CN113201002A - 用于抑制精氨酸酶活性的组合物和方法 - Google Patents
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- CN113201002A CN113201002A CN202110099500.5A CN202110099500A CN113201002A CN 113201002 A CN113201002 A CN 113201002A CN 202110099500 A CN202110099500 A CN 202110099500A CN 113201002 A CN113201002 A CN 113201002A
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Abstract
本发明涉及对精氨酸酶显示抑制活性的一类新化合物,和包含本发明的化合物的药物组合物。本文还提供使用本发明的精氨酸酶抑制剂治疗癌症的方法。
Description
本申请是申请日为2016年10月28日,申请号为201680063897.X,发明名称为″用于抑制精氨酸酶活性的组合物和方法″的发明申请的分案申请。
相关申请
本申请要求2015年10月30日提交的美国临时专利申请号62/248,632,2016年1月22日提交的美国临时专利申请号62/281,964;和2016年4月15日提交的美国临时专利申请号62/323,034的优先权,这些申请以其整体在此引入作为参考。
背景技术
癌症的特征是细胞在体内不受控制地生长,导致基本器官的侵袭并且经常死亡。最初,癌症的药理学治疗利用靶向所有快速分裂细胞(包括正常细胞)的非特异性细胞毒性剂。这些非特异性细胞毒性剂具有抗肿瘤作用,但其用途通常受到严重毒性的限制。随着对促使癌细胞繁殖的蛋白质和通路的认识逐步发展,已开发出更新的靶向剂,其阻断在癌细胞中被激活的特定蛋白质。
解决治疗癌症中呈现的挑战的治疗发展的新兴领域是免疫肿瘤学,也称为肿瘤免疫学。某些肿瘤类型已经发展出机制来逃避人体免疫系统的破坏。肿瘤免疫学是一个治疗领域,致力于激活人体自身的免疫系统来攻击和杀死肿瘤。天然存在的氨基酸精氨酸与肿瘤免疫学有关,因为它对机体的抗癌细胞毒性T细胞的激活、生长和存活是重要的。然而,精氨酸的水平在肿瘤微环境中被精氨酸酶耗尽,该精氨酸酶为由嗜中性粒细胞和骨髓衍生的抑制细胞(MDSC)产生和分泌的酶,这些细胞在多种组织型癌症患者中累积。事实上,在肾细胞癌、乳腺癌、慢性髓细胞性白血病、食管癌、前列腺癌、非小细胞肺癌、成胶质细胞瘤和急性骨髓性白血病患者的血浆中已观察到精氨酸酶水平升高。因此,需要开发能够恢复肿瘤微环境中的精氨酸水平的精氨酸酶抑制剂,从而促进细胞毒性T细胞的杀肿瘤活性。
发明内容
在某些实施方案中,本发明提供一系列新的精氨酸酶抑制剂化合物。本发明的化合物具有式(I)的结构:
或其药学上可接受的盐或前药;
其中:
Ra为H或选自任选取代的以下基团:烷基、烯基、炔基、环烷基、杂环烷基、(环烷基)烷基、(杂环烷基)烷基、芳基、杂芳基、芳烷基和杂芳烷基;
Rb为H或选自任选取代的以下基团:烷基、烯基、炔基、酰基、-C(O)O(烷基)和-C(O)O(芳基);
各个Rc独立地选自H或烷基,或两个Rc与介于其间的-O-B-O-原子一起形成任选取代的含硼的环;
X为O或S;
R1和R2各自独立地选自H和任选取代的以下基团:烷基、烯基、炔基、环烷基、(环烷基)烷基、杂环烷基、(杂环烷基)烷基、芳基、杂芳基、芳烷基和杂芳烷基;
或R1和R2与介于其间的原子一起形成任选取代的5-至7-元环;且
R3为H或任选取代的烷基;
或R1和R3与介于其间的原子一起形成任选取代的5-至7-元环;
其中所述化合物不为:
在某些实施方案中,本发明还提供包含本发明的化合物和药学上可接受的载体的药物组合物。
在某些实施方案中,本发明提供治疗或预防癌症的方法,包括向需要的受试者给药治疗有效量的本发明化合物或药物组合物。
附图简述
图1是描绘随时间推移的肿瘤体积的图。作为单一药剂施用的精氨酸酶抑制剂化合物10在植入Lewis肺癌细胞的小鼠中相对于对照减缓肿瘤生长。
图2是描绘随时间推移的肿瘤体积的图。将Madison109鼠肺癌细胞植入balb/c小鼠,并将小鼠口服媒介物或精氨酸酶抑制剂化合物10BID(每组N=10)。
图3是描绘随时间推移的肿瘤体积的图。将B16F10鼠黑素瘤细胞植入C57.Bl/6小鼠,并将小鼠口服媒介物或精氨酸酶抑制剂化合物10BID(每组N=10)。
图4由图A和B组成,描绘了原位植入雌性balb/c小鼠并用以下物质处理的4T1乳腺癌细胞的生长:媒介物;化合物10(100mg/kg PO BID);抗CTLA-4(在第2、5、8天5mg/kg IP)加抗PD-1(在第3、6和9天5mg/kg IP);或化合物10与抗CTLA-4和抗PD-1的组合(每组N=10;*P<0.05;***P<0.001,****P<0.0001vs媒介物)。
图5是描绘随时间推移的肿瘤体积的图。向雌性C57.Bl/6小鼠皮下植入1x106个B16.F10鼠黑素瘤细胞。在第2天,将小鼠随机分入n=10只小鼠的以下组;1)媒介物PO BID;2)化合物10,100mg/kg PO BID;3)艾卡哚司他,100mg/kg PO BID;或4)化合物10和艾卡哚司他(Epacadostat)(各100mg/kg PO BID)。每周用卡尺测量肿瘤三次,并使用以下公式计算肿瘤体积:肿瘤体积(mm3)=(a x b2/2),其中‘b’是最小直径,‘a’是最大垂直直径。*P值<0.05(ANOVA)。
图6是描绘随时间推移的肿瘤体积的图。雌性balb/c小鼠皮下植入1x106个CT26鼠结肠癌细胞。在第2天,将小鼠随机分入n=10只小鼠的以下组;1)从第2天开始的媒介物POBID;2)从第2天开始的化合物10、100mg/kg PO BID;3)在第10和16天的吉西他滨,50mg/kgIP;或4)按它们各自给药方案的化合物10和吉西他滨。每周用卡尺测量肿瘤三次,并使用以下公式计算肿瘤体积:肿瘤体积(mm3)=(ax b2/2),其中‘b’是最小直径,‘a’是最大垂直直径。*P值<0.05(ANOVA)。
图7是描绘随时间推移的肿瘤体积的图。向雌性balb/c小鼠皮下植入1x106个CT26鼠结肠癌细胞。在第2天,将小鼠随机分入n=10只小鼠的以下组;1)媒介物PO BID;2)化合物10、100mg/kg PO BID;3)抗PD-L1(克隆10f.9g2),在第5、7、9、11、13和15天5mg/kg IP;或4)化合物10和抗PD-L1。每周用卡尺测量肿瘤三次,并使用以下公式计算肿瘤体积:肿瘤体积(mm3)=(a x b2/2),其中‘b’是最小直径,‘a’是最大垂直直径。
图8描绘随时间推移的存活百分比。雌性balb/c小鼠皮下植入5x104个Madison109鼠肺癌细胞。在第2天将小鼠随机分入n=10只小鼠的以下组;1)媒介物PO BID;2)化合物10、100mg/kg PO BID;3)在第10-14天和第17-21天的全身辐射(X射线)2gy;或4)化合物10和辐射。每周用卡尺测量肿瘤两次,并使用以下公式计算肿瘤体积:肿瘤体积(mm3)=(a xb2/2),其中‘b’是最小直径,‘a’是最大垂直直径。*P值<0.05(对数秩检验)。
发明详述
本发明提供精氨酸酶的小分子抑制剂。
本发明的化合物
在某些实施方案中,本发明提供具有式(I)结构的化合物:
或其药学上可接受的盐或前药;
其中:
Ra为H或选自任选取代的以下基团:烷基、烯基、炔基、环烷基、杂环烷基、(环烷基)烷基、(杂环烷基)烷基、芳基、杂芳基、芳烷基和杂芳烷基;
Rb为H或选自任选取代的以下基团:烷基、烯基、炔基、酰基、-C(O)O(烷基)和-C(O)O(芳基);
各个Rc独立地选自H或烷基,或两个Rc与介于其间的-O-B-O-原子一起形成任选取代的含硼的环;
X为O或S;
R1和R2各自独立地选自H和任选取代的以下基团:烷基、烯基、炔基、环烷基、(环烷基)烷基、杂环烷基、(杂环烷基)烷基、芳基、杂芳基、芳烷基和杂芳烷基;或R1和R2与介于其间的原子一起形成任选取代的5-至7-元环;且
R3为H或任选取代的烷基;
或R1和R3与介于其间的原子一起形成任选取代的5-至7-元环;
其中所述化合物不为:
在某些实施方案中,式(I)的化合物具有式(Ia)的结构:
在某些实施方案中,式(I)的化合物具有式(Ib)的结构:
在某些实施方案中,式(I)的化合物具有式(Ic)的结构:
在某些实施方案中,式(I)的化合物具有式(Id)的结构:
在某些实施方案中,式(I)的化合物具有式(Ie)的结构:
在某些实施方案中,式(I)的化合物具有式(If)的结构:
在某些实施方案中,式(I)的化合物具有式(Ig)的结构:
在某些实施方案中,式(I)的化合物具有式(Ih)的结构:
在式(I)、(Ia)和(Ib)任一个的某些实施方案中,R2为H。
在上式任一个的某些实施方案中,Ra为H或任选取代的烷基。在某些优选的实施方案中,Ra为H。
在上式任一个的某些实施方案中,Rb为H或任选取代的烷基或酰基。在某些优选的实施方案中,Rb为H。
在上式任一个的某些实施方案中,Rc在每次出现为H。
在上式任一个的某些实施方案中,两个Rc一起形成任选取代的二氧杂硼杂环戊烷、二氧杂硼杂环戊烷酮、二氧杂硼杂环戊烷二酮、二氧杂硼杂环己烷、二氧杂硼杂环己烷酮,或二氧杂硼杂环己烷二酮。
在上式任一个的某些实施方案中,X为O。
在上式任一个的某些实施方案中,如果R1为H,则R3不为苄基。
在上式任一个的某些实施方案中,R1为H。
在上式任一个的某些实施方案中,如果R1为苄基,则R3不为甲基。
在某些实施方案中,R1为任选取代的以下基团:芳烷基、杂芳烷基、(环烷基)烷基,或(杂环烷基)烷基。
在某些实施方案中,R1为任选取代的芳烷基或任选取代的杂芳烷基。
在某些这类实施方案中,R1为苄基。
在某些其它这类实施方案中,R1不为被-CF3取代的苄基。
在某些其它这类实施方案中,R1为杂芳烷基,如-CH2-(1H-咪唑-4-基)。
在上述式的任一个的某些实施方案中,R1为任选取代的以下基团:烷基、烯基,或炔基。
在某些这类实施方案中,R1为烷基,任选取代有一个或多个独立选自以下的取代基:羟基、卤素、卤代烷基、烷氧基、-SH、-S-(烷基)、-SeH、-Se-(烷基)、芳基、杂芳基、环烷基、杂环烷基、氨基、羧酸、酯、胍基和酰胺基。
在某些这类实施方案中,R1为烷基,任选取代有一个或多个独立选自以下的取代基:羟基、卤素、卤代烷基、烷氧基、-SH、-S-(烷基)、-SeH、-Se-(烷基)、杂芳基、环烷基、杂环烷基、氨基、羧酸、酯、胍基和酰胺基。
在某些这类实施方案中,R1为烷基,任选取代有一个或多个独立选自以下的取代基:羟基、烷氧基、卤代烷基和-S-(烷基)。
在某些实施方案中,R1选自任选取代的环烷基、杂环烷基、芳基和杂芳基。
在某些实施方案中,R1为Arg、His、Lys、Asp、Glu、Ser、Thr、Asn、Gln、Cys、Sec、Gly、Ala、Val、Ile、Leu、Met、Phe、Tyr,或Trp的氨基酸侧链。
在某些实施方案中,R1和R2与介于其间的原子一起形成任选取代的5-至7-元环。
在某些实施方案中,R1和R2与介于其间的原子一起形成任选取代的3-至7-元环,如3-元环。
在某些实施方案中,R3为H。
在某些实施方案中,R1和R3与介于其间的原子一起形成取代的5-元环。
在某些实施方案中,R1和R3与介于其间的原子一起形成任选取代的6-或7-元环。
在某些实施方案中,式(I)的化合物不为:
在某些实施方案中,本发明的化合物具有选自以下的结构:
或其药学上可接受的盐或前药。
在某些实施方案中,化合物可能是前药,例如,其中母体化合物中的羟基以酯或碳酸酯形式存在,存在于母体化合物中的羧酸以酯形式存在,或氨基作为酰胺存在。在某些这类实施方案中,前药被体内代谢为活性母体化合物(例如,酯被水解为相应的羟基或羧酸)。
在某些实施方案中,硼酸可以以环状或线性酸酐的形式存在。在某些实施方案中,硼酸以6元环酸酐的形式存在,并且也被称为硼氧六环。
在某些实施方案中,本发明的精氨酸酶抑制剂化合物可为外消旋的。在某些实施方案中,本发明的精氨酸酶抑制剂化合物可富集一种对映异构体。例如,本发明的化合物可具有大于30%ee,40%ee,50%ee,60%ee,70%ee,80%ee,90%ee,或甚至95%或更大的ee。
本发明的化合物可具有多于一个立体中心。因此,本发明的化合物可富集一种或多种非对映异构体。例如,本发明的化合物可具有大于30%de,40%de,50%de,60%de,70%de,80%de,90%de,或甚至95%或更大的de。在某些实施方案中,本发明的化合物在一个或多个立体中心基本上具有一种异构体构型,且在剩余的立体中心具有多种异构体构型。
在某些实施方案中,携带R1的立体中心的对映异构体过量为至少40%ee,50%ee,60%ee,70%ee,80%ee,90%ee,92%ee,94%ee,95%ee,96%ee,98%ee或更大的ee。
如本文所使用的,在没有立体化学的情况下绘制的单键不指示化合物的立体化学。式(I)化合物提供了未指示立体化学的化合物的实例。
如本文所用,散列或粗体的非楔形键表示相对但不绝对的立体化学构型(例如,在给定的非对映异构体的对映异构体之间不进行区分)。例如,在式(Ia)中,
粗体非楔形键表示-CO2Ra基团和(CH2)3B(ORc)2基团设置为彼此为顺式的,但该粗体非楔形键不表示化合物的绝对(即,R或S)构型。
如本文所述,散列或粗体的楔形键表示绝对立体化学构型。例如,在式(Ic)中,
粗体楔形键表示其连接的立体中心的绝对构型,而粗体非楔形键表示-CO2Ra基团和(CH2)3B(ORc)2基团设置为彼此为顺式的,但不表示那些立体中心的绝对构型。因此,式(Ic)的化合物表示总共两种异构体:
在某些实施方案中,本发明的化合物的治疗制剂可以是富集的以主要提供化合物的一种对映体。对映体富集的混合物可包含,例如,至少60mol%的一种对映体,或更优选至少75、90、95,或甚至99mol%。在某些实施方案中,富含一种对映体的化合物基本上不含其它对映体,其中基本上不含意指所述物质,与例如在组合物或化合物混合物中的其它对映体的量比较,构成少于10%,或少于5%,或少于4%,或少于3%,或少于2%,或少于1%。例如,如果组合物或化合物混合物含有98克的第一种对映体和2克的第二种对映体,则可以说是含有98mol%的第一种对映体和仅含有2%的第二种对映体。
在某些实施方案中,治疗制剂可以是富集的以主要提供本发明的化合物的一种非对映异构体。非对映异构体富集的混合物可包含,例如,至少60mol%的一种非对映异构体,或更优选至少75、90、95,或甚至99mol%。
在某些实施方案中,本发明的化合物相对于现有的精氨酸酶抑制剂显示改善的药代动力学曲线。
在某些实施方案中,本发明的化合物相对于现有的精氨酸酶抑制剂显示改善的生物利用度。
治疗方法
T细胞活化的几种具体方法最近已经显示出对肿瘤治疗的相当大的希望。一种这样的方法涉及通过抗体易普利单抗阻断T细胞表面抗原CTLA-4来激活T细胞。第二种方法是通过阻断在T细胞上表达的程序性细胞死亡1蛋白或PD-1与在许多肿瘤上发现的其配体PD-L1的相互作用来阻止免疫检查点的活化。第三种方法是通过提供关键的刺激因子或营养素如色氨酸来激活T细胞受体。
已经显示吲哚胺双加氧酶或IDO的抑制剂恢复细胞外色氨酸,而在其不存在的情况下T细胞受体不能活化。
精氨酸,如色氨酸,是一种对细胞毒性T细胞的功能至关重要的氨基酸。没有精氨酸,肿瘤特异性细胞毒性T细胞不能在其表面上表达功能性T细胞受体,因此不能激活、增殖或产生有效的抗肿瘤应答。响应于肿瘤分泌因子,骨髓衍生的抑制细胞或MDSC在肿瘤周围积聚并分泌精氨酸酶,导致来自肿瘤微环境的精氨酸消耗。
在肾细胞癌和急性骨髓性白血病中已经观察到由于精氨酸酶水平升高而导致的精氨酸缺失。另外,在胰腺癌、乳腺癌和其他肿瘤类型中观察到显著的MDSC浸润。本发明的某些实施方案提供了通过增加肿瘤微环境中的精氨酸水平来治疗癌症的方法,由此允许活化机体的细胞毒性T细胞。
增加肿瘤微环境中精氨酸水平的一种手段是通过抑制精氨酸酶。精氨酸酶抑制剂,例如本发明化合物,可以通过恢复精氨酸水平来促进抗肿瘤免疫应答,由此允许激活机体的细胞毒性T细胞。
因此,在某些实施方案中,本发明提供治疗或预防癌症的方法,包括向需要的受试者给药治疗有效量的本发明的化合物(例如,式I、Ia、Ib、Ic、Id、Ie、If、Ig或Ih的化合物),或包含所述化合物的药物组合物。
在某些实施方案中,本发明的方法治疗的癌症为急性成淋巴细胞性白血病(ALL)、急性骨髓性白血病(AML)、肾上腺皮质癌、肛门癌、阑尾癌、非典型畸胎瘤样/横纹肌样瘤、基底细胞癌、胆管癌、膀胱癌、骨癌、脑肿瘤、星形细胞瘤、脑和脊髓肿瘤、脑干神经胶质瘤、中枢神经系统非典型畸胎瘤样/横纹肌样瘤、中枢神经系统胚胎瘤、乳腺癌、支气管肿瘤、伯基特淋巴瘤、类癌瘤、原发不明癌症、中枢神经系统癌症、子宫颈癌、儿童期癌症、脊索瘤、慢性淋巴细胞性白血病(CLL)、慢性髓细胞性白血病(CML)、慢性骨髓增生病、结肠癌、结肠直肠癌、颅咽管瘤、皮肤T细胞淋巴瘤、原位管癌(DCIS)、胚胎瘤、子宫内膜癌、成室管膜细胞瘤、室管膜瘤、食管癌、鼻腔神经胶质瘤、尤因肉瘤、颅外生殖细胞瘤、性腺外生殖细胞瘤、肝外胆管癌、眼癌、骨纤维性组织细胞瘤、胆囊癌、胃癌、胃肠类癌瘤、胃肠道间质瘤(GIST)、生殖细胞瘤、颅外生殖细胞瘤、性腺外生殖细胞瘤、卵巢生殖细胞瘤、妊娠滋养细胞肿瘤、神经胶质瘤、毛细胞性白血病、头颈部癌症、心脏癌症、肝细胞癌、组织细胞增多病、朗格汉斯细胞癌症、霍奇金淋巴瘤、下咽癌、眼内黑素瘤、胰岛细胞肿瘤、卡波西肉瘤、肾癌、朗格汉斯细胞组织细胞增多病、喉癌、白血病、唇和口腔癌症、肝癌、小叶原位癌(LCIS)、肺癌、淋巴瘤、AIDS相关的淋巴瘤、巨球蛋白血症、男性乳腺癌、成神经管细胞瘤、髓上皮瘤、黑素瘤、梅克尔细胞癌(Merkel Cell Carcinoma)、恶性间皮瘤、隐匿性原发性转移鳞状颈癌、涉及NUT基因的中线道癌、口腔癌、多发性内分泌腺瘤综合征(Multiple Endocrine NeoplasiaSyndrome)、多发性骨髓瘤/浆细胞瘤、蕈样霉菌病、骨髓增生异常综合征、骨髓增生异常/骨髓增殖性瘤、慢性髓细胞性白血病(CML)、急性骨髓性白血病(AML)、骨髓瘤、多发性骨髓瘤、慢性骨髓增生病、鼻腔癌、鼻旁窦癌症、鼻咽癌、成神经细胞瘤、非霍奇金淋巴瘤、非小细胞肺癌、口腔癌(Oral Cancer)、口腔癌症(Oral Cavity Cancer)、唇癌、口咽癌、骨肉瘤、卵巢癌、胰腺癌、乳头状瘤病、副神经节瘤(Paraganglioma)、鼻旁窦癌症、鼻腔癌、甲状旁腺癌、阴茎癌、咽癌、嗜铬细胞瘤、中分化松果体实质瘤(Pineal Parenchymal Tumors ofIntermediate Differentiation)、松果体母细胞瘤、垂体肿瘤、浆细胞瘤、胸膜肺母细胞瘤、乳腺癌、原发性中枢神经系统(CNS)淋巴瘤、前列腺癌、直肠癌、肾细胞癌症、肾盂癌症、输尿管癌症、移行细胞癌、成视网膜细胞瘤、横纹肌肉瘤、唾液腺癌、肉瘤、塞扎里综合征、皮肤癌、小细胞肺癌、小肠癌症、软组织肉瘤、鳞状上皮细胞癌、隐匿性原发性鳞状颈癌、胃癌、幕上原始神经外胚层肿瘤、T-细胞淋巴瘤、睾丸癌、喉癌、胸腺瘤、胸腺癌、甲状腺癌、肾盂和输尿管的移行细胞癌、未知的原发性妊娠滋养细胞肿瘤、不寻常的儿童癌症、尿道癌、子宫癌、子宫肉瘤、瓦尔登斯特伦巨球蛋白血症或维尔姆斯肿瘤。
在某些实施方案中,本发明的方法治疗的癌症为以下的多种:急性骨髓性白血病(AML)、膀胱癌、乳腺癌、结肠直肠癌、慢性髓细胞性白血病(CML)、食管癌、胃癌、肺癌、黑素瘤、间皮瘤、非小细胞肺癌(NSCLC)、卵巢癌、胰腺癌、前列腺癌、肾癌或皮肤癌。
在某些实施方案中、本发明的方法治疗的癌症为以下的多种:急性骨髓性白血病(AML)、乳腺癌、结肠直肠癌、慢性髓细胞性白血病(CML)、食管癌、胃癌、肺癌、黑素瘤、非小细胞肺癌(NSCLC)、胰腺癌、前列腺癌或肾癌。
在某些实施方案中、所述癌症选自膀胱癌、乳腺癌(包括TNBC)、子宫颈癌、结肠直肠癌、慢性淋巴细胞性白血病(CLL)、弥漫型大B-细胞淋巴瘤(DLBCL)、食管腺癌、成胶质细胞瘤、头颈部癌症、白血病(急性和慢性)、低级神经胶质瘤、肺癌(包括腺癌、非小细胞肺癌和鳞状上皮细胞癌)、霍奇金淋巴瘤、非霍奇金淋巴瘤(NHL)、黑素瘤、多发性骨髓瘤(MM)、卵巢癌、胰腺癌、前列腺癌、肾癌(包括肾透明细胞癌和肾乳头细胞癌)和胃癌。
组合治疗是许多疾病环境,例如癌症中的重要治疗方式。最近的科学进步增加了我们对作为这些和其它复杂疾病的基础的病理生理过程的理解。这种增加的理解提供了使用针对多个治疗靶标的药物的组合开发新的治疗方法的动力,以改善治疗响应,使抗性的发展最小化或使不良事件最小化。在组合疗法提供显著治疗优势的情况下,对与新研究药物(例如精氨酸酶抑制剂)的组合的开发越来越感兴趣。
当预期将多种治疗剂一起给药时,必须关注将观察到什么样的药物相互作用。这种作用可以是正性的(当药物的作用增加时)或拮抗作用(当药物的作用减少时),或者可以产生不能自身产生的新的副作用。
当相互作用导致一种或两种药物的作用增加时,可以计算组合药物的最终效果大于单独给予任一种药物的程度的相互作用,得到所谓的″组合指数″(CI)(Chou和Talalay,1984)。在1或大约1的组合指数被认为是″相加的″;而大于1的值被认为是″协同的″。
本发明提供用于在治疗或预防癌症中的组合治疗的方法,该组合治疗包含精氨酸酶抑制剂(例如,本发明的化合物)和一种或多种其它化疗剂。
本发明的某些实施方案涉及治疗癌症,包括共同给药化疗剂和本发明的化合物。
在某些实施方案中,所述化疗剂为免疫刺激剂。例如,所述免疫刺激剂可为促炎剂。
可在本发明的方法中与本文所述的精氨酸酶抑制剂共同给药的化疗剂包括氨鲁米特、安吖啶、阿那曲唑、门冬酰胺酶、AZD5363、卡介苗疫苗(bcg)、比卡鲁胺、博来霉素、硼替佐米、布舍瑞林、白消安、喜树碱、卡培他滨、卡铂、卡非佐米、卡莫司汀、苯丁酸氮芥、氯喹、顺铂、克拉屈滨、氯膦酸盐、考比替尼(cobimetinib)、秋水仙碱、环磷酰胺、环丙孕酮、阿糖胞苷、达卡巴嗪、放线菌素D、柔红霉素、脱甲绿胶酶素、地塞米松、二氯乙酸盐、己二烯雌酚、己烯雌酚、多西他赛、多柔比星、艾卡哚司他、表柔比星、埃罗替尼、雌二醇、雌莫司汀、依托泊苷、依维莫司、依西美坦、非格司亭、氟达拉滨、氟氢可的松、氟尿嘧啶、氟甲睾酮、氟他胺、吉西他滨、染料木黄酮、戈舍瑞林、羟基脲、伊达比星、异环磷酰胺、伊马替尼、干扰素、伊立替康、来那度胺、来曲唑、甲酰四氢叶酸、亮丙瑞林、左旋咪唑、洛莫司汀、氯尼达明、氮芥、甲羟孕酮、甲地孕酮、美法仑、巯基嘌呤、美司钠、二甲双胍、甲氨蝶呤、米替福新、丝裂霉素、米托坦、米托蒽醌、MK-2206、尼鲁米特、诺考达唑、奥曲肽、奥拉帕尼、奥沙利铂、紫杉醇、帕米膦酸盐、帕唑帕尼、喷司他丁、哌立福辛、普卡霉素、泊马度胺、卟菲尔钠、丙卡巴肼、雷替曲塞、利妥昔单抗、瑞卡帕布、司美替尼、索拉非尼、链佐星、舒尼替尼、苏拉明、talazoparib、他莫昔芬、替莫唑胺、西罗莫司脂化物、替尼泊苷、睾酮、沙利度胺、硫鸟嘌呤、塞替派、二氯环戊二烯钛、拓扑替康、曲美替尼、曲妥单抗、维甲酸、维利帕尼、长春碱、长春新碱、长春地辛或长春瑞滨。
在某些实施方案中,可在本发明的方法中与本文所述的精氨酸酶抑制剂共同给药的化疗剂包括阿巴伏单抗、阿德木单抗、阿夫土珠单抗、马安莫单抗(anatumomabmafenatox)、阿泊珠单抗、阿特珠单抗、博纳吐单抗、卡妥索单抗、度伐鲁单抗、艾卡哚司他、依帕珠单抗、奥英妥珠单抗(inotuzumab ozogamicin)、intelumumab、易普利单抗、isatuximab、兰利珠单抗、纳武单抗、奥卡土珠单抗、olatatumab、派姆单抗、pidilizumab、替西木单抗、samalizumab或曲美目单抗。
在某些实施方案中、所述化疗剂为易普利单抗、纳武单抗(nivolumab)、派姆单抗(pembrolizumab)或pidilizumab。
已开发用于治疗癌症的许多组合疗法。在某些实施方案中,本发明的化合物可以与组合疗法联合给予。本发明的化合物可以联合给予的组合疗法的实例包括在表1中。
表1:用于治疗癌症的示例性组合疗法
在某些实施方案中,共同给药的化疗剂选自代谢酶抑制剂,如葡萄糖转运体、己糖激酶、丙酮酸激酶M2、乳酸脱氢酶1或2、丙酮酸脱氢酶激酶、脂肪酸合酶和谷氨酰胺酶。在一些实施方案中,所述抑制剂抑制乳酸脱氢酶1或2,或谷氨酰胺酶。在某些实施方案中,所述抑制剂为CB-839。
免疫-靶向的药剂(也称为免疫肿瘤学药剂)通过调节免疫细胞而对肿瘤起作用。癌症免疫治疗的领域在快速增长,且新的靶点不断被鉴定出(Chen和Mellman,2013;Morrissey等人,2016;Kohrt等人,2016)。本发明提供免疫肿瘤学药剂和谷氨酰胺酶抑制剂的组合。
免疫肿瘤学药剂的实例包括调节免疫检查点的药剂,如2B4、4-1BB(CD137)、AaR、B7-H3、B7-H4、BAFFR、BTLA、CD2、CD7、CD27、CD28、CD30、CD40、CD80、CD83配体、CD86、CD160、CD200、CDS、CEACAM、CTLA-4、GITR、HVEM、ICAM-1、KIR、LAG-3、LAIR1、LFA-1(CD11a/CD18)、LIGHT、NKG2C、NKp80、OX40、PD-1、PD-L1、PD-L2、SLAMF7、TGFRβ、TIGIT、Tim3和VISTA。
免疫肿瘤学药剂可为抗体、肽、小分子或病毒的形式。
在一些实施方案中,共同给药的化疗剂为免疫肿瘤治疗剂,如精氨酸酶、CTLA-4、吲哚胺2,3-双加氧酶和/或PD-1/PD-L1的抑制剂。在某些实施方案中,所述免疫肿瘤治疗剂为阿巴伏单抗、阿德木单抗、阿夫土珠单抗、阿仑单抗、马安莫单抗、阿泊珠单抗、阿特珠单抗、avelumab、博纳吐单抗、BMS-936559、卡妥索单抗、度伐鲁单抗、艾卡哚司他、依帕珠单抗、吲哚莫德、奥英妥珠单抗、intelumumab、易普利单抗、isatuximab、兰利珠单抗、MED14736、MPDL3280A、纳武单抗、奥卡土珠单抗、奥伐木单抗、olatatumab、派姆单抗、pidilizumab、利妥昔单抗、替西木单抗、沙玛立珠单抗或曲美目单抗。或者、所述免疫肿瘤治疗剂为阿巴伏单抗、阿德木单抗、阿夫土珠单抗、马安莫单抗、阿泊珠单抗、阿特珠单抗、博纳吐单抗、卡妥索单抗、度伐鲁单抗、艾卡哚司他、依帕珠单抗、吲哚莫德、奥英妥珠单抗、intelumumab、易普利单抗、isatuximab、兰利珠单抗、纳武单抗、奥卡土珠单抗、olatatumab、派姆单抗、pidilizumab、替西木单抗、沙玛立珠单抗或曲美目单抗。在一些实施方案中,所述免疫肿瘤学药剂为吲哚莫德、易普利单抗、纳武单抗、派姆单抗或pidilizumab。在某些实施方案中,所述免疫肿瘤治疗剂为易普利单抗。
示例性免疫肿瘤学药剂公开于Adams,J.L.等人“Big Opportunities forMolecules in Immuno-Oncology”Nature Reviews Drug Discovery 2015,14,第603-621页,其内容在此引入作为参考。
在某些实施方案中,共同给药的化疗剂为促炎剂。在某些实施方案中,与本发明的精氨酸酶抑制剂一起给药的促炎剂为细胞因子或趋化因子。
促炎细胞因子主要通过活化巨噬细胞产生且涉及炎症反应的上调。示例性促炎细胞因子包括IL-1、IL-1β、IL-6、IL-8、TNF-α和IFN-γ。
趋化因子是一组小细胞因子。促炎症趋化因子促进多种白细胞谱系(例如淋巴细胞,巨噬细胞)的募集和活化。趋化因子在一级结构中相关并且共享几个保守的氨基酸残基。具体而言,趋化因子通常包括两个或四个半胱氨酸残基,其通过形成二硫键而对三维结构有贡献。趋化因子可分为四类:C-C趋化因子、C-X-C趋化因子、C趋化因子和C-X3-C趋化因子。C-X-C趋化因子包括许多有效的化学引诱物和嗜中性粒细胞激活剂,如白介素8(IL-8)、PF4和嗜中性粒细胞活化肽-2(NAP-2)。C-C趋化因子包括例如RANTES(调节活化,正常T表达和分泌)、巨噬细胞炎性蛋白1-α和1-β(MIP-1α和MIP-1β),嗜酸性粒细胞趋化因子和人单核细胞趋化蛋白1至3(MCP-1、MCP-2、MCP-3),其已被表征为单核细胞或淋巴细胞的化学引诱物和活化剂。因此,示例性促炎趋化因子包括MIP-1α、MIP-1β、MIP-1γ、MCP-1、MCP-2、MCP-3、IL-8、PF4、NAP-2、RANTES、CCL2、CCL3、CCL4、CCL5、CCL11、CXCL2、CXCL8和CXCL10。
在某些实施方案中,治疗或预防癌症的方法进一步包括给予癌症治疗的一种或多种非化学方法,如放射治疗、外科手术、热消融、聚焦超声治疗、冷冻疗法或上述的组合。
细胞通路运行更像网形而不是超级高速公路。存在响应于通路的抑制而被激活的多个冗余或替代通路。这种冗余在靶向药物的选择压力下促进抗性细胞或生物体的出现,导致药物抗性和临床复发。
在本发明某些实施方案中,所述化疗剂与精氨酸酶抑制剂同时给药。在某些实施方案中,所述化疗剂在精氨酸酶抑制剂之前或之后约5分钟内至约168小时内给药。
本发明提供组合疗法,其包含选自CTLA-4、吲哚胺2,3-双加氧酶和PD-1/PD-L1的抑制剂的免疫肿瘤学药剂和式(I)的精氨酸酶抑制剂。在某些实施方案中,所述组合疗法治疗或预防癌症、免疫疾病或慢性感染、
在某些实施方案中,本发明提供治疗或预防免疫性疾病的方法,包括向需要的受试者给药治疗有效量的本发明的化合物(例如,式I、Ia、Ib、Ic、Id、Ie、If、Ig或Ih的化合物),或包含所述化合物的药物组合物。
在某些实施方案中,所述免疫性疾病选自强直性脊柱炎、克罗恩病、消耗衰竭综合征、红斑狼疮、器官移植排斥、后-红细胞增多症(post-polycythemia)、牛皮癣、牛皮癣性关节炎、复发性口腔溃疡、类风湿性关节炎(RA)、严重复发性阿弗他口腔炎、全身性硬化和结节性硬化。
在某些实施方案中,治疗或预防免疫性疾病的方法进一步包括共同给予如上所述的免疫肿瘤治疗剂。
在某些实施方案中,本发明提供治疗或预防慢性感染的方法,包括向需要的受试者给药治疗有效量的本发明的化合物(例如,式I、Ia、Ib、Ic、Id、Ie、If、Ig或Ih的化合物),或包含所述化合物的药物组合物。
在某些实施方案中,所述慢性感染选自膀胱感染、慢性疲劳综合征、巨细胞病毒/EB病毒、纤维肌痛、乙肝病毒(HBV)、丙肝病毒(HCV)、HIV/AIDS病毒、支原体感染和泌尿道感染。
在某些实施方案中,治疗或预防慢性感染的方法进一步包括共同给予如上所述的免疫肿瘤治疗剂。
精氨酸酶在体内发挥多种作用。除调节免疫应答外,精氨酸酶参与调节导致血管舒张和支气管扩张的一氧化氮水平(Jung等人,2010;Morris,2010)。纤维化和重塑也依赖于精氨酸酶活性,其在脯氨酸、胶原和多胺产生的上游过程中起作用(Kitowska等,2008;Grasemann等,2015)。
在某些实施方案中,本发明提供治疗或预防受试者中与精氨酸酶I、精氨酸酶II或其组合的表达或活性相关的疾病或病症的方法,包括向受试者给药治疗有效量的至少式(I)之一,或其药学上可接受的盐或立体异构体。
在某些实施方案中,所述疾病或病症选自心血管疾病、性功能障碍、创伤愈合障碍、胃肠疾病、自身免疫性疾病、免疫障碍、感染、肺疾病和溶血性疾病。
在某些实施方案中,所述疾病或病症为心血管障碍,其选自系统性高血压、间质性肺疾病、肺动脉高压(PAH)、高海拔肺动脉高压、缺血再灌注(IR)损伤、心肌梗塞和动脉粥样硬化。
在某些实施方案中,所述疾病或病症为肺动脉高压(PAH)。
在某些实施方案中,所述疾病或病症为心肌梗塞或动脉粥样硬化。
在某些实施方案中,所述疾病或病症为肺疾病,其选自化学诱导的肺纤维化、特发性肺纤维化、囊性纤维化、慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)和哮喘。
在某些实施方案中,所述疾病或病症为自身免疫性疾病,其选自脑脊髓炎、多发性硬化、抗磷脂综合征1、自身免疫溶血性贫血、慢性炎症性脱髓鞘性多神经根神经病、疱疹样皮炎、皮肌炎、重症肌无力、天疱疮、类风湿性关节炎、僵人综合征、1型糖尿病、强直性脊柱炎、阵发性睡眠性血红蛋白尿(PNH)、阵发性冷性血红蛋白尿、严重特发性自身免疫溶血性贫血和古德帕斯彻综合征。
在某些实施方案中,所述疾病或病症为免疫疾病,其选自骨髓来源的抑制细胞(MDSC)介导的T-细胞功能障碍、人免疫缺陷病毒(HIV)、自身免疫脑脊髓炎和ABO不匹配的输血反应。
在某些实施方案中,所述疾病或病症为骨髓来源的抑制细胞(MDSC)介导的T-细胞功能障碍。
在某些实施方案中,所述疾病或病症为溶血性疾病,其选自镰状细胞疾病、地中海贫血、遗传性球形红细胞增多症、口形红细胞增多、微血管病性溶血性贫血、丙酮酸激酶缺乏、感染-诱导的贫血、心肺转流术和机械心脏瓣膜-诱导的贫血和化学诱导的贫血。
在某些实施方案中,所述疾病或病症为胃肠疾病,其选自胃肠动力障碍、胃癌、炎性肠病、克罗恩病、溃疡性结肠炎和胃溃疡。
在某些实施方案中,所述疾病或病症为性功能障碍,其选自佩罗尼氏病和勃起功能障碍。
在某些实施方案中,所述疾病或病症为感染,其选自寄生虫感染、病毒感染和细菌感染。在某些实施方案中,所述细菌感染为结核病。
在某些实施方案中,所述疾病或病症为缺血再灌注(IR)损伤,其选自肝IR、肾IR和心肌IR。
在某些实施方案中,所述疾病或病症选自肾病炎症、牛皮癣、利什曼病、神经变性疾病、创伤愈合、人免疫缺陷病毒(HIV)、乙肝病毒(HBV)、幽门螺杆菌感染、纤维化疾病、关节炎、念珠菌病、牙周病、瘢痕瘤、腺样体及扁桃体疾病(adenotonsillar disease)、非洲昏睡病和恰加斯氏病。
在某些实施方案中,所述疾病或病症为创伤愈合疾病,其选自感染和未感染的创伤愈合。
在其它实施方案中,本发明提供鉴定有效增加肿瘤中精氨酸的水平的治疗剂的方法,包括:
a)测量肿瘤中精氨酸的第一水平;
b)将肿瘤与治疗剂,如式(I)的化合物接触;和
c)测量肿瘤中精氨酸的第二水平;
其中当精氨酸的第二水平高于精氨酸的第一水平,则该治疗剂有效增加肿瘤中精氨酸的水平。
在某些实施方案中,该方法在体外进行。在替代实施方案中,该方法在体内进行。
在某些实施方案中(例如,当该方法体内进行),肿瘤与治疗剂接触的步骤包括向受试者给药治疗剂。在某些实施方案中,受试者可为人。
精氨酸水平可通过,例如,HPLC、质谱分析、LCMS或其它本领域技术人员已知的分析技术测量。本发明还提供在受试者中鉴定有效增加肿瘤中精氨酸的水平的治疗剂的方法,包括:
a)测量受试者肿瘤中精氨酸的第一水平;
b)向该受试者给药治疗剂,如式(I)的化合物;和
c)测量受试者肿瘤中精氨酸的第二水平;
其中当精氨酸的第二水平高于精氨酸的第一水平,则该治疗剂有效增加受试者肿瘤中精氨酸的水平。
在某些实施方案中,给药步骤包括口服给药治疗剂。或者,给药步骤可包括肠胃外给药该治疗剂。其它给药方法在本文讨论。
在某些实施方案中,所述受试者为人。
如本文所用,术语″在肿瘤中″是指整个肿瘤块和肿瘤微环境。例如,肿瘤块可以包括但不限于癌症(肿瘤)细胞、T细胞、巨噬细胞和基质细胞。″肿瘤微环境″是本领域公认的术语,指的是肿瘤存在的细胞环境,包括例如周围血管、免疫细胞、其他细胞、成纤维细胞、信号分子和细胞外基质。因此,″在肿瘤中″的精氨酸的测量是指测量肿瘤块或其微环境中的精氨酸。
因此,在本文所述的方法的某些实施方案中,第一和第二水平的精氨酸在肿瘤细胞中测量。
在其它实施方案中,第一和第二水平的精氨酸在与肿瘤相关的基质细胞中测量。
在某些实施方案中,所述治疗剂为式(I)的化合物。示例性化合物在本文描述。
在治疗剂有效增加肿瘤中精氨酸的水平的某些实施方案中,所述治疗剂可有效治疗肿瘤。
在其它实施方案中,本发明提供评估肿瘤对精氨酸治疗剂的响应的方法,包括:
a)在癌症患者的肿瘤中测量精氨酸的第一水平;
b)向患者给药精氨酸治疗剂;和
c)测量患者肿瘤中精氨酸的第二水平,从而评估肿瘤对精氨酸治疗剂的响应。
在某些实施方案中,如果精氨酸的第二水平高于精氨酸的第一水平,那么肿瘤对精氨酸治疗剂有反应(即被治疗)。肿瘤块或肿瘤微环境中精氨酸的增加可以表明细胞毒性T细胞数量增加或细胞毒性T细胞活性增加。
如本文所用,″精氨酸治疗剂″是指可引起感兴趣系统(例如肿瘤块及其微环境)中精氨酸水平增加的治疗剂。优选地,精氨酸治疗剂是精氨酸酶抑制剂。更优选地,精氨酸酶抑制剂是式(I)的化合物。
在其它实施方案中,本发明提供评估精氨酸治疗剂的抗癌功效的方法,包括:
a)在癌症患者的肿瘤中测量精氨酸的第一水平;
b)向患者给药精氨酸治疗剂;和
c)测量患者肿瘤中精氨酸的第二水平,从而评估精氨酸治疗剂的抗癌功效。
在某些实施方案中,当精氨酸的第二水平高于精氨酸的第一水平,则精氨酸治疗剂能有效治疗患者的癌症。
在某些实施方案中,精氨酸治疗剂为精氨酸酶抑制剂。
本发明还提供治疗或预防癌症的方法,包括向需要的受试者共同给予治疗有效量的精氨酸治疗剂和一种或多种其它化疗剂。
在某些实施方案中,给予精氨酸治疗剂实现受试者肿瘤中精氨酸水平的增加,相对于给药前肿瘤中的精氨酸水平。
在某些实施方案中,给予精氨酸治疗剂实现受试者肿瘤细胞中精氨酸水平的增加,相对于给药前肿瘤细胞中的精氨酸水平。
类似的,给予精氨酸治疗剂可实现受试者与肿瘤相关的基质细胞中精氨酸水平的增加,相对于给药前基质细胞中的精氨酸水平。
在某些实施方案中,精氨酸治疗剂为精氨酸酶抑制剂。许多示例性精氨酸酶抑制剂在本文描述。在具体实施方案中,所述精氨酸酶抑制剂为具有式I、Ia、Ib、Ic、Id、Ie、If、Ig或Ih任一个的结构的化合物,其在本文描述。
在其它实施方案中,本发明提供评估组合治疗方案的抗癌功效的方法,包括:
a)在癌症患者的肿瘤中测量精氨酸的第一水平;
b)向患者共同给药精氨酸治疗剂和一种或多种其它化疗剂;和
c)测量患者肿瘤中精氨酸的第二水平,从而评估组合治疗方案的抗癌功效。
在某些实施方案中,当精氨酸的第二水平高于精氨酸的第一水平,则该组合治疗方案能有效治疗患者癌症。
在某些实施方案中,组合治疗方案中使用的精氨酸治疗剂为精氨酸酶抑制剂,如式I、Ia、Ib、Ic、Id、Ie、If、Ig或Ih任一个的化合物。
在某些实施方案中,该组合治疗方案比精氨酸酶抑制剂作为单一药剂或其它化疗剂为单一药剂的治疗方案更有效。
定义
术语“酰基”是本领域公认的且是指通式烃基C(O)-表示的基团,优选烷基C(O)-。
术语″酰基氨基″为本领域公认的且指用酰基取代的氨基并可例如由式烃基C(O)NH-表示。
术语″酰基氧基″为本领域公认的且指由通式烃基C(O)O-表示的基团,优选烷基C(O)O-。
术语″烷氧基″指其上连接有氧的烷基,优选低级烷基。代表性的烷氧基包括甲氧基、乙氧基、丙氧基、叔丁氧基等。
术语″烷氧基烷基″指用烷氧基取代的烷基并可由通式烷基-O-烷基表示。
本文使用的术语″烯基″指含有至少一个双键的脂族基团并意欲包括″未取代的烯基″和″取代的烯基″二者,其后者指具有替代烯基的一或多个碳上的氢的取代基的烯基部分。这样的取代基可出现在包括或不包括在一或多个双键中的一个或多个碳上。而且,这样的取代基包括预期用于如下讨论的烷基的全部取代基,其中稳定性受到抑制的除外。例如,预期包括被一个或多个烷基、碳环基、芳基、杂环基或杂芳基取代的烯基。
″烷基″基团或″烷烃″是一种完全饱和的直链或分支的非芳族烃。典型地,直链或分支的烷基具有从1至约20个碳原子,优选地从1至约10个碳原子,除非另外限定。直链和分支的烷基的实例包括甲基、乙基、正丙基、异-丙基、正丁基、仲丁基、叔丁基、戊基、己基、戊基和辛基。C1-C6直链或分支的烷基也称为″低级烷基″基团。
而且,如在说明书、实施例和权利要求书通篇中使用的术语″烷基″(或″低级烷基″),意欲包括″未取代的烷基″和″取代的烷基″二者,其后者指具有替代烃骨架的一或多个碳上的一或多个氢的取代基的烷基部分。这样的取代基,如果没有另外指明,可包括,例如卤素、羟基、羰基(例如羧基、烷氧基羰基、甲酰基或酰基)、硫代羰基(例如硫酯基、硫代乙酸酯基或硫代甲酸酯基)、烷氧基、磷酰基、磷酸基、膦酸基、亚膦酸基、氨基、酰氨基、脒、亚胺、氰基、硝基、叠氮基、巯基、烷硫基、硫酸酯基、磺酸酯基、氨磺酰基、磺酰氨基、磺酰基、杂环基、芳烷基、胍基或芳族或杂芳族部分。本领域技术人员应该理解,如果适宜,在烃链上取代的部分本身可被取代。例如,取代的烷基的取代基可包括取代的和未取代形式的氨基、叠氮基、亚氨基、酰氨基、磷酰基(包括膦酸基和亚膦酸基)、磺酰基(包括硫酸酯基、磺酰氨基、氨磺酰基和磺酸基),和甲硅烷基,以及醚、烷硫基、羰基(包括酮、醛、羧酸基,和酯基)、-CF3、-CN等。示例性的取代烷基在下文描述。环烷基可用烷基、烯基、烷氧基、烷硫基、氨基烷基、羰基-取代的烷基、-CF3、-CN等进一步取代。
术语″Cx-y″当与化学部分,例如酰基、酰基氧基、烷基、烯基、炔基或烷氧基结合使用时,意欲包括链中含有x至y个碳的基团。例如,术语″Cx-y烷基″指取代的或未取代的饱和烃基,包括链中含有x至y个碳的直链烷基和支链烷基,包括卤代烷基,例如三氟甲基和2,2,2-三氟乙基等。C0烷基指,如果所述基团在末端位置时为氢,如果所述基团在内部时为键。术语″C2-y烯基″和″C2-y炔基″指在长度和可能的取代上类似于上述烷基,但是分别含有至少一个双键或三键的取代的或未取代的不饱和脂族基团。
本文使用的术语″烷基氨基″指用至少一个烷基取代的氨基。
本文使用的术语″烷硫基″指用烷基取代的硫醇基并可以由通式烷基S-表示。
本文使用的术语″炔基″指含有至少一个三键的脂族基团并意欲包括″未取代的炔基″和″取代的炔基″二者,其后者指具有替代炔基的一或多个碳上的氢的取代基的炔基部分。这样的取代基可出现在包括或不包括在一或多个三键中的一或多个碳上。而且,这样的取代基包括预期用于如上讨论的烷基的全部取代基,其中稳定性受到抑制的除外。例如,预期了被一个或多个烷基、碳环基、芳基、杂环基或杂芳基取代的炔基。
术语“酰胺”,如本文所述,是指基团
其中各个R10独立地表示氢或烃基,或两个R10与它们连接的N原子一起形成在环结构中具有4-8个原子的杂环。
术语″胺″和″氨基″是本领域公认的并且指未取代的和取代的胺二者及其盐,例如可由下式表示的部分:
其中各个R10独立地表示氢或烃基,或两个R10与它们连接的N原子一起形成在环结构中具有4-8个原子的杂环。
本文使用的术语″氨基烷基″指用氨基取代的烷基。
本文使用的术语″芳烷基″指用芳基取代的烷基。
本文使用的术语″芳基″包括取代的或未取代的单环芳族基,其中环上的各个原子是碳。优选所述环是5-至7-元环,更优选6-元环。术语″芳基″也包括具有二个或更多个环的多环系统,其中二个或更多个碳为两个相邻环所共有,其中至少一个环是芳族的,例如其它的环可以是环烷基、环烯基、环炔基、芳基、杂芳基和/或杂环基。芳基包括苯、萘、菲、苯酚、苯胺等。
术语“氨基甲酸酯基”是本领域公认的且是指基团
其中R9和R10独立地表示氢或烃基,例如烷基,或R9和R10与介于其间的原子一起形成在环结构中含有4-8个原子的杂环。
本文使用的术语″碳环″和″碳环的″指饱和的或不饱和的环,其中环中的各个原子是碳。术语碳环包括芳族碳环和非芳族碳环二者。非芳族碳环包括环烷烃环(其中所有的碳原子都是饱和的)和环烯烃环(其含有至少一个双键)二者。″碳环″包括5-7元单环和8-12元双环。双环碳环的每一个环可以选自饱和的、不饱和的或芳族的环。碳环包括双环分子,其中一个、二个或三个或更多个原子是在两个环之间共享的。术语″稠合的碳环″指双环碳环,其中每个环与另一个环共享两个相邻的原子。稠合碳环的每个环可以选自饱和的、不饱和的或芳族的环。在一个示例性实施方案中,芳族环,例如苯基,可以稠合于饱和的或不饱和环,例如环己烷、环戊烷或环己烯。饱和的、不饱和的和芳族双环的任何组合,只要化学价允许,包括在碳环的定义中。示例性″碳环″包括环戊烷、环己烷、二环[2.2.1]庚烷、1,5-环辛二烯、1,2,3,4-四氢萘、二环[4.2.0]辛-3-烯、萘和金刚烷。示例性的稠合碳环包括十氢化萘、萘、1,2,3,4-四氢萘、二环[4.2.0]辛烷、4,5,6,7-四氢-1H-茚和二环[4.1.0]庚-3-烯。″碳环″可以在能够携带氢原子的任何一个或多个位置上被取代。
″环烷基″基团是完全饱和的环状烃。″环烷基″包括单环和双环。典型地,单环环烷基具有从3至约10个碳原子,更优选3至8个碳原子,除非另外限定。双环环烷基的第二个环可选自饱和的、不饱和的或芳族的环。环烷基包括双环分子,其中一个、二个或三个或更多个原子是在两个环之间共享的。术语″稠合的环烷基″指双环环烷基,其中所述环的每一个与其它环共享两个相邻的原子。稠合双环环烷基的第二个环可选自饱和的、不饱和的或芳族的环。″环烯基″基团是含有一或多个双键的环烃。
术语“(环烷基)烷基”,如本文所述,是指被环烷基取代的烷基。
术语″碳酸酯基″为本领域公认的且指基团-OCO2-R10,其中R10表示烃基。
本文使用的术语″羧基″指由式-CO2H表示的基团。
本文使用的术语″酯基″指基团-C(O)OR10,其中R10表示烃基。
本文使用的术语″醚″指通过氧连接于另一个烃基的烃基。因此,烃基的醚取代基可以是烃基-O-。醚可以是或者对称的或不对称的。醚的实例包括,但不限于杂环-O-杂环和芳基-O-杂环。醚包括″烷氧基烷基″,其可以通式烷基-O-烷基表示。
本文使用的术语″卤代″和″卤素″意指卤素并包括氯、氟、溴和碘。
本文使用的术语″杂芳烷基″指用杂芳基取代的烷基。
本文使用的术语″杂烷基″指碳原子和至少一个杂原子的饱和或不饱和链,其中没有两个杂原子是相邻的。
术语″杂芳基″包括取代的或未取代的芳族单环结构,优选5-至7-元环,更优选5-至6-元环,其中的环结构包括至少一个杂原子,优选1至4个杂原子,更优选地一个或两个杂原子。术语″杂芳基″也包括具有二个或更多个环的多环系统,其中二个或更多个碳为两个相邻的环所共享,其中至少一个环是杂芳族,例如,另一个环可以是环烷基、环烯基、环炔基、芳基、杂芳基和/或杂环基。杂芳基包括,例如,吡咯、呋喃、噻吩、咪唑、噁唑、噻唑、吡唑、吡啶、吡嗪、哒嗪和嘧啶等。
本文使用的术语″杂原子″意指不是碳或氢的任何元素的原子。优选的杂原子是氮、氧和硫。
术语″杂环烷基″、″杂环″和″杂环的″指取代的或未取代的非芳族环结构,优选3-至10-元环,更优选3-至7-元环,其中的环结构包括至少一个杂原子,优选1至4个杂原子,更优选地一个或两个杂原子。术语″杂环烷基″和″杂环的″也包括具有二个或更多个环的多环系统,其中二个或更多个碳是两个相邻的环所共享的,其中至少一个环是杂环,例如,其它的环可以是环烷基、环烯基、环炔基、芳基、杂芳基和/或杂环基。杂环烷基包括,例如,哌啶、哌嗪、吡咯烷、吗啉、内酯、内酰胺等。
术语“(杂环烷基)烷基”,如本文所述,是指被杂环烷基取代的烷基。
本文使用的术语″烃基″指通过碳原子连接的基团,其不具有=O或=S取代基,且典型地具有至少一个碳-氢键和一个主要为碳的骨架,但是可任选地包括杂原子。因此,基团如甲基、乙氧基乙基、2-吡啶基和三氟甲基被认为是用于本发明目的的烃基,但取代基例如乙酰基(其在连接碳上具有=O取代基)和乙氧基(其通过氧而不是碳连接)不是烃基。烃基包括,但不限于芳基、杂芳基、碳环、杂环基、烷基、烯基、炔基,及其组合。
术语“羟基烷基”,如本文所述,是指被羟基取代的烷基。
术语″低级″当与化学基团,例如酰基、酰基氧基、烷基、烯基、炔基或烷氧基联用时,意在包括取代基中有10个或更少、优选6个或更少的非-氢原子的基团。″低级烷基″,例如,指含有10个或更少,优选6个或更少的碳原子的烷基。在某些实施方案中,本文限定的酰基、酰基氧基、烷基、烯基、炔基或烷氧基取代基分别是低级酰基、低级酰基氧基、低级烷基、低级烯基、低级炔基或低级烷氧基,无论它们是单独出现或与其它取代基组合出现,例如在描述羟基烷基和芳烷基时(在这样的情况中,例如,当计数烷基取代基中的碳原子时,不计数芳基中的原子)。
术语″多环基″、″多环″和″多环的″指二个或更多个环(如,环烷基、环烯基、环炔基、芳基、杂芳基和/或杂环基),其中二个或更多个原子为两个相邻的环所共享,例如,所述环是″稠合的环″。多环的各个环可以是取代的或未取代的。在某些实施方案中,多环的各个环在环中含有3至10个原子,优选5至7个原子。
术语″甲硅烷基″指其上连接有三个烃基部分的硅部分。
术语″取代的″指具有替代在骨架的一或多个碳上的氢的取代基的部分。应该理解″取代″或″用...取代″包括这样的隐含条件,这样的取代符合被取代的原子和取代基的允许化学价,以及所述取代产生稳定的化合物,例如,其不会自发地经历转换例如通过重排、环化、消去等。如本文所用的,术语″取代的″预期包括有机化合物的所有允许的取代基。在一个广泛的方面,可允许的取代基包括有机化合物的非环的和环状的、分支的和未分支的、碳环的和杂环的、芳族和非芳族取代基。对于适宜的有机化合物,可允许的取代基可以为一或多个,或为相同的或不同的。为了本发明的目的,杂原子例如氮可具有氢取代基和/或本文所述有机化合物的任何可允许的取代基,其满足杂原子的化学价。取代基可包括本文所述的任何取代基,例如,卤素、羟基、羰基(例如羧基、烷氧基羰基、甲酰基或酰基)、硫代羰基(例如硫酯基、硫代乙酸酯基或硫代甲酸酯基)、烷氧基、磷酰基、磷酸基、膦酸基、亚膦酸基、氨基、酰氨基、脒、亚胺、氰基、硝基、叠氮基、巯基、烷硫基、硫酸酯基、磺酸酯基、氨磺酰基、磺酰氨基、磺酰基、杂环基、芳烷基或芳族或杂芳族部分。本领域技术人员应该理解,如果合适,取代基本身可被取代。除非特别地陈述为″未取代的″,否则提及本文的化学部分时应理解为包括取代的变体。例如,提及″芳基″基团或部分隐含地包括取代的和未取代的变体。
术语″硫酸酯基″为本领域公认的且指基团-OSO3H,或其药学上可接受的盐。
术语″磺酰胺″为本领域公认的且指由以下通式表示的基团:
其中R9和R10独立地表示氢或烃基,如烷基,或R9和R10与介于其间的原子一起形成在环结构中具有4至8个原子的杂环。
术语“亚砜”是本领域公认的且是指基团-S(O)-R10,其中R10表示烃基。
术语“磺酸酯基”是本领域公认的且是指基团SO3H,或其药学上可接受的盐。
术语“砜”是本领域公认的且是指基团-S(O)2-R10,其中R10表示烃基。
术语“巯基烷基”,如本文所述,是指被巯基取代的烷基。
术语“硫酯基”,如本文所述,是指基团-C(O)SR10或-SC(O)R10,其中R10表示烃基。
本文使用的术语″硫醚″是醚的等价物,其中氧被硫替代。
术语″脲″为本领域公认的并可通过以下通式表示:
其中R9和R10独立地表示氢或烃基,例如烷基,或任何存在的R9和R10和介于其间的原子一起形成在环结构中含有4-8个原子的杂环。
术语“二氧杂硼杂环戊烷”,如本文所述,是指以下通式表示的化学基团:
其中所述二氧杂硼杂环戊烷在任何可取代的位置被一个或多个取代基任选取代,所述取代基包括,但不限于,烷基(例如,取代的烷基)、羟基烷基、烷氧基、羧基烷基、-COOH、芳基、杂芳基、芳烷基、杂芳烷基等。或者,所述二氧杂硼杂环戊烷可在两个相邻的可取代位置被取代,使得该两个取代基与介于其间的原子一起形成任选取代的环烷基或芳基环(如在例如,(邻苯二酚)硼-(catecholatoboron-)中那样)。
术语“二氧杂硼杂环戊烷酮”,如本文所述,是指以下通式表示的化学基团:
其中所述二氧杂硼杂环戊烷酮在任何可取代的位置被一个或多个取代基任选取代,所述取代基包括,但不限于,烷基(例如,取代的烷基)、羟基烷基、烷氧基、羧基烷基、-COOH、芳基、杂芳基、芳烷基、杂芳烷基等。
术语“二氧杂硼杂环戊烷二酮”,如本文所述,是指以下通式表示的化学基团:
术语“二氧杂硼杂环己烷”,如本文所述,是指以下通式表示的化学基团:
其中所述二氧杂硼杂环己烷在任何可取代的位置被一个或多个取代基任选取代,所述取代基包括,但不限于,烷基(例如,取代的烷基)、羟基烷基、烷氧基、羧基烷基、-COOH、芳基、杂芳基、芳烷基、杂芳烷基等。或者,所述二氧杂硼杂环己烷可在两个相邻的可取代位置被取代,使得该两个取代基与介于其间的原子一起形成任选取代的环烷基或芳基环。
术语“二氧杂硼杂环己烷酮”,如本文所述,是指以下通式表示的化学基团:
其中所述二氧杂硼杂环己烷酮在任何可取代的位置被一个或多个取代基任选取代,所述取代基包括,但不限于,烷基(例如,取代的烷基),羟基烷基、烷氧基、羧基烷基、-COOH、芳基、杂芳基、芳烷基、杂芳烷基等。
术语“二氧杂硼杂环己烷二酮”,如本文所述,是指以下通式表示的化学基团:
其中所述二氧杂硼杂环己烷二酮在任何可取代的位置被一个或多个取代基任选取代,所述取代基包括,但不限于,烷基(例如,取代的烷基)、羟基烷基、烷氧基、羧基烷基、-COOH、芳基、杂芳基、芳烷基、杂芳烷基等。
″保护基团″指一组原子,当连接于分子的反应性官能团时,掩蔽、减少或防止官能团的反应性。典型地,保护基团可以在合成的过程中根据需要被选择性地除去。保护基团的实例可参见Greene和Wuts,有机化学中的保护基团(Protective Groups in OrganicChemistry),第3版1999,John Wiley&Sons,NY和Harrison等,合成有机方法概略(Compendium of Synthetic Organic Methods),第1-8卷,1971-1996,JohnWiley&Sons,NY。代表性的氮保护基团包括,但不限于甲酰基、乙酰基、三氟乙酰基、苄基、苄氧基羰基(″CBZ″)、叔丁氧基羰基(″Boc″)、三甲基甲硅烷基(″TMS″)、2-三甲基甲硅烷基-乙烷磺酰基(″TES″)、三苯甲基和取代的三苯甲基、烯丙氧基羰基、9-芴基甲基氧基羰基(″FMOC″)、硝基-藜芦基氧基羰基(″NVOC″)等。代表性的羟基保护基团包括,但不限于其中羟基是或者酰化的(酯化的)或者烷基化的那些,例如苄基和三苯甲基醚,以及烷基醚、四氢吡喃基醚、三烷基甲硅烷基醚(例如,TMS或TIPS基团)、二醇醚,例如乙二醇和丙二醇衍生物和烯丙基醚。
如本文所用的,″预防″障碍或病症的治疗剂指这样的化合物,其在统计样本中,相对于未治疗的对照样本,在治疗的样本中减少障碍或病症的发生;或相对于未治疗的对照样本,延迟障碍或病症的一种或多种症状的发作或减轻其严重性。
术语″治疗″包括预防性治疗和/或治疗性治疗。术语″预防性或疗效性″治疗为本领域公认的并包括给予宿主一种或多种本组合物。如果在临床表现不期望的病症(例如,疾病或宿主动物的其它不期望的状态)之前给药,那么治疗是预防性的(即,它保护宿主免于出现不期望的病症),而如果在表现不期望的病症之后给药,则治疗就是治疗性的(即,它意欲减轻、缓解或稳定已存在的不期望的病症或其副作用)。
术语″前药″意欲包括在生理条件下转化为本发明的治疗活性剂(例如,式I、Ia、Ib、Ic、Id、Ie、If、Ig或Ih化合物)的化合物。制备前药的一种常见方法包括一或多个选择的部分,其在生理条件下经水解以显示所需的分子。在其它的实施方案中,所述前药经宿主动物的酶促活性而转化。例如,酯或碳酸酯(例如,醇或羧酸的酯或碳酸酯)是优选的本发明的前药。或者,酰胺(例如,氨基的酰胺)可为本发明的前药。在某些实施方案中,在上文所示制剂中的某些或所有的式I化合物可用相应的合适的前药替代,例如,其中母体化合物中的羟基作为酯或碳酸酯呈现,或者存在于母体化合物中的羧酸作为酯存在。
在其他优选的实施方案中,本发明的前药包括这样的化合物,其中硼酸被酯化或以其他方式修饰以形成能够在生理条件下水解成母体硼酸的硼酸衍生物。例如,本发明的化合物包括硼酸的酒石酸″酯″或柠檬酸″酯″,包括其中硼通过结合至酒石酸或柠檬酸部分的两个杂原子而形成硼杂环的情况。类似地,本发明的化合物包括母体硼酸的扁桃酸或草酸酯。代表性的硼酸酯如下图所示:
药物组合物
在某些实施方案中,本发明提供药物组合物,其包含本发明的化合物,如式I、Ia、Ib、Ic、Id、Ie、If、Ig或Ih的化合物,或其药学上可接受的盐;和药学上可接受的载体。
在某些实施方案中,本发明提供适合用于人患者的药物制剂,包含本发明任意化合物(例如,式I、Ia、Ib、Ic、Id、Ie、If、Ig或Ih的化合物),和一种或多种药学上可接受的赋形剂。在某些实施方案中,该药物制剂可用于治疗或预防本文所述的病症或疾病。在某些实施方案中,该药物制剂具有足够低的热原活性以适用于人患者。
本发明的一个实施方案提供药物试剂盒,其包含本发明的化合物,如式I、Ia、Ib、Ic、Id、Ie、If、Ig或Ih的化合物,或其药学上可接受的盐,和任选地如何给药化合物的说明书。
本发明的组合物和方法可用于治疗需要的个体。在某些实施方案中,所述个体是哺乳动物例如人,或非-人哺乳动物。当给予动物,例如人时,所述组合物或化合物优选地作为包含,例如,本发明的化合物和药学上可接受的载体的药物组合物给予。药学上可接受的载体是本领域熟知的并包括,例如,含水溶液例如水或生理缓冲盐水或其它溶剂或媒介物例如二醇、甘油、油例如橄榄油,或可注射的有机酯。在某些优选的实施方案中,当这样的药物组合物给予人,特别是用于侵入途径给药(即,避开通过上皮屏障运输或扩散的途径,例如注射或植入)时,含水溶液是无热原的,或基本上无热原的。可选择赋形剂,例如,以实现药物的延迟释放或选择性地靶向一或多个细胞、组织或器官。药物组合物可呈剂量单位形式例如片剂、胶囊(包括分散型胶囊和明胶胶囊)、颗粒剂、用于重构的冻干制剂、粉末剂、溶液剂、糖浆剂、栓剂、注射剂等。组合物也可存在于透皮递送系统,例如皮肤贴剂中。组合物也可存在于适合局部给药的溶液剂,例如滴眼剂中。
药学上可接受的载体可含有生理学上可接受的试剂,其起着例如稳定、增加化合物例如本发明的化合物的溶解性,或增加其吸收的作用。这样的生理学上可接受的试剂包括,例如,碳水化合物,例如葡萄糖、蔗糖或右旋糖酐、抗氧化剂,例如抗坏血酸或谷胱甘肽,螯合剂,低分子量蛋白或其它稳定剂或赋形剂。药学上可接受的载体,包括生理学上可接受的试剂的选择取决于例如,组合物的给药途径。制剂或药物组合物可以是自乳化药物递送系统或自微乳化药物递送系统。药物组合物(制剂)也可以是脂质体或其它聚合物基质,其中可包含例如本发明的化合物。脂质体例如包括磷脂或其它脂质的脂质体是无毒性的、生理学上可接受的和可代谢的载体,其制备和给药都是相对简单的。
本文使用短语″药学上可接受的″是指在合理的医学判断范围内,适合用于与人和动物的组织接触,而无过度的毒性、刺激性、过敏反应,或其它问题或并发症,与合理的利益/风险比相称的那些化合物、材料、组合物和/或剂型。
如本文所用的短语″药学上可接受的载体″意指药学上可接受的材料、组分或媒介物,例如液体或固体填充剂、稀释剂、赋形剂、溶剂或包封材料。每种载体在与制剂的其它成分相容和对患者无害的意义上,必须是″可接受的″。可用作药学上可接受的载体的材料的一些实例包括:(1)糖,例如乳糖、葡萄糖和蔗糖;(2)淀粉,例如玉米淀粉和马铃薯淀粉;(3)纤维素,及其衍生物,例如羧基甲基纤维素钠、乙基纤维素和醋酸纤维素;(4)粉末化黄蓍胶;(5)麦芽;(6)明胶;(7)滑石粉;(8)赋形剂,例如可可酯和栓剂蜡;(9)油,例如花生油、棉籽油、红花油、芝麻油、橄榄油、玉米油和豆油;(10)二醇,例如丙二醇;(11)多元醇,例如甘油、山梨醇、甘露醇和聚乙二醇;(12)酯,例如油酸乙酯和月桂酸乙酯;(13)琼脂;(14)缓冲剂,例如氢氧化镁和氢氧化铝;(15)藻酸;(16)无热原水;(17)等渗盐水;(18)林格氏溶液;(19)乙醇;(20)磷酸盐缓冲溶液;和(21)其它用于药物制剂中的无毒相容物质。
可通过多种给药途径中的任何一种给予患者药物组合物(制剂),所述给药途径包括,例如,口服(例如,作为在水性或非-水性溶液或悬浮液中的浸液、片剂、胶囊(包括分散型胶囊和明胶胶囊)、大丸剂(boluses)、粉末剂、颗粒剂、应用于舌头的糊剂);通过口腔粘膜吸收(如,舌下);肛门、直肠或阴道(例如,作为子宫托、霜剂或泡沫剂);胃肠外(包括肌内、静脉内、皮下或鞘内,作为例如,无菌溶液或悬浮液);鼻内;腹膜内;皮下;透皮(例如作为应用于皮肤的贴剂);和局部(例如,作为应用于皮肤的霜剂、软膏剂或喷雾剂,或作为滴眼剂)。所述化合物也可为吸入而配制。在某些实施方案中,化合物可简单地溶于或悬浮于无菌水中。合适的给药途径和适合于所述给药途径的组合物的细节可例如参见美国专利号6,110,973、5,763,493、5,731,000、5,541,231、5,427,798、5,358,970和4,172,896,以及其中引用的专利。
制剂可以便利地以单位剂型存在并可以通过制药领域中熟知的任何方法制备。可与载体材料混合以产生单一剂型的活性成分的量将取决于要治疗的宿主、特定的给药方式而变化。可与载体材料混合以产生单一剂型的活性成分的量将通常是产生治疗效果的化合物的量。一般来说,按照百分比计,该量范围为从约1%至约99%活性成分,优选约5%至约70%,最优选约10%至约30%。
制备这些制剂或组合物的方法包括使活性化合物,例如本发明的化合物,与载体和任选的一种或多种辅助成分混合的步骤。一般来说,通过使本发明的化合物与液体载体,或细分散的固体载体或二者,均匀和充分地混合,然后如果必要的话,使产物成形来制备制剂。
适合于口腔给药的本发明的制剂可以胶囊(包括分散型胶囊(sprinkle capsule)和明胶胶囊)、扁囊剂、丸剂、片剂、糖锭剂(使用香料基质(flavored basis),通常是蔗糖和阿拉伯胶或黄蓍胶)、冻干制剂、粉剂、颗粒剂或作为在水性或非水性液体中的溶液剂或悬浮剂,或作为水包油或油包水液体乳剂,或作为酏剂或糖浆剂,或作为软锭剂(使用惰性基质,例如明胶和甘油,或蔗糖和阿拉伯胶)和/或作为漱口剂等,各自含有预定量的本发明化合物作为活性成分。组合物或化合物也可作为大丸剂、药糖剂或糊剂给药。
为制备口腔给药的固体剂型(胶囊(包括分散型胶囊和明胶胶囊)、片剂、丸剂、糖衣丸、粉末剂、颗粒剂等),将活性成分与一种或多种药学上可接受的载体混合,例如柠檬酸钠或磷酸二钙、和/或任何以下的载体:(1)填充剂或增容剂,例如淀粉、乳糖、蔗糖、葡萄糖、甘露醇和/或硅酸;(2)结合剂,例如,羧甲基纤维素、藻酸盐、明胶、聚乙烯吡咯烷酮、蔗糖和/或阿拉伯胶;(3)湿润剂,例如甘油;(4)崩解剂,例如琼脂、碳酸钙、马铃薯或木薯淀粉、藻酸、某些硅酸盐,和碳酸钠;(5)溶液阻滞剂,例如石蜡;(6)吸收促进剂,例如季胺化合物;(7)润湿剂,例如,鲸蜡醇和单硬脂酸甘油酯;(8)吸收剂,例如高岭土和膨润土;(9)润滑剂,例如滑石粉、硬脂酸钙、硬脂酸镁、固体聚乙二醇、十二烷基硫酸钠,及其混合物;(10)络合剂(complexing agents),例如,改性和未改性的环糊精;和(11)着色剂。在胶囊(包括分散型胶囊和明胶胶囊)、片剂和丸剂的情况下,药物组合物也可包含缓冲剂。也可使用类似类型的固体组合物,使用这样的赋形剂如乳糖(lactose)或乳糖(milk sugars),以及高分子量聚乙二醇等作为在软和硬-填充明胶胶囊中的填充剂。
片剂可以通过压制或模制,任选地用一种或多种辅助成分制得。压制片剂可以使用粘合剂(例如,明胶或羟丙基甲基纤维素)、润滑剂、惰性稀释剂、防腐剂、崩解剂(例如,羟基乙酸淀粉钠或交联羧甲基纤维素钠)、表面活性剂或分散剂制备。模制片剂可以通过在合适的机器中将经惰性液体稀释剂湿润的粉末化化合物的混合物模压成形而制得。
药物组合物的片剂和其它固体剂型,例如糖锭剂、胶囊(包括分散型胶囊和明胶胶囊)、丸剂和颗粒剂,可任选刻痕或用包衣和壳制备,例如肠溶包衣和制药领域熟知的其它包衣。它们也可使用例如各种比例的羟丙基甲基纤维素(以提供所需的释放曲线)、其它聚合物基质、脂质体和/或微球体来配制,以提供其中的活性成分的缓慢释放或控制释放。它们可以例如,通过细菌截留滤器而过滤,或通过引入可溶于无菌水的无菌固体组合物形式的灭菌剂,或通过在临用前引入某些其它无菌可注射的介质来灭菌。这些组合物也可任选地含有遮光剂并且可以具有仅释放活性成分的组分,或优先地在胃肠道的某些部分,任选地,以延迟方式释放。可以使用的包埋组合物的实例包括聚合物质和蜡。活性成分也可以微囊形式存在,如果合适的话,与一种或多种上述赋形剂一起。
可用于口腔给药的液体剂型包括药学上可接受的乳剂、用于重构的冻干制剂、微乳剂、溶液剂、混悬剂、糖浆剂和酏剂。除了活性成分,液体剂型还可含有本领域常用的惰性稀释剂,例如,水或其它溶剂、环糊精及其衍生物、增溶剂和乳化剂,例如乙醇、异丙醇、碳酸乙酯、乙酸乙酯、苄醇、苯甲酸苄酯、丙二醇、1,3-丁二醇、油(特别是棉籽油、花生油、玉米油、胚芽油(例如,小麦胚芽油)、橄榄油、蓖麻油和芝麻油)、甘油、四氢糠醇、聚乙二醇和脱水山梨醇脂肪酸酯,及其混合物。
除了惰性稀释剂,口服组合物还可包括辅料例如湿润剂、乳化剂和助悬剂、甜味剂、矫味剂、着色剂、香料和防腐剂。
除了活性化合物,混悬剂还可含有助悬剂,例如,乙氧基化异硬脂醇、聚氧乙烯山梨醇和脱水山梨糖醇酯、微晶纤维素、偏氢氧化铝(aluminum metahydroxide)、膨润土、琼脂和黄蓍胶,及其混合物。
用于直肠、阴道或尿道给药的药物组合物的制剂可以作为栓剂呈现,其可以通过使一种或多种活性化合物与一种或多种合适的非刺激性赋形剂或载体混合来制备,所述赋形剂或载体包括,例如,可可酯、聚乙二醇、栓剂蜡或水杨酸酯(salicylate),且其于室温下为固体,但在体温下为液体,因而将在直肠或阴道腔中融化并释放活性化合物。
给予口腔的药物组合物的制剂可以作为漱口剂,或口腔喷雾剂,或口腔软膏剂呈现。
作为选择或另外地,组合物可被配制为用于经由导管、支架、线(wire),或其它管腔内装置递送。经由这样的装置递送可以特别用于递送至膀胱、尿道、输尿管、直肠或小肠。
适合于阴道给药的制剂也包括子宫托、棉塞、霜剂、凝胶剂、糊剂、泡沫剂或喷雾剂制剂,所述制剂含有本领域已知合适的此类载体。
用于局部或透皮给药的剂型包括粉末剂、喷雾剂、软膏剂、糊剂、霜剂、洗剂、凝胶剂、溶液剂、贴剂和吸入剂。活性化合物可以在无菌条件下与药学上可接受的载体,和与可能需要的任何防腐剂、缓冲剂,或推进剂混合。
除了活性化合物,软膏剂、糊剂、霜剂和凝胶剂还可含有赋形剂,例如动物和植物脂肪、油、蜡、石蜡、淀粉、黄蓍胶、纤维素衍生物、聚乙二醇、硅酮、膨润土、硅酸、滑石粉和氧化锌,或其混合物。
除了活性化合物,粉末剂和喷雾剂还可含有赋形剂例如乳糖、滑石、硅酸、氢氧化铝、硅酸钙和聚酰胺粉末,或这些物质的混合物。喷雾剂可另外地含有惯用的推进剂,例如氯氟烃和挥发性的未取代烃,例如丁烷和丙烷。
透皮贴剂具有提供控制递送本发明的化合物至身体的附加优点。这样的剂型可通过将活性化合物溶解于或分散于适当介质中而制得。也可使用吸收促进剂以增加化合物穿过皮肤的流量。这样的流通速率可通过或者提供速率控制膜,或者将化合物分散于聚合物基质或凝胶中进行控制。
眼科制剂,眼膏剂、粉末剂、溶液等也预期包括在本发明的范围内。示例性眼科制剂描述于美国专利公开号2005/0080056、2005/0059744、005/0031697和2005/004074和美国专利号6,583,124中,其内容通过引用结合到本文中。如果需要,液体眼科制剂具有类似于泪液、房水或玻璃体液的性质或与这样的液体相容。优选的给药途径是局部给药(例如,局部给药,例如滴眼剂,或经由植入物剂给药)。
本文所用短语″胃肠外给药″和″非肠道给药″意指非经肠的给药和局部给药的方式,通常通过注射,并包括,但不限于静脉内、肌内、动脉内、鞘内、囊内、眼眶内、心内、皮内、腹膜内、经气管、皮下、角质层下、关节内、囊下、蛛网膜下、脊椎内和胸骨内注射和输注。适合于胃肠外给药的药物组合物包含与一种或多种药学上可接受的无菌等渗水性或非水性溶液、分散液、悬浮液或乳液或无菌粉末组合的一种或多种活性化合物,所述粉末可以在临用前重构成无菌可注射的溶液或分散液,其可含有抗氧化剂、缓冲剂、抑菌剂、使制剂与计划的接受者的血液等渗的溶质,或助悬剂或增稠剂。
可以用于本发明的药物组合物中的合适的水性和非水性载体的实例包括水、乙醇、多元醇(例如甘油、丙二醇、聚乙二醇等),及其合适的混合物,植物油,例如橄榄油,和可注射的有机酯,例如油酸乙酯。例如,通过使用包衣材料,例如卵磷脂,通过在分散系的情况下维持需要的粒度,和通过使用表面活性剂,可维持适当的流动性。
这些组合物也可含有辅料例如防腐剂、润湿剂、乳化剂和分散剂。预防微生物的作用可以通过包含各种抗菌剂和抗真菌剂,例如,对羟基苯甲酸酯,氯丁醇、苯酚、山梨酸等来确保。在组合物中包含等渗剂,例如糖、氯化钠等也可是需要的。此外,可注射的药物形式的延长吸收可通过包含延长吸收的试剂例如单硬脂酸铝和明胶来实现。
在某些情况下,为延长药物的作用,期望减慢来自皮下或肌内注射的药物的吸收。这可通过使用具有水溶性差的结晶或无定形材料的液体混悬剂实现。药物的吸收速率则取决于其溶解速率,这本身可取决于结晶粒度和晶型。作为选择,胃肠外给予药物形式的延迟吸收可通过使药物溶解于或悬浮于油性媒介物中实现。
可注射的贮库形式通过在生物可降解的聚合物例如聚乙交酯-聚丙交酯中形成本化合物的微囊化基质而制得。根据药物与聚合物的比例,和所用的特定聚合物的性质,可控制药物释放的速率。其它生物可降解的聚合物的实例包括聚(原酸酯)和聚(酐)。可注射的贮库制剂也通过使药物嵌入与身体组织相容的脂质体或微乳液中制备。
为用于本发明的方法,活性化合物可原样给予或作为含有,例如,与药学上可接受的载体组合的0.1-99.5%(更优选0.5-90%)的活性成分的药物组合物给予。
也可由可再填充的或生物可降解的装置提供导入的方法。近年来为控制递送药物,包括蛋白质的生物药物,已开发了各种缓慢释放聚合物装置并在体内进行了测试。各种生物相容性聚合物(包括水凝胶),包括生物可降解的和非-降解的聚合物二者,可用于形成在特定的靶点持续释放化合物的植入物。
药物组合物中活性成分的实际剂量水平可以变化,以获得有效达到对特定患者的所需治疗响应的一定量的活性成分、组合物,和给药方式,而对患者没有毒性。
选择的剂量水平将取决于多种因素,包括具体化合物的活性或所用化合物,或其酯、盐或酰胺的组合、给药途径、给药次数、所用具体化合物的排泄速率、治疗持续时间、与具体化合物组合使用的其它药物、化合物和/或物质、所治疗患者的年龄、性别、体重、病症、一般健康和先前病史等医学领域熟知的因素。
具有本领域普通技能的医师或兽医可容易地确定和开具治疗有效量的所需药物组合物。例如,医师或兽医可以低于达到所需治疗效果所需要的水平的药物组合物或化合物的剂量开始并逐渐增加剂量直至达到所需效果。所谓“治疗有效量”是指足以引发所需治疗效果的化合物浓度。一般认为化合物的有效量将根据受试者的体重、性别、年龄及病史而变化。影响有效量的其它因素可包括,但不限于患者病症的严重性、所治疗的疾病、化合物的稳定性,以及如果需要,与本发明化合物一起给予的另一种类型的治疗剂。较大的总剂量可通过多次给予药剂而递送。确定功效和剂量的方法是本领域技术人员已知的(Isselbacher等(1996)Harrison’s Principles of Internal Medicine,第13版,1814-1882,通过引用结合到本文中)。
一般来说,用于本发明的组合物和方法的活性化合物的合适日剂量将是有效产生治疗效果的最低剂量的化合物的量。这样的有效剂量通常将取决于上述因素。
如果需要,活性化合物的有效日剂量可作为1、2、3、4、5、6或更多个亚剂量给予,其在整天以合适间隔,任选地以单位剂型分开给予。在本发明的某些实施方案中,活性化合物可以每日给予2或3次。在优选的实施方案中,活性化合物将每日给予1次。
接受这种治疗的患者是有需要的任何动物,包括灵长类动物,特别是人,和其它哺乳动物例如马、牛、猪和羊;以及一般而言的家禽和宠物。
在某些实施方案中,本发明的化合物可以单独使用或与另一种类型的治疗剂联合使用。如本文所用的,短语″联合给药″指二种或更多种不同的治疗化合物的任何给药形式,以便在先前给予的治疗化合物在体内仍然有效时给予第二化合物(例如,两种化合物在患者中同时有效,这可包括两种化合物的协同作用)。例如,不同的治疗化合物可以同一制剂或者以分开的制剂,同时地或者顺序地给予。在某些实施方案中,不同的治疗化合物可彼此在1小时、12小时、24小时、36小时、48小时、72小时或1周内给予。因此,接受这样治疗的个体可得益于不同的治疗化合物的联合作用。
在某些实施方案中,本发明化合物与一种或多种另外的治疗剂(例如一种或多种另外的化疗剂)的联合给药相对于本发明的化合物(例如、式I、Ia、Ib、Ic、Id、Ie、If、Ig或Ih的化合物)或一种或多种其它治疗剂的每次单独给药提供改善的功效。在某些这样的实施方案中,联合给药提供了累加效应,其中累加效应是指本发明化合物和一种或多种其他治疗剂的单独施用的每种效果的总和。
本发明包括本发明化合物的药学上可接受的盐在本发明的组合物和方法中的用途。本文所用术语″药学上可接受的盐″包括衍生自无机或有机酸的盐,包括例如盐酸、氢溴酸、硫酸、硝酸、高氯酸、磷酸、甲酸、乙酸、乳酸、马来酸、富马酸、琥珀酸、酒石酸、乙醇酸、水杨酸、柠檬酸、甲磺酸、苯磺酸、苯甲酸、丙二酸、三氟乙酸、三氯乙酸、萘-2-磺酸、草酸、扁桃酸和其它酸。药学上可接受的盐形式可以包括其中构成盐的分子的比例不是1∶1的形式。例如,盐可以每个碱分子包含多于一个无机或有机酸分子,例如每分子式I、Ia、Ib、Ic、Id、Ie、If、Ig或Ih化合物有两个盐酸分子。作为另一个实例,盐可以每分子碱包含少于一个无机或有机酸分子,例如每分子酒石酸有两个分子的式I、Ia、Ib、Ic、Id、Ie、If、Ig或Ih的化合物。
在其它实施方案中,本发明预期包括的盐包括,但不限于烷基、二烷基、三烷基或四烷基铵盐。在某些实施方案中,本发明预期包括的盐包括,但不限于L-精氨酸、苯乙苄胺(benenthamine)、苄星(benzathine)、甜菜碱、氢氧化钙、胆碱、二甲基乙醇胺、二乙醇胺、二乙胺、2-(二乙基氨基)乙醇、乙醇胺、乙二胺、N-甲基葡糖胺、海巴明(hydrabamine)、1H-咪唑、锂、L-赖氨酸、镁、4-(2-羟基乙基)吗啉、哌嗪、钾、1-(2-羟基乙基)吡咯烷、钠、三乙醇胺、氨丁三醇和锌盐。在某些实施方案中,本发明预期包括的盐包括,但不限于Na、Ca、K、Mg、Zn或其它金属盐。
药学上可接受的酸加成盐也可作为各种溶剂合物,例如与水、甲醇、乙醇、二甲基甲酰胺等的溶剂合物存在。也可制备这样的溶剂合物的混合物。这样的溶剂合物的来源可来自结晶的溶剂,为制剂或结晶的溶剂中固有的,或对于所述溶剂为外来的。
润湿剂、乳化剂和润滑剂,例如十二烷基硫酸钠和硬脂酸镁,以及着色剂、释放剂、包衣剂、甜味剂、矫味剂和芳香剂、防腐剂和抗氧化剂也可存在于组合物中。
药学上可接受的抗氧化剂的实例包括:(1)水溶性抗氧化剂,例如抗坏血酸、半胱氨酸盐酸盐、硫酸氢钠、偏亚硫酸氢钠、亚硫酸钠等;(2)油溶性抗氧化剂,例如抗坏血酸棕榈酸酯、丁羟茴醚(BHA)、丁羟甲苯(BHT)、卵磷脂、没食子酸丙酯、α-生育酚等;和(3)金属螯合剂,例如柠檬酸、乙二胺四乙酸(EDTA)、山梨醇、酒石酸、磷酸等。
现在一般描述本发明,通过参考以下实施例将更容易理解本发明,包括所述实施例仅仅是为了说明本发明的某些方面和实施方案的目的,并不打算限制本发明。
实施例
实施例1:合成方法
下面的方案和随后的实验过程说明了可以用来制备本发明中包括的实施例的一般方法。取决于所需的盐形式,该方法的变化可能是优选的。例如,如果需要盐酸盐,可以在钯碳存在下用氢气处理中间体8,得到中间体氨基酸9。随后用盐酸水溶液处理,得到目标精氨酸酶抑制剂10,为盐酸盐。
如果需要游离碱,则可以在修改的过程中使用中间体8。在这里,用三氟乙酸和异丁基硼酸先后处理得到中间体胺12。随后在钯碳存在下使用氢气使叠氮化物还原并使苄基酯脱保护得到目标精氨酸酶抑制剂13,为游离碱。下面提供了这些方法的详细描述。
合成(3R,4S)-3-氨基-1-((S)-2-氨基丙酰基)-4-(3-二羟硼基丙基)吡咯烷-3-甲酸,二盐酸盐(10).
步骤1:合成反-3-烯丙基-4-羟基吡咯烷-1-甲酸叔丁酯(2,外消旋):
将烯丙基溴化镁(1,037mL,713mmol,0.69M在乙醚中)冷却至0℃且小心用6-氧杂-3-氮杂双环[3.1.0]己烷-3-甲酸叔丁酯(60g,323.9mmol)在无水乙醚(324mL,1M)中的溶液处理。添加完成后,将反应混合物搅拌15分钟,缓慢用饱和氯化铵水溶液(500mL)淬灭,用乙醚(2x400mL)萃取,用MgSO4干燥,过滤且浓缩。通过快速柱色谱法纯化(庚烷中的20-40%乙酸乙酯)得到反-3-烯丙基-4-羟基吡咯烷-1-甲酸叔丁酯(2,64.33g,87%产率),其为淡黄色油状物。1H-NMR(CDCl3,400MHz):δH:5.80(1H,m),5.06(2H,m),4.07(1H,m),3.57(2H,m),3.22(1H,m),3.08(1H,m),2.26-2.10(2H,m)and 1.45(9H,s)。
步骤2:合成3-烯丙基-4-氧代吡咯烷-1-甲酸叔丁酯(3,外消旋):
在干燥氮气的气氛下,将反-3-烯丙基-4-羟基吡咯烷-1-甲酸叔丁酯(2,60g,264mmol)和二异丙基乙基胺(132.2mL,799.8mmol)在二氯甲烷(750mL,0.35M)中的冰冷却的溶液用三氧化硫吡啶复合物(94.95g,596.6mmol)在无水DMSO(750mL)中的溶液逐滴处理,其处理速率能够保持反应混合物低于10℃。添加完成后,将混合物在3℃搅拌15分钟,用水(380mL)淬灭且用乙酸乙酯(500mL,然后2x300mL)萃取。合并的有机溶液用水(200mL)洗涤两次,用饱和氯化钠水溶液(200mL)洗涤一次,干燥(MgSO4)且浓缩。所得粗物质油在105℃(0.4mm Hg)蒸馏以得到3-烯丙基-4-氧代吡咯烷-1-甲酸叔丁酯(3,58g,83%产率),其为无色油状物。1H-NMR(CDCl3,400MHz):δH:5.74(1H,m),5.09(2H,m),4.02(1H,m),3.88(1H,d,J=19.4Hz),3.68(1H,d,J=19.4Hz),3.31(1H,dd,J=9.4,8.3Hz),2.65(1H,m),2.54(1H,m),2.18(1H,m)and 1.45(9H,s)。
步骤3:合成反-4-烯丙基-3-叠氮基-1-(叔丁氧基羰基)吡咯烷-3-甲酸(4,外消旋)
将氯仿(26.86mL,333mmol)和TMS-Cl(32.86mL,257.1mmol)在无水THF(300mL)中的溶液冷却至-78℃。搅拌10分钟后,添加LHMDS(1M于THF中,249mL,249mmol),其添加速率使得温度保持低于-60℃(约30min)。在-60至-70℃再搅拌30分钟后(反应混合物变浑浊)将溶液温热至-20℃(反应混合物变澄清)且用3-烯丙基-4-氧代吡咯烷-1-甲酸叔丁酯(3,30g,133.2mmol)在DMF(90mL)中的溶液和四丁基乙酸铵(3.69g,12.24mmol)在DMF(90mL)中的溶液处理,其处理速率使得内部反应温度保持低于-20℃(反应变浑浊)。添加完成后,反应混合物在搅拌下温热至室温直到酮起始材料被消耗(通过TLC),然后倒入饱和NH4Cl水溶液中且用EtOAc(3x100mL)萃取。合并的有机层连续用饱和NH4Cl水溶液和饱和NaCl水溶液(2x80mL)处理,用MgSO4干燥,过滤且浓缩。
在氮气下,将粗TMS保护的中间体溶于无水THF(300mL),冷却至0℃且小心用乙酸(7.5mL,130.9mmol)和TBAF(1M在THF中,133.2mL,133.2mmol)逐滴处理。添加完成后,将反应在0℃再搅拌10分钟然后倒入饱和NaHCO3水溶液中且用EtOAc(3x100mL)萃取。合并的有机层用饱和NaCl水溶液洗涤,用MgSO4干燥,过滤且浓缩以得到粗的醇中间体。
将粗的醇溶于二噁烷(200mL),冷却至0℃,且用预冷的(0℃)叠氮化钠(14.04g,399.5mmol)和NaOH(15.98g,399.5mmol)在水(200mL)中的溶液处理。所得反应混合物温热至室温且搅拌过夜,然后用饱和NH4Cl水溶液淬灭且用EtOAc(500mL)萃取。分离水层且用EtOAc(2x300mL)萃取。合并的有机层用水和饱和NaCl水溶液洗涤,用MgSO4干燥,过滤且浓缩以得到粗物质反-4-烯丙基-3-叠氮基-1-(叔丁氧基羰基)吡咯烷-3-甲酸(4,粗物质45g),其不用进一步纯化而使用。1H-NMR(CDCl3,400MHz):δH:5.80(1H,m),5.06(2H,m),4.05(1H,dd,J=9.9,4.9Hz),3.59(2H,m),3.22(1H,dd,J=11.6,4.4Hz),3.08(1H,dd,J=11.0,5.2Hz),2.24-2.04(2H,m),1.65(1H,br s,OH)和1.45(9H,s)。
步骤4:合成反-4-烯丙基-3-叠氮基吡咯烷-1,3-二甲酸3-苄基-1-(叔丁基)酯
将粗物质反-4-烯丙基-3-叠氮基-1-(叔丁氧基羰基)吡咯烷-3-甲酸(4,39.5g,133mmol-假设从之前步骤100%产率计算的量)和K2CO3(92.04g,666mmol)在乙腈(317mL)中的溶液冷却至0℃且用苄基溴(17.52mL,146.5mmol)处理。在室温搅拌过夜后将溶液浓缩,溶于EtOAc(600mL),用饱和NaCl水溶液洗涤,用MgSO4干燥,过滤且浓缩。通过硅胶色谱法纯化(10至30%EtOAc在己烷中)得到反-4-烯丙基-3-叠氮基吡咯烷-1,3-二甲酸3-苄基-1-(叔丁基)酯,其为黄色液体(5,40g,78%产率)。
使用手性Technologies Chiralpak ADH柱用异丙醇和己烷(2∶98)作为洗脱剂将产物分离为其对映异构体。分析该分离的对映异构体其使用分析型Chiralpak ADH柱(4.6x250mm)使用相同的洗脱剂,流速为1.0mL/分钟并使用UV检测(210nm),得到所需对映异构体((3R,4S)-4-烯丙基-3-叠氮基吡咯烷-1,3-二甲酸3-苄基酯1-(叔丁基)酯,5a),保留时间为13.5分钟,和不期望的对映异构体((3S,4R)-4-烯丙基-3-叠氮基吡咯烷-1,3-二甲酸3-苄基-1-(叔丁基)酯,5b),保留时间为10.3分钟,各自具有的对映异构体过量为约98%。1H-NMR(CDCl3,400MHz):δH:7.37(5H,s),5.62(1H,m),5.25(2H,m),5.00(2H,m),3.88(1H,dd,J=37.2,12.0Hz),3.58(1H,ddd,J=37.2,11.0,7.0Hz),3.42(1H,dd,J=21.4,12.0Hz),3.28(1H,ddd,J=28.3,11.0,5.4Hz),2.41(1H,m),2.11(1H,m),1.80(1H,m)和1.44(9H,s)。
步骤5:合成(3R,4S)-3-叠氮基-4-(3-(4,4,5,5-四甲基-1,3,2-二氧杂硼杂环戊烷-2-基)丙基)吡咯烷-1,3-二甲酸3-苄基酯1-叔丁基酯(6)
在氮气氛下将(3R,4S)-4-烯丙基-3-叠氮基吡咯烷-1,3-二甲酸3-苄基酯1-(叔丁基)酯(5a,16.4g,42.4mmol)在无水二氯甲烷(130mL)中的搅拌溶液,用二(1,5-环辛二烯)二铱(I)二氯化物(0.75g,1.12mmol)和1,2-二(二苯基膦基)乙烷(0.894g,2.24mmol)处理且将反应在室温搅拌30分钟,然后冷却至-25℃。滴加4,4,5,5-四甲基[1,3,2]二氧杂硼杂环戊烷(9.83mL,67.75mmol),然后将反应缓慢温热至室温且搅拌20小时。添加水(60mL)且将反应搅拌10分钟,然后在减压下去除二氯甲烷。剩余的水相用乙酸乙酯(3x100mL)萃取。合并的有机相用盐水洗涤,用无水硫酸镁干燥,过滤且真空浓缩。将残余物固体通过硅胶短垫,用己烷中的15%至30%乙酸乙酯洗脱,得到(3R,4S)-3-叠氮基-4-(3-(4,4,5,5-四甲基-1,3,2-二氧杂硼杂环戊烷-2-基)丙基)吡咯烷-1,3-二甲酸3-苄基酯1-叔丁基酯(6,12.5g,57%)。1H-NMR(CDCl3,400MHz):δH:7.35(5H,m),5.23(2H,m),3.85(1H,dd,J=39.3,11.8Hz),3.60(1H,m),3.37(1H,dd,J=24.3,11.8Hz),3.25(1H,ddd,J=40,10.6,6.6Hz),2.33(1H,m),1.43(9H,s),1.39-1.26(3H,m),1.21(12H,s),1.07(1H,m)和0.68(2H,m)。
步骤6:合成(3R,4S)-3-叠氮基-4-(3-(4,4,5,5-四甲基-1,3,2-二氧杂硼杂环戊烷-2-基)丙基)吡咯烷-3-甲酸3-苄基酯,三氟乙酸盐(7)。
将(3R,4S)-3-叠氮基-4-(3-(4,4,5,5-四甲基-1,3,2-二氧杂硼杂环戊烷-2-基)丙基)吡咯烷-1,3-二甲酸3-苄基酯1-叔丁基酯(6,10.2g,19.8mmol)的溶液溶于无水二氯甲烷(160mL),冷却至0℃且用三氟乙酸(40mL)处理。然后将反应混合物温热,在室温搅拌4hr,然后在减压下浓缩以得到粘性油状物。所得油状物与无水甲苯(3x100mL)共沸以去除残余三氟乙酸,然后在高真空干以得到(3R,4S)-3-叠氮基-4-(3-(4,4,5,5-四甲基-1,3,2-二氧杂硼杂环戊烷-2-基)丙基)吡咯烷-3-甲酸3-苄基酯,三氟乙酸盐(7),其为非常粘性的油状物(10.56g),其缓慢变为玻璃状。1H-NMR(CDCl3,400MHz):δH:9.7(1H,br m(exch),NH),7.55(1H,br s(exch),NH),7.38(5H,m),5.31(1H,d,J=11.7Hz),5.26(1H,d,J=11.7Hz),3.77(1H,d,J=12.5Hz),3.65(1H,dd,J=11.8,7.8Hz),3.32(1H,d,J=12.4Hz),3.18(1H,m),2.54(1H,m),1.45-1.26(3H,m),1.22(12H,s),1.02(1H,m)和0.63(2H,t,J=7.4Hz)。
步骤7:合成(3R,4S)-3-叠氮基-1-((S)-2-((叔丁氧基羰基)氨基)丙酰基)-4-(3-(4,4,5,5-四甲基-1,3,2-二氧杂硼杂环戊烷-2-基)丙基)吡咯烷-3-甲酸3-苄基-酯(8)
向(3R,4S)-3-叠氮基-4-(3-(4,4,5,5-四甲基-1,3,2-二氧杂硼杂环戊烷-2-基)丙基)吡咯烷-3-甲酸3-苄基酯,三氟乙酸盐(7,10.56g,19.8mmol)在无水二氯甲烷(150mL)中的搅拌溶液中添加DMAP(50mg,催化性)和HOBt(50mg,催化性)和N-(叔丁氧基羰基)-L-丙氨酸(5.62g,29.7mmol)。在干燥氮气氛下将反应冷却至0℃,然后用EDCI(5.69g,29.7mmol)和三乙胺(8.3mL,59.4mmol)处理。将反应在0℃搅拌1hr,然后温热至室温且在该温度搅拌16小时。将反应倒入水(100mL)中,搅拌20分钟,然后分离各相。水相用3x50mL二氯甲烷萃取。合并的有机相用水、1N盐酸和盐水洗涤,然后用无水硫酸镁干燥,过滤且真空浓缩。残余油状物通过硅胶垫,用己烷中的5%至50%乙酸乙酯洗脱,得到(3R,4S)-3-叠氮基-1-((S)-2-((叔丁氧基羰基)氨基)丙酰基)-4-(3-(4,4,5,5-四甲基-1,3,2-二氧杂硼杂环戊烷-2-基)丙基)吡咯烷-3-甲酸3-苄基酯(8),其为无色油状物(9.50g,82%),在室温通过NMR观察为旋转异构体的1∶1混合物;1H-NMR(CDCl3,400MHz):δH:7.56(5H,m),5.40(0.5H,d,J=8.0Hz,NH)和5.34(0.5H,d,J=8.0Hz,NH),5.29-5.19(2H,m),4.39(0.5H,dq,J=7.2,7.0Hz)和4.30(0.5H,dq,J=7.2,7.0Hz),4.06(0.5H,d,J=13.0Hz)和3.89(0.5H,d,J=11.1Hz),3.81(0.5H,dd,J=12.0,7.3Hz)和3.69(0.5H,J=10.0,7.0Hz),3.61(0.5H,d,J=11.1Hz)和3.47(0.5H,d,J=13.0Hz),3.54(0.5H,dd,J=10.0,6.0Hz)和3.33(0.5H,dd,J=12.0,6.3Hz),2.41(1H,m),1.43(4.5H,s)和1.42(4.5H,s),1.40-1.28(3H,m),1.31(1.5H,d,J=6.8Hz)和1.20(1.5H,J=6.8Hz),1.22(12H,s),1.04(1H,m)和0.67(2H,m)。
步骤8:合成(3R,4S)-3-氨基-1-((S)-2-((叔丁氧基羰基)氨基)丙酰基)-4-(3-(4,4,5,5-四甲基-1,3,2-二氧杂硼杂环戊烷-2-基)丙基)吡咯烷-3-甲酸(9)。
将(3R,4S)-3-苄基-3-叠氮基-1-((S)-2-((叔丁氧基羰基)氨基)丙酰基)-4-(3-(4,4,5,5-四甲基-1,3,2-二氧杂硼杂环戊烷-2-基)丙基)吡咯烷-3-甲酸酯(8,9.48g,16.2mmol)溶于乙酸乙酯和乙醇的1∶1混合物(120mL)中。添加10%钯/炭(500mg)且溶液真空脱气且用氢(氢气囊)吹洗。该吹洗过程重复3x,然后将反应在氢气氛搅拌5小时。将反应放回真空中以去除残余的氢,然后通过硅藻土垫过滤,使用4x30mL乙醇洗涤。将溶液在真空浓缩至~20mL,然后通过4μ注射器滤器过滤以去除痕量的钯。将溶液在真空浓缩至干且使用而不用进一步纯化。LC-MS:ESI+(0.1%HCOOH在IPA/水中):C22H40BN3O7的m/z:预测值469.3,观察值492.3(M+Na)+,470.3(M+H)+,414.2(M+H-iBu)+,370.3(M+H-Boc)+,ESI-:468.0(M-H)-。
步骤9:合成(3R,4S)-3-氨基-1-((S)-2-氨基丙酰基)-4-(3-二羟硼基丙基)吡咯烷-3-甲酸,二盐酸盐(10)。
在50℃将(3R,4S)-3-氨基-1-((S)-2-((叔丁氧基羰基)氨基)丙酰基)-4-(3-(4,4,5,5-四甲基-1,3,2-二氧杂硼杂环戊烷-2-基)丙基)吡咯烷-3-甲酸(来自之前步骤)在4N盐酸(50mL)中的悬浮液搅拌16小时,然后冷却至室温。该反应用另外50mL水稀释,然后用二氯甲烷洗涤5x。水相在减压下浓缩至干,保持水浴位于或低于50℃。所得油状物溶于水(30mL)且浓缩。该过程用另外30mL等分的水重复2x,然后真空干燥以得到淡黄色泡沫。
Dowex 550A-UPW氢氧化物树脂(75g)用水、甲醇(2x)和水洗涤,然后抽吸干燥。将水解反应的泡沫残余物溶于水(100mL)且用洗涤的Dowex树脂(75g)处理,且搅拌60分钟,直到水溶液样品用茚三酮染色不再测试为阳性。过滤混合物,树脂依次用水、甲醇、二氯甲烷、甲醇、二氯甲烷、甲醇、最后用水洗涤并短暂抽吸干燥。
然后将树脂与2N盐酸(50mL)一起搅拌15分钟,将该水溶液倒入多孔玻璃漏斗/过滤瓶并保存。用2N盐酸(3×50mL)重复该过程三次,过滤最后一次树脂搅拌物并用水(20mL)冲洗。将合并的含水滤液真空浓缩,并将剩余的泡沫溶于水(20mL)中三次并浓缩,以除去残留的HCl。
然后将灰白色泡沫状固体溶于30mL水中,在-78℃下冷冻并冻干至干(36小时),得到产物,(3R,4S)-3-氨基-1-((S)-2-氨基丙酰基)-4-(3-二羟硼基丙基)吡咯烷-3-甲酸,二盐酸盐(10),作为其二盐酸盐,为灰白色粉末(4.90g,84%经2步)。在室温得到最终化合物,为旋转异构体的3∶2混合物。1H-NMR(D2O,400MHz):δH:4.16-4.04(1.6H,m),3.95(0.4H,m),3.85(0.6H,m),3.68(0.4H,m),3.47-3.35(1.6H,m),3.18(0.4H,m),2.58(0.6H,m)和2.47(0.4H,m),1.52(1H,m),1.38(1.2H,d,J=7.3Hz)和1.34(1.8H,d,J=7.0Hz),1.32-1.09(3H,m)和0.64(2H,m)。LC-MS:ESI+(0.1%HCOOH在IPA/水中):C11H22BN3O5的m/z:预测值287.2,观察值288.2(M+H)+,270.2(M+H-H2O)+,252.2(M+H-2H2O)+,ESI-:268.2(M-H-H2O)-。
合成(3R,4S)-3-氨基-1-((S)-2-氨基丙酰基)-4-(3-二羟硼基丙基)吡咯烷-3-甲酸(13)
步骤1:合成(3R,4S)-1-((S)-2-氨基丙酰基)-3-叠氮基-4-(3-(4,4,5,5-四甲基-1,3,2-二氧杂硼杂环戊烷-2-基)丙基)吡咯烷-3-甲酸苄基酯,TFA盐(11)。
将(3R,4S)-3-叠氮基-1-((S)-2-((叔丁氧基羰基)氨基)丙酰基)-4-(3-(4,4,5,5-四甲基-1,3,2-二氧杂硼杂环戊烷-2-基)丙基)吡咯烷-3-甲酸苄基酯(30.04g,51.31mmol)在无水二氯甲烷(250mL)中的溶液冷却至0℃,然后经10分钟滴加TFA(50mL)在二氯甲烷(50mL)中的溶液。将溶液温热至室温,然后在该温度搅拌3小时,直到TLC显示起始材料完全消耗。将反应混合物真空浓缩以得到淡黄色油状物。将该油状物溶于甲苯(100mL)且浓缩。共沸过程重复三次,得到产物(11),为TFA盐,(30.85g),其为淡黄色油状物。1H-NMR(400MHz,D4-MeOH)δ:7.39(4H,m),7.15(1H,m),5.29(2H,dd,J=14,12Hz),4.25-3.20(5H,m),2.51(1H,m),1.50-1.25(6H,包括1.47(1.5H,d,J=7.0Hz)和1.31(1.5H,d,J=6.9Hz(丙氨酸旋转异构体))),1.20(12H,s)),1.07(1H,m)和0.65(2H,m)。LCMS(ESI+ve):C24H36BN5O5m/z计算值485.3,实测值486.2(MH+)。
步骤2:合成(3-((3S,4R)-1-((S)-2-氨基丙酰基)-4-叠氮基-4-((苄基氧基)羰基)吡咯烷-3-基)丙基)硼酸,盐酸盐。
将(3R,4S)-1-((S)-2-氨基丙酰基)-3-叠氮基-4-(3-(4,4,5,5-四甲基-1,3,2-二氧杂硼杂环戊烷-2-基)丙基)吡咯烷-3-甲酸苄基酯(30.76g,51.31mmol)的TFA盐溶于甲醇(200mL)和己烷(400mL)的两相混合物。添加异丁基硼酸(18.31g,179.6mmol),然后添加2N盐酸(50.85mL,101.7mmol)。将反应混合物在室温剧烈搅拌16小时。分离甲醇相且用己烷(5x100mL)洗涤,然后真空浓缩以得到硼酸,其为盐酸盐,为灰白色泡沫。1H-NMR(400MHz,D2O)δ:7.48-7.42(5H,m),5.31(2H,m),4.22(1H,dd,J=13,6.5Hz),3.95-3.10(4H,m),2.71-2.51(1H,m),1.40-1.25(3H,m),1.25-0.98(4H,m包括1.20(1.5H,d,J=6.9Hz)和1.07(1.5H,d,J=6.9Hz(丙氨酸旋转异构体)))和0.69(2H,m)。LCMS(ESI+ve):C18H26BN5O5m/z计算值403.2,实测值404.2(MH+)。
步骤3:合成(3-((3S,4R)-1-((S)-2-氨基丙酰基)-4-叠氮基-4-((苄基氧基)羰基)吡咯烷-3-基)丙基)硼酸(12)。
将源自之前步骤的(3-((3S,4R)-1-((S)-2-氨基丙酰基)-4-叠氮基-4-((苄基氧基)羰基)吡咯烷-3-基)丙基)硼酸的盐酸盐溶于30mL水,然后溶液的pH通过小心添加固体碳酸钾调节至pH 9。所得溶液通过添加固体氯化钠饱和,然后用二氯甲烷(5x100mL)萃取。合并的二氯甲烷相用硫酸镁干燥,过滤且真空浓缩以得到产物(12),为其游离碱,为白色泡沫状固体(19.4g,48.11mmol,94%)。1H-NMR(400MHz,D4-MeOH)δ:7.44-7.36(5H,m),5.31(1H,d,J=1.8Hz),5.27(1H,d,J=1.8Hz)4.05(1H,dd,J=12,5Hz),3.80(1H,m),3.69-3.55(2H,m),3.45-3.30(1H,m),2.51(1H,m),1.40-1.05(7H,m,包括1.22(1.5H,d,J=6.8Hz)和1.07(1.5H,d,J=6.8Hz(丙氨酸旋转异构体)))和0.63(2H,m)。LCMS(ESI+ve):C18H26BN5O5m/z计算值403.2,实测值404.7(MH+)。
步骤4:合成(3R,4S)-3-氨基-1-((S)-2-氨基丙酰基)-4-(3-二羟硼基丙基)吡咯烷-3-甲酸酯(13)。
将叠氮基苄基酯,(3-((3S,4R)-1-((S)-2-氨基丙酰基)-4-叠氮基-4-((苄基氧基)羰基)吡咯烷-3-基)丙基)硼酸(9.70g,24.06mmol)悬浮于水(300mL)和乙酸乙酯(30mL)的混合物且搅拌剧烈。添加10%钯/炭(2.6g,0.1eq),然后该搅拌的混合物在弱真空下抽真空,且用氢气吹洗。该抽真空/吹洗过程重复3x以去除空气且用氢气交换,然后将反应在室温在氢气囊下剧烈搅拌过夜,此时,过滤的等分试样的LCMS分析显示叠氮化物和苄基酯基团的完全还原。反应混合物置于真空以去除氢,然后用氮气吹洗,通过硅藻土垫过滤(使用3次水洗涤),然后将溶液真空浓缩至约50mL。所得水溶液通过4微米滤器过滤(以去除痕量Pd),然后真空浓缩以得到标题化合物(13),其为白色粉末(6.45g,93%)。1H-NMR(400MHz,D2O)δ:4.12(1H,m),4.05(1H,m),3.92(1H,m),3.60-3.22(2H,m),2.47-2.18(1H,m),1.58-1.31(6H,m包括1.46(3H,d,J=6.9Hz)),1.24-1.19(1H,m)和0.79(2H,m)。LCMS(ESI+ve):C11H20BN3O5m/z计算值287.2,实测值269.9(MH+-H2O),251.9(MH+-2H2O)和(ESI-ve):C11H20BN3O5m/z计算值287.2,实测值267.7(M-H-H2O)。
(3R,4S)-3-氨基-1-((S)-2-氨基-3-甲基丁酰基)-4-(3-二羟硼基丙基)吡咯烷-3-甲酸,二盐酸盐(14)。
(3R,4S)-3-氨基-1-((S)-2-氨基-3-甲基丁酰基)-4-(3-二羟硼基丙基)吡咯烷-3-甲酸,二盐酸盐以类似于化合物10的制备过程中所述的方式制备,除了(叔丁氧基羰基)-L-缬氨酸用作与7的反应中的羧酸。在室温得到最终化合物,为旋转异构体的混合物。1H-NMR(D2O,400MHz):δH:4.10(1H,m),3.96-3.87(2H,m),3.42-3.36(1H,m),3.07-2.91(1H,m),2.55(0.7H,m)和2.40(0.3H,m),2.11(1H,m),1.51(1H,m),1.34-1.10(3H,m),0.92(3H,d,J=6.9Hz),0.87(3H,d,J=6.9Hz),0.65(2H,m)。LC-MS:ESI+(0.1%HCOOH在IrA/水中):C11H26BN3O5的m/z:预测值315.2,观察值326.3(M+H+HCOOH-H2O)+,298.3(M+H-H2O)+,280.3(M+H-2H2O)+,ESI-:296.2(M-H-H2O)-。
(3R,4S)-3-氨基-1-((S)-2-氨基-3-羟基丙酰基)-4-(3-二羟硼基丙基)吡咯烷-3-甲酸,二盐酸盐(15)。
(3R,4S)-3-氨基-1-((S)-2-氨基-3-羟基丙酰基)-4-(3-二羟硼基丙基)吡咯烷-3-甲酸,二盐酸盐以类似于化合物10的制备过程中所述的方式制备,除了(S)-3-(叔丁氧基羰基)-2,2-二甲基噁唑烷-4-甲酸用作与7的反应中的羧酸。在室温分离出最终化合物,为旋转异构体的2∶1混合物。1H-NMR(D2O,400MHz):δH:4.21(1H,m),4.11(1H,d,J=13.0Hz),3.93(1H,dd,J=11.5,8.6Hz),3.86-3.74(2H,m),3.47(1H,m),3.04-2.96(1H,m),2.56(0.7H,m)和2.44(0.3H,m),1.51(1H,m),1.29-1.12(3H,m),0.64(2H,m)。LC-MS:ESI+(0.1%HCOOH在IPA/水中):C11H22BN3O6的m/z:预测值303.16,观察值314.2(M+H+HCOOH-H2O)+,286.2(M+H-H2O)+,268.2(M+H-2H2O)+,ESI-:284.1(M-H-H2O)-。
反-3-氨基-1-((S)-2-氨基-3-(1H-咪唑-4-基)丙酰基)-4-(3-二羟硼基丙基)吡咯烷-3-甲酸,三盐酸盐(16)。
将反-3-氨基-1-((S)-2-氨基-3-(1H-咪唑-4-基)丙酰基)-4-(3-二羟硼基丙基)吡咯烷-3-甲酸,三盐酸盐以类似于化合物10的制备过程中所述的方式制备,除了(叔丁氧基羰基)-L-组氨酸用作羧酸,且外消旋体5代替5a使用。1H-NMR(D2O,400MHz):δH:8.57(1H,d,J=9.0Hz),7.33(1H,d,J=16.9Hz),4.20-3.70(3H,m),3.51(1H,m),3.37-3.24(3H,m),2.58(1H,m),1.50(1H,m),1.39-1.11(3H,m)和0.68(2H,m)。LC-MS:ESI+(0.1%HCOOH在IPA/水中):C14H24BN5O5的m/z:预测值353.18,观察值354.41(M+H)+,336.44(M+H-H20)+,318.49(M+H-2H2O)+.
(3R,4S)-3-氨基-4-(3-二羟硼基丙基)-1-甘氨酰基吡咯烷-3-甲酸(17)。
(3R,4S)-3-氨基-4-(3-二羟硼基丙基)-1-甘氨酰基吡咯烷-3-甲酸以类似于化合物13的制备过程中所述的方式制备,除了(叔丁氧基羰基)甘氨酸用作与7的反应中的羧酸。在室温分离出最终化合物,为旋转异构体的3∶2混合物。1H-NMR(D2O,400MHz):δH:4.08-3.83(2H,m),3.91(2H,d,J=4.6Hz),3.63-3.53(1H,m),3.40-3.22(1H,m),2.57-2.37(1H,m),1.61(1H,m),1.50-1.35(2H,m),1.25(1H,m)和0.78(2H,m)。LC-MS:ESI+(0.1%HCOOH在IPA/水中):C10H20BN3O5的m/z:预测值273.15,观察值256.2(M+H-H2O)+,238.2(M+H-2H2O)+;ESI-:254.2(M-H-H2O)-。
(3R,4S)-3-氨基-1-(2-氨基-2-甲基丙酰基)-4-(3-二羟硼基丙基)吡咯烷-3-甲酸(18)。
(3R,4S)-3-氨基-1-(2-氨基-2-甲基丙酰基)-4-(3-二羟硼基丙基)吡咯烷-3-甲酸以类似于化合物13的制备过程中所述的方式制备,除了2-((叔丁氧基羰基)氨基)-2-甲基丙酸用作与7的反应中的羧酸。在室温分离出最终化合物,为旋转异构体的2∶1混合物。1H-NMR(D2O,400MHz):δH:4.38-3.88(2H,m),3.72-3.63(1H,m),3.40-3.08(1H,m),2.75-2.52(1H,m),1.71 and 1.69(4H,s和2H,s,CMe22∶1旋转异构体),1.64(1H,m),1.55-1.41(2H,m),1.31(1H,m)和0.81(2H,m)。LC-MS:ESI+(0.1%HCOOH在IPA/水中):C12H24BN3O5的m/z:预测值301.18,观察值284.0(M+H-H2O)+,266.0(M+H-2H2O)+,ESI-:281.8(M-H-H2O)-。
(3R,4S)-3-氨基-1-((S)-2-氨基丁酰基)-4-(3-二羟硼基丙基)吡咯烷-3-甲酸(19)。
(3R,4S)-3-氨基-1-((S)-2-氨基丁酰基)-4-(3-二羟硼基丙基)吡咯烷-3-甲酸以类似于化合物13的制备过程中所述的方式制备,除了(S)-2-((叔丁氧基羰基)氨基)丁酸用作与7的反应中的羧酸。在室温分离出最终化合物,为旋转异构体的2∶1混合物。1H-NMR(D2O,400MHz):δH:4.07-3.87(3H,m),3.62-3.27(2H,m),2.45-2.17(1H,m),1.80(2H,m),1.58(1H,m),1.50-1.33(2H,m),1.21(1H,m),0.99(3H,m)和0.79(2H,m)。LC-MS:ESI+(0.1%HCOOH在IPA/水中):C12H24BN3O5的m/z:预测值301.18,观察值284.2(M+H-H2O)+;ESl-:282.4(M-H-H2O)-。
(3R,4S)-3-氨基-1-((S)-2-氨基-3,3-二甲基丁酰基)-4-(3-二羟硼基丙基)吡咯烷-3-甲酸(20)。
(3R,4S)-3-氨基-1-((S)-2-氨基-3,3-二甲基丁酰基)-4-(3-二羟硼基丙基)吡咯烷-3-甲酸以类似于化合物13的制备过程中所述的方式制备,除了(S)-2-((叔丁氧基羰基)氨基)-3,3-二甲基丁酸用作与7的反应中的羧酸。在室温分离出最终化合物,为旋转异构体的2∶1混合物。1H-NMR(D2O,400MHz):δH4.21-3.92(2H,m),3.81[(0.67H,s)和3.71(0.33H,s)2∶1旋转异构体CHN],3.66-3.33(2H,m),2.47-2.17(1H,m),1.59(1H,m),1.51-1.35(2H,m),1.23(1H,m),1.06和1.04[(6H,s)和(3H,s)tBu 2∶1旋转异构体)和0.81(2H,m)。LC-MS:ESI+(0.1%HCOOH在IPA/水中):C14H28BN3O5的m/z:预测值329.21,观察值312.4(M+H-H2O)+,294.4(M+H-2H2O)+,ESI-:310.4(M-H-H2O)-。
(3R,4S)-3-氨基-1-(1-氨基环丙烷-1-羰基)-4-(3-二羟硼基丙基)吡咯烷-3-甲酸(21)。
(3R,4S)-3-氨基-1-(1-氨基环丙烷-1-羰基)-4-(3-二羟硼基丙基)吡咯烷-3-甲酸以类似于化合物13的制备过程中所述的方式制备,除了(S)-2-((叔丁氧基羰基)氨基)-2-环丙基乙酸用作与7的反应中的羧酸。在室温分离出最终化合物,为旋转异构体的3∶2混合物。1H-NMR(D2O,400MHz):δH:4.37-3.99(2H,m),3.85-3.30(2H,m),2.54-2.38(1H,m),1.61(1H,m),1.47-1.33(2H,m),1.24(1H,m),1.09(1H,m)0.97(1H,m),0.89(2H,m)和0.81(2H,m)。LC-MS:ESI+(0.1%HCOOH在IPA/水中):C12H22BN3O5的m/z:预测值299.17,观察值282.1(M+H-H2O)+,264.1(M+H-2H2O)+,ESI-:280.2(M-H-H2O)-。
实施例2:口服生物利用度研究
在水中以2.5和5mg/mL制备化合物给药溶液。在给药之前将来自Charles RiverLaboratories(Hollister,California)的雌性C57BL/6小鼠(16-20g)饲养在笼中至少3天。整个研究期间随意提供PicoLab 5053辐照的啮齿动物饮食。通过口服强饲以25或50mg/kg(10mL/kg)将化合物一次给予至适当的动物。收集血液样品(每个时间点3只动物),该收集对于25mg/kg研究在给药后30分钟和1、2、4、8小时,对于50mg/kg研究在1小时进行。将血样保持在湿的冰上,然后在冷冻离心机中离心10分钟。分离产生的血浆,转移到标记的聚丙烯管中并冷冻储存在冷冻机中,保持在-70℃以下直到分析。
通过LC-MS系统分析血浆样品。将50μL血浆样品与100μL含有100ng/mL内标的0.1%TFA的乙腈/水(80∶20)混合。涡旋混合物并离心。将30μL上清液转移至96孔板中,该96孔板含有90μL的具有0.1%甲酸的水。将20μL所得溶液注入装备有电喷雾电离源的SCIEXQTRAP4000LC/MS/MS中进行定量。
使用Phoenix WinNonLin 6.3软件(Pharsight,Mountain View,CA)通过非房室分析浓度-时间数据计算口服PK参数。浓度时间曲线下的面积(AUC)使用线性递增和对数递减梯形法估算,从给药时间到最后可测量的浓度计算。
示例性化合物的AUC示于以下:
相比于脯氨酸、三氟甲基苯丙氨酸和N-甲基苯丙氨酸-衍生的化合物,丙氨酸、缬氨酸和丝氨酸衍生物的口服暴露量更有利。
实施例3:药代动力学研究
在小鼠中在单个时间点(1小时)施用单剂量(50mg/kg)后研究了本发明化合物的药代动力学。如实施例2所述测定血浆浓度。示例性化合物的结果如下所示:
实施例4:化合物10的单药剂抗肿瘤活性
Lewis肺癌功效研究
将雌性C57.Bl/6小鼠(n=40)皮下植入悬浮于PBS中的1x106Lewis肺癌细胞。植入后第二天,将小鼠随机分为4组,每组n=10只小鼠,以接受以下治疗,口服给药每天两次,直至研究结束:1)媒介物(水);2)在水中配制的50mg/kg的化合物10;3)在水中配制的100mg/kg的化合物10;或4)在水中配制的200mg/kg的化合物10。使用数显卡尺每周测量肿瘤三次,使用下式计算肿瘤体积(mm3)=(a x b2/2),其中‘b’是最小直径,‘a’是最大垂直直径。***P-值<0.001,****P-值<0.0001(双侧T检验)。结果显示在图1。
Madison109功效研究
雌性balb/c小鼠(n=20)皮下植入悬浮于PBS中的5x104Madison 109鼠肺癌细胞。植入后第二天,将小鼠随机分为两组,每组n=10只小鼠,以接受以下治疗,口服给药每天两次,直至研究结束:1)媒介物(水);或2)以100mg/kg配制于水中的化合物10。使用数显卡尺每周测量肿瘤三次,且使用下式计算肿瘤体积:肿瘤体积(mm3)=(a x b2/2),其中‘b’是最小直径,‘a’是最大垂直直径。*P-值<0.05(双侧T检验)。结果显示在图2。
B16功效研究
雌性C57.Bl/6小鼠(n=20)皮下植入悬浮于PBS中的2x106B16F10鼠黑素瘤细胞。植入后第二天,将小鼠随机分为两组,每组n=10只小鼠,以接受以下治疗,口服给药每天两次,直至研究结束:1)媒介物(水);或2)以100mg/kg配制于水中的化合物10。使用数显卡尺每周测量肿瘤三次,且使用下式计算肿瘤体积:肿瘤体积(mm3)=(a x b2/2),其中‘b’是最小直径,‘a’是最大垂直直径。***P-值<0.001(双侧T检验)。结果示于图3。
实施例5:4T1组合治疗研究
雌性balb/c小鼠(n=40)用悬浮于PBS中的1x1054T1鼠乳腺癌细胞植入乳房脂肪垫中。植入后第二天,将小鼠随机分为4组,每组n=10只小鼠接受以下处理:1)每天两次口服媒介物(水)至研究结束;2)在水中配制的100mg/kg的化合物10,每天口服两次,直至研究结束;3)在植入后第3、6和9天以5mg/kg给药IP的抗PD-1(克隆RMPI-14)和在给药后第2、5和8天以5mg/kg给药IP的抗CTLA-4(克隆9H10)的组合;或4)化合物10加抗PD-1加抗CTLA-4以它们各自给药方案的三重组合。使用数显卡尺每周测量肿瘤三次,且使用下式计算肿瘤体积:肿瘤体积(mm3)=(a x b2/2),其中‘b’是最小直径,‘a’是最大垂直直径。***P-值<0.001(双侧T检验)。在第25天,将小鼠处死,并用印度油墨(25%,在PBS中)灌注肺,然后收集并固定在比例为10∶1∶0.5的100%乙醇:10%中性缓冲福尔马林:乙酸混合物中。以不知情的方式手动计数肺转移物的数目。结果显示在图4。
通过引用结合
本文提及的所有的出版物和专利通过引用以其全文结合到本文中,如同各个出版物和专利特别地和单独地指明通过引用结合到本文中一样。在有冲突的情况下,以本申请,包括本文的任何定义为准。
等同物
虽然已经讨论了本发明的特定实施方案,上述说明书仅仅举例说明而不是限制性的。本发明的许多变化在本领域技术人员审阅本说明书和所附权利要求书后,将变得显而易见。本发明的全部范围应通过参考权利要求书,连同它们的等同物的全部范围,以及说明书,连同此类变化来确定。
Claims (10)
1.具有式(I)结构的化合物:
或其药学上可接受的盐或前药;
其中:
Ra为H或选自任选取代的以下基团:烷基、烯基、炔基、环烷基、杂环烷基、(环烷基)烷基、(杂环烷基)烷基、芳基、杂芳基、芳烷基和杂芳烷基;
Rb为H或选自任选取代的以下基团:烷基、烯基、炔基、酰基、-C(O)O(烷基)和-C(O)O(芳基);
各个Rc独立地选自H或烷基,或两个Rc与介于其间的-O-B-O-原子一起形成任选取代的含硼的环;
X为O或S;
R1和R2各自独立地选自H和任选取代的以下基团:烷基、烯基、炔基、环烷基、(环烷基)烷基、杂环烷基、(杂环烷基)烷基、芳基、杂芳基、芳烷基和杂芳烷基;
R1和R2与介于其间的原子一起形成任选取代的5-至7-元环;且
R3为H或任选取代的烷基;
或R1和R3与介于其间的原子一起形成任选取代的5-至7-元环;
其中所述化合物不为:
10.权利要求1-3任一项的化合物,其中R2为H。
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