CN113166919B - 切削工具用硬质涂层 - Google Patents

切削工具用硬质涂层 Download PDF

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CN113166919B
CN113166919B CN201980077805.7A CN201980077805A CN113166919B CN 113166919 B CN113166919 B CN 113166919B CN 201980077805 A CN201980077805 A CN 201980077805A CN 113166919 B CN113166919 B CN 113166919B
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朴帝勋
权晋汉
安承洙
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Korloy Inc
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Abstract

本发明提供了一种切削工具用硬质涂层,其通过PVD方法形成在硬质基材上并与硬质基材相邻,其特征在于,整个硬质涂层的厚度为0.5μm至10μm,并且硬质涂层包括一个或多个氮化物层和一个或多个氧化物层。一个或多个氮化物层各自的厚度为0.1μm至5.0μm并且由处于立方相的AlaTibMecN(其中Me是选自Si、W、Nb、Mo、Ta、Hf、Zr和Y中的至少一种,并且0.55≤a≤0.7,0.2<b≤0.45,并且0≤c<0.1)或AlaCrbMecN(其中Me是选自Si、W、Nb、Mo、Ta、Hf、Zr和Y中的至少一种,并且0.55≤a≤0.7,0.2<b≤0.45,并且0≤c<0.1)组成,一个或多个氧化物层各自的厚度为0.1μm至3.0μm并且由处于立方相的γ‑Al2O3组成。当包括硬质基材的整个硬质涂层中组成上不连续界面的个数为n时,n满足4≤n≤9,并且氮化物层的微硬度(H1)与氧化物层的微硬度(H2)的比率满足1.03<H1/H2<1.3,并且氮化物层的弹性模量(E1)与氧化物层的弹性模量(E2)的比率满足1.1<E1/E2<1.3。各个氮化物层和各个氧化物层的抗弹性形变指数(H/E)为0.07至0.09,抗塑性形变指数(H3/E2)为0.13至0.29,整个硬质涂层的抗弹性形变指数(H/E)为0.09至0.12,整个硬质涂层的抗塑性形变指数(H3/E2)为0.29至0.32。

Description

切削工具用硬质涂层
技术领域
本发明涉及通过PVD方法形成的切削工具用硬质涂层,并且涉及具有优异的结合力、耐磨性和耐崩裂性的涂层。
背景技术
为了开发高硬度切削工具材料,自1980年代后期以来已经提出了各种TiN基多层膜体系。
例如,当通过以交替的方式重复堆叠TiN或VN至几纳米的厚度而形成多层膜来进行涂覆以形成具有一个晶格常数的所谓的超晶格,从而使得尽管单个单一层之间的晶格常数不同,但在膜之间形成共格界面时,该多层膜可以具有至少为各个单一膜的典型硬度的两倍的高硬度。因此,已经进行了各种尝试来将上述现象应用于切割工具用薄膜。
近来,已经使用了具有各种多层结构的切削工具用硬质涂层,其通过以交替的方式重复堆叠各种组成的氮化物如AlTiN、TiAlN、AlTiMeN(其中,Me是金属元素),实现了比单一膜更加改善的物理性能。
此外,如在欧洲公开专利公报第1029105号中所述,还试图通过复合堆叠Al2O3和诸如TiAlN等氮化物膜来利用氮化物和氧化物各自的优点。
然而,包括通过PVD法形成的TiAlN基氮化物膜和Al2O3基氧化物膜的复合层的硬质涂层在各层之间具有低结合力,并且通过具有高硬度和弹性模量的氮化物膜与具有低硬度和弹性模量的氧化物膜的复合而获得的复合多层根据混合规则而表现出中值的硬度和弹性模量,因此不具有优异的耐磨性和耐崩裂性。因此,存在以下问题,即这种复合多层作为切削工具用硬质涂层的使用价值不高。
发明内容
技术问题
本发明的目的是提供一种切削工具用硬质涂层,其中,该硬质涂层在构成该硬质涂层的层之间具有优异的结合力,并且还具有优异的耐磨性和耐崩裂性。
技术方案
为了实现上述目的,本发明提供了一种切削工具用硬质涂层,其通过PVD方法形成在硬质基材上并与硬质基材相邻,其中整个硬质涂层的厚度为0.5μm至10μm,并且所述硬质涂层包括一个或多个氮化物层和一个或多个氧化物层。所述一个或多个氮化物层各自的厚度为0.1μm至5.0μm并且由处于立方相的AlaTibMecN(其中Me是选自Si、W、Nb、Mo、Ta、Hf、Zr和Y中的至少一种,并且0.55≤a≤0.7,0.2<b≤0.45,并且0≤c<0.1)或AlaCrbMecN(其中Me是选自Si、W、Nb、Mo、Ta、Hf、Zr和Y中的至少一种,并且0.55≤a≤0.7,0.2<b≤0.45,并且0≤c<0.1)组成,所述一个或多个氧化物层各自的厚度为0.1μm至3.0μm并且由处于立方相的γ-Al2O3组成。当包括所述硬质基材的整个硬质涂层中组成上不连续界面的个数为n时,n满足4≤n≤9,并且所述氮化物层的微硬度(H1)与所述氧化物层的微硬度(H2)的比率满足1.03<H1/H2<1.3,并且所述氮化物层的弹性模量(E1)与所述氧化物层的弹性模量(E2)的比率满足1.1<E1/E2<1.3。各个氮化物层和各个氧化物层的抗弹性形变指数(H/E)为0.07至0.09,抗塑性形变指数(H3/E2)为0.13至0.29,所述整个硬质涂层的抗弹性形变指数(H/E)为0.09至0.12,所述整个硬质涂层的抗塑性形变指数(H3/E2)为0.29至0.32。
有利效果
通过控制构成具有复合多层结构的硬质涂层的氮化物层和氧化物层各自的组成、工艺条件和堆叠层的数目等,即使在氮化物和氧化物重复堆叠的结构中,本发明的硬质涂层不仅在层之间具有优异的结合力,而且在其整体上具有优异的耐磨性和耐崩裂性。因此,当将硬质涂层施加到切削工具上时,可以提高切削工具的切削性能和寿命。
附图说明
图1示意性地示出了本发明的一个实施方式的硬质涂层的结构。
具体实施方式
在下文中,将参照附图描述本发明的实施方式的构造和作用。在本发明的以下描述中,当确定相关已知功能或构造的详细描述可能不必要地使本发明的要旨模糊时,将省略该详细描述。此外,当一部分被称为“包括”任何组分时,这意味着该部分可以进一步包括其他组分而不是排除其他组分,除非另有说明。
如上所述,在由氮化物膜和氧化物膜的复合层制成的硬质涂层中,由于各层的组成不同,各层之间的物理性能如硬度和弹性模量存在显著差异,使得在确保切削过程中所需的薄膜之间的结合力方面存在限制。为了解决上述问题,本发明人已经研究并发现薄膜之间的抗弹性形变指数(H/E)和抗塑性形变指数(H3/E2)影响薄膜之间的结合力,并且当各个薄膜具有预定范围的硬度和弹性模量时,整个硬质涂层的结合力、耐磨性和耐崩裂性得到改善,并完成了本发明。
本发明的硬质涂层通过PVD方法形成在硬质基材上,其中整个硬质涂层的厚度为0.5μm至10μm,并且所述硬质涂层包括一个或多个氮化物层和一个或多个氧化物层。所述一个或多个氮化物层各自的厚度为0.1μm至5.0μm并且由处于立方相的AlaTibMecN(其中Me是选自Si、W、Nb、Mo、Ta、Hf、Zr和Y中的至少一种,并且0.55≤a≤0.7,0.2<b≤0.45,并且0≤c<0.1)或AlaCrbMecN(其中Me是选自Si、W、Nb、Mo、Ta、Hf、Zr和Y中的至少一种,并且0.55≤a≤0.7,0.2<b≤0.45,并且0≤c<0.1)组成,所述一个或多个氧化物层各自的厚度为0.1μm至3.0μm并且由处于立方相的γ-Al2O3组成。当包括所述硬质基材的整个硬质涂层中组成上不连续界面的个数为n时,n满足4≤n≤9,并且所述氮化物层的微硬度(H1)与所述氧化物层的微硬度(H2)的比率满足1.03<H1/H2<1.3,并且所述氮化物层的弹性模量(E1)与所述氧化物层的弹性模量(E2)的比率满足1.1<E1/E2<1.3。各个氮化物层和各个氧化物层的抗弹性形变指数(H/E)为0.07至0.09,抗塑性形变指数(H3/E2)为0.13至0.29,所述整个硬质涂层的抗弹性形变指数(H/E)为0.09至0.12,所述整个硬质涂层的抗塑性形变指数(H3/E2)为0.29至0.32。
在本发明中,“抗弹性形变指数(H/E)”是指硬度(H)值与弹性模量(E)值的比率,且“抗塑性形变指数(H3/E2)”是指硬度(H)值的立方与弹性模量(E)值的平方的比率。
当整个硬质涂层的厚度小于0.5μm时,难以表现出薄膜自身的固有性质,并且当厚度大于10μm时,当考虑到由于PVD方法导致的薄膜制造特性所致的累积在薄膜中的压缩应力与薄膜的厚度和时间成比例时,剥离的风险增加。因此,优选的是,整个硬质涂层的厚度为0.5至10μm,更优选2至8μm。
当一个或多个氮化物层各自的厚度小于0.1μm时,难以表现出由薄膜固有地保持的耐磨性,并且当厚度大于5μm时,由于压缩应力的增加导致的硬度和弹性模量的增加,与氧化物层的结合力显著降低。因此,氮化物层的厚度优选为0.1至5μm。
在一个或多个氮化物层的组成中,当Al的含量小于0.55时,不满足1.03<H1/H2<1.3或1.1<E1/E2<1.3,使得与氧化物层的结合力降低,或在与氧化物层形成复合多层时不满足0.09<H/E<0.12或0.29<H3/E2<0.32,使得耐磨性和耐崩裂性降低,导致作为切削工具的价值降低。另外,当Al的含量大于0.7时,由于形成具有六方B4结构的相,脆性增加,使得耐磨性降低,并且工具的寿命可能缩短。因此,优选的是,Al的含量为0.55至0.7。
当一个或多个氧化物层各自的厚度小于0.1μm时,难以表现出由薄膜固有地保持的抗氧化性;并且当厚度大于3μm时,涂覆炉中的整个设备受到氧化(中毒)并变得绝缘,使得不再可能沉积氧化物层。因此,氧化物层的厚度优选为0.1至3μm。
此外,为了获得硬质涂层的硬度、抗弹性形变指数和抗塑性形变指数,氧化物层优选由处于立方相的γ-Al2O3制成。
当包括硬质基材的整个硬质涂层中组成上不连续界面的个数为n时,并且当n小于4时,由氮化物层和氧化物层制成的复合多层的抗弹性形变指数和抗塑性形变指数较低(约为氮化物层的高硬度/弹性模量和氧化物层的低硬度/弹性模量的中值),使得切削工具的耐磨性和耐崩裂性降低。当n大于9时,抗弹性形变指数可能增加,但是抗塑性形变指数降低,使得切削工具的耐崩裂性降低。因此,优选的是,n满足4≤n≤9。
在硬质涂层中,当氮化物层的微硬度(H1)与氧化物层的微硬度(H2)的比率(H1/H2)小于1.03时,氮化物层与氧化物层之间的结合力良好,但是切削工具的耐磨性由于氮化物层的低硬度(基于氧化物层的硬度)而降低。当该比率大于1.3时,氮化物层与氧化物层之间的结合力大大降低,使得在切削工具的加工过程中各层容易被撕裂,导致工具性能大大降低。因此,优选的是,该比率为1.03至1.3。
在硬质涂层中,当氮化物层的弹性模量(E1)与氧化物层的弹性模量(E2)的比率(E1/E2)小于1.1时,氮化物层与氧化物层之间的结合力良好,但是切削工具的耐磨性由于氮化物层的低弹性模量(基于氧化物层的弹性模量)而降低。当该比率大于1.3时,氮化物层与氧化物层之间的结合力大大降低,使得在切削工具的加工过程中各层容易被撕裂,导致工具性能大大降低。因此,优选的是,该比率为1.1至1.3。
在硬质涂层中,当氮化物层和氧化物层各自的抗弹性形变指数(H/E)小于0.07时,弹性模量(E)与硬度(H)相比太高,使得与氧化物层的结合力显著降低。当H/E大于0.09时,不满足本发明中限定的硬度比和弹性模量比,使得层间结合力显著降低。因此,优选的是,H/E为0.07至0.09。
在硬质涂层中,当氮化物层和氧化物层各自的抗塑性形变指数(H3/E2)小于0.13时,弹性模量(E)与硬度(H)相比太高,使得与氧化物层的结合力显著降低。当H3/E2大于0.29时,不满足本发明中限定的硬度比和弹性模量比,使得层间结合力显著降低。因此,优选的是,H3/E2为0.13至0.29。
为了提高结合力,将构成整个硬质涂层的各层的氮化物层和氧化物层各自的抗弹性形变指数(H/E)控制为0.07至0.09,并将其抗塑性形变指数(H3/E2)控制为0.13至0.29。然而,当如本发明所述形成氮化物层和氧化物层的复合多层时,整个硬质涂层超过各层的值,从而最终显著改善耐磨性和耐崩裂性。然而,当整个硬质涂层的抗弹性形变指数超过0.12,或整个硬质涂层的抗塑性形变指数超过0.32时,弹性模量与硬度相比太低,或硬度与弹性模量相比太高,因此在切削过程中经常发生薄膜的异常快速磨损和崩裂或过早断裂,从而导致切削工具的价值降低。
在硬质涂层中,构成氮化物层和氧化物层的晶粒的平均尺寸优选小于200nm。
在硬质涂层中,优选的是,氮化物层和氧化物层通过交替和重复地堆叠而形成。
在硬质涂层中,最接近基材的氧化物层的厚度可以大于其余氧化物层的厚度之和。
硬质基材可以是含有硬质合金、金属陶瓷、高速钢、cBN或金刚石的烧结体。
实施例
在本发明的实施例中,通过使用反应性脉冲磁控溅射(其为物理气相沉积(PVD)方法)将40kHz以上的双极电源施加至由含有硬质合金、金属陶瓷、高速钢、cBN或金刚石的烧结体制成的硬质基材的表面,并且对其施加450℃至600℃的工艺温度以形成具有如图1所示结构的多层膜。
在本发明实施方式的多层膜中,在与硬质基材接触的最下层上形成氮化物层,并且依次交替和重复地形成氧化物和氮化物。优选的是,形成的薄膜总数为4至9。
具体地,使用电弧靶AlTi或AlCr和溅射靶Al作为用于涂覆的靶,初始真空压力降低至8.5×10-5Torr以下,并且注入N2和O2作为反应气体。此外,用于涂覆的气体压力保持在50mTorr以下,优选在40mTorr以下,并且涂覆温度为400℃至600℃。涂覆时施加的衬底偏压对于涂覆氮化物膜为-20V至-100V,对于涂覆氧化物膜为-100V至-150V。上述涂覆条件可以根据设备特性和条件而变化。
构成复合多层的各个单层的组成、硬度、弹性模量、抗弹性形变指数和抗塑性形变指数如下表1至4所示。
表1
在表1中,H1/H2和E1/E2基于单层1-1的值和表4的单层2的值。
表2
在表2中,H1/H2和E1/E2基于单层1-2的值和表4的单层2的值。
表3
在表3中,H1/H2和E1/E2基于单层1-3的值和表4的单层2的值。
表4
通过将具有上述组成和物理性能的各个单层以如下表5至8中所示的组合交替和重复地堆叠在硬质基材的表面上的结构,制备总共19个样品。
表5
表6
表7
表8
如表5所示,在样品11至22的情况下,通过将单层1-1的氮化物和单层2的氧化物堆叠成具有如图1所示的结构来形成复合多层,其中最接近硬质基材的第一氧化物层的厚度大于其余氧化物层的厚度之和。
如表6所示,在样品23至24的情况下,通过将单层1-2的氮化物和单层2的氧化物堆叠成具有如图1所示的结构来形成复合多层,其中最接近硬质基材的第一氧化物层的厚度大于其余氧化物层的厚度之和。
如表7所示,在样品25至26的情况下,通过将单层1-3的氮化物和单层2的氧化物堆叠成具有如图1所示的结构来形成复合多层,其中最接近硬质基材的第一氧化物层的厚度大于其余氧化物层的厚度之和。
如表8所示,在样品27至28的情况下,通过将单层1-1的氮化物和单层2的氧化物堆叠成具有如图1所示的结构来形成复合多层,其中最接近硬质基材的第一氧化物层的厚度不大于其余氧化物层的厚度之和。
硬质涂层的物理性能的评价
在以下评价条件下,对形成为具有表5至8中所示特性的复合多层膜的耐剥离性、耐磨性和耐崩裂性进行评价。
(1)耐剥离性的评价:是否存在由于薄膜的撕裂所致的异常磨损
待切削材料:SM45C
样品型号:SNMX1206ANN-MM
切削速度:200m/min
切削进刀:0.2mm/齿
切削深度:2mm
(2)耐磨性的评价:刀具(insert)间隙表面和倾斜表面的磨损
待切削材料:SCM440
样品型号:SNMX1206ANN-MM
切削速度:250m/min
切削进刀:0.2mm/齿
切削深度:2mm
(3)耐崩裂性的评价:刀具切削刃的刀尖R部分和边界部分的崩裂
待切削材料:STS316L
样品型号:APMT1604PDSR-MM
切削速度:150m/min
切削进刀:0.2mm/齿
切削深度:10mm
在上述条件下获得的评价结果示于下表9中。
表9
如上表9中所证实,对应于实施例的样品第15、16、18、23、24和25号与比较例相比在耐剥离性、耐磨性和耐崩裂性方面是优异的。
另一方面,具有较小的抗弹性形变指数(H/E)或较小的抗塑性形变指数(H3/E2)的样品第11、12、14、20、21、22、27、28、29号的耐剥离性、耐磨性和耐崩裂性较低,并且对于样品第11至14、17、19至22和26至29号以及第一氧化物层的厚度形成为小于其余氧化物层的厚度的样品第27至29号,可以看出,在耐剥离性、耐磨性和耐崩裂性方面存在显著差异。
即,可以看出,与其中复合了氮化物层和氧化物层的典型硬质涂层相比,具有本发明的组成、硬度和堆叠结构的硬质涂层能够实现改善的耐剥离性、耐磨性和耐崩裂性。

Claims (2)

1.一种切削工具用硬质涂层,其通过PVD方法形成在硬质基材上并与硬质基材相邻,其中:
整个硬质涂层的厚度为0.5μm至10μm;
所述硬质涂层包括一个或多个氮化物层和一个或多个氧化物层;
所述一个或多个氮化物层各自的厚度为0.1μm至5.0μm并且由以下材料组成:处于立方相的AlaTibMecN,其中Me是选自Si、W、Nb、Mo、Ta、Hf、Zr和Y中的至少一种,并且0.55≤a≤0.7,0.2<b≤0.45,并且0≤c<0.1;或处于立方相的AlaCrbMecN,其中Me是选自Si、W、Nb、Mo、Ta、Hf、Zr和Y中的至少一种,并且0.55≤a≤0.7,0.2<b≤0.45,并且0≤c<0.1;
所述一个或多个氧化物层各自的厚度为0.1μm至3.0μm并且由处于立方相的γ-Al2O3组成;
当包括所述硬质基材的整个硬质涂层中组成上不连续界面的个数为n时,n满足4≤n≤9;
所述氮化物层的微硬度H1与所述氧化物层的微硬度H2的比率满足1.03<H1/H2<1.3,并且所述氮化物层的弹性模量E1与所述氧化物层的弹性模量E2的比率满足1.1<E1/E2<1.3;
各个氮化物层和各个氧化物层的抗弹性形变指数H/E为0.07至0.09,抗塑性形变指数H3/E2为0.13至0.29;
所述整个硬质涂层的抗弹性形变指数H/E为0.09至0.12;且
所述整个硬质涂层的抗塑性形变指数H3/E2为0.29至0.32,
其中,所述氮化物层和所述氧化物层以交替的方式重复形成,且将氮化物层形成为最邻近所述硬质基材;并且
其中,最接近所述基材形成的氧化物层的厚度大于其余氧化物层的厚度之和。
2.如权利要求1所述的切削工具用硬质涂层,其中,构成所述硬质涂层的各个层的平均晶粒尺寸小于200nm。
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