。
对比例4
与对比例1相同,区别在于:对卤制、刷酱后酱肉进行常温超高压灭菌1次,常温超高压灭菌工艺为:600MPa,保压时间20min,卸压1s。
实施例1
与对比例1相同,区别在于:腌制前,对原料生肉常温超高压处理1次,处理工艺为:600MPa,保压时间5min,卸压120s;对卤制刷酱后(真空包装后)酱肉进行常温超高压处理1次,处理工艺为:600MPa,保压时间5min,卸压1s。
实施例2
与对比例1相同,区别在于:腌制前,常温超高压处理1次,处理工艺为:600MPa,保压时间10min,卸压120s;对卤制刷酱后(真空包装后)酱肉进行常温超高压处理1次,处理工艺为:600MPa,保压时间10min,卸压1s。
评价方法:(1)以未进行高压灭菌锅灭菌、未进行超高压灭菌放置20天为空白(对比例1),以高压灭菌锅灭菌(121℃,0.12MPa,30min)、未进行超高压灭菌,放置180天为对照(对比例2)对对比例3、对比例4和实施例1、实施例2进行评价。
评价标准:(1)感官评价:A气味和滋味评价:闻其气味,产品应有的气味,无异嗅;用温开水漱口,品其滋味,无异味,具有产品应有的滋味;B口感评价:酱肉各部位(皮、脂肪、瘦肉)应有的弹性、不柴、软硬适中;(2)微生物试验方法:GB4789.2-2016食品安全国家标准食品微生物学检验菌落总数测定;GB4789.2-2016食品安全国家标准食品微生物学检验大肠菌群计数;GB/T 4789.17-2003食品卫生微生物学检验肉与肉制品检验(3)质构检测方法:质构测定仪,探头:A/MORS,测前速度:2mm/s,测中速度:10mm/s,测前速度:10mm/s,位移:20mm,触发模式:自动,触发力:10g。
感官试验设计表
对上述对比例1-4、实施例1-2进行微生物试验、感官评价试验以及肉质变化(质构)试验,试验结果如下:
微生物试验结果
感官评价试验结果
肉质变化(质构)试验结果
由上述试验结果显示:
(1)从微生物试验结果可以看出,第一天对比例1(空白)、对比例2(对照)菌落总数基础值较高,经过冷藏20天后,比例1(空白)菌落总数接近超标,后期无法进行感官评价和质构评价,对比例2(对照)菌落总数略有上升,但在国标要求范围之内;对比例3、4和实施例1、2,微生物指标没有显著差异,说明经一次超高压和二次超高压处理的样品,不同的保压时间下,样品的灭菌效果无差异。
(2)分析感官评价试验结果
A从贮存时间横向比较,可以检测的5个处理样品,经过20天贮存期,感官总评分都存在不同程度的降低,但对比例2降低的幅度较大,感官总评分降低了2.24%,其它处理样品感官总评分降低幅度分别为0.55%、0.55%、0.54%以及1.09%。
B从样品灭菌处理程度纵向比较,对比例2(对照)感官总评分最低,1天和20天分别为17.9和17.5,而其它处理样品感官总评分比较接近,1天和20天依次分别为:18.3和18.2、18.3和18.2、18.5和18.4以及18.4和18.2。
C因此,无论从感官总评分降低的幅度、还是从感官总评分进行分析,对比例1(贮存20天后已经变质)和对比例2酱肉的品质劣化程度都高于其它灭菌处理的酱肉。由于感官评价的局限性,对比例3、4和实施例1、2差异不显著。
(3)分析肉质变化(质构)试验结果,刀片最大剪切力和剪切能反映酱肉样品的软硬程度,这两个参数数值越大,酱肉的口感越有嚼劲。
A从贮存时间横向比较可供检测的5个酱肉样品在20天贮存期间质构参数的降低幅度,这5个样品的降低幅度分别为19.64%和19.65%、7.01%和5.74%、9.94%和10.08%、5.09%和5.42%、6.87%和6.79%;
B从样品灭菌处理程度纵向分析第一天酱肉的质构试验结果,可以看出:经一次超高压处理的样品(对比例3、4)口感最接近未经任何灭菌处理的酱肉(对比例1);而经过高压灭菌锅灭菌的酱肉(对比例2)口感绵软,嚼劲较小;经二次超高压处理的酱肉(实施例1、2)刀片最大剪切力和剪切能最大,酱肉嚼劲较大。
C因此,经二次超高压处理的酱肉(实施例1、2)嚼劲最大,在20天贮存期内质构参数的降低幅度最小。
上述实施例不以任何方式限制本发明,凡是采用等同替换或等效变换的方式获得的技术方案均落在本发明的保护范围内。
Claims (8)
1.酱肉制备方法,包括步骤:分割原料肉、腌制、浸制、卤制、冷却、刷酱,其特征在于:在腌制前,对原料肉进行第一次常温超高压处理,所述第一次常温超高压处理的温度为室温,压力范围为350MPa~600MPa,保压时间为2min~30min,卸压时间为10s~270s;对卤制刷酱后的酱肉进行第二次常温超高压处理,所述第二次常温超高压处理的温度为室温,压力范围为350MPa~600MPa,保压时间为2min~30min,卸压时间1s~2s。
2.根据权利要求1所述的酱肉制备方法,其特征在于:第一次常温超高压处理、第二次常温超高压处理的压力为600MPa。
3.根据权利要求1所述的酱肉制备方法,其特征在于:第一次常温超高压处理的保压时间为5min。
4.根据权利要求1所述的酱肉制备方法,其特征在于:第一次常温超高压处理的保压时间为10min。
5.根据权利要求1所述的酱肉制备方法,其特征在于:第二次常温超高压处理的保压时间为5min。
6.根据权利要求1所述的酱肉制备方法,其特征在于:第二次常温超高压处理的保压时间为10min。
7.根据权利要求1所述的酱肉制备方法,其特征在于:第一次常温超高压处理的卸压时间为120s。
8.根据权利要求1所述的酱肉制备方法,其特征在于:第二次常温超高压处理的卸压时间为1s。
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