CN113213508B - 一种光催化合成氨的方法 - Google Patents
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- C01C1/04—Preparation of ammonia by synthesis in the gas phase
- C01C1/0405—Preparation of ammonia by synthesis in the gas phase from N2 and H2 in presence of a catalyst
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Abstract
本发明公开了一种光催化合成氨的方法,将氯氧化铋负载氧化亚铜光催化剂加入水中,通入氮气,光照下进行催化反应,合成氨。本发明以首次公开的Cu2O/BiOCl材料为催化剂,在简单的光催化条件下,高效催化氮气制备氨。催化剂复合材料的界面促进了氮气的吸附和活化,大大增强了氮气的还原。因此,氨的产率为410.43μmol/g/h,比现有铋基金属氧化物高12倍。这项工作呈现出设计高性能纳米复合材料用于光催化固氮的可行途径。
Description
技术领域
本发明属于催化剂技术,具体涉及一种光催化合成氨的方法。
背景技术
随着工业化和现代化的快速发展,人类面临越来越多的能源与环境问题。受自然界光合作用启发,人们开发了半导体光催化技术,利用自然界取之不尽的太阳能转化为化学能。半导体光催化剂在光照下激发的电子和空穴可以参与氧化还原反应,用于液相或气相污染物的去除CO2还原为化学燃料、水分解产氢气和氧气、固定N2等反应。氮气是自然界常见气体,由其制备氨是一个很好的路径,但是现有技术存在氨产率低、催化剂制备复杂的问题。
发明内容
本发明公开了一种光催化合成氨的方法,以首次公开的Cu2O/BiOCl材料为催化剂,在简单的光催化条件下,高效催化氮气制备氨。
本发明采用如下技术方案:
一种光催化合成氨的方法,将氯氧化铋负载氧化亚铜光催化剂加入水中,通入氮气,光照下进行催化反应,合成氨。
本发明中,氯氧化铋负载氧化亚铜光催化剂为Cu2O/BiOCl,氧化亚铜的负载量为1~5%,优选为1.5~4%,进一步优选为2~3%。
本发明中,光照为可见光照。优选的,将氯氧化铋负载氧化亚铜光催化剂加入水中,通入氮气,先避光搅拌,再光照进行催化反应,合成氨。
本发明中,氯氧化铋负载氧化亚铜光催化剂、水的用量比为(10~30)mg∶100mL,优选为(15~25)mg∶100mL。氮气的流速为(100~300)mL/min,优选为(150~250)mL/min。
本发明的优点:
由于N≡N键的高稳定性和N2在活性中心的难化学吸附性,在温和的条件下将氮气转化为NH3(氨)是一个巨大的挑战,现有技术采用氯氧化铋负载二氧化钼,光催化下氨产率为32μmol/g/h,较单独催化剂进步很多,但是产率依然偏低;另外,采用碳材料可提高催化效率,但是催化剂制备复杂,成本太高,不利于工业化。本发明以简单的方法制备催化剂,在可见光下,条件温和的将氮气转化为氨,产率达到410.43μmol/g/h,较现有铋催化剂提升显著。
附图说明
图1为实施例2的Cu2O/BiOCl的XRD图;
图2为实施例2中Cu2O/BiOCl的SEM图,100nm;
图3为Cu2O/BiOCl光催化合成氨活性图谱。
具体实施方式
为使本领域的技术人员更好地理解本发明的技术方案,下面对本发明提供氯氧化铋负载氧化亚铜材料的方法进行详细描述。本发明的原料都是常规产品,具体制备方法以及测试方法都是常规技术,比如搅拌为常规搅拌,干燥为常规干燥,催化剂组分的重量计算以及氨的检测为常规方法。
XRD表征,采用Shimadzu XRD-6000型X射线粉末衍射仪,其中各表征参数设置如下:Co靶,Kα射线,λ为0.15405nm,角度范围5~80°,扫描速度为4°/min。SEM表征,采用Hitachi S-4700型扫描电子显微镜(SEM,加速电压30kV)对材料的表面形貌进行表征。
制备例
分别将4mmol Bi(NO3)3·5H2O和4mmol KCl分散在20mL蒸馏水中,分别为溶液A和溶液B;室温下,将溶液A以5mL/min的速度逐滴滴入溶液B中,再搅拌30min得到混合溶液。然后将混合溶液倒入50mL Teflon的不锈钢高压反应釜中,在150℃下水热反应50h;反应结束后,反应釜冷却至室温过滤反应液,再将滤饼用乙醇和蒸馏水分别洗涤3次,最后在60℃下烘干干燥,得到片状氯氧化铋(BiOCl)。
在搅拌下,将6.7982g BiOCl分散在10mL含5mmol CuSO4·5H2O的去离子水中;再以5mL/min的速度逐滴滴入20mL 0.5mol/L NaOH水溶液,悬浮液的颜色变为蓝色,再搅拌2h;再以5mL/min的速度滴加入25mL 0.1mol/L抗坏血酸水溶液,搅拌30min后,观察到淡黄色沉淀,过滤反应液,再将滤饼用蒸馏水和乙醇分别洗涤三次,然后在60℃真空干燥,得到氯氧化铋负载氧化亚铜光催化剂(5%Cu2O/BiOCl),其中氧化亚铜负载量为5%,负载量为重量比例,氧化亚铜的质量/氯氧化铋负载氧化亚铜光催化剂的质量等于负载量。
在搅拌下,将17.5297g BiOCl粉末分散在10mL含5mmol CuSO4·5H2O的去离子水中;再以5mL/min的速度逐滴滴入20mL 0.5mol/L NaOH水溶液,悬浮液的颜色变为蓝色,再搅拌2h;再以5mL/min的速度滴加入25mL 0.1mol/L抗坏血酸水溶液,搅拌30min后,观察到淡黄色沉淀,过滤反应液,再将滤饼用蒸馏水和乙醇分别洗涤三次,然后在60℃真空干燥,得到氯氧化铋负载氧化亚铜光催化剂(2%Cu2O/BiOCl),其中氧化亚铜负载量为2%。
图1为2%Cu2O/BiOCl的XRD图,从图中可明显看出氧化亚铜的特征峰,此外,材料中还存在BiOCl的衍射峰,说明Cu2O/BiOCl的合成。
图2为2%BiOCl@Cu2O的SEM图,可以清楚发现氧化亚铜均匀分布在在BiOCl表面。
实施例一 光催化合成氨
采用300W氙灯(200<λ<800nm)为模拟可见光源。将20mg2%Cu2O/BiOCl与200mL/minN2通入100mLH2O中,经过30min进行暗处理(避光搅拌),以达到催化剂与N2之间的吸附-脱附平衡。然后打开模拟光源,进行光催化合成氨实验。每30min从石英管中取25mL溶液,加入0.5mL酒石酸钾钠和0.75mL纳氏试剂测其吸光度(通过Shimadzu UV-2600光谱仪在λ=420nm处进行测量吸光度);氮气从实验开始通,到实验结束关闭,实验5小时。常规测试计算氨产率为410.43μmol/g/h。
实施例二 光催化合成氨
采用300W氙灯(200<λ<800nm)为模拟可见光源。将20mg 5%Cu2O/BiOCl与200mL/minN2通入100mLH2O中,经过30min进行暗处理(避光搅拌),以达到催化剂与N2之间的吸附-脱附平衡。然后打开模拟光源,进行光催化合成氨实验。每30min从石英管中取25mL溶液,加入0.5mL酒石酸钾钠和0.75mL纳氏试剂测其吸光度(通过Shimadzu UV-2600光谱仪在λ=420nm处进行测量吸光度);氮气从实验开始通,到实验结束关闭,实验5小时。常规测试计算氨产率为271.3μmol/g/h。
对比例一
单纯的氧化亚铜制备方法:将20mL,2mol/L的NaOH水溶液加入50mLH2O中,在搅拌下滴加10.0mL 0.1mol/L CuCl2·2H2O水溶液,搅拌3min,向溶液中滴加5.0mL 0.1mol/L抗坏血酸,搅拌30min,观察到沉淀,过滤反应液,再将滤饼用蒸馏水和乙醇分别洗涤三次,然后在60℃真空干燥,得到Cu2O;滴加为5mL/min。
采用300W氙灯(200<λ<800nm)为模拟可见光源。将20mg Cu2O与200mL/minN2通入100mLH2O中,经过30min进行暗处理(避光搅拌),以达到催化剂与N2之间的吸附-脱附平衡。然后打开模拟光源,进行光催化合成氨实验。每30min从石英管中取25mL溶液,加入0.5mL酒石酸钾钠和0.75mL纳氏试剂测其吸光度(通过Shimadzu UV-2600光谱仪在λ=420nm处进行测量吸光度);氮气从实验开始通,到实验结束关闭,实验5小时。常规测试未检测到氨。
对比例二
采用300W氙灯(200<λ<800nm)为模拟可见光源。将20mg BiOCl与200mL/minN2通入100mLH2O中,经过30min进行暗处理(避光搅拌),以达到催化剂与N2之间的吸附-脱附平衡。然后打开模拟光源,进行光催化合成氨实验。每30min从石英管中取25mL溶液,加入0.5mL酒石酸钾钠和0.75mL纳氏试剂测其吸光度(通过Shimadzu UV-2600光谱仪在λ=420nm处进行测量吸光度);氮气从实验开始通,到实验结束关闭,实验5小时。常规测试计算氨产率为143.04μmol/g/h。
实施例三 光催化合成氨
采用300W氙灯(200<λ<800nm)为模拟可见光源。将20mg1%Cu2O/BiOCl与200mL/minN2通入100mLH2O中,经过30min进行暗处理(避光搅拌),以达到催化剂与N2之间的吸附-脱附平衡。然后打开模拟光源,进行光催化合成氨实验。每30min从石英管中取25mL溶液,加入0.5mL酒石酸钾钠和0.75mL纳氏试剂测其吸光度(通过Shimadzu UV-2600光谱仪在λ=420nm处进行测量吸光度);氮气从实验开始通,到实验结束关闭,实验5小时。常规测试计算氨产率为182.17μmol/g/h。
以单纯的Cu2O和BiOCl替换Cu2O/BiOCl进行对比实验。图3可知,Cu2O/BiOCl与单纯的Cu2O和BiOCl相比表现出高效的光催化合成氨性能。
实施例四 光催化合成氨
采用300W氙灯(200<λ<800nm)为模拟可见光源。将15mg2%Cu2O/BiOCl与200mL/minN2通入100mLH2O中,经过30min进行暗处理(避光搅拌),以达到催化剂与N2之间的吸附-脱附平衡。然后打开模拟光源,进行光催化合成氨实验。每30min从石英管中取25mL溶液,加入0.5mL酒石酸钾钠和0.75mL纳氏试剂测其吸光度(通过Shimadzu UV-2600光谱仪在λ=420nm处进行测量吸光度);氮气从实验开始通,到实验结束关闭,实验5小时,常规测试计算氨产率。
实施例五 光催化合成氨
采用300W氙灯(200<λ<800nm)为模拟可见光源。将25mg2%Cu2O/BiOCl与200mL/minN2通入100mLH2O中,经过30min进行暗处理(避光搅拌),以达到催化剂与N2之间的吸附-脱附平衡。然后打开模拟光源,进行光催化合成氨实验。每30min从石英管中取25mL溶液,加入0.5mL酒石酸钾钠和0.75mL纳氏试剂测其吸光度(通过Shimadzu UV-2600光谱仪在λ=420nm处进行测量吸光度);氮气从实验开始通,到实验结束关闭,实验5小时,常规测试计算氨产率。
实施例六 光催化合成氨
采用300W氙灯(200<λ<800nm)为模拟可见光源。将20mg2%Cu2O/BiOCl与180mL/minN2通入100mLH2O中,经过30min进行暗处理(避光搅拌),以达到催化剂与N2之间的吸附-脱附平衡。然后打开模拟光源,进行光催化合成氨实验。每30min从石英管中取25mL溶液,加入0.5mL酒石酸钾钠和0.75mL纳氏试剂测其吸光度(通过Shimadzu UV-2600光谱仪在λ=420nm处进行测量吸光度);氮气从实验开始通,到实验结束关闭,实验5小时,常规测试计算氨产率。
Claims (4)
1.一种光催化合成氨的方法,其特征在于,将氯氧化铋负载氧化亚铜光催化剂加入水中,通入氮气,光照下进行催化反应,合成氨;氯氧化铋负载氧化亚铜光催化剂中,氧化亚铜的负载量为2%,负载量为重量比例,氧化亚铜的质量/氯氧化铋负载氧化亚铜光催化剂的质量等于负载量;光照为可见光照;氯氧化铋负载氧化亚铜光催化剂、水的用量比为(10~30)mg∶100mL;氮气的流速为100~300mL/min。
2.根据权利要求1所述光催化合成氨的方法,其特征在于,将氯氧化铋负载氧化亚铜光催化剂加入水中,通入氮气,先避光搅拌,再光照进行催化反应,合成氨。
3.根据权利要求1所述光催化合成氨的方法,其特征在于,氯氧化铋负载氧化亚铜光催化剂、水的用量比为(15~25)mg∶100mL。
4.根据权利要求1所述光催化合成氨的方法,其特征在于,氮气的流速为150~250mL/min。
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