CN113080433B - 一种猪背脂模拟物及其制备方法 - Google Patents
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Abstract
本发明公开了一种猪背脂模拟物,它由以下重量配比的原料制成:蛋白粉:0.8‑2.5%;植物油:5‑15%;魔芋胶:1‑5%;卡拉胶:0.3‑1%;碳酸钠:0.1‑0.5%;水:余量。本发明还公开了猪背脂模拟物的制备方法。本发明制备的脂肪模拟物与猪背脂的外观及质构特性非常接近,并具有良好的烹饪稳定性及冻融稳定性,能保证该模拟物在加工、贮存及运输等各条件下维持稳定,减小不必要的损耗,因此,该模拟物不论在加工肉制品或低温肉制品中都具有良好的应用前景。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及一种脂肪模拟物,尤其是一种猪背脂模拟物,本发明还涉及其制备方法,属于食品加工领域。
背景技术
作为许多肉制品中的重要成分,脂肪在改善食物质地、口感和风味方面起着重要的作用,然而,摄入过多的脂肪尤其是动物脂肪会增加人们患肥胖、心血管疾病甚至癌症等慢性疾病风险,对人们的健康有着极大的威胁。近年来,随着消费者对大量脂肪摄入危害的认识,人们对降低肉制品的脂肪、胆固醇含量,并改变脂肪酸结构的需求日渐突出。然而单一的降低食品中的脂肪含量,会导致产品的加工特性(保水性、蒸煮损失、乳化性)及感官(口感、多汁性等)受到影响,因此各类脂肪模拟物的研发成为了食品领域的研究热点。
有效利用植物成分替代肉品中的脂肪是降低肉制品中饱和脂肪酸含量的主要策略。魔芋是一种由原产于东亚的植物魔芋生产的中性多糖,自古以来一直被人们使用,其主要成分—魔芋葡甘聚糖,具有良好的成膜能力、生物相容性、生物降解性和凝胶性及增稠作用,同时它还有诸多保健功能,如促进减肥以及降低血糖血脂、抗炎和调节糖代谢等活性。魔芋基乳液凝胶特有的结构特性和功能特性,使得其近年来在作为脂肪模拟物方面显示了巨大的潜力,以其为基质的脂肪模拟物在低脂酸奶、奶酪、香肠等多种产品中都得到了应用。
本发明以魔芋胶为主要原料,通过筛选原料配方和制备工艺,制备出一种与猪背脂高度接近的脂肪模拟物,同时还简化了制作流程且保证了模拟物的稳定性。
发明内容
本发明的目的是提供一种脂肪模拟物,该脂肪模拟物与猪背脂的外观及质构特性非常接近,并具有良好的稳定性。本发明的另一个目的是提供所述脂肪模拟物的制备方法。
为实现上述目的,本发明的技术方案如下:
一种猪背脂模拟物,它由以下重量配比的原料制成:蛋白粉:0.8-2.5%;植物油:5-15%;魔芋胶:1-5%;卡拉胶:0.3-1%;碳酸钠:0.1-0.5%;水:余量。
优选地,所述原料的重量配比是:蛋白粉:1.5-1.8%;植物油:8-10%;魔芋胶:3-4%;卡拉胶:0.5-0.7%;碳酸钠:0.3-0.4%;水:余量。
优选地,所述蛋白粉为大豆分离蛋白。
优选地,所述植物油为棕榈油。
一种制备所述猪背脂模拟物的方法,包括以下步骤:
(1)将蛋白粉用水溶解,制成蛋白水化液;
(2)向蛋白水化液中加入植物油,高速剪切,制成O/W型乳液;
(3)向乳液中加入碳酸钠,溶解后再加入魔芋胶和卡拉胶,搅拌至形成溶胶;
(4)将溶胶装入模具,排除空气后静置溶胀1-5h,然后80-100℃水浴加热0.5-3h,使其形成热不可逆的凝胶,取出后冷却至室温,即得猪背脂模拟物。
本发明的有益效果是:
(1)本发明制备的脂肪模拟物与猪背脂的外观及质构特性非常接近,并具有良好的烹饪稳定性及冻融稳定性,能保证该模拟物在加工、贮存及运输等各条件下维持稳定,减小不必要的损耗,因此,该模拟物不论在加工肉制品或低温肉制品中都具有良好的应用前景。
(2)本发明制备的模拟物主要以魔芋胶和卡拉胶为基质,辅以少量的棕榈油和蛋白质,原料简单易得,生产成本低,工艺简单,具备良好的加工应用可行性。同时,魔芋胶和卡拉胶作为膳食纤维,还具有调节肠道菌群、调节糖代谢防止肥胖等作用等,从而使该模拟物具有一定的功能潜力。
附图说明
图1是三种蛋白制备的脂肪模拟物与猪背脂的外观对比图。
图2是实施例5制备的脂肪模拟物的外观图。
具体实施方式
下面结合实施例,对本发明进一步说明;下述实例是说明性的,不是限定性的,不能以下述实例来限制本发明的保护范围。
实施例1:
大豆分离蛋白/乳清分离蛋白/豌豆分离蛋白:1.73%;
棕榈油:9.6%;
魔芋胶:3.4%;
卡拉胶:0.6%;
碳酸钠:0.36%;
蒸馏水:余量。
上述脂肪模拟物的制备方法,步骤如下:
(1)乳液水相的配制:分别称取以上三种蛋白加入水中,磁力搅拌2小时,然后放于4℃冰箱过夜,使其充分溶解,得蛋白水化液;
(2)剪切乳化处理:将蛋白水化液于90℃水浴加热10min,稍冷却一段时间后向其中加入棕榈油,于12000rpm/min条件下高速剪切3min,得O/W型乳液;
(3)向乳液中加入碳酸钠,搅拌溶解,然后在搅拌机的低速搅拌下,继续加入魔芋胶和卡拉胶,搅拌至形成溶胶;
(4)将溶胶装入模具,排除内部空气,然后将溶胶静置溶胀2h后,放于90℃水浴锅中加热1h,使其形成热不可逆的凝胶,取出使其冷却至室温,得模拟物。
三种不同蛋白制成的模拟物外观如图1所示,通过与猪背脂进行比较,发现大豆分离蛋白制成的模拟物与猪背脂更为接近,因此以下实施例均使用大豆分离蛋白做进一步研究。
实施例2:
大豆分离蛋白:1.73%;
棕榈油:9.6%;
魔芋胶:4.0%;
碳酸钠:0.36%
蒸馏水:余量;
制备方法与实施例1相同,区别仅在于原料不含卡拉胶。
实施例3:
大豆分离蛋白:2.2%;
棕榈油:13.5%;
魔芋胶:5%;
卡拉胶:0.4%;
碳酸钠:0.45%;
蒸馏水:余量。
制备方法与实施例1相同,区别仅在于原料配比不同。
实施例4:
大豆分离蛋白:1.2%;
棕榈油:6.5%;
魔芋胶:2.5%;
卡拉胶:0.8%;
碳酸钠:0.15%;
蒸馏水:余量。
制备方法与实施例1相同,区别仅在于原料配比不同。
实施例5:
采用文献经常报导的混合搅拌均质法来制备脂肪模拟物:
大豆分离蛋白:1.73%;
棕榈油:9.6%;
魔芋胶:3.4%;
卡拉胶:0.6%;
碳酸钠:0.36%;
蒸馏水:余量;
具体方法如下:称取大豆分离蛋白加入水中,搅拌至完全溶解;然后加入魔芋胶、卡拉胶、棕榈油和碳酸钠,用均质机于15000rpm/min条件下高速剪切5min,直到形成具有一定稠度的溶胶,然后倒入模具,排除内部空气,最后90℃水浴加热1h,使其固化形成热不可逆的凝胶,取出使其冷却至室温,得模拟物。
试验例:
本发明脂肪模拟物的相关检测结果:
由于不同个体、部位的猪背脂其质构性能有较大差异,因此本发明采集了40个猪背脂的TPA数据,得到猪背脂质构性能的分布范围,以为脂肪模拟物的制备提供参考,同时比较了各实施例制备的模拟物的外观、色度值及凝胶的持水性及稳定性,结果如下。
(1)质构测量结果如表1所示,不含卡拉胶的模拟物其凝胶质构性能与猪背脂间差异显著,凝胶强度远远不够。通过加入一定比例的卡拉胶,很好地改善了凝胶的质构特性,使各质构指标都介于猪背脂的质构范围内。
表1脂肪模拟物的质构性能
(2)色度测量结果如表2所示,实施例1制备的模拟物在L*、a*值上都与猪背脂非常接近,在外观上更具优势。
表2脂肪模拟物的色度值
L<sup>*</sup> | a<sup>*</sup> | b<sup>*</sup> | |
猪背脂 | 79.44±1.07 | -1.03±0.05 | 4.72±0.31 |
实施例1 | 79.29±0.34 | -0.90±0.02 | 13.37±0.26 |
实施例2 | 82.06±0.43 | -0.65±0.02 | 11.43±0.21 |
实施例3 | 76.47±0.58 | -0.96±0.11 | 13.14±0.20 |
实施例4 | 76.46±0.38 | 0.56±0.21 | 13.46±0.34 |
实施例5 | 61.66±0.66 | -1.17±0.80 | 11.21±0.38 |
(3)各实施例制备的模拟物的持水性、蒸煮损失及冻融稳定性结果如表3所示,不含卡拉胶的模拟物(实施例2)的样品虽然有着较好的持水性,但由于凝胶强度太弱,相比与添加卡拉胶的样品,其在烹饪和冻融后的损失率更高。同时,通过添加一定量的卡拉胶虽然提高了乳液凝胶的凝胶强度,但由于卡拉胶自身具有发脆、持水性弱的特性,当其添加量超过一定值时,模拟物的持水性及加工稳定性都会受到影响,故需要控制各原料的添加量。
表3脂肪模拟物的乳液凝胶稳定性
持水性(%) | 冻融损失(%) | 烹饪损失(%) | |
实施例1 | 79.98±0.30 | 7.15±2.62 | 3.14±0.89 |
实施例2 | 87.26±1.11 | 8.38±1.38 | 5.96±1.00 |
实施例3 | 82.23±1.84 | 6.40±1.25 | 3.74±0.14 |
实施例4 | 58.62±1.32 | 13.89±1.05 | 8.27±0.81 |
实施例5 | 59.95±2.38 | 7.94±0.51 | 7.94±0.51 |
另外,从图2可以看出,实施例5使用的是混合搅拌均质法,油由于没有得到充分乳化,因此其表面不够平整,而且相比于猪背脂其色泽更深且不均匀,同时,由于油并没有很好的包裹到凝胶网络内部,其持水性较低。
综上所述,本发明制备的脂肪模拟物,其在质构及外观上都与猪背脂十分接近,且具有更好的烹饪稳定性及冻融稳定性,在加工肉制品及低温肉制品中都具有良好的应用前景。
Claims (1)
1.一种猪背脂模拟物的制备方法,其特征在于由以下重量配比的原料制成:大豆分离蛋白:1.73%;棕榈油:9.6%;魔芋胶:3.4%;卡拉胶:0.6%;碳酸钠:0.36%;水:余量,
制备方法包括以下步骤:
(1)乳液水相的配制:称取大豆分离蛋白加入水中,磁力搅拌2小时,然后放于4℃冰箱过夜,使其充分溶解,得蛋白水化液;
(2)剪切乳化处理:将蛋白水化液于90℃水浴加热10min,稍冷却一段时间后向其中加入棕榈油,于12000rpm/min条件下高速剪切3min,得O/W型乳液;
(3)向乳液中加入碳酸钠,搅拌溶解,然后在搅拌机的低速搅拌下,继续加入魔芋胶和卡拉胶,搅拌至形成溶胶;
(4)将溶胶装入模具,排除内部空气,然后将溶胶静置溶胀2h后,放于90℃水浴锅中加热1h,使其形成热不可逆的凝胶,取出使其冷却至室温,得模拟物。
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