CN113151005B - 一株高产洛伐他汀的紫色红曲菌w-4及其应用 - Google Patents
一株高产洛伐他汀的紫色红曲菌w-4及其应用 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明公开了一株高产洛伐他汀的紫色红曲菌W‑4及其应用,属于发酵工程与生物技术领域。本发明通过常压室温等离子体(atmospheric and room temperature plasma,ARTP)技术选育出了一株能够高产洛伐他汀并且无桔霉素的紫色红曲菌W‑4。所述紫色红曲菌固态发酵制备红曲发酵剂中洛伐他汀产量可达30~35mg/g,色价可达5000~6000μ/g。将其应用于黄酒、醋、酱油、豆瓣酱、面包等发酵食品的制备中,洛伐他汀含量均处于较高水平且无桔霉素检出。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及一株高产洛伐他汀的紫色红曲菌W-4及其应用,属于发酵工程与生物技术领域。
背景技术
红曲是我国先民创造的一项伟大发明,是以大米为主要原料,经红曲菌发酵而成的一种独特的传统酿造食品。不仅富含天然红色色素,也具有药用保健价值,主要应用于酿酒行业、医药行业及食品行业等。红曲霉(Monascus),属于红曲科腐生丝状真菌,其菌株种类丰富,不同菌株代谢产生聚酮类化合物的能力也大相径庭。洛伐他汀和红曲色素是其主要代谢产物,其中洛伐他汀由于具有显著的降脂功效,广泛用于医药和功能食品中;红曲色素是一种天然功能性色素,广泛用于食品行业特别是肉制品中常被用作食品添加剂。但是红曲作为传统发酵食品,将洛伐他汀的功能性应用于黄酒、醋、酱油、腐乳等酿造产品较少,究其原因还是红曲菌固态发酵洛伐他汀产量仍有待提高,目前国内仍缺乏应用于工业发酵的优良安全菌种,发酵产洛伐他汀、红曲色素、酶等方面俱佳的红曲霉报道也较少。
近年来国内外对高产洛伐他汀红曲菌菌种的选育展开了大量研究,主要利用紫外、γ射线、超声波、基因重组技术、基因工程技术、化学诱变剂等手段。而近几年常压室温等离子体(atmospheric and room temperature plasma,ARTP)诱变因其操作简单、安全无污染且能快速使多种微生物突变等优点,逐渐应用于发酵工业生产中。目前以同时提高洛伐他汀和红曲色素产量为目的的诱变育种报道较少,通过ARTP诱变技术选育出稳定高产洛伐他汀且红曲色素含量也高的功能红曲霉菌株,对进一步发掘红曲霉菌株资源及其生产应用具有重要意义。
发明内容
为了找到应用于工业发酵的优良安全菌种,从而实现在发酵产洛伐他汀、红曲色素、酶等方面俱佳的菌株,本发明通过常压室温等离子体(atmospheric and roomtemperature plasma,ARTP)技术选育出了一株能够高产洛伐他汀并且无桔霉素的紫色红曲菌,且制备得到的食品中各类营养物质稳定性好,适用于工业化生产。
本发明提供了一种紫色红曲菌(Monascus purpureus),已于2021年3月1日保藏于中国典型培养物保藏中心,保藏编号为CCTCC NO:M 2021197。
本发明提供了含有权利要求1所述紫红色红曲菌的菌剂。
在一种实施方式中,每克菌剂中至少含有1.0×106个孢子。
本发明提供了制备所述菌剂的方法,所述方法为在灭菌后的大米中加入权利要求1所述紫色红曲菌,发酵15-20天。
在一种实施方式中,所述紫色红曲菌的添加量为每克大米干重中加入不低于1.0×106个孢子。
在一种实施方式中,发酵过程为先在28-30℃静置培养1-2天后摇散、摊平;此后每18-24h摇瓶1至2次,14-18天发酵结束,制备得到发酵剂。
在一种实施方式中,所述方法具体是:0.1%无菌吐温水洗下斜面上的紫色红曲菌孢子,将30g籼米浸泡2h后转入250mL锥形瓶,封口后于121℃,0.08MPa灭菌20min后,趁热将米粒拍散,接种106个孢子/g(大米干重)接种于冷却至室温的固态发酵培养基,补加无菌水调节含水量在40%~50%;拌匀后使培养基堆至瓶内一角,25~30℃静置培养24-48h后摇散、摊平;此后每18~24h摇瓶1至2次,直到14-18d发酵结束。
本发明提供了一种制备发酵食品的方法,所述方法是利用所述紫色红曲菌、紫色红曲菌的提取液或红曲米、或所述发酵剂发酵制备食品。
在一种实施方式中,所述发酵食品的原料包括米、面粉、黄豆。
本发明提供了所述紫色红曲菌或所述菌剂在发酵食品制备中的应用。
在一种实施方式中,所述发酵食品包括酒类、面包、酱油、豆瓣酱、醋。
本发明的有益效果:
(1)本发明提供了一种紫色红曲菌W-4,该种红曲菌固态发酵制备红曲发酵剂中洛伐他汀产量可达30~35mg/g,色价可达5000~6000μ/g,均处于较高水平且无桔霉素检出。可广泛应用于食品、酿酒等领域,能改善发酵产品色泽,强化发酵产品的保健功能,同时增加产品的安全性。
(2)本发明提供的所述红曲发酵剂在红曲黄酒和红曲醋方面的应用大大提高了红曲黄酒和红曲醋中洛伐他汀含量,多数市售红曲黄酒和红曲醋中未检测到洛伐他汀,该应用能有效强化红曲黄酒和红曲醋的降脂保健功能,提升产品价值。
生物材料保藏
本发明所提供的紫色红曲菌W-4,分类学命名为紫色红曲菌W-4Monascuspurpureus W-4,已于2021年3月1日保藏于中国典型培养物保藏中心,保藏编号为CCTCCNO:M2021197,保藏地址为中国.武汉.武汉大学。
附图说明
图1为出发红曲菌株ARTP处理后致死率曲线图。
图2为HPLC测定的洛伐他汀标准品的色谱图。
图3为HPLC测定的洛伐他汀标准品的标准曲线。
图4为初始菌株及正突变菌株固态发酵产洛伐他汀(a)和红曲色素(b)情况。
图5初始菌株及正突变菌株固态发酵产糖化酶(a)、液化酶(b)和酸性蛋白酶(c)的情况。
具体实施方式
实施例1:常温等压等离子诱变与筛选
(1)出发菌株孢子液的制备:
将原始红曲菌株接种于PDA培养基上,28℃培养7d后,用接种铲将菌丝及孢子刮下,转移至装有30mL无菌水的三角瓶中,三角瓶底铺满小玻璃珠,180r/min震荡20min,充分打散孢子后经2层无菌擦镜纸过滤,制成均一孢子悬液。最后稀释调整使得孢子浓度为106个/mL的悬浮液。
(2)等离子诱变时间的确定:
在超净工作台中取孢子悬液10μL均匀涂于载片表面上,无菌风吹干制成菌膜,镊子将加样器放入诱变器。在工作气流量为10L/min、等离子体发射源与样品距离为2mm,操作温度23.0~35.0℃的条件下,设定诱变时间为0s、30s、60s、75s、90s、120s、150s、180s进行诱变。
诱变后,在EP管中预先加入1mL无菌生理盐水,将处理后的载片转移到EP管中震荡5min,洗脱形成菌悬液。将收集到的菌液适当稀释后,取稀释液100μL涂布PDA平板,28℃培养4~5d,每组三个平行。记录菌落生长数量,计算不同ARTP处理时间下诱变致死率,绘制致死率曲线。
(3)常温等离子诱变后正突变菌株的筛选
平板分离初筛:取经过一定时间(确定的常温等压等离子诱变时间)常温等压等离子诱变的孢子菌液加入无菌水适当稀释后,吸取0.1mL涂布于PDA平板及洛伐他汀抗性平板上,抗性培养基的洛伐他汀质量浓度分别为0、50、100、200、400、800mg/L,与未经诱变的原菌液稀释同等梯度后涂平板作为空白对照,28℃用锡纸包好避光培养4-5d,每组三个平行。以原始菌株菌落形态为参照,观察平板上长出的菌落,选取比原始菌株产色素时间早、颜色深的菌株到新鲜的PDA培养基上。
固态发酵复筛:用0.1%无菌吐温水洗下斜面上的孢子,30g籼米浸泡2h后转入250mL锥形瓶,封口后于121℃,0.08MPa灭菌20min后,趁热将米粒拍散,接种106个孢子/g(大米干重)接种于冷却至室温的固态发酵培养基,补加无菌水调节含水量在40%~50%;拌匀后使培养基堆至瓶内一角,28-30℃静置培养24-48h后摇散、摊平;此后每18-24h摇瓶1至2次,直到14-18d发酵结束,制成红曲,烘干备用。
(4)测定红曲中洛伐他汀含量,色价以及桔霉素含量,测定方法如下:
洛伐他汀的液相测定方法:采用HPLC法,称取红曲粉0.5g置于50mL离心管中,加入甲醇30mL,50℃震荡水浴2h,摇匀,常温条件下8000r/min离心5min,取上清液过0.22μm微孔滤膜。色谱条件:色谱柱:Athena C18-WP(250mm×4.6mm,5μm);流动相:乙腈-0.1%的磷酸水溶液(65∶35,V/V);流速:1.0mL/min;紫外检测波长:238nm;进样量:5μL;柱温:(30.0±0.5)℃。以70%乙醇溶液配制400mg/L的洛伐他汀标准储备液,等比稀释制得浓度分别为3.125、6.25、12.5、25、50、100、200、400mg/L的洛伐他汀标准工作液,进行外标定量。将洛伐他汀浓度为横坐标(X),峰面积为纵坐标(Y),得到回归方程为:Y=1.55×104X-2.96×104,R2≈0.9995。按照标准曲线回归方程求得样品中洛伐他汀浓度。
桔霉素的测定方法:按照GB/T 5009.222-2008《红曲类产品中桔青霉素的测定》进行。
色价的测定方法:按照GB 1886.19-2015《食品添加剂红曲米》中色价检测方法进行。
(5)测定红曲中糖化酶含量,液化酶以及酸性蛋白酶含量,测定方法如下:
糖化力的测定:参考轻工行业标准QB/T 5188—2017《酿造红曲》中糖化力检测方法进行。
液化力、酸性蛋白酶活的测定方法:按照轻工行业标准QB1803—93《工业酶制剂通用试验方法》中淀粉酶、蛋白酶检测方法进行。
(6)突变菌株的遗传稳定性实验
将筛选所得的高产洛伐他汀、色素的突变红曲菌株在PDA培养基上传代培养6代,每代28℃恒温培养7d,并且每代都需要进行固态发酵14d并检测各代菌株产色素能力及洛伐他汀含量,筛选出性能最佳、遗传稳定性最好的菌株。
由图2表明,菌株W-4产洛伐他汀能力明显高于其他菌株(P<0.05),产量高达32.467mg/g,并且其红色价为5658.157μ/g,符合我国红曲米国家标准(GB 1886.19—2015),其酸性蛋白酶酶活也较高(图5),故优先选择菌株W-4作为高产洛伐他汀的红曲菌进行后续研究。
表1红曲菌产桔霉素含量情况
表2突变菌株W-4固态发酵产洛伐他汀、红曲色素、桔霉素
实施例2:红曲发酵剂的制备
红曲发酵剂制备方法具体是:用0.1%的无菌吐温水洗下斜面上的紫色红曲菌孢子,将100g籼米浸泡2h后转入1000mL锥形瓶,封口后于121℃,0.08MPa灭菌20min后,趁热将米粒拍散,接种106个孢子/g(大米干重)接种于冷却至室温的固态发酵培养基,补加无菌水调节含水量在40%~50%;拌匀后使培养基堆至瓶内一角,28-30℃静置培养24-48h后摇散、摊平;此后每18-24h摇瓶1至2次,直到14-18d发酵结束,得到含有红曲霉W-4的红曲发酵剂。
上述固体发酵培养基为市售籼米制备。
上述马铃薯葡萄糖水培养基配方:马铃薯(去皮)200g、蔗糖15-20g、琼脂20-30g、蒸馏水1000mL,pH自然。
实施例3:紫色红曲菌W-4制备的红曲发酵剂在红曲黄酒中的应用
利用紫色红曲菌制备的红曲发酵剂进行红曲黄酒的酿造,以糯米(g)为基准,将蒸熟的米饭(140%)、活化酵母(10%)、麦曲(8%)、红曲(8%)、水(123%)等混匀进行落料。前发酵28℃进行4d,每天进行开耙;后发酵15℃进行20d,开耙间隔2d。发酵结束后压榨出原酒,80℃水浴杀菌30min,冷却后密封。取样检测酒样中酒精度、pH、总酸、氨基酸态氮、洛伐他汀、色价、桔霉素等指标。
酒精度、pH、总酸、氨基酸态氮的测定:按GB/T 13662-2008《黄酒》进行检测。
洛伐他汀、色价、桔霉素按实施例1中方法进行检测。
经检测,酒体酒精度达14.0%vol,pH 4.29,总酸含量4.63g/L,氨基酸态氮0.73g/L,均达到国家标准。洛伐他汀含量达99.78mg/L,色价达28.11μ/mL,无桔霉素检出。
实施例4:紫色红曲菌W-4制备的红曲发酵剂在红曲黄酒中的应用
利用紫色红曲菌W-4制备的红曲发酵剂(实施例2制备得到)进行红曲黄酒的酿造,以糯米(g)为基准,将蒸熟的米饭(140%)、活化酵母(10%)、麦曲(5%)、红曲(12%)、水(123%)等混匀进行落料。前发酵28℃进行4d,每天进行开耙;后发酵15℃进行20d,开耙间隔2d。发酵结束后压榨出原酒,80℃水浴杀菌30min,冷却后密封。取样检测酒样中酒精度、总酸、氨基酸态氮、洛伐他汀、色价、桔霉素等指标。
酒精度、总酸、氨基酸态氮的测定:按GB/T 13662-2008《黄酒》进行检测。
洛伐他汀、色价、桔霉素按实施例1中方法进行检测。
经检测,酒体酒精度达14.5%vol,总酸含量4.95g/L,氨基酸态氮0.80g/L,均达到国家标准。洛伐他汀含量达108.91mg/L,色价达30.45μ/mL,无桔霉素检出。
实施例5:紫色红曲菌W-4制备的红曲发酵剂在红曲醋中的应用
采用实施例3中落料比例,在28℃进行糖化酒精发酵8d。发酵醪液作为红曲醋液态深层发酵的基质,接种10%醋酸菌菌液进行醋酸发酵15d。接着加盐4%后盖紧缸盖放置2天后,采用淋缸三套循环法进行淋醋,先在第三组醅中加自来水浸淋,淋出液加入第二组醅中浸泡10h,淋出二级醋,再以二级醋加入第一组醅中浸泡20h后淋出,即为一级醋。在90℃条件下灭菌30min,冷却、澄清、装坛封口。制备所得红曲醋中洛伐他汀含量达92.21mg/L,无桔霉素检出。
实施例6:紫色红曲菌W-4制备的红曲发酵剂在红曲醋中的应用
采用实施例4中落料比例,在28℃进行糖化酒精发酵8d。发酵醪液作为红曲醋液态深层发酵的基质,接种10%醋酸菌菌液进行醋酸发酵15d。接着加盐4%后盖紧缸盖放置2天后,采用淋缸三套循环法进行淋醋,先在第三组醅中加自来水浸淋,淋出液加入第二组醅中浸泡10h,淋出二级醋,再以二级醋加入第一组醅中浸泡20h后淋出,即为一级醋。在90℃条件下灭菌30min,冷却、澄清、装坛封口。制备所得红曲醋中洛伐他汀含量达104.92mg/L,无桔霉素检出。
实施例7:紫色红曲菌W-4制备的红曲发酵剂在酱油中的应用
挑选豆料:挑选饱满大豆,洗净后加水浸泡3-5h,以豆粒胀至无皱纹为度,沥干水后加压蒸熟,蒸至熟而不烂,手捻则分开时为宜。
制曲:将麸皮、面粉、水混合,常压蒸煮1h,焖30min,出锅过筛移至拌合台上,摊开,适当翻拌使之快速冷却,在30~40℃接入三角瓶菌种,用量为0.2%~0.5%,翻拌均匀,使米曲霉孢子均匀分布在曲料上。接种后,装入曲匾,品温不低于25℃,料层厚度为1~1.5cm,室温保持在28~30℃,培养16h左右。当品温升到36℃左右,曲料表层稍有发白及结块时,进行第一次翻曲,室温保持在28~30℃,翻曲4~5h后,品温又上升到36℃左右,再进行第二次翻曲,将曲匾上下调换位置,保持32~35℃。从接种装入曲匾培养65h后,将纱帘揭下,移入干燥、阴凉、通风的室内备用,贮藏时间<10d。
接种、拌面粉:经过蒸煮的黄豆出锅后,经过料斗进入风冷机冷却,调整品温至45℃以下,再与面粉混合,通过种曲机接种。种曲粉预先与适量的面粉混合、拌匀,种曲粉用量为0.2%~0.4%。
发酵:天然晒制的酱油采用“白天晒、晚上露”缸内发酵工艺(在30℃条件下进行发酵)。成熟的头套油氨基酸态氮的含量在1.0g/100mL以上。在头套油发酵成熟后取样化验,确认合格后淋出头套油备用。
加糖晒制:在浸淋出的头套油中加入适当比例的白糖、红糖、麦芽糖、果葡糖浆、葡萄糖及其他糖,或者组合组分的糖,晒制2~3个月,直到酱油色度达到2000EBC。
加曲晒制:在酱油色度达到2000EBC后,在每毫升酱油中添加OD430值为40含W-4菌种的红曲米或红曲米磨细后的颗粒、红曲米萃取物,进行晒制,直到红色指数达到要求。
成品:加热灭菌、配制和澄清,制备得到成品酱油。
制备所得酱油采用红曲色素替代人工焦糖色素,其中洛伐他汀含量达88.94mg/L,并且无桔霉素检出。
实施例8:紫色红曲菌W-4制备的红曲发酵剂在豆瓣酱中的应用
原料预处理:选用东北大豆,要求新鲜,颗粒饱满,无霉烂和虫蛀;选用的面粉、食盐均为市场销售的面粉和无碘精制盐。将大豆清洗干净,除去表面的泥土杂物及其上浮物,加水浸泡,至大豆内无白心,用手捏容易成两瓣为度。
蒸煮:常压蒸煮,蒸熟的程度为大豆全均匀熟透,既软又不烂,保持整粒且又无夹心的程度为宜。
制曲:采用米曲霉、黑曲霉双菌种制曲方式,以大豆和熟面粉为主要原料,大豆:面粉=6:4(质量比),米曲霉和黑曲霉双菌种制曲(质量比为1:1),接种量0.04%。在此基础上,加入红曲霉W-4菌种,接种量为混合料质量的0.3%,混合均匀之后在36~38℃,pH 5-7条件下制曲28h。在制曲过程中,加入一定量的熟面粉,这样可调节曲料的水分,有利于红曲霉的生长。红曲霉在代谢过程中会产生次级代谢产物红曲色素,赋予豆瓣酱独特的色泽。
发酵:采用固态低盐法进行传统发酵。制得的豆瓣酱具有颜色红润、味道醇厚、香气浓郁等特点,其中洛伐他汀含量达87.09mg/L,并且无桔霉素检出。
实施例9:紫色红曲菌W-4制备的红曲发酵剂在腐乳中的应用
将接种毛霉发酵成熟并经凉花、搓毛、盐腌后的盐胚(每块约22g)装入坛子,加入用黄酒、玫瑰花和红曲米磨浆制成的汤料,浸没后在常温下封坛发酵6个月以上,得到玫瑰腐乳成品。制备所得红曲腐乳中洛伐他汀含量达107.48mg/L,无桔霉素检出。
实施例10:紫色红曲菌W-4制备的红曲发酵剂在面包中的应用
红曲发酵剂的制备如实施例2。
调粉:将1000~1200g面粉、40~45g砂糖、100~110g牛奶、50~60g奶油,20~25g食盐,8~10g酵母,8~10g麦芽浸提物,600~700g水,5~10g红曲粉进行调配。
二次发酵:28℃发酵1h,再28℃发酵0.5h,调制整形。
醒发:37℃发酵1~1.2h。
烘烤:180℃烘烤15~20min,冷却为成品。制得到的面包中洛伐他汀含量达90.65mg/g,无桔霉素检出。
实施例11:紫色红曲菌W-4制备的红曲发酵剂在面包中的应用
红曲发酵剂的制备如实施例2。
调粉:将1000~1200g面粉、40~45g砂糖、100~110g牛奶、50~60g奶油,20~25g食盐,8~10g酵母,8~10g麦芽浸提物,600~700g水,20~30mL红曲水浸提液进行调配。
二次发酵:28℃发酵1h,再28℃发酵0.5h,调制整形。
醒发:37℃发酵1~1.2h。
烘烤:180℃烘烤15~20min,冷却为成品。制得到的面包中洛伐他汀含量达96.24mg/g,无桔霉素检出。
虽然本发明已以较佳实施例公开如上,但其并非用以限定本发明,任何熟悉此技术的人,在不脱离本发明的精神和范围内,都可做各种的改动与修饰,因此本发明的保护范围应该以权利要求书所界定的为准。
Claims (10)
1.一种紫色红曲菌(Monascus purpureus)w-4,已于2021年3月1日保藏于中国典型培养物保藏中心,保藏编号为CCTCC NO:M 2021197。
2.含有权利要求1所述紫色红曲菌w-4的菌剂。
3.根据权利要求2所述的菌剂,其特征在于,每克菌剂中至少含有1.0×106个紫色红曲菌w-4孢子。
4.一种制备权利要求2或3所述菌剂的方法,其特征在于,在灭菌后的大米中加入权利要求1所述紫色红曲菌w-4,发酵15-20天。
5.根据权利要求4所述的方法,其特征在于,所述紫色红曲菌w-4的添加量为每克大米干重中加入不低于1.0×106个孢子。
6.根据权利要求5所述的方法,其特征在于,发酵过程为先在25-30 ℃静置培养1-2天后摇散、摊平;此后每18-24 h摇瓶1-2次,14-18天发酵结束,制备得到菌剂。
7.一种制备发酵食品的方法,其特征在于,利用权利要求1所述紫色红曲菌w-4或权利要求2或3所述菌剂发酵制备食品。
8.根据权利要求7所述的方法,其特征在于,所述发酵食品的原料为米、面粉或黄豆。
9.权利要求1所述紫色红曲菌w-4或权利要求2或3所述菌剂在发酵食品制备中的应用。
10.根据权利要求9所述的应用,其特征在于,所述发酵食品为酒类、面包、酱油、豆瓣酱或醋。
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