CN113088547A - 一种制备甲壳寡糖的方法 - Google Patents
一种制备甲壳寡糖的方法 Download PDFInfo
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- CN113088547A CN113088547A CN202110509320.XA CN202110509320A CN113088547A CN 113088547 A CN113088547 A CN 113088547A CN 202110509320 A CN202110509320 A CN 202110509320A CN 113088547 A CN113088547 A CN 113088547A
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- Prior art keywords
- chitin
- chitosan oligosaccharide
- nano
- ala
- gly
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Abstract
本发明公开了一种制备甲壳寡糖的方法:先将甲壳素进行预处理得到纳米甲壳素,然后用甲壳素酶SbChiAJ143酶水解纳米甲壳素,制得甲壳寡糖;其中,所述甲壳素酶SbChiAJ143的氨基酸序列如SEQ ID NO.1所示。所述将甲壳素进行预处理得到纳米甲壳素的方式为:使用研磨机对甲壳素水溶液进行研磨。本发明的制备甲壳寡糖的方法,结合了物理研磨法和酶法,效率高。与单独酶法水解胶质甲壳素制备甲壳寡糖方法相比,甲壳素处理不使用任何化学试剂,节约了成本,简化了步骤,无环境污染。本发明的制备甲壳寡糖的方法,绿色、环保、高效,具有良好的工业应用潜质。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及一种制备甲壳寡糖的方法,属于纳米材料制备技术和寡糖制备技术领域。
背景技术
纳米研磨技术是一种新型的资源深度加工与利用的高效技术。此技术的发展源自于电子信息工程、高技术陶瓷和新能源等方面的进步,对实现原材料高值化利用具有深远的影响。目前,原材料深度加工利用成为能源环保技术发展新动向之一。
甲壳素是广泛存在于甲壳类动物的外壳和真菌的细胞壁中的生物大分子多糖,在自然界中产量仅次于纤维素。它的结构是由N-乙酰氨基葡萄糖单元通过β-1,4糖苷键聚合而成的,存在着大量的氢键,因此结晶度高,化学性质稳定,不溶于水、弱酸、弱碱及大部分的有机试剂,这限制了甲壳素在食品、医药、环保和纺织领域的应用。将甲壳素水解为甲壳素寡糖或者脱乙酰为壳寡糖,水溶性变好,具有更好的生物活性,成为国内外研究热点。
目前,降解甲壳素的方法有化学法、物理法、酶法。化学法制备甲壳寡糖需使用大量的酸、碱,反应条件难以控制,易对环境造成污染。酶法降解甲壳素效果缓慢,难以产业化,且因为甲壳素粉末结构致密,酶解之前需要酸、碱或者离子液体处理,对环境有一定的污染。物理法处理甲壳素的报道较少,未得到广泛应用。纳米甲壳素在表面活性、化学反应速率等方面都有较大改善,利用价值和程度比原物料有所提高,运用前景广阔。
发明内容
针对上述现有技术,本发明提供了一种制备甲壳寡糖的方法,克服了现有技术中制备胶质甲壳素需使用浓酸、消耗大量水、污染环境的问题,并且解决了酶解甲壳素效率低,产量少的问题。
本发明是通过以下技术方案实现的:
一种制备甲壳寡糖的方法:先将甲壳素进行预处理得到纳米甲壳素,然后用甲壳素酶SbChiAJ143酶水解纳米甲壳素,制得甲壳寡糖;其中,所述甲壳素酶SbChiAJ143的氨基酸序列如下所示,如SEQ ID NO.1所示。
甲壳素酶SbChiAJ143的氨基酸序列(SEQ ID NO.1):
MVQRSAGSRRRRRRNSSRPFLGGAMAVIAAGALTVTGLVSTAQAADVNNAKNAGFESGLANWACSAGSGTTVSTPVRSGTSALKATPAGQDNGRCSQTVAVKPNSTYALSSWVQGGYAYLGVTGSGTTDVSTWTPGSTTWTKLSTSFRTGPSTTSVTVYTHGWYGQSAYYADDIEVTGPDGGGGGDGPGPVIPGAPAGLAAGATTTSSVALSWNAVSGATGYKVYRDGVQATTSTGTSATITGLAADTAYQFSVSATNAAGESVKSAAITARTAKPGTGPGPGPAVPKHAVTGYWQNFNNGAAVQKLTDVPADYDIIAVSFADATPTQGAVTFNLDTAGLNGYTDAQFRADIKTKQAQGKNVIISIGGELGTVRVENDASATAFANSVYALMQDYGFNGVDIDLENGLNATYMTKALRQLSAKAGPGLVITMAPQTIDMQSTSGEYFKTALNIKDILTVVNMQYYNSGSMLGCDGKVYHQGSVDFLTALACIQLENGLDPSQVGIGVPASTRGAGSGYVAPSVVNAALDCLTKGTNCGSFKPSKTYPSLRGAMTWSTNWDATAGFAWSKAVGPHVRSLP。
进一步地,所述将甲壳素进行预处理得到纳米甲壳素的方式为:使用研磨机对甲壳素水溶液进行研磨,直至粒度不再变小。具体地,研磨过程中每个小时取样粒度检测样品大小,达到更小研磨介质孔径时可以更换更小研磨介质(ZetaBead 0.3mm,ZetaBead0.1mm),直至粒度检测样品大小不再变小。
进一步地,所述研磨机采用德国耐驰公司生产的MiniSeries研磨机。
进一步地,所述甲壳素水溶液中固含量为1%(w/v),以保证研磨彻底,获得纳米甲壳素。
进一步地,所述水解纳米甲壳素时,甲壳素酶的添加量为:每200μg纳米甲壳素中加入10~60μg(优选50μg)的甲壳素酶。
进一步地,所述水解纳米甲壳素时,纳米甲壳素水溶液中固含量为1%(w/v)。
进一步地,所述水解的条件为:最适反应温度55℃,最适反应pH磷酸盐缓冲液pH6.0。
本发明的制备甲壳寡糖的方法,结合了物理研磨法和酶法,效率高。与单独酶法水解胶质甲壳素制备甲壳寡糖方法相比,甲壳素处理不使用任何化学试剂,节约了成本,简化了步骤,无环境污染。本发明的制备甲壳寡糖的方法,绿色、环保、高效,具有良好的工业应用潜质。
本发明先研磨制得纳米甲壳素,再利用甲壳素酶SbChiAJ143水解纳米甲壳素,可以更高效地获得甲壳寡糖,其优势在于:
1、纳米甲壳素的纤维长度短,结晶度低,导致水解更容易,且效果与研磨时间的长短有正相关。纳米研磨预处理方法提高了酶解效率有望应用于各种难酶解的底物预处理中。
2、采用了特定的甲壳素酶,其酶解转化率高,酶解产物中(GlcNAc)2随反应时间的延长而增加,该酶的这种特性,现有技术中尚未有报道。
本发明与现有技术相比,虽然现有技术中有制备纳米甲壳素的报道,但多采用高温酸处理结合超声破碎或高压均质。本发明使用研磨机对甲壳素进行研磨得到了纤维长度短、结晶度低的纳米纤维素,目前纯物理研磨制备的甲壳素纳米纤维在长度上远大于本发明制备的纳米甲壳素。另外,本发明发现纳米甲壳素更容易酶解,且酶解效果与研磨时间的长短有正相关。现有技术中尚未有人研究过纳米甲壳素的酶解效果,更未研究过在不添加任何化学试剂条件下物理研磨制备的纳米甲壳素纤维长度、结晶度的变化,以及这种变化与水解难易程度的关系。
本发明使用的各种术语和短语具有本领域技术人员公知的一般含义。
附图说明
图1:本发明制备甲壳寡糖的流程图。
图2:甲壳素酶纯化后SDS-PAGE电泳图,其中,M为Marker标准蛋白;1为粗酶蛋白;2为纯酶蛋白。
图3:甲壳素酶最适pH、pH稳定性、最适温度、温度稳定性的结果示意图,其中,A:最适pH;B:pH稳定性;C:最适温度;D:温度稳定性。
图4:研磨的α-甲壳素、β-甲壳素及胶质甲壳素的扫描电镜图和透射电镜图,其中,A:扫描电镜图;B:透射电镜图。
图5:研磨的α-甲壳素、β-甲壳素及胶质甲壳素的分散性、透光率、FTIR分析、XRD分析示意图,其中,A:分散性;B、C:透光率;D、E:FTIR分析;F、G:XRD分析。
图6:α、β-甲壳素与胶质甲壳素的酶解产物分析示意图,其中,A、B:研磨前后α/β-甲壳素与胶质甲壳素的还原糖产量分析;C、D、E:高效液相色谱法分析胶质甲壳素、α-甲壳素-13h和β-甲壳素-13h水解产物;F、微量SbChiAJ143对过量底物的水解产物(GlcNAc)2的定量分析。
图7:高效液相法分析甲壳寡糖的产物分析示意图,其中,A:(GlcNAc)2;B:(GlcNAc)3;C:(GlcNAc)4;D:(GlcNAc)5;E:(GlcNAc)6。
图8:SbChiAJ143酶解纳米α、β-甲壳素与胶质甲壳素最佳加酶量和转化率示意图,其中,A:胶质甲壳素最佳加酶量;B:纳米α-甲壳素最佳加酶量;C:纳米β-甲壳素最佳加酶量;D:三者的转化率比较。
具体实施方式
下面结合实施例对本发明作进一步的说明。然而,本发明的范围并不限于下述实施例。本领域的专业人员能够理解,在不背离本发明的精神和范围的前提下,可以对本发明进行各种变化和修饰。
下述实施例中所涉及的仪器、试剂、材料等,若无特别说明,均为现有技术中已有的常规仪器、试剂、材料等,可通过正规商业途径获得。下述实施例中所涉及的实验方法,检测方法等,若无特别说明,均为现有技术中已有的常规实验方法,检测方法等。
本发明所采用的α-甲壳素购自上海源叶生物有限公司,β-甲壳素(题目:Marinewaste to a functional biomaterial:Green facile synthesis of modified-beta-chitin from Uroteuthis duvauceli pens(gladius)作者:Jolleen NatalieI.Balitaan,Jui-Ming Yeh,Karen S.Santiago,期刊名称:INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OFBIOLOGICAL MACROMOLECULES,2020,154,1565-1575.)和胶质甲壳素(题目:Cloning,characterization and substrate degradation mode of a novel chitinase fromStreptomyces albolongus ATCC 27414作者:Li Gao,Jianan Sun,Francesco Secundo,Xin Gao,Changhu Xue,Xiangzhao Mao期刊名称:Food Chemistry,2018,261,329-336.)自制。
本发明所涉及的菌种,来自中国普通微生物菌种保藏管理中心(Marine CultureCollection of China,CGMCC)Streptomyces bacillaris CGMCC 4.1584。该菌种是由他人保藏的,本发明是购买得到的。
实施例1甲壳素酶基因SbChiAJ143克隆
以Streptomyces bacillaris CGMCC 4.1584基因组为模板,进行PCR扩增,PCR的反应条件为:95℃预变性10min,98℃变性10s,58℃退火30s,68℃延伸3min,反应30个循环,68℃后延伸10min。
PCR扩增所用的特异性引物的核苷酸序列如下:
上游引物:5’-GGCCGCAAGCTTCGGCAGGCTGCGGAC-3’;
下游引物:5’-CAAATGGGTCGCGGATCCATGGTGCAACGCTCCG-3’。
采用无缝连接技术将目的基因与pET-28a(+)克隆载体连接,连接产物转入E.coliDH5α感受态细胞,阳性验证后测序成功。
实施例2重组蛋白表达与纯化
重组质粒转入到表达菌株E.coliBL21(DE3)中,20℃,220rpm,培养48h后收集菌体(4℃,8000g离心10分钟)。菌体重悬于50mM pH 7.4的Tirs-HCl缓冲液中,超声破碎50min后12000g离心20min,上清液即为粗酶液。将粗酶液用Ni-NTA柱进行亲和层析纯化,使用10mM咪唑溶液(500mM NaCl,50mM Tris-HCl)平衡柱子,然后用20mM、40mM咪唑溶液(500mMNaCl,50mM Tris-HCl)洗脱结合力弱的杂蛋白,60mM咪唑溶液洗脱获得目的蛋白,将得到的溶液进行SDS-PAGE检测,如图2所示,所得目的蛋白的分子量约为59.2KD,与甲壳素酶SbChiAJ143相当,说明该蛋白就是甲壳素酶SbChiAJ143。使用Bradford法测定蛋白浓度为0.5mg/mL。
实施例3重组甲壳素酶最适pH及稳定性测定
最适pH值测定方法:将10μL的酶液(实施例2制备)加入到190μL的不同pH的缓冲液配制的1%胶质甲壳素底物中,分别为:柠檬酸缓冲液(pH 3.0-6.0)、磷酸盐缓冲液(pH6.0-8.0)、Tris-HCl缓冲液(pH 7.0-9.0)和甘氨酸-NaOH缓冲液(pH 9.0-10.0),在55℃下反应30min。DNS法测定纯酶的活性,结果如图3A所示,可见,最适反应pH为pH 6.0(磷酸盐缓冲液)。
pH稳定性测定方法为:向上述pH缓冲液中加入纯酶(实施例2制备),在25℃下放置0、12、24、36、48、60、72h后取出10μL,加入胶质甲壳素1%底物,测定残留酶活性,结果如图3B所示,可见,在pH值5.0~9.0范围内,72h后相对活性均大于60%。
实施例4重组甲壳素酶最适温度及稳定性测定
最适温度测定:将10μL的酶液(实施例2制备)加入到50mM磷酸盐缓冲剂(pH6.0)中,在不同温度(25、30、35、40、45、50、55、60、65、70、75、80℃)下反应30min,DNS法测定酶的活性,结果如图3C所示,可见,最适反应温度为55℃。
热稳定性测定方法为:向50mM磷酸盐缓冲剂(pH6.0)中加入纯酶(实施例2制备),放置在上述温度中0、30、60、90、120、150、180min后分别取出10μL,加入胶质甲壳素1.0%底物,进行酶活力测定,结果如图3D所示,可见,低于40℃,180min后酶活性保持在70%以上。
实施例5纳米α/β-甲壳素制备
将甲壳素粉末(α-甲壳素或β-甲壳素)加入到去离子水中,配制成固含量为1%的浆料,用高速均质机预分散,将预分散的浆料加入到循环罐(德国耐驰公司MiniSeries研磨机)中,开启进料泵,打开主机,研磨介质ZetaBead 0.8mm研磨6h,ZetaBead 0.3mm研磨4h,ZetaBead0.1mm研磨3h,转速3800rpm,泵速为120rpm,在不同时间多次收集α/β-甲壳素研磨液,最终获得纳米α/β-甲壳素。
实施例6纳米α/β-甲壳素表征
采用扫描电子显微镜(SEM,FEI Quanta 250FEG)和透射电子显微镜(TEM,JEOLJEM-1010)观察不同研磨样品的形貌。如图4所示。由图4A可见,研磨前通过扫描电镜可以观察到致密的α/β甲壳素束。铣削1h后,破坏了甲壳素的致密结构,3h后,甲壳素纤维长度变短,达到数十微米,然后纤维的宽度也明显减小。当α-甲壳素研磨13h后,纤维长度和宽度的变化不再明显,样品在水溶液中发生了聚集。相比之下,在铣削13h后,β-甲壳素的长度要比α-甲壳素长。
在研磨前,甲壳素不分散在水中,并迅速沉淀到底部。铣削后,甲壳素在水溶液中得到很好的分散(图5A)。使用酶标仪(Thermo Multiskan Sky)测量相应的400至700nm的光透过率,如图5B、C所示,随着研磨时间的延长,样品水溶液的透明度先降低后增加,α-甲壳素在6h时透明度最低,而β-甲壳素在3h时透明度最低。研磨过程中,样品从片状到丝状的形态,伴随着甲壳素纤维的宽度减少,由于破环分子间作用力和无规则重排,研磨甲壳素样品成为丝状缠绕,使研磨样品的透光率低。当纤维长丝被研磨超过6h后,长链分子之间的化学键破裂导致了长丝断裂,从而导致了样品的透明。
采用傅里叶变换红外光谱(FTIR,Scientific Nicoletis 10)对样品的化学结构进行分析,扫描范围为4000-500cm-1。红外光谱中,α-甲壳素中酰胺I的伸缩振动峰分别为1659cm-1和1626cm-1,而β-甲壳素中只有一个伸缩振动峰(1657cm-1)。在铣削9h后,α-甲壳素的酰胺I带变成了1657cm-1的β-甲壳素(图5D、E)。红外光谱可根据羰基的峰位和伸缩振动特征,较好地区分α-甲壳素和β-甲壳素。α-甲壳素分子链呈反向平行排列,氢键较强,导致羰基伸缩振动峰向较低波数移动。β-甲壳素在红外光谱中只有一个峰(1657cm-1),而α-甲壳素在铣削9h后只有一个峰,表明分子间的强氢键被破坏。然而,铣削前后样品的组成没有变化。
采用x射线衍射(XRD,Bruker D8Advance)对样品的扫描范围为5-60(2θ),步长为0.02的晶体结构进行了分析。根据公式CrI(%)=(I110-Iam)/I110×100分析样品在(110)晶面处的结晶度指数,其中I110为(110)晶面的峰值强度,Iam为非晶在16(2θ)处的强度。XRD结果如图5F、G所示,在2θ处的衍射峰分别为9.3、19.3和26.4,对应的晶面为(020)、(110)和(013),这与文献报道一致。研磨前α-甲壳素的结晶度指数为84.89%。研磨3h后,α-甲壳素的XRD曲线与研磨前非常相似,但结晶度指数下降至50.17%。β-甲壳素与α-甲壳素的峰形不同,峰位也略有不同。从2θ处的衍射峰8.1和19.3可知,晶体(010)和(110)为β-甲壳素。经3h研磨后,β-甲壳素的结晶度由74.68%降低到54.49%,在13h时则下降到41.68%。XRD分析表明,在研磨前,α-甲壳素的结晶度指数高于β-甲壳素,说明β-甲壳素的结构相对疏松。铣削后甲壳素的结晶指数明显降低,表明分子间的氢键相互作用被破坏。
实施例7不同研磨时间α/β-甲壳素和胶质甲壳素酶解效果比较
在实施例5的基础上,取等量的胶质甲壳素和研磨0、1、3、6、9、13h时的样品未酶解前DNS法测定还原糖的量。等量上述样品中再加入等量的甲壳素酶55℃反应30分钟后,利用DNS法比较产生还原糖的量。结果如图6A、B所示,随着研磨时间的延长,还原糖的用量增加。α-甲壳素研磨6h后的还原糖量与胶体甲壳素相当,而β-甲壳素研磨3h后的还原糖量与胶质甲壳素相当,6h后α-甲壳素的还原糖量增加较快,且明显高于β-甲壳素。研磨前α-甲壳素不易被SbChiAJ143水解,β-甲壳素产生少量还原糖。随着研磨过程的进行,β-甲壳素在前6h的水解效果优于α-甲壳素。α-甲壳素-13h的酶解效果优于β-甲壳素-13h。总的来说,在研磨和酶解过程中,胶体甲壳素产生的还原糖量低于α-甲壳素-13h,高于β-甲壳素-13h。
本发明考察了不同研磨时间得到的甲壳素研磨样品的特性(化学键被破坏,导致纤维长度变短;氢键被破坏,结晶指数降低),研磨时间越长,酶解效果越佳。酶解效果与研磨时间正相关,可能是由于机械剪切破坏了多糖的晶体结构,削弱了分子间氢键,减少了多糖的碳水化合物单位数,有利于酶与底物的匹配,最终提高了酶的反应速率。
实施例8液相检测酶解产物
SbChiAJ143与甲壳寡糖(DP 2-6),胶体几丁质1%和纳米α/β-甲壳素1%在55℃反应0min、2min、15min、30min、60min,24h。上样20μL进行高效液相检测,色谱柱为Sugar PakI(6.5×300mm),泵的流量0.5mL/min,50mg/L的流动相乙二胺四乙酸钙二钠,柱温75℃,检测器为示差检测器。如图7所示,(GlcNAc)2未降解,(GlcNAc)3水解成(GlcNAc)2和GlcNAc;反应2min后(GlcNAc)4转化为(GlcNAc)2,并伴有少量(GlcNAc)3和GlcNAc;(GlcNAc)5降解为(GlcNAc)3和(GlcNAc)2,(GlcNAc)6生成(GlcNAc)4、(GlcNAc)2和微量的(GlcNAc)3。SbChiAJ143甲壳素酶能够识别的最小单位是(GlcNAc)3。如图6C、6D、6E所示,胶质甲壳素和纳米甲壳素的水解产物为(GlcNAc)2,并伴有少量的GlcNAc,产物(GlcNAc)2随反应时间的延长而增加。
实施例9底物转化率测定
采用5μg SbChiAJ143对过量的1%的胶质甲壳素和纳米α/β-甲壳素进行不同时间的酶解(酶解pH值6.0,温度55℃),观察不同反应时间对酶解效果的影响。水解产物为(GlcNAc)2,并伴随着少量的GlcNAc,产物(GlcNAc)2随着反应时间的延长而增加。酶解6h内,(GlcNAc)2的含量明显增加,之后增加不显著。反应24h后,胶质甲壳素、α-甲壳素-13h和β-甲壳素-13h作为底物(GlcNAc)2含量分别达到1.20mg/ml、0.77mg/ml和0.58mg/ml(图6F)。
200μg底物中加入不同量的酶(10、20、40、50、60μg),得到(GlcNAc)2浓度用于计算底物转化率。公式如下:6h后,酶添加量越多,(GlcNAc)2的浓度越高,50μg和60μg甲壳素酶的产量差异不大。因此,以50μg为酶的最佳添加量(图8A、8B、8C)。
根据酶加量的结果,选择酶加量50μg为最佳,每6h加入到底物200μg中,直到48h,并计算以胶质甲壳素为底物转化率为59.83%,以α-甲壳素为底物转化率为47.17%,以β-甲壳素为底物转化率为46.50%。α-甲壳素-13h和β-甲壳素-13h的酶解转化率分别为胶质甲壳素的78.84%和77.72%,α-甲壳素-13h的酶解率较高(图8D)。
给本领域技术人员提供上述实施例,以完全公开和描述如何实施和使用所主张的实施方案,而不是用于限制本文公开的范围。对于本领域技术人员而言显而易见的修饰将在所附权利要求的范围内。
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<110> 中国海洋大学
<120> 一种制备甲壳寡糖的方法
<141> 2021-05-11
<160> 1
<170> SIPOSequenceListing 1.0
<210> 1
<211> 579
<212> PRT
<213> Streptomyces. bacillaris
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Claims (10)
1.一种制备甲壳寡糖的方法,其特征在于:先将甲壳素进行预处理得到纳米甲壳素,然后用甲壳素酶SbChiAJ143酶水解纳米甲壳素,制得甲壳寡糖;其中,所述甲壳素酶SbChiAJ143的氨基酸序列如SEQ ID NO.1所示。
2.根据权利要求1所述的制备甲壳寡糖的方法,其特征在于:所述将甲壳素进行预处理得到纳米甲壳素的方式为:使用研磨机对甲壳素水溶液进行研磨。
3.根据权利要求2所述的制备甲壳寡糖的方法,其特征在于:研磨时间3~13小时。
4.根据权利要求2或3所述的制备甲壳寡糖的方法,其特征在于:研磨过程中,取样粒度检测,达到更小研磨介质孔径时更换更小研磨介质,直至研磨至粒度不再变化。
5.根据权利要求1所述的制备甲壳寡糖的方法,其特征在于:所述甲壳素选自α-甲壳素、β-甲壳素。
6.根据权利要求1所述的制备甲壳寡糖的方法,其特征在于:所述甲壳素水溶液中固含量为1%。
7.根据权利要求1所述的制备甲壳寡糖的方法,其特征在于:所述水解纳米甲壳素时,甲壳素酶的添加量为:每200μg纳米甲壳素中加入10~60μg的甲壳素酶。
8.根据权利要求7所述的制备甲壳寡糖的方法,其特征在于每200μg纳米甲壳素中加入50μg的甲壳素酶。
9.根据权利要求1所述的制备甲壳寡糖的方法,其特征在于:所述水解纳米甲壳素时,纳米甲壳素水溶液中固含量为1%。
10.根据权利要求1所述的制备甲壳寡糖的方法,其特征在于:所述水解的条件为:反应温度55℃,磷酸盐缓冲液pH 6.0。
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