CN113079924A - Method for mixed cultivation of fast-growing eucalyptus and acacia melanoxylon - Google Patents
Method for mixed cultivation of fast-growing eucalyptus and acacia melanoxylon Download PDFInfo
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- CN113079924A CN113079924A CN202110386314.XA CN202110386314A CN113079924A CN 113079924 A CN113079924 A CN 113079924A CN 202110386314 A CN202110386314 A CN 202110386314A CN 113079924 A CN113079924 A CN 113079924A
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G17/00—Cultivation of hops, vines, fruit trees, or like trees
- A01G17/005—Cultivation methods
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01C—PLANTING; SOWING; FERTILISING
- A01C21/00—Methods of fertilising, sowing or planting
- A01C21/005—Following a specific plan, e.g. pattern
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G22/00—Cultivation of specific crops or plants not otherwise provided for
- A01G22/40—Fabaceae, e.g. beans or peas
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02A—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02A40/00—Adaptation technologies in agriculture, forestry, livestock or agroalimentary production
- Y02A40/10—Adaptation technologies in agriculture, forestry, livestock or agroalimentary production in agriculture
- Y02A40/22—Improving land use; Improving water use or availability; Controlling erosion
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
- Y02P60/00—Technologies relating to agriculture, livestock or agroalimentary industries
- Y02P60/40—Afforestation or reforestation
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Abstract
A method for mixed cultivation of fast-growing eucalyptus and acacia melanoxylon comprises the following steps: adopting semi-annual fast-growing eucalyptus and two-year-old acacia melanoxylon container seedlings as afforestation materials, cleaning the afforestation land in a belt shape, and preparing land in a block shape; planting 2 trees in the same large-size afforestation hole, performing hole cultivation 2 months before planting, returning hole soil 1 month before afforestation, and applying organic fertilizer as base fertilizer when the hole soil is returned to 1/3 days; afforesting within 2 months after finishing soil preparation; after afforestation, continuous fostering is carried out for 3 years, and weeding and topdressing are carried out for 2 times every year. The invention adjusts the tree seed structure, enlarges the interline spacing and the cave spacing in the forest, changes the ventilation condition in the fast-growing eucalyptus artificial forest, optimizes the forest stand luminous environment and nutrient environment, forms a good multilayer forest structure, and provides technical support for improving the planting mode and sustainable operation of the eucalyptus artificial forest.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the field of artificial forest cultivation, and particularly relates to a mixed cultivation method of fast-growing eucalyptus and acacia melanoxylon, which is suitable for mixed cultivation of eucalyptus and other tree species in forest regions in south China.
Background
Eucalyptus is an extremely important fast-growing wood species in tropical and subtropical regions, and makes a great contribution to maintaining national ecological safety and wood safety. The eucalyptus artificial forest has high intensive operation degree, short rotation cutting period and continuous cultivation mode of multi-generation pure forests, so that the forest productivity is reduced, the problems of soil acidification, organic matter reduction, nutrient imbalance and the like are aggravated by continuous fertilization, and the method becomes an important technical obstacle for the development of the eucalyptus artificial forest. In addition, China is the biggest chemical fertilizer producing country and consuming country in the world, and chemical fertilizers (containing pesticides) account for more than 20% of the cost of agriculture and forestry. The season utilization rate of the fertilizer in China is far lower than the international level. How to improve the utilization rate of the fertilizer and give full play to the function of the fertilizer is one of the main problems to be solved in the current agriculture and forestry production.
Research shows that the continuous planting of pure eucalyptus forest and the interference of high-strength forest culture can cause the obvious decrease of soil organic matters, cause the significant decrease of the nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium contents of soil and the activity of soil enzymes, and finally cause the decline of the comprehensive fertility of the soil, thereby endangering the quality safety of the soil (Zhou, Land Degradation & Development, 2019). Leguminous plants have a remarkable biological nitrogen fixation effect and play an important role in the nutrient circulation and ecological balance of the biosphere (Jia Li Ming, world forestry research, 1998; Wang Xinyu, scientific Notification, 2020). The leguminous tree species are introduced into the eucalyptus artificial forest, so that the consumption of chemical fertilizers can be reduced, the pressure of environmental pollution is relieved, the long-term productivity of forest stands is improved, and the target requirement of sustainable forest management is met. Changing the planting mode is an important regulation and control technology for constructing a high-efficiency population structure, improving the canopy microbial habitat, improving the population photosynthetic efficiency and excavating the high yield potential of the variety. At present, eucalyptus artificial forests are mostly multi-generation continuous planting pure forests, conventional planting points are rectangular, one hole is used for a single plant, inorganic fertilizer is applied, and the current conventional planting mode is difficult to break through ultrahigh yield on single yield under the conditions of the prior art level and vertical land.
Disclosure of Invention
In order to overcome the technical problems of productivity and land capability reduction of the fast-growing eucalyptus artificial forest, the invention provides a mixed cultivation method of the fast-growing eucalyptus and acacia melanoxylon.
The technical scheme of the invention is as follows: a mixed cultivation method of fast-growing eucalyptus and acacia melanoxylon adopts light matrix container seedlings of two tree species as afforestation materials and is planted in the same large-size afforestation hole, and comprises the following steps:
(1) adopting half-year-old fast-growing eucalyptus container seedlings and two-year-old acacia melanoxylon container seedlings as afforestation materials;
(2) the planting points are set as follows: on the land of two-way cutting, the specifications of the holes are 150cm multiplied by 50cm, the distance between the holes is 2m, and the row spacing is 4 m; 2 trees are planted in the same large-size afforestation hole, the distance between the 2 trees in the hole is 1m, 2 tree species are transversely planted in each hole along the contour line of the terrain, and the initial planting density of the forest stand is 110 trees/mu;
(3) selecting the soil layer with the height above sea level below 350m and loose and deep, carrying out zonal cleaning and massive soil preparation, and digging open holes;
(4) performing hole reclamation two months before planting, returning hole soil one month before afforestation, returning surface soil firstly and then returning core soil, applying organic fertilizer as base fertilizer according to 2kg of base fertilizer amount per hole when the hole soil is returned to 1/3, fully and uniformly mixing the organic fertilizer with base soil, and continuing returning the hole soil to flat holes for planting;
(5) within 2 months after the soil preparation procedure is finished, selecting cloudy days, light rain or rainy days for afforestation, stripping off a container bag during afforestation, deeply planting the seedlings, not bending the roots, stretching and compacting the lateral roots, returning soil after planting, and covering loose soil and weeds around the plants to preserve moisture;
(6) continuously fostering for 3 years after afforestation, fostering twice every year, wherein the fostering content mainly comprises shoveling, splitting and fertilizing, and manual pruning is carried out when the canopy density of the young forest reaches 0.8.
The two months before planting in the step (4) is well cultivated by using the hole cultivation, which means during 11-12 months of each year.
And (6) after refining and digging a pit and preparing soil or planting in a forest land, depending on the growth vigor of the miscanthus weeds, when the miscanthus weeds sprout or the tender buds grow to 20-30 cm, shoveling all the weeds and miscellaneous weeds in the young tree planting belt to the root, wherein the width of the belt is 150cm, and the horizontal distance of the young trees is 100cm above the center and 50cm below the center.
And (6) when the awn weed is grown to 40-80 cm and the full-splitting time is 4-6 months, splitting off the weed in the forest land to ensure that the root of the weed is less than or equal to 20 cm.
And (6) continuously applying fertilizers for 3 years, performing topdressing for 2 times every year, applying the nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium compound fertilizer to each plant every time in 3-5 months every year for the first time, wherein the fertilizing amount is 0.5 kg/plant, and applying the organic fertilizer to each plant in 2 kg/plant in 9-10 months every year for the second time.
And (6) digging a fertilizing ditch which is 30-40cm long and 15-17cm deep at a position 25-40 cm away from the side of the sapling, uniformly spreading the fertilizer in the ditch, and returning soil to cover.
The invention has the outstanding advantages that:
by selecting tree species with incompletely overlapped ecological niches and mutually beneficial relationship between species, the aspects of plant space occupation, nutrient absorption, light energy utilization degree and the like are optimized. By utilizing the biological nitrogen fixation effect of leguminous tree species, the use amount of the inorganic fertilizer is controlled in spring, the organic fertilizer is applied in autumn, the soil quality is improved, the plants can absorb soil nutrients uniformly, and the growth of forest trees is promoted, so that the yield increase potential of the forest land can be favorably developed, the use amount of the inorganic fertilizer is reduced, the environmental pollution is reduced, the dual targets of improving the productivity per unit area and saving cost and improving efficiency are achieved, and the method is a new way for cultivating high-quality, efficient and sustainable fast-growing eucalyptus artificial forest.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a one-hole two-plant cultivation pattern diagram of the mixed cultivation method of fast-growing eucalyptus and acacia melanoxylon.
FIG. 2 is a single-hole single-plant cultivation contrast pattern diagram of the mixed cultivation method of fast-growing eucalyptus and acacia melanoxylon.
Detailed Description
The technical solution of the present invention is further illustrated by the following examples.
Example 1
The invention discloses an example of a mixed cultivation method of fast-growing eucalyptus and acacia melanoxylon, which comprises the following steps:
(1) selecting tree species: selecting a light medium container seedling of a clone tissue culture seedling of half-year-old eucalyptus urophylla DH32-29 and a seedling of 2-year-old eucalyptus urophylla as an afforestation material; the average seedling heights of the eucalyptus urophylla and the acacia melanoxylon are respectively 30cm and 60cm.
(2) Setting planting points:
planting in two plants in one hole: on the land of everyone fell according to the acupoint specification: the length multiplied by the width multiplied by the depth is 150cm multiplied by 50cm, the hole spacing is 2m, the row spacing is 4m, large-size afforestation holes are arranged, 2 trees are planted in the same large-size afforestation hole, namely, one hole is provided with two trees, the spacing between 2 trees in the hole is 1m, 2 tree species are transversely planted in each hole along the contour line of the terrain, and the initial planting density of the forest stand is 110 trees/mu.
Single-hole single-plant planting: on the land of everyone fell according to the acupoint specification: the length × width × depth is 50cm × 50cm × 40 cm. The distance between plants is 2m, the row spacing is 4m, 1 tree is planted in each hole, and the initial planting density of the tree stand is 110 trees/mu.
(3) Clearing and preparing forest lands: selecting a forest land with an altitude of less than 350m and loose and deep soil layer, performing belt-shaped cleaning and block soil preparation, and digging open holes; the hole is reclaimed and well-regulated two months before planting, the hole soil is returned one month before afforestation, the surface soil is returned firstly, then the core soil is returned, the organic fertilizer is applied as the base fertilizer according to the base fertilizer amount of 2kg per hole when the hole soil is returned to 1/3, the organic fertilizer is fully mixed with the base soil, and then the hole soil is returned continuously to the flat hole for planting;
(4) planting: in two months after the soil preparation procedure is finished, selecting cloudy days, light rain or rainy days for afforestation, in order to improve the survival rate of the afforestation, stripping off a container bag during the afforestation, deeply planting seedlings, not bending roots, stretching and treading lateral roots, returning soil after planting, and covering loose soil and weeds around the plants to preserve moisture;
(5) shoveling the belt: after refining and digging pits in a forest land or after planting, observing the growth vigor of the miscanthus weeds, when the miscanthus weeds sprout or the tender shoots grow to 20-30 cm, eradicating all weeds and miscellaneous irrigation in a young tree planting zone to the root, wherein the bandwidth is 150cm, and the horizontal distance of 100cm above and 50cm below the young tree is taken as the center; the shovel belt time is 3-5 months.
(6) Fully splitting: when the miscanthus sinensis is grown to 40-80 cm, cutting off the miscanthus sinensis in the forest land to enable the root of the miscanthus sinensis to be less than or equal to 20cm, and the total cutting time is 4-6 months;
(8) fertilizing: the method comprises the steps of continuously applying fertilizers for 3 years in the current year for afforestation, performing topdressing for 2 times every year, applying nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium compound fertilizers for each plant for 3-5 months every year for the first time, wherein the fertilizing amount is 0.5 kg/plant, and applying organic fertilizers for each hole for 9-10 months every year for the second time.
And (3) fertilizing, namely digging a fertilizing ditch which is 30-40cm long and 15-17cm deep at the growth position of a new root of the sapling below a water dropping line which is 25-40 cm away from the side of the sapling or at the outermost edge of a crown, uniformly spreading the fertilizer into the ditch and covering with returned soil, wherein the returned soil must ensure that the fertilizer is covered tightly. The fertilization is carried out in a sunny day after raining, and the procedures of shoveling belts, splitting the whole weed, irrigating the grass and the like are combined together.
(9) After 12 months of forestation, the effects of the planting method of one hole with two plants and the planting method of single hole with single plant are compared, and the results show that: the preservation rates of acacia melanoxylon and eucalyptus urophylla planted in one hole and two plants are respectively 100 percent and 99 percent, and the high growth increment of the trees is respectively 2.2m and 5.3 m; the preservation rates of acacia melanoxylon and eucalyptus urophylla by the single-hole single-plant tending measures are respectively 90% and 100%, and the growth increment of the tree height is reduced more and is respectively 1.7m and 4.5 m.
TABLE 1 one-hole double-plant and single-hole single-plant method afforestation mixed afforestation effect of eucalyptus urophylla and acacia melanoxylon
Example 2
Another example of the method for mixed cultivation of fast-growing eucalyptus and acacia melanoxylon according to the present invention comprises the following steps:
steps (1) to (4) are the same as the example 1, and forestation is carried out according to the one-hole double-plant planting method of the example 1;
in addition, after afforestation, continuous tending is carried out for 3 years, the tending is carried out twice every year, and the tending contents mainly comprise shoveling belts, totally splitting, removing impurities, irrigating grass and fertilizing.
In the procedure of removing the weed and the grass, 2 measures of 'shovel belt + full splitting' and 'shovel belt only' are compared, and the measurement result 12 months after afforestation shows: under the forest land cleaning measures of 'shovel belt and full splitting', the preservation rates of acacia melanoxylon and eucalyptus urophylla are 100% and 99%, and the tree height growth increment is 2.2m and 5.3m respectively; the preservation rates of acacia melanoxylon and eucalyptus urophylla by the aid of the 'only shovel belt' tending measures are 87% and 85%, growth increment of the tree height is 1.4m and 3.7m respectively, and the tree height and the preservation rate are poorer than the effect of 'shovel belt + full-split' tending and cleaning.
TABLE 2 Effect of measures for removing miscellaneous shrubs on the mixed afforestation of Eucalyptus urophylla and Acacia melanoxylon
Example 3
The invention also discloses a method for mixed cultivation of fast-growing eucalyptus and acacia melanoxylon, which comprises the following steps:
(1) afforesting according to the one-hole double-plant planting method of the example 1;
(2) after afforestation, continuous tending is carried out for 3 years, the tending is carried out twice every year, and the tending contents mainly comprise cleaning, impurity removing, grass irrigating (shoveling belt, splitting and fertilizing).
(3) In the fertilizing process, continuously fertilizing for 3 years after afforestation, wherein the steps of top dressing 2 times per year in the current year of afforestation, applying the nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium compound fertilizer to each plant for 3-5 months per year for the first time, and setting 3 fertilizing amounts which are 0.25 kg/plant, 0.5 kg/plant and 1.0 kg/plant respectively; and 2kg of organic fertilizer is applied to each plant every 9-10 months every year for the second time.
(4) This example 3 compares the effect of different fertilizing amounts at the first topdressing every year. The results of the measurement 12 months after forestation showed: when the inorganic fertilizer application amount is respectively 0.25, 0.5 and 1.5 kg/plant in spring, the preservation rates of acacia melanoxylon and eucalyptus urophylla are not greatly different, the growth increment of the tree height is different, the growth increment of the acacia melanoxylon is respectively 1.8m, 2.2m and 2.3m, and the growth increment of the tree height of the eucalyptus urophylla is respectively 4.7m, 5.3m and 5.3 m. Therefore, the application amount of the inorganic fertilizer in spring can be properly reduced to be 0.5 g/plant when the organic fertilizer is applied in autumn by comprehensively considering the fertilizer application amount and the tree height increment.
TABLE 3 spring effect of different inorganic fertilizer application amounts on mixed afforestation of Eucalyptus urophylla and Acacia melanoxylon
Example 4
The invention also discloses a method for mixed cultivation of fast-growing eucalyptus and acacia melanoxylon, which comprises the following steps:
(1) afforesting according to the one-hole double-plant planting method of the example 1;
(2) after afforestation, continuous tending is carried out for 3 years, the tending is carried out twice every year, and the tending contents mainly comprise shoveling belts, totally splitting, removing impurities, irrigating grass and fertilizing.
(3) In the fertilizing process, continuously fertilizing for 3 years after afforestation, performing annual topdressing for 2 times every year including the current year of afforestation, applying nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium compound fertilizer to each plant every time in 3-5 months every year for the first time, wherein the fertilizing amount is 0.5kg per plant; and respectively applying an organic fertilizer or an inorganic fertilizer to each plant in 9-10 months every year, wherein the dosage is 2kg per plant.
(4) This example 4 compares the effect of applying organic and inorganic fertilizers during the second topdressing every year. The results of the measurement 12 months after forestation showed: when organic fertilizer and inorganic fertilizer are applied in autumn, the preservation rate and the tree height growth of acacia melanoxylon and eucalyptus urophylla are not good. The organic fertilizer can increase soil organic matters, improve the physical and chemical properties of soil and improve the activity of microorganisms, so that the application of the organic fertilizer in autumn is more beneficial to maintaining the soil fertility of the artificial forest.
TABLE 3 spring effect of different inorganic fertilizer application amounts on mixed afforestation of Eucalyptus urophylla and Acacia melanoxylon
Claims (6)
1. A method for mixed cultivation of fast-growing eucalyptus and acacia melanoxylon is characterized by comprising the following steps:
(1) adopting half-year-old fast-growing eucalyptus container seedlings and two-year-old acacia melanoxylon container seedlings as afforestation materials;
(2) the planting points are set as follows: on the land of two-way cutting, the specifications of the holes are 150cm multiplied by 50cm, the distance between the holes is 2m, and the row spacing is 4 m; 2 trees are planted in the same large-size afforestation hole, the distance between the 2 trees in the hole is 1m, 2 tree species are transversely planted in each hole along the contour line of the terrain, and the initial planting density of the forest stand is 110 trees/mu;
(3) selecting the soil layer with the height above sea level below 350m and loose and deep, carrying out zonal cleaning and massive soil preparation, and digging open holes;
(4) performing hole reclamation two months before planting, returning hole soil one month before afforestation, returning surface soil firstly and then returning core soil, applying organic fertilizer as base fertilizer according to 2kg of base fertilizer amount per hole when the hole soil is returned to 1/3, fully and uniformly mixing the organic fertilizer with base soil, and continuing returning the hole soil to flat holes for planting;
(5) within 2 months after the soil preparation procedure is finished, selecting cloudy days, light rain or rainy days for afforestation, stripping off a container bag during afforestation, deeply planting the seedlings, not bending the roots, stretching and compacting the lateral roots, returning soil after planting, and covering loose soil and weeds around the plants to preserve moisture;
(6) continuously fostering for 3 years after afforestation, fostering twice every year, wherein the fostering content mainly comprises shoveling, splitting and fertilizing, and manual pruning is carried out when the canopy density of the young forest reaches 0.8.
2. The method for cultivation of mixed eucalyptus robusta and acacia melanoxylon as claimed in claim 1, wherein the two months before the cultivation in step (4) are well cultivated by hole cultivation in 11-12 months of the year.
3. The method for mixed cultivation of fast-growing eucalyptus trees and acacia melanoxylon trees as claimed in claim 1, wherein in step (6), after the land is refined and the pits are dug and land is prepared or the trees are planted, the growth of the miscanthus weeds is observed, when the germination or the growth of the young buds of the miscanthus weeds is 20-30 cm, all the weeds and the miscellaneous irrigation in the young tree planting zone are shoveled to the root, the bandwidth is 150cm, and the horizontal distance of 100cm above and 50cm below the center of the young trees is taken as the horizontal distance.
4. The method for mixed cultivation of fast-growing eucalyptus trees and acacia melanoxylon trees as claimed in claim 1, wherein the full-splitting in step (6) is to split off the weed in the forest land when the miscanthus sinensis grows to 40-80 cm and the full-splitting time is 4-6 months, so that the root of the weed is less than or equal to 20 cm.
5. The method for mixed cultivation of fast-growing eucalyptus trees and acacia melanoxylon trees as claimed in claim 1, wherein the fertilization in the step (6) is continuous fertilization for 3 years, 2 times of topdressing are carried out every year, 3-5 months are carried out every year for the first time, nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium compound fertilizers are applied to each tree every time, the fertilizing amount is 0.5 kg/plant, and 2 kg/plant of organic fertilizers are applied to each hole for the second time, 9-10 months are carried out every year.
6. The method for mixed cultivation of eucalyptus robusta and acacia melanoxylon as claimed in claim 1, wherein the step (6) of applying fertilizer is to dig a fertilizing ditch with a length of 30-40cm and a depth of 15-17cm at a position 25-40 cm from the side of the sapling, and uniformly spread the fertilizer in the ditch and cover the ditch with the returned soil.
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| CN113812296A (en) * | 2021-09-03 | 2021-12-21 | 广西壮族自治区林业科学研究院 | Method for controlling eucalyptus artificial forest mikania micrantha by using acacia melanoxylon |
| CN114600727A (en) * | 2022-03-25 | 2022-06-10 | 中国林业科学研究院热带林业研究所 | Multilayer mixed blending method for improving benefit of eucalyptus urophylla |
| CN116369192A (en) * | 2023-02-24 | 2023-07-04 | 中国科学院华南植物园 | Method for quickly constructing acacia pure forest mixing |
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