CN113024292B - Special bio-organic fertilizer for watermelon cultivation and cultivation method of small-fruit watermelon - Google Patents

Special bio-organic fertilizer for watermelon cultivation and cultivation method of small-fruit watermelon Download PDF

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CN113024292B
CN113024292B CN202110230617.2A CN202110230617A CN113024292B CN 113024292 B CN113024292 B CN 113024292B CN 202110230617 A CN202110230617 A CN 202110230617A CN 113024292 B CN113024292 B CN 113024292B
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watermelon
greenhouse
soil
days
fruit
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CN113024292A (en
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顾卫红
李超汉
杨红娟
宋荣浩
朱丽华
尤佳琪
李少龙
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Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences
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Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences
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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C05—FERTILISERS; MANUFACTURE THEREOF
    • C05F—ORGANIC FERTILISERS NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C05B, C05C, e.g. FERTILISERS FROM WASTE OR REFUSE
    • C05F11/00—Other organic fertilisers
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
    • A01B—SOIL WORKING IN AGRICULTURE OR FORESTRY; PARTS, DETAILS, OR ACCESSORIES OF AGRICULTURAL MACHINES OR IMPLEMENTS, IN GENERAL
    • A01B79/00—Methods for working soil
    • A01B79/02—Methods for working soil combined with other agricultural processing, e.g. fertilising, planting
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
    • A01C—PLANTING; SOWING; FERTILISING
    • A01C21/00—Methods of fertilising, sowing or planting
    • A01C21/005—Following a specific plan, e.g. pattern
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
    • A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
    • A01G22/00—Cultivation of specific crops or plants not otherwise provided for
    • A01G22/05—Fruit crops, e.g. strawberries, tomatoes or cucumbers
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
    • A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
    • A01G22/00—Cultivation of specific crops or plants not otherwise provided for
    • A01G22/40—Fabaceae, e.g. beans or peas
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C05—FERTILISERS; MANUFACTURE THEREOF
    • C05G—MIXTURES OF FERTILISERS COVERED INDIVIDUALLY BY DIFFERENT SUBCLASSES OF CLASS C05; MIXTURES OF ONE OR MORE FERTILISERS WITH MATERIALS NOT HAVING A SPECIFIC FERTILISING ACTIVITY, e.g. PESTICIDES, SOIL-CONDITIONERS, WETTING AGENTS; FERTILISERS CHARACTERISED BY THEIR FORM
    • C05G5/00—Fertilisers characterised by their form
    • C05G5/20—Liquid fertilisers
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02W—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO WASTEWATER TREATMENT OR WASTE MANAGEMENT
    • Y02W30/00—Technologies for solid waste management
    • Y02W30/40—Bio-organic fraction processing; Production of fertilisers from the organic fraction of waste or refuse

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  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Environmental Sciences (AREA)
  • Soil Sciences (AREA)
  • Botany (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Pest Control & Pesticides (AREA)
  • Cultivation Of Plants (AREA)

Abstract

The invention provides a special bio-organic fertilizer for watermelon cultivation and a cultivation method of small-fruit watermelons, and belongs to the technical field of crop cultivation. The cultivation method provided by the invention is characterized in that on the basis of selecting and establishing a production base which accords with the production place environment of green watermelon products of Ministry of agriculture and is most suitable for the growth and development of watermelon roots, the special organic fertilizer for cultivating watermelons provided by the invention is applied, the continuous and effective supply of various nutrients required by the growth and the fruit development of small-fruit watermelon plants is met, and the high-quality green production of small-fruit watermelon products is realized (both the taste quality and the safety quality reach the standard). Meanwhile, comprehensive technical means such as vine clearing, quicklime treatment, soil irrigation, high-temperature greenhouse closing, staggered planting and the like are adopted, so that the purpose that the small-fruit watermelons are planted for 3 years continuously in the same greenhouse without changing greenhouse soil or adopting grafting cultivation conditions is achieved, and the problem of continuous cropping obstacle in the small-fruit watermelons is solved.

Description

Special bio-organic fertilizer for watermelon cultivation and cultivation method of small-fruit watermelon
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of crop cultivation, and particularly relates to a special bio-organic fertilizer for watermelon cultivation and a cultivation method of small-fruit watermelons.
Background
The watermelon is an important economic crop in China, and is a favorite fruit of the public. In nearly 20 years, the cultivation area of Chinese watermelons is always stabilized to be more than 2500 ten thousand acres, and watermelons become efficient horticultural crops for farmers to defy poverty and become rich in many areas in China.
For a long time, the watermelon quality control consciousness of watermelon farmers is not strong due to the lack of market lever of 'high quality and high price' in the watermelon product market in China. In order to pursue high yield, the conditions that a great amount of or excessive application of 'quick-acting fertilizers' and excessive application of 'quick-acting fertilizers' are applied to watermelon cultivation production by watermelon farmers are very prominent, so that the taste quality of watermelon products is influenced, and soil salinization is aggravated year by year due to excessive application of 'quick-acting fertilizers', so that the occurrence of watermelon continuous cropping obstacles is aggravated. Especially, various diseases (gummy stem blight, anthracnose, epidemic diseases and the like) are aggravated year by year, and melon farmers have to blindly spray a large amount of various pesticides for yield conservation, so that the residues of nitrates, heavy metals, pesticides and the like in fruits exceed the standard, the products can not reach the national green food quality standard, and the desire of consumers to purchase watermelons is greatly influenced. With the continuous improvement of the living standard of urban and rural residents in China, the agricultural product consumption market in China is met with a reverse chance, more and more consumers turn to the pursuit of eating good from the pursuit of fullness, the consumers pay attention to the taste quality of watermelons and the internal quality of watermelon products, namely the safety of the products, the high-quality green watermelon products are particularly favored by the public, and the market price of the high-quality green watermelon products is 2-3 times higher than that of common pollution-free watermelon products.
The watermelon takes ripe fruits as organs of products, and the growth process of 4-5 months is needed from sowing and seedling raising of seeds to full development and maturity of the fruits. In the whole growth and development process of the watermelon, except for uncontrollable external cultivation environmental conditions such as temperature, illumination, air humidity and the like, a most critical cultivation technology for influencing the quality and the yield of the watermelon is a nutrient supply technology (namely a fertilization technology), once various required nutrients are not sufficiently supplied, plants are easy to senilis, the yield is low, fruits cannot fully develop and mature, sugar of pulp cannot be effectively accumulated and converted, the sweetness is low or no, and the special taste and quality of the watermelon are lost. However, excessive nutrient supply, especially excessive nitrogen fertilizer, easily causes the plant to grow excessively, obviously weakens the disease resistance and stress resistance of the plant, and greatly reduces the yield and the quality.
Research shows that nutrients required by growth and fruit development of watermelon plants are mainly derived from two types of fertilizers, namely bio-organic fertilizers (prepared by fermenting animal wastes and processed wastes of soybean cakes, rape cakes, sesame cakes and the like) and fertilizers. The biological organic fertilizer is rich in organic matters, so that the biological organic fertilizer has the effects of loosening soil and promoting root system development. Meanwhile, the biological organic fertilizer contains various nutrients (major elements such as nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and the like, various trace elements, mineral substances and the like), is stable in release of various nutrients and long in effective supply time, can continuously and stably supply various nutrients required in the whole growth and fruit development process of watermelon plants under the condition of sufficient application amount, and enhances the disease resistance and stress resistance of the watermelon plants, so that the application of various pesticides is reduced, and the quality and yield of watermelon fruits are remarkably improved. At present, raw materials of various bio-organic fertilizers sold and supplied in China market are mainly derived from animal wastes of cattle, pigs, sheep, chickens, ducks and the like and crop straws of wheat, rice, corn and the like, the content of organic matters in the bio-organic fertilizers is about 45 percent usually, the content of major elements such as nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and the like is 5 to 7 percent usually, and the bio-organic fertilizers do not contain or contain amino acid, trace elements, mineral substances and the like; the application amount is small, the requirements of the watermelon plant growth and fruit development processes on nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, trace elements, mineral substances and the like cannot be effectively met, the excessive application amount can cause the contents of heavy metals, antibiotics and the like in the watermelon fruit to exceed the standard, the safety quality of the fruit is greatly reduced, and the watermelon growers can promote the watermelon plant growth and accelerate the watermelon fruit expansion only by applying a large amount of quick-acting fertilizers, so as to ensure the high yield. However, excessive application of the quick-acting fertilizer is easy to cause excessive growth of plants and reduction of fruit setting rate, the disease resistance and stress resistance of the plants are weakened, and the taste and quality of fruits are obviously reduced.
The watermelon is a crop which is forbidden to be continuously planted, and the watermelon can be planted in the soil which is generally planted with the watermelon at intervals of 5-8 years, so the rotation cultivation (replacement of new land every year) is the most economic and effective measure for alleviating the continuous cropping obstacle of the watermelon by watermelon farmers. At present, the watermelon cultivation in China mainly comprises open field and facilities, wherein the area of the watermelon cultivated in the facilities is expanded to be more than 2/3 of the total area. Due to the extremely high crop rotation relocation cost of greenhouse for facility cultivation of watermelons (generally, the labor cost and the accessory cost per mu are more than 2000 yuan), the crop rotation cultivation of the traditional watermelons becomes extremely difficult, the continuous cropping obstacles (watermelon blight and soil salinization) of the facility cultivation of watermelons are aggravated year by year, and the economic benefit of the facility cultivation of watermelons in China and the sustainable development of watermelon production are seriously influenced.
In the last decade, the small-fruit watermelon with the weight of about 1.5-2.5 kg and excellent quality and convenient eating is particularly favored by the market, and representative varieties such as 'early spring ruby', 'Na bit', 'extra small phoenix', 'Xiaolan', 'black jin', 'Huang Jing', and the like, the market selling price of the small-fruit watermelon products is 2-3 times that of the common large-fruit watermelon, the economic benefit is remarkable, and the cultivation area is enlarged year by year. Because the small fruit type watermelons all show precocious ripening, thin peel and easy fruit cracking, do not resist high temperature and heavy rain, the method is mainly suitable for the cultivation of spring sowing precocious facilities in various places. At present, the varieties of the small-fruit watermelons cultivated at home and abroad, such as 'early spring jasper', 'Nabi', 'special small phoenix', 'small orchid', 'black jin' and 'yellow crystal', do not resist blight, so that the small-fruit watermelons can be planted in the facility greenhouse for planting the small-fruit watermelons after 5-8 years of interval, and the high-quality green production and the sustainable development of the production of the small-fruit watermelons are greatly limited. The problem needs to be solved by a cultivation method which can realize the high-quality green production of the small-fruit watermelon and can relieve the continuous cropping obstacle of the small-fruit watermelon.
Disclosure of Invention
In view of the above, the invention aims to provide a special bio-organic fertilizer for watermelon cultivation and a cultivation method of small-fruit watermelons. The cultivation method provided by the invention is characterized in that on the basis of selecting and establishing a production base which accords with the production place environment of green watermelon products of Ministry of agriculture and is most suitable for the growth and development of watermelon roots, the full-nutrition efficient green bio-organic fertilizer provided by the invention is applied, the continuous and effective supply of various nutrients required by the growth and fruit development of small-fruit watermelon plants is met, and the high-quality green production of small-fruit watermelon products is realized (the taste quality and the safety quality both reach the standard). Meanwhile, comprehensive technical means such as vine clearing, quicklime treatment, soil irrigation, high-temperature greenhouse closing, staggered planting and the like are adopted, so that the purpose that the small-fruit watermelons are planted for 3 years continuously in the same greenhouse without changing greenhouse soil or adopting grafting cultivation conditions is achieved, and the problem of continuous cropping obstacle in the small-fruit watermelons is solved.
In order to achieve the above purpose, the invention provides the following technical scheme:
the invention provides a special biological organic fertilizer for cultivating small-fruit watermelons, which comprises a first soybean fermented fertilizer, a second soybean fermented fertilizer and a third soybean fermented fertilizer;
the preparation method of the first soybean fermented fertilizer comprises the following steps: crushing the whole soybean crop, adjusting the water content to 20-30%, stacking, and fermenting in a sealing manner for 30-50 days;
the preparation method of the second soybean fermented fertilizer comprises the following steps: soaking and swelling the dried soybean seeds with water until the seed coats crack and the water content is 30-40%, and then sealing and fermenting for 30-50 days;
the preparation method of the third soybean fermented fertilizer comprises the following steps: soaking the dried soybean seeds in water, boiling for 20-30 min to obtain cooked soybean seeds, mixing the cooked soybean seeds with water, sealing and fermenting for 30-50 d, and collecting an extraction liquid.
Preferably, in the preparation method of the third soybean fermented fertilizer, the dry seeds are soaked in water for 5-6 hours; the mixing mass ratio of the cooked soybean seeds to the water is 1: (4-6).
The invention provides a method for cultivating a small-fruit watermelon, which comprises the following steps:
1) selecting a land which meets the environmental standard of the agricultural department NY/T391 green food production area and is not planted with melons, fruits and vegetables, and constructing a greenhouse on the land;
2) in the middle and last ten days of 11 months to 1 month and the next year, opening middle ditches and ridges on the greenhouse land; digging fertilizing furrows at positions 50-175 cm away from the center of the middle furrow on two sides of the middle furrow respectively; sequentially applying a first soybean fermented fertilizer, a second soybean fermented fertilizer and a nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium ternary compound fertilizer in the fertilizing ditch from bottom to top, and then spraying water and covering soil in the fertilizing ditch;
3) digging a row of planting holes at positions 20-150 cm away from the edge of the middle ditch, transplanting the small fruit type watermelon seedlings to the planting holes, building an arched shed above the small fruit type watermelon seedlings, covering the arched shed with a thin film, sealing the greenhouse and the arched shed for 4-7 days, uncovering the thin film on the arched shed in the daytime, and covering the thin film on the arched shed at night; after the small-fruit type watermelon seedlings are transplanted to survive and before the plants bloom and set fruit 25-30 days, controlling the temperature in the greenhouse to be 25-33 ℃ in the daytime, the temperature at night to be 15-20 ℃ and the relative air humidity to be 50-60%;
4) when young fruits on the small-fruit type watermelon plants begin to expand within 5-7 days, the third soybean fermented fertilizer is dripped to the roots of the small-fruit type watermelon seedlings along with drip irrigation; the dripping is carried out once every 5-7 d, and the dripping is carried out 3-4 times in the whole fruit expansion period; in the first ten days of 5 months to 6 months, the watermelon fruits enter the mature period, the irrigation is stopped 7-10 days before harvesting, and the mature fruits are harvested;
5) in the middle of the first 6 months to the last 5 months of each year, after the watermelon is harvested, removing the root systems and the vines of all watermelon plants, spreading quicklime and turning soil at the positions where the watermelons are planted, irrigating the soil of the whole greenhouse, sealing the whole greenhouse, and keeping the temperature in the greenhouse at 60-70 ℃ and the relative humidity at 60-80%; closing the greenhouse for 20-30 days, and after the irrigation naturally falls to the dry state, performing the next irrigation for 2-3 times continuously;
6) in the middle and late 7 months of each year, opening the greenhouse film, airing greenhouse soil, turning over the soil to form furrows, sowing soybeans, from the bottom of 9 months to the middle 10 days of the month, after harvesting soybean green pods and seeds, spreading quicklime on the soil surface of the greenhouse, turning over the soil, uncovering the greenhouse film, and treating the soil with rain for 20-30 days.
Preferably, the seedlings of the small-fruit type watermelon are planted circularly according to the steps 1) to 6) for 3 years, and the transplanting position of the seedlings of the small-fruit type watermelon every year is 50-80cm away from the position of the small-fruit type watermelon in the previous year.
Preferably, the depth of the intermediate groove is 25-30 cm, and the width of the intermediate groove is 40-50 cm; the width of the ridge surface of the ridge is 2.5-3.5 m.
Preferably, the depth of the fertilizing ditch is 30-35 cm, and the width of the fertilizing ditch is 35-40 cm.
Preferably, the application amount of the first soybean fermented fertilizer is 400-600 kg/667m 2 (ii) a The application amount of the second soybean fermented fertilizer is 200-300 kg/667m 2 (ii) a The application amount of the nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium ternary compound fertilizer is 18-22 kg/667m 2 。
Preferably, the third soybean fermented fertilizer in the step 4) is diluted before dripping application, the dilution multiple is 8-12 times, and the dripping application time is 7-10 min each time; the amount of the liquid is 15-20L per time.
Preferably, the spreading amount of the quicklime in the step 5) is 40-50 kg/667m 2 (ii) a The depth of the soil turning is 25-30 cm.
Preferably, the appropriate amount of quicklime scattered in the step 6) is 20-30 kg/667m 2 And the depth of the turned soil is 25-30 cm.
The invention has the beneficial effects that: the raw materials of the special biological organic fertilizer for cultivating the small-fruit watermelons are all derived from soybeans (including roots, stems, leaves, pods and seeds of plants). Through detection and analysis, the content of organic matters in the special bio-organic fertilizer for cultivating the small fruit type watermelons is more than or equal to 70 percent, the content of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium is more than or equal to 12 percent, and the special bio-organic fertilizer is rich in various amino acids, trace elements, mineral substances and the like (more than or equal to 8 percent), and compared with various commercial bio-organic fertilizers sold in the current domestic market (the content of organic matters is more than or equal to 45 percent, the content of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium is more than or equal to 5 percent, and the special bio-organic fertilizer for cultivating the small fruit type watermelons does not contain or contains less amino acids, trace elements, mineral substances and the like), the content of organic matters, nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, amino acids, trace elements, mineral substances and the like in the special bio-organic fertilizer for cultivating the small fruit type watermelons is higher, and belongs to a full-nutrition green efficient bio-organic fertilizer.
The multi-point production test results show that the special bio-organic fertilizer for cultivating the small fruit type watermelons, provided by the invention, has high and comprehensive content of various nutrients and long lasting and effective supply time, can continuously and effectively meet the requirements of various nutrients required by the growth of small fruit type watermelons and the development of fruits in the whole process, enables the plants to grow robustly and various diseases to be generated or not to be generated, and greatly reduces the application of various pesticides, so that the mouth feel quality and the safety quality of small fruit type watermelons are both up to the standard.
The cultivation method provided by the invention is characterized in that the special bio-organic fertilizer for cultivating the small-fruit watermelon is applied on the basis of selecting and establishing a production base which accords with the production place environment of the green watermelon products of the ministry of agriculture and is most suitable for the growth and development soil conditions of the roots of the watermelon, so that the continuous and effective supply of various nutrients required by the growth and the fruit development of the small-fruit watermelon plants is met, and the high-quality green production of the small-fruit watermelon products is realized (the taste quality and the safety quality reach the two standards). Meanwhile, comprehensive technical means such as vine clearing, quicklime treatment, soil irrigation, high-temperature greenhouse closing, staggered planting and the like are adopted, the technical effect that the small-fruit watermelons are planted for 3 years continuously in the same greenhouse without changing greenhouse soil or adopting grafting cultivation conditions is achieved, and the problem of continuous cropping obstacle in the cultivation of the small-fruit watermelons is solved.
Detailed Description
The invention provides a special biological organic fertilizer for cultivating small-fruit watermelons, which comprises a first soybean fermented fertilizer, a second soybean fermented fertilizer and a third soybean fermented fertilizer; the preparation method of the first soybean fermented fertilizer comprises the following steps: crushing the whole soybean crop, adjusting the water content to 20-30%, stacking, and fermenting in a sealing manner for 30-50 days; the preparation method of the second soybean fermented fertilizer comprises the following steps: soaking and swelling the dried soybean seeds with water until the seed coats crack and the water content reaches 30-40%, and sealing and fermenting for 30-50 days; the preparation method of the third soybean fermented fertilizer comprises the following steps: soaking the dried soybean seeds in water, boiling for 20-30 min to obtain cooked soybean seeds, mixing the cooked soybean seeds with water, sealing and fermenting for 30-50 d, and collecting an extraction liquid.
In the invention, the preparation method of the first soybean fermented fertilizer comprises the following steps: crushing the whole soybean crop, adjusting the water content to 20-30%, stacking, and fermenting in a sealing manner for 30-50 days. In the present invention, the whole plant of soybean crop includes the root, stem, leaf, pod and immature seed of the soybean crop. In the present invention, the soybean crop is preferably vegetable soybeans, the variety of the vegetable soybeans is not particularly limited in the present invention, and in the specific implementation process, the variety is preferably 'huning 95-1', 'second green crisp', 'fifth green crisp', or 'sixth green crisp'. The invention has no special limitation on the pulverization, and the conventional pulverization is adopted, and in the specific implementation process of the invention, an agricultural pulverizer is preferably adopted for pulverization. In the invention, preferably, the crushed materials are piled, and when the piled materials are piled for 50-60 cm, clear water is sprayed into the crushed materials and turned over, so that the crushed materials are fully wetted and expanded for 3-4 hours, and the water content is 20-30%. In the invention, the turning is up-down turning, and the number of times of turning is 2-3 times; the water content of 20-30% is preferably selected by slightly penetrating water in finger gaps of the crushed materials by hand. After the stacking is finished, preferably covering a layer of plastic film on the surface of the stack, compacting and sealing the periphery of the plastic film, and stacking and fermenting for 30-50 days.
In the invention, the preparation method of the second soybean fermented fertilizer comprises the following steps: soaking and swelling the dried soybean seeds with water until the seed coats crack and the water content reaches 30-40%, and sealing and fermenting for 30-50 days. In the present invention, the dry soybean seeds include intact seeds having germination ability, deteriorated seeds having no germination ability, and broken and fragmented seeds; the dry soybean seeds are preferably self-grown or purchased from the market. In the invention, the dried soybean seeds are preferably soaked in water and imbibed until the seed coats crack; the amount of the soaking water is not particularly limited, and the dry soybean seeds can be submerged; in the invention, the soaking and swelling time is preferably 8-10 h; in the invention, the seeds and the bean petals which are soaked and swelled are preferably covered and sealed by a film; the sealed fermentation is preferably carried out in a greenhouse, and an anti-leakage film is preferably laid on the ground surface in the greenhouse.
In the invention, the preparation method of the third soybean fermented fertilizer comprises the following steps: soaking the dried soybean seeds in water, boiling for 20-30 min to obtain cooked soybean seeds, mixing the cooked soybean seeds with water, sealing and fermenting for 30-50 d, and collecting liquid. In the present invention, it is preferable to put dry soybean seeds into a container for soaking; the mass ratio of the dry soybean seeds to the soaking water is preferably 1: (0.8-1.2), more preferably 1: 1; the soaking time is preferably 5-6 h; the boiling is preferably carried out on a big fire and a small fire. In the present invention, the mass ratio of the boiled soybean seeds to water is preferably 1: (4-6), more preferably 1: 5. in the present invention, the sealed fermentation is preferably achieved by a film-sealed container. In the present invention, the container is preferably a tub.
The invention also provides a cultivation method of the small-fruit watermelon, which comprises the steps of firstly selecting a land which meets the environmental standard of the green food producing area of the Ministry of agriculture NY/T391 and is not planted with melons, fruits and vegetables, and constructing a greenhouse on the land. In the invention, the land is preferably a deep soil layer, good drainage, rich organic matters and fertile and loose land; the land may be a paddy field or a mudflat land satisfying the above conditions. The method is characterized in that the soil is preferably deeply ploughed before the soil is used, the deep ploughing depth is 25-35 cm, and plant root system residues in the soil, such as weed root residues or rice root residues, are preferably removed after the deep ploughing. The construction method of the greenhouse is not particularly limited, and the conventional greenhouse construction method in the field can be adopted. In the specific implementation process of the invention, the greenhouse is preferably a single steel frame greenhouse; the greenhouse is preferably built by adopting steel pipes; the width of the bottom of the greenhouse is preferably 6-8 m, the height of the greenhouse is preferably 2.5-2.8 m, and the length of the greenhouse is preferably 30-60 m.
In the invention, when the greenhouse is preferably constructed in Su Zhe Hui province, middle ditches and ridges are formed in the greenhouse land from the middle and last 11 months to the middle and last 1 month of the next year. In the invention, the depth of the intermediate groove is preferably 25-30 cm, and the width of the intermediate groove is preferably 40-50 cm; after the middle ditch is formed, the soil of the whole greenhouse is preferably deeply ploughed and leveled, two planting high ridges are built, and the ridge surface width of each high ridge is preferably 2.5-3.5 m; the length of the ridges is determined according to the length of the greenhouse. Digging a fertilizing ditch at the position of the ridge surface 50-175 cm away from the center of the middle ditch; the depth of the fertilizing ditch is preferably 30-35 cm, and the width of the fertilizing ditch is preferably 35-40 cm. After the fertilizing ditch is formed, a first soybean fermented fertilizer, a second soybean fermented fertilizer and a fertilizer applying agent are sequentially applied to the fertilizing ditch from bottom to topAnd after the nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium ternary compound fertilizer is applied, spraying water and covering soil in the fertilizing ditch. In the invention, the application amount of the first soybean fermented fertilizer is preferably 400-600 kg/667m 2 (ii) a The application amount of the second soybean fermented fertilizer is preferably 200-300 kg/667m 2 (ii) a The application amount of the nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium ternary compound fertilizer is preferably 18-22 kg/667m 2 . In the invention, the nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium ternary compound fertilizer is preferably a German Congbai stable long-acting compound fertilizer (N: P: K: 12%: 17%), after the nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium ternary compound fertilizer is applied, water is preferably sprayed into the fertilizing ditch along the edge of the fertilizing ditch, simultaneously soil stacked at the edge of the ditch is flushed into the ditch along with water, the soil is uniformly mixed with the soybean organic fertilizer and the ternary compound fertilizer, after the whole fertilizing ditch is submerged by water and gradually seeps into the soil, no water is accumulated on the surface, the soil around the ditch covers the whole fertilizing ditch, and the whole fertilizing ditch is uniformly leveled and compacted. In the invention, preferably, a drip irrigation tape is laid at the position of each ridge surface, which is 30-35 cm away from the planting hole, and then a layer of mulching film is covered on the whole ridge surface, wherein the width of the mulching film is determined according to the width of the ridge surface.
In the invention, the small fruit type watermelon seedlings are preferably cultured in the date of 1 month and 1 day to 2 months and 20 days per year, and when the small fruit type watermelon seedlings are produced in a large scale, an industrial seedling culture enterprise is preferably entrusted to perform plug seedling culture; when the small-scale production is carried out, the electric heating line is preferably purchased, and the seedbed seedling is manufactured by self. In the invention, the seedlings can be transplanted into a greenhouse preferably when the 3 rd to 4 th main leaves of the seedlings grow out. In the invention, a hole digger is preferably used for digging a row of planting holes along the positions 20-150 cm away from the edge of the middle ditch on two sides of the middle ditch, the hole distance of the planting holes is preferably 22-25 cm, and the hole depth of the planting holes is preferably 6-9 cm. In the present invention, the transplanting is preferably performed as follows: placing the small fruit type watermelon seedlings in the planting holes, placing half-hole soil, filling the planting holes with water, and covering the periphery of the small fruit type watermelon seedlings with the soil and tightly pressing after the water in the holes completely permeates into the soil. According to the method, an arched shed is built after the small fruit type watermelon seedlings are transplanted, the size of the arched shed is determined by covering all the transplanted small fruit type watermelon seedlings, and the arched shed and a shed film are sealed for 4-7 d. And after the transplanted small fruit type watermelon seedlings survive, removing the films on the arched shed in the daytime, covering the arched shed films at night, lifting the films on the two sides of the greenhouse for ventilation, cooling and dehumidification, controlling the temperature in the greenhouse to be 25-33 ℃ in the daytime, 15-20 ℃ at night and 50-60% relative air humidity, wherein the preferable time is 9:30 in the morning to 15:30 in the afternoon every day, and the temperature in the greenhouse is 25-30 d before the watermelon plants blossom and fruit setting.
In the invention, when the young fruit on the small fruit type watermelon plant begins to expand within 5-7 days, the third soybean fermented fertilizer leaching liquor is dripped to the root of the small fruit type watermelon seedling along with a drip irrigation tape; the dripping is carried out once every 5-7 d, and the dripping is carried out 3-4 times in the whole fruit expansion period; and (4) from the first ten days of 5 months to the first 6 months, enabling the watermelon fruits to enter the mature period, stopping watering 7-10 days before harvesting, and harvesting the mature fruits. In the invention, the application amount of the third soybean fermented fertilizer is preferably 40-50 kg/667m 2 . Diluting the third soybean fermented fertilizer before drip application, wherein the dilution multiple is preferably 8-12 times, and more preferably 10 times; in the invention, the time for each dripping application is preferably 7-10 min; the amount of each dripping is preferably 15-20L. According to the invention, preferably, after the third soybean fermented fertilizer is dripped for 30-50 min each time, clear water is dripped for 10-15 min along with the drip irrigation tape, so that the water holding capacity of the soil around the watermelon plant root system is kept at 60-80%. In the invention, preferably, mature fruits are harvested in time according to the pollination date of each melon and the local air temperature condition, and are packaged and sold on the market according to the quality standard.
In the invention, after watermelon harvesting is finished in the middle of the first 5 th to the middle 6 th of the year, root systems and vines of watermelon plants are removed, quicklime is spread and turned over at the position where the watermelon is planted, water is filled into the soil of the whole greenhouse, the whole greenhouse is sealed, the temperature in the greenhouse is kept at 60-70 ℃, and the relative air humidity is kept at 60-80%; and (4) carrying out greenhouse closing treatment for 20-30 days, and carrying out next irrigation after the irrigation naturally falls to dryness, and carrying out continuous irrigation for 2-3 times. In the present invention, the removed roots and vines of watermelon plants are preferably placed in a fermentation tank for harmless treatment. In the invention, the spreading amount of the quicklime is preferably 40-50 kg/667m 2 (ii) a The depth of the turned soil is preferably 25-30 cm; the invention preferably forms ridges around the greenhouse after the soil is turned over, irrigates the whole greenhouse soil,the water is caused to flood the entire soil surface.
In the invention, in the middle and late 7 months of each year, a greenhouse film is opened, greenhouse soil is dried, the soil is ploughed to make furrows, soybeans are sown, the bottom of 9 months to 10 middle days of the month, after soybean green pods and seeds are harvested, quicklime is spread on the soil surface of the greenhouse, the greenhouse film is removed, and the soil is treated by rain for 20-30 days. In the present invention, the soybean is preferably a vegetable soybean, and the variety of the vegetable soybean is preferably 'huning 95-1', 'crisp No. two', 'crisp No. five', or 'crisp No. six'. In the invention, the optimal spreading amount of the quicklime is 20-30 kg/667m 2 The depth of the turned soil is preferably 25-30 cm. In the invention, the roots, stems, leaves, green pods and dry seeds of the harvested soybeans are preferably placed in an empty greenhouse, and the special biological organic fertilizer for cultivating the small-fruit watermelons is prepared according to the scheme of the invention.
In the invention, the small-fruit watermelons are repeatedly planted according to the steps for 3 years, and the transplanting and planting positions of the small-fruit watermelons in each year are preferably staggered from the positions of the small-fruit watermelons in the previous year by 50-80 cm. In the specific implementation process of the invention, the malposition planting of the small-fruit type watermelon seedlings is preferably carried out in a mode of constructing the hill bags.
The technical solutions provided by the present invention are described in detail below with reference to examples, but they should not be construed as limiting the scope of the present invention.
Example 1
High-quality green cultivation method of novel variety 'Heijin' of small-fruit watermelon
The method comprises the following steps: selection and construction of a production demonstration base for a new variety of 'Heijin' watermelons:
in the Jiangsu salt city area, production environments such as water and soil are selected to meet the environmental standard of the Ministry of agriculture NY/T391 green food production area, the soil is ploughed deeply by 25cm from a beach land where fruits and vegetables are not planted, and weed root residues in the soil are removed. Purchasing steel pipes with the length of 4.5m, and constructing a south-north monomer steel frame greenhouse with the bottom width of 6m, the height of 2.5m and the length of 30 m.
Step two: preparation of special bio-organic fertilizer for 'Heijjin' cultivation of small fruit type watermelons
During the 9-15 th to 10-15 th days of the current year, the roots, stems, leaves, hulls and immature seeds of the Huanning 95-1' vegetable soybean variety are purchased or harvested from the market and put into an agricultural pulverizer to be pulverized and mixed. And the crushed raw materials are piled in an empty greenhouse, water is sprayed into the crushed materials once when the thickness of the crushed raw materials is 50cm, the crushed raw materials are turned over for 2 times up and down, all the raw materials are fully wetted and expanded for 3.3 hours, the crushed materials are held by hands, slightly seep water through finger joints, the water content is preferably 22%, and the raw materials are piled into stacks. Covering a layer of plastic film on the surface of the piled raw materials, compacting and sealing the periphery of the film, and piling and fermenting for 30 days to obtain the first soybean fermented fertilizer.
② according to 220kg/667m 2 The amount of the dry soybean seeds is that seeds (including intact seeds with germination capacity, deteriorated seeds without germination capacity and broken seeds) of 'Huanning 95-1' soybean crops are purchased from the market or collected in the field, the seeds are spread in a greenhouse with an anti-leakage film laid on the ground surface, water is sprayed into the seeds by a hose, all the soybean seeds are soaked in water and are swelled for 8 hours, the seed coat is cracked, and the water content is preferably up to 30%. Covering and sealing the surface with a film, and fermenting for 30d in a greenhouse at natural temperature to obtain a second soybean fermented fertilizer.
③ 40kg/667m 2 The amount of the dry soybean seeds is prepared by putting commercially purchased or harvested 'Huanning 95-1' soybean crop seeds (including intact seeds with germination capacity, deteriorated seeds without germination capacity and broken seeds) into a large pot, adding clear water with the same amount as the seeds, soaking for 5h, boiling with strong fire for 20min, then pouring into a large barrel, and mixing the soybean seeds: water 1: 5, soaking the mixture in clear water, sealing the surface of the mixture by using a film for fermentation for 30 days, and collecting the leaching liquid to obtain a third soybean fermented fertilizer.
Step three: spring sowing early maturing facility cultivation of 'Heijin' new species of watermelon (first year)
Preparing land → making ridges → fertilizing: in the Jiangsu salt city region, during the period from 11 months 20 days to 12 months 20 days in the current year, a ditch is formed in the middle of the built greenhouse soil, the depth of the ditch is 25cm, the width of the ditch is 40cm, the whole greenhouse soil is deeply turned and leveled up to form two planting high ridges, the ridge surface width is 2.8m, and the ridge length is 2.8m30 m. In the position that each prepared planting high ridge is 50cm away from the center of a middle ditch of the greenhouse, a fertilizing ditch is opened, the depth of the ditch is 30cm, the width of the ditch is 35cm, and the first soybean fermented fertilizer is prepared according to the proportion of 400kg/667m 2 The amount of the second soybean fermented fertilizer is 200kg/667m 2 The dosage of the fertilizer is concentrated and evenly spread in the middle of the fertilizing ditch, and finally the fertilizer is spread according to the proportion of 18kg/667m 2 The application amount of the compound fertilizer is that the stable long-acting compound fertilizer (N: P: K: 12: 17%) of German Congbai is uniformly spread on the uppermost layer of the fertilizing ditch, then a tap water hose is used for spraying water into the ditch along the edge of the fertilizing ditch, meanwhile, soil stacked on the edge of the ditch is flushed into the ditch along with the water, so that the soil, the soybean organic fertilizer and the ternary compound fertilizer are uniformly mixed, after the whole fertilizing ditch is submerged by the water and gradually seeps into the soil, the soil around the ditch is covered on the whole fertilizing ditch after no water is accumulated on the surface, the soil is uniformly leveled and compacted, a drip irrigation belt is laid at the position of each ridge surface, which is 30cm away from the planting hole, then the whole ridge surface is covered with a layer of mulching film, and the width of the mulching film is determined according to the width of the ridge surface.
Seedling → transplanting: in the salt city area of Jiangsu, the seedlings of 'Heijin' small-fruit watermelons are grown between 1 month and 20 days of the next year, factory seedling enterprises can be entrusted to perform plug seedling in large-scale production, electric heating lines can be purchased in small-scale production, and seedbed seedling is manufactured by self. Transplanting the seedlings into a greenhouse paved with mulching films when the 3 rd to 4 th main leaves of the seedlings grow out. Before transplanting, digging a row of planting holes along the positions of two sides of the middle ditch, which are 20cm away from the edge of the middle ditch, by using a hole digger, wherein the hole distance is 22cm, and the hole depth is 6 cm. When transplanting, firstly, the 'Heijin' watermelon seedlings are placed in the planting holes, half holes of soil are placed, then the planting holes are fully watered with water by using the hoses, and after the water in the holes completely permeates into the soil, the peripheries of the 'Heijin' watermelon seedlings are fully covered and compressed by using the soil. An arch shed is built on the ditch to cover the melon seedlings on both sides of the middle ditch, and the arch shed and the greenhouse film 4d are closed (can be flexibly adjusted according to the outside air temperature). And (4) removing the arched shed in the daytime when the watermelon seedlings survive, and continuously covering the arched shed at night. The ventilation light of the greenhouse is enhanced every day 25 days before the watermelon plants bloom and bear fruits, the temperature of the white weather in the greenhouse is controlled not to exceed 30 ℃, the temperature of the night is controlled not to be lower than 15 ℃, and the relative air humidity is 60%.
Thirdly, topdressing the puffed melon fertilizer water: when the second and third female flowers on the main tendrils or the side tendrils of the watermelon plants are opened and the artificial supplementary pollination is completed, the young fruits begin to expand for 5d, the leaching liquor of the third soybean fermentation fertilizer is poured out, diluted by 8 times with clear water and filled into a drip irrigation solution storage barrel, the young fruits are dripped to the roots of the watermelon plants along with a drip irrigation tape during the period of 14:30 to 16:30 in the afternoon of fine day, the drip irrigation tape is dripped for 7min every time, the 'black jin' watermelon plants are dripped once every 5d, the whole 'black jin' watermelon fruits are dripped for 4 times in the expansion period, 15L of the diluted third soybean fermentation fertilizer is dripped each time, the drip irrigation tape is supplemented for 10min after 30min, meanwhile, half-furrow water is filled in the middle ditches in the greenhouse, and the water holding capacity of the soil around the roots of the watermelon plants is kept at about 60 percent. In the last ten days of 5 months, the 'Heijin' watermelon fruits continuously enter the mature period, and the mature fruits are collected in time according to the pollination date of each watermelon and are packaged on the market according to the quality standard.
Clearing vine → spreading quicklime → irrigating soil → high-temperature shed-closing: and during the period from 15 days to 10 days in the current year in 5 months to 6 months, after the watermelon harvesting in the greenhouse is finished, pulling out the root systems and the vines of all watermelon plants, completely cleaning the watermelon plants out of the greenhouse, and piling the watermelon plants in a fermentation tank for harmless treatment. Meanwhile, 40kg of quicklime is intensively scattered in the positions of watermelons planted along the ditches in the greenhouse, the soil is deeply ploughed by 25cm, ridges are formed on the periphery of the greenhouse, the soil of the whole greenhouse is irrigated by large water to enable the water to flood the whole soil surface, and the greenhouse film of the whole greenhouse is sealed to enable the air temperature in the greenhouse to be kept above 60 ℃ and the relative air humidity to be above 60%. After each time of irrigation, the water naturally falls to dry, and then the next time of irrigation is carried out, thus the water is continuously irrigated for 2 times, and the shed is sealed for 20 days under high temperature and high humidity.
Soil fertilization → spreading quicklime → drenching with rain: and (3) opening the film around the greenhouse from 7 months 10 days to 7 months 20 days in the current year, ventilating and drying the greenhouse soil, turning over the soil to make furrows, and immediately sowing the Huanning 95-1'. Uniformly spreading 20kg/667m on the soil surface of the greenhouse from 9 middle ten days to 10 middle ten days of the year after harvesting of 'Huanning 95-1' green pods or dry seeds 2 And (3) quicklime is deeply ploughed into the soil for 25cm, the greenhouse film is removed, and the soil is subjected to rain treatment for 25 d. Meanwhile, the harvested roots, stems, leaves, green pods and dry seeds are placed in an empty greenhouse and are subjected to seed sowing according to the second step,Secondly, the method prepares the special biological organic fertilizer for the small-fruit watermelon.
Step four: spring sowing, early maturing and continuous cropping cultivation of 'Heijing' watermelon (namely, the second year)
Preparing soil → making ridge → fertilizing: in the salt city region of Jiangsu, during the middle and last days of the last 11 months to the middle and last 12 months of the current year, a ditch is formed in the middle of greenhouse soil in which watermelons are planted in the last half year, the depth of the ditch is 25cm, the width of the ditch is 40cm, the whole greenhouse soil is made into two high ridges for planting, the ridge surface is 2.8 meters wide, and the ridge length is 30 m. And then a fertilizing ditch is arranged at the position 100cm away from the center of the middle ditch of each planting high ridge, the depth of the ditch is 30cm, and the width of the ditch is 35 cm. The first soybean fermented fertilizer is prepared according to the proportion of 400kg/667m 2 The dosage of the second soybean fermented fertilizer is concentrated and evenly spread at the bottom of the fertilizing ditch, and the second soybean fermented fertilizer is sprayed according to the proportion of 200kg/667m 2 The dosage of the fertilizer is centrally and evenly spread in the middle of a fertilizing ditch, and finally the German Kangpu long-acting compound fertilizer (N: P: K: 12%: 17%) is sprayed according to the proportion of 18kg/667m 2 The fertilizer is uniformly spread on the uppermost layer of the fertilizing ditch, then, a tap water hose is used for spraying water into the ditch along the edge of the fertilizing ditch, the soil on the edge of the ditch is flushed into the ditch along with the water while the water is sprayed, so that the soil, the soybean organic fertilizer and the ternary composite slow-release fertilizer are uniformly mixed, when the whole fertilizing ditch is submerged by water, the soil gradually leaks into the soil, after no accumulated water exists on the surface, the soil on the periphery of the ditch is uniformly leveled and covered into the fertilizing ditch to form a hill with the height of about 5cm, drip irrigation belts are respectively paved at the positions, which are 30cm away from the center, of the two sides of the hill, and then the whole ridge surface is covered with a layer of mulching film.
Seedling → transplanting: in Jiangsu salt city, the 'Heijin' watermelon is cultured in 1 month and 1 day to 1 month and 20 days of the next year, factory seedling enterprises can be entrusted to carry out plug seedling in large-scale production, electric heating lines can be purchased in small-scale production, and seedbed seedling is self-made. Transplanting the watermelon seedlings into a greenhouse paved with mulching films when the watermelon seedlings grow to have 3 rd to 4 th main leaves (the seedling age is about 28 days). Before transplanting, digging fixed planting holes in the middle of the hill bags of each high ridge by using a hole digging device, wherein the hole distance is 22cm, and the hole depth is 6 cm. Placing watermelon seedlings in the planting holes, covering half holes of soil, pouring water into the planting holes, and covering the peripheries of the seedlings with soil after water permeates into the soil. And (3) building an arched shed on each ridge surface to cover all the planted watermelon seedlings, and sealing the arched sheds and the greenhouse 5d (flexibly adjusting according to the outside air temperature). And (4) removing the arched shed in the daytime when the watermelon seedlings survive, and continuously covering the arched shed at night. And (3) enhancing the ventilation and lighting of the greenhouse 26d before the watermelon plants bloom and bear fruits, and controlling the temperature in the greenhouse to be not more than 30 ℃ in daytime, not less than 15 ℃ at night and the relative air humidity to be about 50%.
Thirdly, topdressing the puffed melon fertilizer water: when the second and third female flowers on the main tendrils or the side tendrils of the 'Heijin' watermelon plant are opened, the artificial supplementary pollination is completed, the young fruit begins to expand for 5d, the stock solution of the third soybean fermented fertilizer is diluted by 8 times with clear water and is filled into a drip irrigation solution storage barrel, the third soybean fermented fertilizer is dripped to the roots of the watermelon plants along with a drip irrigation tape in the period of 14:30 to 15:30 afternoon in sunny days, the drip irrigation tape is used for 9min each time, the watermelon plants are dripped once every 6 days, the third soybean fermented fertilizer after 16L dilution is dripped for 3 times in the whole fruit expansion period, the drip irrigation tape is used for supplementing the drip irrigation for 10min after 33min, and the water holding capacity of the soil around the roots of the watermelon plants is kept at about 63%. And (4) 25 days to 5 days and 15 days, the watermelon fruits enter the mature period in sequence, and the mature fruits are timely harvested according to the pollination date of each watermelon and the local current temperature condition, and are packaged and sold on the market according to the quality standard.
Clearing vine → spreading quicklime → irrigating soil → high-temperature shed-closing: after the 'Heijin' watermelons in the greenhouse are completely harvested, the root systems and the vines of all 'Heijin' watermelons are pulled out, all the watermelons are cleaned out of the greenhouse, and the watermelons are piled in a fermentation tank for harmless treatment. Meanwhile, 40kg of quicklime is intensively spread in each mu of high ridge of the greenhouse at the position where the 'black body' watermelons are planted, the quicklime is deeply ploughed into the soil by 26cm, ridges are formed on the periphery of the greenhouse, the soil of the whole greenhouse is irrigated by using large water to flood the soil surface, the greenhouse film of the whole greenhouse is sealed, the temperature in the greenhouse is kept above 60 ℃, and the relative humidity reaches above 60%. After each time of irrigation, the water naturally falls to dry, and then the next time of irrigation is carried out, thus the water is continuously irrigated for 2 times, and the shed is sealed for 25 days under high temperature and high humidity.
Soil fertilization → spreading quicklime → drenching with rain: during the period from 7 months 1 day to 8 months 1 day, the film around the greenhouse is opened, the greenhouse soil is ventilated and dried, then the farmland is turned over for ridge making, and the vegetable soybeans of 'Huanning 95-1' are immediately sowed.When the harvest of the vegetable soybean green pods and dry seeds of Huanning 95-1 is finished in the period from 9 months and 25 days to 10 months and 15 days, 20kg/667m of the fertilizer is uniformly spread on the soil surface of the whole greenhouse 2 And (3) quicklime is deeply ploughed into the soil for 25cm, then the greenhouse film is removed, and the soil is subjected to rain treatment for 25 d. Meanwhile, the collected roots, stems, leaves, green pods and dry seeds of the Huning 95-1 vegetable soybean are placed in a vacant greenhouse, and the special bio-organic fertilizer for cultivating the small-fruit watermelon is prepared according to the second, second and third steps.
Step five: spring sowing early-maturing continuous cropping cultivation of small fruit type watermelon 'Heijjin' (namely the third year)
Preparing soil → making ridge → fertilizing: during the period from 25 days of 11 months to 10 days of 1 month in the next year, a ditch is formed in the middle of greenhouse soil in which watermelons are planted in the previous year, the depth of the ditch is 25cm, the width of the ditch is 40cm, the whole greenhouse soil is made into two planting high ridges, the ridge surface is 2.8 meters wide, and the ridge length is 30 m. A fertilizing ditch with the depth of 30cm and the width of 35cm is arranged at the position 170cm away from the center of the middle ditch of the greenhouse in each planting high ridge, and the first soybean fermented fertilizer is prepared according to the proportion of 400kg/667m 2 The dosage of the second soybean fermented fertilizer is concentrated and evenly spread at the bottom of the fertilizing ditch, and the second soybean fermented fertilizer is sprayed according to the proportion of 200kg/667m 2 The dosage of the fertilizer is concentrated and evenly spread in the middle of the fertilizing ditch, and finally the fertilizer is spread according to the proportion of 18kg/667m 2 Uniformly spreading German Kangpu long-acting compound fertilizer (N: P: 12: 17%) on the uppermost layer of the fertilization ditch, then spraying water into the ditch along the edge of the fertilization ditch by using a tap water hose, flushing soil on the edge of the ditch into the ditch along with the water while spraying the water so as to fully mix the soil, the soybean organic fertilizer and the long-acting compound fertilizer, after the whole fertilization ditch is submerged by the water, gradually leaking into the soil and having no accumulated water on the surface, uniformly leveling and covering the soil around the ditch into the fertilization ditch to form a hill bag with the height of 5cm, respectively laying a drip irrigation tape at the position 30cm away from the center of the two sides of the hill bag, and covering a layer of mulching film on the surface of the whole ridge.
Seedling → transplanting: in Jiangsu salt city, the 'Heijin' watermelon is cultured in 1 month and 1 day to 1 month and 20 days of the next year, factory seedling enterprises can be entrusted to carry out plug seedling in large-scale production, electric heating lines can be purchased in small-scale production, and seedbed seedling is self-made. Transplanting the watermelon seedlings into a greenhouse paved with mulching films when the 3 rd to 4 th main leaves of the watermelon seedlings grow out. Before transplanting, digging fixed planting holes in the middle of each ridge surface hill bag by using a hole digging device, wherein the hole distance is 22cm, and the hole depth is 7 cm. After the watermelon seedlings are placed in the planting holes, half holes of soil are covered, then the planting holes are filled with water, and after the water permeates into the soil, the peripheries of the seedlings are covered with the soil and covered tightly. And (3) building an arched shed on each ridge surface to cover all the planted seedlings, and sealing the arched sheds and the greenhouse 5 d. And (5) removing the arched shed in the daytime when the seedlings survive, and continuously covering the arched shed at night. Controlling the temperature in the greenhouse to be not more than 30 ℃ in daytime, the temperature at night to be not less than 15 ℃ and the relative air humidity to be about 55% 27 days before the watermelon plants bloom and bear fruits.
Thirdly, topdressing the puffed melon fertilizer water: when the second and third female flowers on the main tendrils or the side tendrils of the watermelon plant of 'Heijin' are opened, after artificial supplementary pollination, the young fruit starts to expand for 7d, the stock solution of the third soybean fermented fertilizer is diluted by 8 times by clear water and is filled into a drip irrigation solution storage barrel, the third soybean fermented fertilizer is dripped to the roots of the watermelon plant along with a drip irrigation tape in the period of 14:30 to 15:30 afternoon on sunny days, the drip irrigation tape is used for 10min every time, the drip irrigation tape is used for one time every 7d for the watermelon plant of 'Heijin', the drip irrigation tape is used for 3 times in the whole fruit expanding period, 17L of diluted third soybean fermented fertilizer is dripped each time, the drip irrigation tape is used for supplementing the drip irrigation for 11min after 30min, and the soil water holding capacity around the roots of the watermelon plant is kept at about 60%. And 4, 25 days in 4 months to 15 days in 5 months, the 'Heijin' watermelon fruits enter the mature period in sequence, the mature fruits are collected in time according to the pollination date of each watermelon and the local current temperature condition, and the mature fruits are packaged and sold on the market according to the quality standard.
Clearing vine → spreading quicklime → irrigating soil → high-temperature shed-closing: after the 'Heijin' watermelons in the greenhouse are completely harvested, the root systems and the vines of all watermelon plants are pulled out, all the watermelon plants are cleaned out of the greenhouse, and the watermelon plants are piled in a fermentation tank for harmless treatment. Meanwhile, 40kg of quicklime is intensively spread in each mu after the 'black body' watermelon is planted in the last year, the watermelon is deeply ploughed into the soil for 25cm, ridges are formed on the periphery of the greenhouse, the soil of the whole greenhouse is irrigated by large water to ensure that the water overflows the whole soil surface, and the greenhouse film of the whole greenhouse is sealed to ensure that the temperature in the greenhouse is kept above 60 ℃ and the relative humidity is above 60%. After the water is naturally drained, the next water is poured, and the water is continuously poured for 2 times, and the shed is sealed for 25 days under high temperature and high humidity.
Soil fertilization → spreading quicklime → drenching with rain: in the middle late 7 months of the year, the film on the periphery of the greenhouse is opened, the soil is ventilated and dried, then the soil is turned over to make furrows, and the vegetable soybeans of Huanning 95-1 are immediately sown. Uniformly spreading 20kg/667m on the soil surface of the greenhouse after the Huanning 95-1' green pod or seed harvesting is finished in the period of 9 months and 25 days to 10 months and 15 days 2 And (3) quicklime is deeply ploughed into the soil for 25cm, the greenhouse film is removed, and the soil is subjected to rain treatment for 25 d. Meanwhile, the collected roots, stems, leaves, green pods and dry seeds are placed in an empty greenhouse, and the special biological organic fertilizer for cultivating the small-fruit watermelons is prepared according to the second, second and third steps.
The quality, yield and disease resistance of the 'Heijin' watermelon obtained in the example 1 were compared with those of the 'Heijin' watermelon obtained by the conventional public technologies (Xiaogui Xiong, Qiuhuang, Chengweibanian, etc.. watermelon high-yield pollution-free cultivation technology [ J ]. modern agriculture, 2016, (2): 10-11; Schmei, mini-watermelon organic ecological soilless cultivation technology [ J ]. Shanghai vegetable, 2005, (3): 69-70), and the results are shown in Table 1.
TABLE 1 quality, yield and disease resistance of the "Heijin" watermelon planted in this example 1 and conventional techniques
Figure GDA0003528254310000121
Figure GDA0003528254310000131
As can be seen from the comparative test results in Table 1, the 'Heijin' watermelon planted by the conventional technology needs to be applied with the pesticide for more than 6 times in the whole growth and fruit development process of the plant, and the internal quality of the watermelon meets the quality standard of 'pollution-free' products of Ministry of agriculture through sampling detection; the average sugar content at the edge of the pulp is 8.6 percent, the average sugar content at the center is 12.3 percent, the fresh and sweet taste of the pulp is insufficient, and the taste and flavor are superior; yield and disease resistance performance: the average yield of the 'Heijin' watermelons planted in the first year is 1500 kg/mu, the field plant withering rate of the 'Heijin' watermelons planted in the second year is more than 25%, and the average yield is 1120 kg/mu; the field plant withering rate of the 'Heijin' watermelon cultivated by continuous cropping in the third year is more than 45 percent, and the average yield is about 810 kg/mu.
The 'Heijin' watermelon planted by the technology has strong plant growth potential (dark green leaf color), only needs 1-3 times of disease prevention in the whole growth and fruit development process of the plant, and the internal quality detection result meets the quality standard of 'green food' products of Ministry of agriculture; the average sugar content of the pulp is 9.2 percent, the average sugar content of the center is 13.2 percent, the pulp is fresh, sweet and juicy, and the taste and flavor are excellent. Yield and disease resistance performance: the average 1550 kg/mu of the 'Heijin' watermelons planted in the first year; in the 'Heijin' watermelon cultivated by continuous cropping in the second year, the withering rate of the field plants is less than or equal to 3.1 percent, and the average yield is 1500 kg/mu; the field plant withering rate of the 'Heijin' watermelon cultivated by continuous cropping in the third year is less than or equal to 5.7 percent, and the average yield is 1476 kg/mu.
As can be seen from the results in table 1, the difference between the taste quality, the internal quality and the yield of the 'heijin' watermelon planted continuously for three years in the same greenhouse is not significant by adopting the technology of the embodiment 1.
Example 2
High-quality green cultivation method of 'Huangjing' of new variety of small-fruit watermelons
The method comprises the following steps: selection and construction of an exemplary base for the production of a new variety of 'Huangjing' watermelons:
in Nibo area of Zhejiang, the production environment of water and soil is selected to meet the environmental standard of NY/T391 green food production area of Ministry of agriculture, the soil layer is deep, the drainage is good, the organic matter is rich, the fertilizer is loose, and the rice field in which fruits and vegetables are never planted is ploughed down by 27cm, and the rice root residues in the soil are removed. Purchasing steel pipes with the length of 4.7m, and constructing a south-north monomer steel frame greenhouse with the bottom width of 6.5m, the height of 2.6m and the length of 40 m.
Step two: preparation of special biological organic fertilizer for 'Huangjing' watermelon cultivation
During the period from 9 months 16 days to 10 months 13 days of the current year, roots, stems, leaves, hulls, immature seeds and the like of various soybean crops, preferably roots, stems, leaves, hulls and immature seeds of 'Qingsu No. two' vegetable soybean varieties are purchased or collected from the market, and are put into an agricultural grinder to be ground and mixed. And the crushed raw materials are piled in an empty greenhouse, water is sprayed into the crushed materials once when the thickness of the crushed raw materials is 50cm, the crushed raw materials are turned over for 2 times up and down, all the raw materials are fully wetted and expanded for 3.5 hours, the crushed materials are held by hands, slightly seep water through finger joints, the water content reaches about 25 percent, and the crushed raw materials are piled into stacks. Covering a layer of plastic film on the surface of the piled raw materials, compacting and sealing the periphery of the film, and piling and fermenting for 38d to obtain the first soybean fermented fertilizer.
② according to 250kg/667m 2 The dry soybean seed consumption is that seeds of 'Huanning 95-1' soybean crops (including intact seeds with germination ability, deteriorated seeds without germination ability and broken seeds) are purchased from the market or collected in the field, spread in a greenhouse with an anti-leakage film laid on the ground surface, and water is sprayed into the seeds by a hose, so that all the soybean seeds are submerged in water and are swelled for 9 hours, the seed coat is cracked, and the water content is 33 percent. Covering and sealing the surface with a film, and fermenting for 40d in a greenhouse under natural high temperature conditions to obtain a second soybean fermented fertilizer.
③ according to 45kg/667m 2 The dry soybean seed dosage of (1) putting the soybean crop seeds (including intact seeds with germination capacity, deteriorated seeds without germination capacity and broken seeds) purchased or harvested from the market, preferably 'green and crisp second' soybean seeds, into a big pot or a barrel, adding clear water with the same amount as the seeds, soaking for 5.5h, boiling with big fire, turning to small fire, boiling for 25min, pouring the cooked soybean seeds into the big barrel, and according to the soybean seeds: 1 in water: 5, soaking the surface of the soybean fermented fertilizer in clear water, sealing and fermenting the surface of the soybean fermented fertilizer for 40 days by using a film, and collecting the leaching liquid to obtain a third soybean fermented fertilizer.
Step three: facility cultivation of 'Huangjing' watermelon new species in spring sowing and early ripening (first year)
Preparing soil → making ridge → fertilizing: in Ningbo area of Zhejiang, during the period from 11 months 21 to 12 months 21 of the year, a ditch with depth of 26cm and width of 42cm is opened at the middle position of the built greenhouse soil, the whole greenhouse soil is deeply turned and leveled up to form two planting high ridges, each ridge surface is 2.9 meters wide, and the ridge length is 2.9 meters long40 m. At the position 53cm away from the center of the middle ditch of the greenhouse, each prepared planting high ridge is provided with a fertilizing ditch with the depth of 32cm and the width of 41cm, and the first soybean fermented organic fertilizer is prepared according to the proportion of 500kg/667m 2 The amount of the fertilizer is concentrated and spread at the bottom of the fertilizing ditch, and then the second soybean fermented organic fertilizer is sprayed to the bottom of the fertilizing ditch according to the proportion of 250kg/667m 2 The dosage of the fertilizer is concentrated and evenly spread in the middle of the fertilizing ditch, and finally 19kg/667m 2 The application amount of the compound fertilizer is that the stable long-acting compound fertilizer (N: P: K: 12: 17%) of German Congbai is uniformly spread on the uppermost layer of the fertilizing ditch, then a tap water hose is used for spraying water into the ditch along the edge of the fertilizing ditch, meanwhile, soil stacked on the edge of the ditch is flushed into the ditch along with the water, so that the soil, the soybean organic fertilizer and the ternary compound fertilizer are uniformly mixed, after the whole fertilizing ditch is submerged by the water and gradually seeps into the soil, the soil around the ditch is covered on the whole fertilizing ditch after no water is accumulated on the surface, the soil is uniformly leveled and compacted, a drip irrigation belt is laid at the position 32cm away from the planting hole on each ridge surface, the whole ridge surface is covered with a layer of mulching film, and the width of the mulching film is determined according to the width of the ridge surface.
Seedling → transplanting: in Ningbo area of Zhejiang, seedling of 'Huangjing' small-fruit watermelon is grown in the following year from 1 month 15 days to 2 months 2 days, large-scale production can entrust factory seedling enterprises to perform plug seedling, and small-scale production can purchase electric heating lines to self-manufacture seedbed seedlings. Transplanting the seedlings into a greenhouse paved with mulching films when 3 rd to 4 th main leaves of the seedlings grow out. Before transplanting, digging a row of planting holes respectively along the positions 22cm away from the edge of the middle ditch on the two sides of the middle ditch by using a hole digger, wherein the hole distance is 23cm, and the hole depth is 7.5 cm. When transplanting, firstly placing the watermelon seedlings in the planting holes, placing half holes of soil, then filling the planting holes with water by using the flexible pipe, and after all the water in the holes leaks into the soil, covering the periphery of the seedlings with the soil and tightly pressing the periphery of the seedlings. And (3) building an arched shed on the ditch to cover all the melon seedlings on two sides of the ditch, and sealing the arched shed and the greenhouse film 5 d. And (5) removing the arched shed in the daytime when the seedlings survive, and continuously covering the arched shed at night. The ventilation light of the greenhouse is enhanced every day 26 days before the watermelon plants bloom and bear fruits, the temperature in the greenhouse is controlled to be not more than 31 ℃ in the daytime, not less than 16 ℃ at night, and the relative air humidity is 57%.
Thirdly, topdressing the puffed melon fertilizer water: when the second and third female flowers on the main tendrils or the side tendrils of the watermelon plants are opened, the artificial supplementary pollination is completed, the young fruits start to expand for 6d, the stock solution of the third soybean fermentation fertilizer is poured out, diluted by 8 times with clear water and filled into a drip irrigation solution storage barrel, the third soybean fermentation fertilizer is dripped to the roots of the watermelon plants along with a drip irrigation tape during the period of 15:30 to 16:00 in the afternoon of sunny days, the drip irrigation tape is dripped for 7min every time, the 'Huangjing' watermelon plants are dripped for once every 5d, the whole 'Huangjing' watermelon fruits are dripped for 4 times in the expansion period, 15L of the diluted third soybean fermentation fertilizer is dripped for each time, the drip irrigation tape is supplemented for 10min after 33min, meanwhile, half-furrow water is filled in the middle furrow, and the water holding capacity of the soil around the roots of the watermelon plants is kept at about 75%. In late ten days of 5 months, the 'Huangjing' watermelon fruits continuously enter the mature period, mature fruits are timely collected according to the pollination date of each watermelon, and the ripe fruits are respectively packaged on the market according to the quality standard.
Clearing vine → spreading quicklime → irrigating soil → high-temperature shed-closing: and after the watermelon in the greenhouse is harvested from 25 days in 5 months to 15 days in 6 months in the current year, pulling out root systems and vines of all watermelon plants, completely cleaning the watermelon plants out of the greenhouse, and piling the watermelon plants in a fermentation tank for harmless treatment. Meanwhile, at the position where watermelons are planted in the greenhouse along the ditches, 45kg of quicklime is intensively spread in each mu of area, the soil is deeply ploughed by 28cm, ridges are formed on the periphery of the greenhouse, the soil of the whole greenhouse is irrigated by big water to flood the whole soil surface, the greenhouse film of the whole greenhouse is sealed, the temperature in the greenhouse is kept above 62 ℃, and the air humidity is kept above 63%. After each time of irrigation, the water naturally falls to be dry, and then the next time of irrigation is carried out, thus the water is continuously irrigated for 2 times, and the shed is sealed by high temperature and high humidity 26 d.
Fifth, soil fertility → spreading quicklime → drenching with rain and frozen upturned soil: and during the 20-7-25 days of the current year in 7 months, opening the film on the periphery of the greenhouse, ventilating and drying the greenhouse soil, turning over the soil to make ridges, and immediately sowing the green and crisp No. two vegetable soybeans. When the harvesting of the green and crisp second green pods or dry seeds is finished in the period from 9 month to 28 days to 10 months and 16 days in the year, uniformly spreading 23kg/667m on the soil surface of a greenhouse 2 And (3) quicklime is deeply ploughed into the soil for 27cm, the greenhouse film is removed, and the soil is subjected to rain treatment for 25 d. Meanwhile, the harvested roots, stems, leaves, green pods and dry seeds are placed in an empty greenhouse, and the special biological organic fertilizer for cultivating the small-fruit watermelons is prepared according to the second, second and third steps。
Step four: spring sowing early-maturing continuous cropping cultivation of new small fruit type watermelon variety 'Huangjing' (namely, the second year)
Preparing land → making ridges → fertilizing: in Nibo area of Zhejiang, during the period from 11 months 22 to 12 months 17 days of the year, a ditch is formed in the middle of greenhouse soil in which watermelons are planted in the last half year, the depth of the ditch is 21cm, the width of the ditch is 42cm, the whole greenhouse soil is made into two planting high ridges, the width of the ridge surface is 2.9m, and the length of the ridge is 40 m. And then, a fertilizing ditch is arranged at the position 105cm away from the center of the middle ditch on each planting ridge, the depth of the fertilizing ditch is 31cm, and the width of the fertilizing ditch is 36 cm. The first soybean fermented fertilizer is added according to the proportion of 500kg/667m 2 The dosage of the second soybean fermented fertilizer is concentrated and evenly spread at the bottom of the fertilizing ditch, and the second soybean fermented fertilizer is sprayed to the bottom of the fertilizing ditch according to the proportion of 250kg/667m 2 The dosage of the fertilizer is concentrated and evenly spread in the middle of a fertilizing ditch, and finally the German Kangpu long-acting compound fertilizer (N: P: K: 12%: 17%) is sprayed according to the proportion of 19kg/667m 2 The fertilizer is uniformly spread on the uppermost layer of the fertilizing ditch, then, a tap water hose is used for spraying water into the fertilizing ditch along the edge of the ditch, the soil on the edge of the ditch is flushed into the ditch along with the water while the water is sprayed, so that the soil, the soybean organic fertilizer and the ternary composite slow-release fertilizer are uniformly mixed, when the whole fertilizing ditch is submerged by water, the soil gradually leaks into the soil, after no accumulated water exists on the surface, the soil on the periphery of the ditch is uniformly leveled and covered into the fertilizing ditch to form a hill with the height of about 7cm, a drip irrigation belt is respectively paved at the position of the two sides of the hill, which is 33cm away from the middle of the hill, and then the whole ridge surface is covered with a layer of mulching film.
Seedling → transplanting: in Ningbo area of Zhejiang, seedling of 'Huangjing' watermelon is grown in 1 month and 20 days to 2 months and 10 days of the next year, large-scale production can entrust factory seedling enterprises to perform plug seedling, small-scale production can purchase electric heating lines, and seedbed seedling is manufactured by self. Transplanting the watermelon seedlings into a greenhouse paved with mulching films when the 3 rd to 4 th main leaves of the watermelon seedlings grow out. Before transplanting, digging fixed planting holes at the right middle position of each ridge surface hill bag by using a hole digging device, wherein the hole distance is 23cm, and the hole depth is 7.5 cm. After the watermelon seedlings are placed in the planting holes, half holes of soil are covered, then the planting holes are filled with water, and after the water permeates into the soil, the peripheries of the seedlings are covered with the soil and covered tightly. And (3) building an arched shed on each ridge surface, covering all the planted seedlings, and sealing the arched sheds and the greenhouses 6 d. And (3) removing the arched shed in the daytime after the 'Huangjing' watermelon seedlings survive, and continuously covering the arched shed at night. And (3) enhancing the ventilation and the lighting of the greenhouse 27d before the watermelon plants bloom and bear fruits, and controlling the temperature in the greenhouse not to exceed 31 ℃ in daytime, not to be lower than 16 ℃ at night and the relative air humidity to be 53 percent.
Thirdly, topdressing the puffed melon fertilizer water: when the second and third female flowers on the main tendrils or the side tendrils of the 'yellow crystal' watermelon plants open, the artificial pollination is completed, young fruits begin to expand for 6d, the stock solution of the third soybean fermented fertilizer is diluted by 8.5 times by using clear water and is placed into a drip irrigation solution storage barrel, the third soybean fermented fertilizer is dripped to the roots of the watermelon plants along with a drip irrigation tape in the period of 15:30 to 16:00 in the afternoon of a sunny day, the drip application is carried out for 8min every time, the watermelon plants are dripped every 6d, the whole fruit expands for 3 times, 16L of diluted third soybean fermented fertilizer is dripped each time, the drip irrigation tape is used for supplementing water dripping for 11min after 35min, and the soil water holding capacity around the roots of the watermelon plants is kept at about 78%. And 5, 15 days at month 5 to 25 days at month 5, the 'Huangjing' watermelon fruits enter the mature period sequentially, the mature fruits are collected in time according to the pollination date of each watermelon and the local current temperature condition, and the mature fruits are packaged and sold on the market according to the quality standard.
Clearing vine → spreading quicklime → irrigating soil → high-temperature shed-closing: after the 'Huangjing' watermelons in the greenhouse are completely harvested, the root systems and the vines of all 'Huangjing' watermelons are pulled out, all the watermelon plants are cleaned out of the greenhouse, and the watermelon plants are piled in a fermentation tank for harmless treatment. Meanwhile, planting 'yellow crystal' watermelons on each ridge surface of the greenhouse, intensively spreading 45kg of quicklime per mu, deeply turning into soil for 27cm, ridging the periphery of the greenhouse, irrigating the soil of the whole greenhouse with big water so that the water overflows the whole soil surface, and sealing the greenhouse film of the whole greenhouse so that the temperature in the greenhouse is kept above 62 ℃ and the air humidity is kept above 63%. After each time of irrigation, the water naturally falls to be dry, and then the next time of irrigation is carried out, thus the water is continuously irrigated for 2 times, and the shed is sealed by high temperature and high humidity 26 d.
Soil fertilization → spreading quicklime → drenching with rain: and during the period from 1 day at 7 months to 25 days at 7 months, opening the film at the periphery of the greenhouse, ventilating and drying the soil of the greenhouse, turning over the soil to make ridges, and immediately sowing the green and crisp No. two vegetable soybeans. During the period from 28 days in 9 months to 17 days in 10 months, the green pod and the dry pod of the soybean for the vegetable of' green crisp No. twoAfter the seeds are harvested, uniformly spreading 22kg/667m on the soil surface of the whole greenhouse 2 And (3) quicklime is deeply ploughed into the soil by 27cm, the greenhouse film is removed, and the soil is subjected to rain treatment for 26 d. Meanwhile, the roots, stems, leaves, green pods and dry seeds of the collected green and crisp second vegetable soybeans are placed in an empty greenhouse, and the special bio-organic fertilizer for cultivating the small-fruit watermelons is prepared according to the second, second and third steps.
Step five: spring sowing early-maturing continuous cropping cultivation of new small fruit type watermelon species 'Huangjing' (namely, the third year)
Preparing soil → making ridge → fertilizing: during the period from 28 days in 11 months of the current year to 17 days in 1 month of the next year, a ditch is formed in the middle of greenhouse soil in which watermelons are planted in the previous year, the depth of the ditch is 27cm, the width of the ditch is 43cm, the whole greenhouse soil is made into two planting high ridges, the ridge surface width is 2.9m, and the ridge length is 40 m. A fertilizing ditch is arranged at the position of each planting high ridge, which is 171cm away from the center of the middle ditch of the greenhouse, the depth of the ditch is 33cm, the width of the ditch is 37cm, and the first soybean fermented fertilizer is prepared according to the proportion of 500kg/667m 2 The dosage of the second soybean fermented fertilizer is concentrated and evenly spread at the bottom of the fertilizing ditch, and the second soybean fermented fertilizer is sprayed to the bottom of the fertilizing ditch according to the proportion of 250kg/667m 2 The dosage of the fertilizer is concentrated and evenly spread in the middle of the fertilizing ditch, and finally 19kg/667m 2 Uniformly spreading the German Kangpu long-acting compound fertilizer (N: P: K: 12%: 17%) on the uppermost layer of the fertilizing ditch, then spraying water into the fertilizing ditch along the edge of the ditch by using a tap water hose, flushing the soil on the edge of the ditch into the fertilizing ditch along with the water, fully mixing the soil, the soybean organic fertilizer and the long-acting compound fertilizer, gradually seeping into the soil after the whole fertilizing ditch is submerged by the water, uniformly leveling and covering the soil around the ditch into the fertilizing ditch to form a hill with the height of 7cm, respectively laying a drip irrigation belt at the position 33cm away from the middle of the two sides of the hill, and covering a layer of mulching film on the whole ridge surface.
Seedling → transplanting: in Ningbo area of Zhejiang, seedling of 'Huangjing' watermelon is grown in 1 month and 20 days to 2 months and 10 days of the next year, large-scale production can entrust factory seedling enterprises to perform plug seedling, small-scale production can purchase electric heating lines, and seedbed seedling is manufactured by self. Transplanting the watermelon seedlings into a greenhouse paved with mulching films when the 3 rd to 4 th main leaves of the watermelon seedlings grow out. Before transplanting, digging fixed planting holes in the middle of each ridge surface hill-shaped bag by using a hole digging device, wherein the hole distance is 23cm, and the hole depth is 7.5 cm. Placing watermelon seedlings in the planting holes, covering half holes of soil, pouring water into the planting holes, and covering the peripheries of the seedlings with soil after water leaks into the soil. And (3) building an arched shed on each ridge surface to cover all the planted seedlings, and sealing the arched sheds and the greenhouse 6 d. And (5) removing the arched shed in the daytime when the seedlings survive, and continuously covering the arched shed at night. The temperature of the watermelon plant in the greenhouse is controlled to be not more than 31 ℃ in daytime, not less than 16 ℃ at night and the relative air humidity is controlled to be 60% 28 days before the watermelon plant blooms and sits on fruit.
Thirdly, topdressing the puffed melon fertilizer water: when the second and third female flowers on the main tendrils or the side tendrils of the watermelon plants of 'Huangjing' are opened, artificial pollination is carried out, young fruits begin to expand for 6d, the stock solution of the third soybean fermented fertilizer is diluted by 9 times with clear water and is filled into a drip irrigation solution storage barrel, the third soybean fermented fertilizer is dripped to the roots of the watermelon plants along with drip irrigation belts during the period of 15:20 to 16:20 in the afternoon of a sunny day, the drip irrigation belts are used for 8min each time, the third soybean fermented fertilizer diluted by 16L is dripped to the watermelon plants every 6d, the drip irrigation belts are used for supplementing the drip irrigation for 11min each time after 35min, and the water holding capacity of the soil around the roots of the watermelon plants is kept at about 78%. And 5, 15 days at month 5 to 10 days at month 6, the 'Huangjing' watermelon fruits enter the mature period sequentially, the mature fruits are collected in time according to the pollination date of each watermelon and the local current temperature condition, and the mature fruits are packaged and sold on the market according to the quality standard.
Clearing vine → spreading quicklime → irrigating soil → high-temperature shed-closing: after the 'yellow crystal' watermelons in the greenhouse are completely harvested, the root systems and the vines of all watermelon plants are pulled out, all the watermelon plants are cleaned out of the greenhouse, and the watermelon plants are piled in a fermentation tank for harmless treatment. Meanwhile, 45kg of quicklime is intensively spread in each mu after the 'yellow crystal' watermelon is planted in the last half year, the quicklime is deeply ploughed into the soil by 27cm, ridges are formed on the periphery of the greenhouse, the whole greenhouse soil is irrigated by large water to ensure that the water overflows the whole soil surface, and then the whole greenhouse film is sealed to ensure that the temperature in the greenhouse is kept above 63 ℃ and the air humidity is kept above 63%. After each time of irrigation, the water naturally falls to be dry, and then the next time of irrigation is carried out, thus the water is continuously irrigated for 2 times, and the shed is sealed by high temperature and high humidity 26 d.
Soil fertilization → spreading quicklime → drenching with rain: during the period from 15 days of 7 months to 20 days of 7 months in the current year, the films around the greenhouse are opened, the greenhouse soil is ventilated and dried, then the soil is ploughed to make furrows, and the 'green crisp No. two' is sown immediately. When the 'green crisp No. two' green pods or seeds are harvested within the period from 28 days in 9 months to 17 days in 10 months, uniformly spreading 22kg/667m on the soil surface of the whole greenhouse 2 And (3) quicklime is deeply ploughed into the soil by 27cm, the greenhouse film is removed, and the soil is subjected to rain treatment for 26 d. Meanwhile, the collected roots, stems, leaves, green pods and dry seeds are placed in an empty greenhouse, and the special biological organic fertilizer for cultivating the small-fruit watermelons is prepared according to the second, second and third steps.
The results of comparative tests on the quality, yield and disease resistance of the "Huangjing" watermelon obtained in this example 2 were shown in Table 2, together with the quality, yield and disease resistance of the "Huangjing" watermelon obtained by the conventional techniques (Zhangmegahui, Yangyuan, Guaran, etc., high-yield cultivation technique of "Huangjing" new variety of watermelon [ J ]. report on agriculture in China 2015,31(28): 89-92; King Osmanthus fragrans flower, green high-yield cultivation technique of watermelon [ J ]. gardening in northwest, 2013, (3): 28-29).
As can be seen from the comparative test results in Table 2, the 'Huangjing' watermelon planted by the conventional technology needs to be applied with the pesticide for at least more than 6 times in the whole growth and fruit development period, and the inherent quality of the watermelon is in accordance with the quality standard of 'pollution-free' agricultural products of Ministry of agriculture through detection; the average sugar content at the pulp side is 8.0 percent, the average sugar content at the center is 12.2 percent, and the taste and flavor are superior (the fresh and sweet taste is insufficient); yield and disease resistance performance: the average 1650 kg/mu of 'Huangjing' watermelons planted in the first year and the continuous cropping of the 'Huangjing' watermelons in the second year lead the withering rate of field plants to be more than 28.2 percent and reduce the yield to 1180 kg/mu; in the third year, the 'yellow crystal' watermelon is cultivated by continuous cropping, the field plant withering rate reaches 47.3 percent, and the yield is reduced to about 870 kg/mu on average.
The 'yellow crystal' watermelon planted by the technology has strong plant growth potential (dark green leaf color), the whole growth and fruit development period of the plant only needs 2-3 times of disease prevention, and the internal quality of the watermelon meets the quality standard of 'green food' products of Ministry of agriculture through detection; the average sugar content of the pulp side is 9.0 percent, the average sugar content of the center is 13.0 percent, the pulp taste is fresh, sweet and juicy, and the flavor is excellent. Yield and disease resistance performance: the average 1850 kg/mu of 'Huangjing' watermelons planted in the first year; in the 'Huangjing' watermelon cultivated by continuous cropping in the second year, the withering rate of field plants is less than or equal to 3.0 percent, and the average is 1790 kg/mu; in the 'Huangjing' watermelon cultivated by continuous cropping in the third year, the wilt rate of field plants is less than or equal to 5.3 percent, and the average yield is 1730 kg/mu.
TABLE 2 quality, yield and resistance of "Huangjing" watermelon planted in this example 2 and conventional techniques
Figure GDA0003528254310000191
As can be seen from table 2, the differences between the taste quality, the internal quality, the yield and the like of the 'Huangjing' watermelon planted for three years in the same greenhouse by the method of this example 2 are not significant.
Example 3
High-quality green cultivation method of novel small-fruit watermelon variety' cherry tomato red No. two
The method comprises the following steps: selection and construction of a new watermelon variety production demonstration base of 'Shengnuhong II':
in the new Shanghai Pudong area, production environments such as water and soil are selected to meet the environmental standard of the NY/T391 green food production area of Ministry of agriculture, the soil layer is deep, the drainage is good, the organic matter is rich, the fertilizer is loose, and the soil of the rice field on which fruits and vegetables are not planted is deeply ploughed by 30cm, so that the rice root residues in the soil are removed. Purchasing steel pipes with the length of 4.8m, and constructing a south-north monomer steel frame greenhouse with the bottom width of 6.8m, the height of 2.7m and the length of 50 m.
Step two: preparation of special bio-organic fertilizer for cultivating 'Shengnuhong No. two' watermelon
During the period from 9 months 10 days to 10 months 10 days in the current year, the roots, stems, leaves, hulls and immature seeds of the 'Qingsu Wu' vegetable soybean variety are purchased or harvested from the market and put into an agricultural pulverizer to be pulverized and mixed. And the crushed raw materials are piled in an empty greenhouse, water is sprayed into the crushed materials once when the thickness of the crushed raw materials is 57cm, the crushed raw materials are turned over for 3 times up and down, all the raw materials are fully wetted and expanded for 3.7 hours, the crushed materials are held by hands, water slightly seeps through finger joints, the water content is preferably 27 percent, and the crushed raw materials are piled into stacks. Covering a layer of plastic film on the surface of the piled raw materials, compacting and sealing the periphery of the film, and piling and fermenting for 40 days to obtain the first soybean fermented fertilizer.
② according to 270kg/667m 2 The dosage of the dry soybean seeds is that the 'green and crisp five' vegetable soybean seeds (including intact seeds with germination ability, deteriorated seeds without germination ability and broken seeds) purchased from the market or harvested in the field are spread in a greenhouse with an anti-leakage film laid on the ground surface, and water is sprayed into the seeds by a hose, so that all the soybean seeds are submerged in water to be expanded by suction for 9 hours, the seed coat is cracked, and the water content is preferably 36 percent. Covering and sealing the surface with a film, and fermenting for 40d in a greenhouse under natural high temperature conditions to obtain a second soybean fermented fertilizer.
③ according to 47kg/667m 2 The dry soybean seed dosage of (1) putting the soybean crop seeds (including intact seeds with germination capacity, deteriorated seeds without germination capacity and broken seeds) purchased or harvested from the market, preferably 'green and crisp five' vegetable soybean seeds, into a big pot or a barrel, adding clear water with the same amount as the seeds, soaking for 5.5h, boiling with big fire, turning to small fire, boiling for 26min, pouring into the big barrel, and according to the soybean seeds: water 1: 5, soaking in clear water, and fermenting for 40 days by sealing the surface with a film.
Step three: facility cultivation of New watermelon species 'Saint Nymphaea' second
Preparing soil → making ridge → fertilizing: in the Shanghai Pudong New district, a ditch is formed in the middle of the built greenhouse soil in the period of 11-12-22 days in the current year, the depth of the ditch is 28cm, the width of the ditch is 47cm, the whole greenhouse soil is deeply turned and leveled up, two planting high ridges are formed, the width of the ridge surface is 3.0m, and the length of the ridge is 50 m. At the position 54cm away from the center of the middle ditch of the greenhouse, a fertilizing ditch with the depth of 34cm and the width of 37cm is opened, and the first soybean fermented fertilizer is applied according to the weight of 570kg/667m 2 The amount of the second soybean fermented fertilizer is concentrated and spread at the bottom of the fertilizing ditch, and the second soybean fermented fertilizer is applied according to the proportion of 270kg/667m 2 The dosage of the fertilizer is concentrated and evenly spread in the middle of the fertilizing ditch, and finally the fertilizer is spread according to the proportion of 20kg/667m 2 The application amount of the compound fertilizer is that the stable long-acting compound fertilizer (N: P: K: 12: 17%) of German Congbai is uniformly spread on the uppermost layer of the fertilizing ditch, then a tap water hose is used for spraying water into the fertilizing ditch along the edge of the ditch, meanwhile, the soil stacked on the edge of the ditch is flushed into the fertilizing ditch along with the water, so that the soil, the soybean organic fertilizer and the ternary compound fertilizer are uniformly mixed, after the whole fertilizing ditch is submerged by water and gradually seeps into the soil, the soil around the ditch is covered on the whole fertilizing ditch after no water is accumulated on the surface, the soil is uniformly leveled and compacted, a drip irrigation belt is laid at the position 33cm away from the planting hole on each ridge surface, the whole ridge surface is covered with a layer of mulching film, and the width of the mulching film is determined according to the width of the ridge surface.
Seedling → transplanting: in the new Shanghai Pudong area, seedling culture of 'cherry tomato Red No. two' small-fruit watermelons is carried out in the following year from 1 month to 20 days to 2 months and 10 days, large-scale production can entrust industrialized seedling culture enterprises to carry out plug seedling culture, and small-scale production can purchase electric heating wires to carry out homemade seedbed seedling culture. Transplanting the seedlings into a greenhouse paved with mulching films when 3 rd to 4 th main leaves of the seedlings grow out. Before transplanting, digging a row of planting holes respectively along the positions of the two sides of the middle ditch, which are 25cm away from the edge of the middle ditch, by using a hole digger, wherein the hole distance is 24cm, and the hole depth is 8.2 cm. When transplanting, firstly placing the watermelon seedlings in the planting holes, placing half holes of soil, then filling the planting holes with water by using a hose, and after the water in the holes completely permeates into the soil, covering the periphery of the seedlings with the soil and tightly pressing the periphery of the seedlings. And (3) building an arched shed above the middle ditch, covering the melon seedlings on two sides of the ditch, and sealing the arched shed and a shed film 6 d. And (5) removing the arched shed in the daytime when the seedlings survive, and continuously covering the arched shed at night. And (3) enhancing the ventilation and lighting of the greenhouse every day 29 days before the watermelon plants bloom and set fruit, and controlling the temperature in the greenhouse not to exceed 32 ℃ in the daytime, not to be lower than 17 ℃ at night and the relative air humidity to be 52%.
Thirdly, topdressing the puffed melon fertilizer water: when the second and third female flowers on the main tendrils or the side tendrils of the watermelon plants open, the artificial supplementary pollination is completed, the young fruits start to expand for 6d, the stock solution of the third soybean fermented fertilizer is poured out, diluted by 10 times with clear water and placed into a drip irrigation solution storage barrel, the third soybean fermented fertilizer is dripped to the roots of the watermelon plants along with a drip irrigation tape in the period of 15:20 to 16:10 in the afternoon of fine day, the third soybean fermented fertilizer is dripped for 9min every time, the watermelon plants of 'Shengnuhong II' are dripped for once every 6d, the whole watermelon fruits of 'Shengnuhong II' are dripped for 3 times in the expansion period, 19L of the diluted third soybean fermented fertilizer is dripped for each time, the third soybean fermented fertilizer is dripped for 14min along with the drip irrigation tape after 36min, and meanwhile, half-furrow water is placed in the middle furrow to keep the water holding capacity of the soil around the roots of the watermelon plants at about 75%. And 5, 20 days at month 5 to 25 days at month 5, sequentially entering the mature period of the 'Saint-Red No.' watermelon fruits, harvesting the mature fruits in time according to the pollination date of each watermelon, and packaging the mature fruits on the market according to quality standards.
Clearing vine → spreading quicklime → irrigating soil → high-temperature shed-closing: and during the period from 27 days to 17 days in the current month 5 to 6 months, after the watermelon harvesting in the greenhouse is finished, pulling out the root systems and the vines of all watermelon plants, completely cleaning the watermelon plants out of the greenhouse, and piling the watermelon plants in a fermentation tank for harmless treatment. Meanwhile, 46kg of quicklime is intensively spread in each mu of water melon planting positions along the ditches in the greenhouse, then the soil is deeply ploughed into 29cm, ridges are formed on the periphery of the greenhouse, the soil of the whole greenhouse is irrigated by large water to flood the whole soil surface, the greenhouse film of the whole greenhouse is sealed, the temperature in the greenhouse is kept above 65 ℃, and the air humidity is kept above 65%. After each irrigation, the water falls naturally to dry, and then the next irrigation is carried out, thus the continuous irrigation is carried out for 3 times, and the shed is sealed by high temperature and high humidity 27 d.
Soil fertility → spreading quicklime → drenching and freezing and cutting: and during the period of 7 months 15 to 7 months 26 days in the current year, opening the film on the periphery of the greenhouse, ventilating and drying the greenhouse soil, turning over the soil to make ridges, and immediately sowing the green and crisp No. five vegetable soybeans. When the harvesting of the green and crisp five-size green pods or dry seeds is finished in the period from 29 days to 17 days in 9 months in the current year, uniformly spreading 24kg/667m on the soil surface of a greenhouse 2 And (3) quicklime is deeply ploughed into the soil by 28cm, the greenhouse film is removed, and the soil is subjected to rain treatment for 27 d. Meanwhile, the harvested roots, stems, leaves, green pods and dry seeds are placed in an empty greenhouse, and the special biological organic fertilizer for cultivating the small-fruit watermelons is manufactured according to the second, second and third steps.
Step four: spring sowing early-maturing continuous cropping cultivation of novel small-fruit watermelon variety 'cherry tomato red No. two' (namely the second year)
Preparing soil → making ridge → fertilizing: in Pudong New region of Shanghai, during the period of 11-23-12-18 days of the year, West was planted in the last yearA furrow is arranged in the middle of greenhouse soil of the melons, the depth of the furrow is 28cm, the width of the furrow is 46cm, the whole greenhouse soil is made into two planting high ridges, the width of the ridge surface is 3.0m, and the ridge length is 50 m. And then, a fertilizing ditch is arranged at the position of each planting ridge, which is 108cm away from the center of the middle ditch, and the depth of the fertilizing ditch is 34cm and the width of the fertilizing ditch is 38 cm. The first soybean fermented fertilizer is added according to the proportion of 570kg/667m 2 The dosage of the first soybean fermented fertilizer is concentrated and evenly spread on the bottom of a fertilizing ditch, and the first soybean fermented fertilizer is spread according to the ratio of 270kg/667m 2 The dosage of the fertilizer is concentrated and evenly spread in the middle of a fertilizing ditch, and finally the German Kangpu long-acting compound fertilizer (N: P: K: 12%: 17%) is sprayed according to the proportion of 19kg/667m 2 The fertilizer is uniformly spread on the uppermost layer of the fertilizing ditch, then a tap water hose is used for spraying water into the fertilizing ditch along the edge of the ditch, soil on the edge of the ditch is flushed into the fertilizing ditch along with water, the soil is uniformly mixed with the soybean organic fertilizer and the ternary composite slow-release fertilizer, after the whole fertilizing ditch is submerged by water and gradually seeps into the soil, after no accumulated water exists on the surface, the soil on the periphery of the ditch is uniformly leveled and covered into the fertilizing ditch to form a hill with the height of about 7cm, a drip irrigation belt is respectively paved at the position 34cm away from the middle of the two sides of the hill, and then the whole ridge surface is covered with a layer of mulching film.
Seedling → transplanting: in the Shanghai Pudong New district, the 'cherry tomato red No. two' watermelon is cultured in the next year from 1 month 25 days to 2 months 10 days, large-scale production can entrust factory seedling raising enterprises to carry out plug seedling, and small-scale production can purchase electric heating lines and self-manufacture seedbed seedling. Transplanting the watermelon seedlings into a greenhouse paved with mulching films when the 3 rd to 4 th main leaves of the watermelon seedlings grow out. Before transplanting, digging a row of planting holes at the middle position of each ridge surface hill bag by using a hole digging device, wherein the hole distance is 24cm, and the hole depth is 8.2 cm. After the watermelon seedlings are placed in the planting holes, half holes of soil are covered, then the planting holes are filled with water, and after the water permeates into the soil, the peripheries of the seedlings are covered with the soil and covered tightly. And (3) building an arched shed on each ridge surface to cover all the planted seedlings, and sealing the arched sheds and the greenhouse 6 d. When the 'cherry tomato red No. two' seedlings survive, the arched shed is removed in the day, and the arched shed is continuously covered at night. And (3) enhancing the ventilation and lighting of the greenhouse 29 days before the watermelon plants bloom and set fruit, and controlling the temperature in the greenhouse not to exceed 32 ℃ in daytime, not to be lower than 17 ℃ at night and the relative air humidity to be 57%.
Thirdly, topdressing the puffed melon fertilizer water: when the second and third female flowers on the main vine or the side vine of the watermelon plant of 'Shenglinghong II' are opened, and the artificial pollination is completed, the young fruit begins to expand for 6d, the stock solution of the third soybean fermented fertilizer is diluted by 10 times by clear water and is filled into a drip irrigation solution storage barrel, the third soybean fermented fertilizer is dripped to the root of the watermelon plant along with a drip irrigation belt during the period of 15:00 to 15:50 in the afternoon of sunny days, the drip irrigation belt is used for 9min every time, the watermelon plant is dripped once every 7d, the third soybean fermented fertilizer after 19L dilution is dripped for 3 times in the whole fruit expansion period, the drip irrigation belt is used for supplementing the drip water for 14min after 36min, and the water holding capacity of the soil around the root of the watermelon plant is kept at about 76%. And 5, 20 days at month 5 to 25 days at month 5, the 'Saint Pachyrhizus II' fruits enter the mature period one by one, the mature fruits are collected in time according to the pollination date of each melon and the local current air temperature condition, and the mature fruits are packaged and sold on the market according to the quality standard.
Clearing vine → spreading quicklime → irrigating soil → high-temperature shed-closing: after the fruits of the 'shengyouhong II' in the greenhouse are completely harvested, pulling out root systems and vines of all the plants of the 'shengyouhong II', completely cleaning the plants out of the greenhouse, and piling the plants in a fermentation tank for harmless treatment. Meanwhile, planting the 'shengyihong No. two' plants on each ridge of the greenhouse, intensively spreading 46kg of quicklime per mu, deeply turning the quicklime into soil for 29cm, ridging the periphery of the greenhouse, irrigating the soil of the whole greenhouse with big water so that the water overflows the whole soil surface, sealing the film of the whole greenhouse so that the temperature in the greenhouse is kept above 64 ℃, and the air humidity is kept above 65%. After each time of irrigation, the water naturally falls to be dry, and then the next time of irrigation is carried out, thus the water is continuously irrigated for 3 times, and the shed is sealed by high temperature and high humidity 29 d.
Soil fertilization → spreading quicklime → drenching with rain: and during the period from 16 days in 7 months to 26 days in 7 months, opening the film on the periphery of the greenhouse, ventilating and drying the soil of the greenhouse, turning over the soil to make furrows, and immediately sowing the 'green and crisp five-size' vegetable soybeans. During the period from 29 days in 9 months to 18 days in 10 months, after the green pods and the dry seeds of the vegetable ' Qingsu Wu ', the vegetable ' green pods and the dry seeds are uniformly spread on the soil surface of a greenhouse for 24kg/667m 2 And (3) quicklime is deeply ploughed into the soil for 29cm, then the greenhouse film is removed, and the soil is subjected to rain treatment for 29 d. Simultaneously, the roots, stems, leaves, green pods and dry seeds of the collected green and crisp five-size vegetable soybeans are placedAnd (3) placing the mixture in an empty greenhouse, and preparing the special biological organic fertilizer for cultivating the small-fruit watermelons according to the second, second and third steps.
Step five: spring sowing early-maturing continuous cropping cultivation of novel small-fruit watermelon variety 'cherry tomato red No. two' (namely, the third year)
Clearing → ridging → fertilizing: during the period from 29 days in 11 months of the current year to 18 days in 1 month of the next year, a ditch is formed in the middle of greenhouse soil in which watermelons are planted in the last half year, the depth of the ditch is 27cm, the width of the ditch is 47cm, the whole greenhouse soil is made into two planting high ridges, the width of each ridge surface is 3.0m, and the length of each ridge is 50 m. A fertilizing ditch with the depth of 34cm and the width of 38cm is arranged at the 173cm position of each planting high ridge from the center of the middle ditch of the greenhouse, and the first soybean fermented fertilizer is fermented according to the weight of 570kg/667m 2 The dosage of the second soybean fermented fertilizer is concentrated and evenly spread at the bottom of the fertilizing ditch, and the second soybean fermented fertilizer is spread at a ratio of 270kg/667m 2 The dosage of the fertilizer is concentrated and evenly spread in the middle of the fertilizing ditch, and finally the fertilizer is spread according to the proportion of 20kg/667m 2 The application method comprises the steps of uniformly spreading German Kangpu long-acting compound fertilizer (N: P: 12: 17%) on the uppermost layer of the fertilization ditch, spraying water into the fertilization ditch along the edge of the ditch by using a hose, flushing soil on the edge of the ditch into the fertilization ditch along with the water to fully mix the soil, the bio-organic fertilizer and the compound fertilizer, gradually leaking into the soil after the whole fertilization ditch is submerged by water, uniformly leveling and covering the soil around the ditch into the fertilization ditch after no water is accumulated on the surface of the fertilization ditch to form a hill bag with the height of about 8cm, respectively paving a drip irrigation tape at the position 34cm away from the middle of each hill bag at two sides, and covering a layer of mulching film on the whole ridge surface.
Seedling → transplanting: in the new Shanghai Pudong area, the 'cherry tomato Red No. two' watermelon is cultured in the next year from 1 month to 25 days to 2 months to 10 days, factory seedling raising enterprises can be entrusted to perform plug seedling in large-scale production, and electric heating wires can be purchased in small-scale production to perform seedbed seedling culture. Transplanting the watermelon seedlings into a greenhouse paved with mulching films when the 3 rd to 4 th main leaves of the watermelon seedlings grow out. Before transplanting, digging fixed planting holes in the middle of each ridge surface hill bag by using a hole digging device, wherein the hole distance is 24cm, and the hole depth is 8.2 cm. Placing watermelon seedlings in the planting holes, covering half holes of soil, then pouring water into the planting holes, and covering the periphery of the seedlings with soil after water permeates into the soil. And (3) building an arched shed on each ridge surface to cover all the planted seedlings, and sealing the arched sheds and the greenhouse 7 d. And (5) removing the arched shed in the daytime when the seedlings survive, and continuously covering the arched shed at night. The temperature in the greenhouse is controlled not to exceed 32 ℃ in daytime, not to be lower than 17 ℃ at night and the relative air humidity is controlled to be 59% 29 days before the watermelon plants grow and fruit setting.
Thirdly, topdressing the puffed melon fertilizer water: when the second and third female flowers on the main tendrils or the side tendrils of the 'Shengnuhong II' plant are opened, after artificial pollination, young fruits begin to expand for 6d, the stock solution of the third soybean fermented fertilizer is diluted by 10 times by clear water and is filled into a drip irrigation solution storage barrel, the third soybean fermented fertilizer is dripped to the roots of the watermelon plants along with a drip irrigation belt during the period of 15:40 to 16:10 in the afternoon of sunny days, 9min is dripped for each time, once every 7d, 3 times is dripped for the whole fruit expansion period, 19L of the diluted third soybean fermented fertilizer is dripped for each time, and the drip irrigation belt is used for supplementing water for 14min after 36min, so that the water holding capacity of the soil around the roots of the watermelon plants is kept at about 79%. And 5, 25 days in 5 months to 10 days in 6 months, the 'Saint Pachyrhizus Erythrosthornii' fruits enter the mature period one by one, and the mature fruits are collected in time according to the pollination date of each melon and the local current air temperature condition, and are packaged and listed according to the quality standard.
Clearing vine → spreading quicklime → irrigating soil → high-temperature shed-closing: after the fruits of 'shengyouhong II' in the greenhouse are all harvested, the root systems and the vines of all plants are pulled out, all the plants are cleaned out of the greenhouse, and the greenhouse is piled in a fermentation tank for harmless treatment. Meanwhile, 47kg of quicklime is intensively spread in each mu after the watermelon 'shengyihong No. two' is planted in the last half year, then the quicklime is deeply ploughed into the soil by 29cm, ridges are formed on the periphery of the greenhouse, the whole greenhouse soil is irrigated by large water to ensure that the water overflows the whole soil surface, and then the whole greenhouse film is sealed to ensure that the temperature in the greenhouse is kept above 67 ℃ and the air humidity is kept above 68%. After each time of irrigation, the water naturally falls dry, and then the next time of irrigation is carried out, thus the water is continuously irrigated for 3 times, and the shed is sealed by 29d under high temperature and high humidity.
Soil fertilization → spreading quicklime → drenching with rain: and during the period from 16 days in 7 months to 22 days in 7 months in the current year, opening the film on the periphery of the greenhouse, ventilating and drying the soil of the greenhouse, turning over the soil to make furrows, and immediately sowing the green crisp No. two. During the period from 29 months to 18 months from 9 months to 10 months, the green pod is ready to be crisp and has the fifth sizeOr after the seeds are harvested, uniformly spreading 24kg/667m on the soil surface of the whole greenhouse 2 And (3) quicklime is deeply ploughed into the soil by 29cm, then the greenhouse film is removed, and the soil is subjected to rain treatment for 28 d. Meanwhile, the collected roots, stems, leaves, green pods and dry seeds are placed in an empty greenhouse, and the special biological organic fertilizer for cultivating the small-fruit watermelons is prepared according to the second, second and third steps.
The quality, yield and disease resistance of the "cherry tomato red two" watermelon obtained in example 3 were compared with those of the "cherry tomato red two" watermelon obtained by the conventional techniques disclosed (Songlonghao, Poplar red Juannan, Zhang Meihui, Chengyongdong, Gunwang, etc.. the high-quality and high-yield cultivation technique of the "new watermelon variety" cherry tomato red two "of" Saint Negrong II "J. (Shanghai agricultural science, 2013,29(2):43-46), and the results are shown in Table 3.
TABLE 3 quality, yield and resistance of the "cherry tomato Red No. two" watermelon planted in this example 3 and conventional technology
Figure GDA0003528254310000241
As can be seen from the comparative test results in Table 3, the 'Saint Redwood' watermelon planted by conventional technology has the advantages that the pesticide is applied for at least more than 6 times in the whole growth and fruit development period of the plant, and the inherent quality of the watermelon only can reach the quality standard of 'pollution-free' agricultural products of Ministry of agriculture through detection; the average sugar content at the pulp side is 8.0 percent, the average sugar content at the center is 12.0 percent, and the taste and flavor are superior (the fresh and sweet taste is insufficient); yield and disease resistance performance: the average 1860 kg/mu of 'saint girl red No. two' watermelons planted in the first year, the blight rate of the 'saint girl red No. two' watermelons planted in the second year is more than 18.1 percent, and the yield is reduced to 1520 kg/mu; the field plant withering rate of the 'Saint Redwood No. two' watermelon cultivated by continuous cropping in the third year reaches more than 43.1 percent, and the yield is reduced to about 1060 kg/mu on average.
The 'Saint Nur Red No. two' watermelon planted by the technology has strong plant growth potential (dark green leaf color), the whole growth and fruit development period of the plant only needs 2-3 times of disease prevention, and the internal quality of the watermelon meets the quality standard of 'green food' products of Ministry of agriculture through detection; the average sugar content of the pulp is 8.8 percent, the average sugar content of the center is 12.8 percent, the pulp tastes fresh, sweet and juicy, and the flavor is excellent. Yield and disease resistance performance: the average 2150 kg/mu of watermelon of 'cherry tomato red II' planted in the first year; continuously cultivating the 'Saint Redwood No. two' watermelon in the second year, wherein the wilt rate of field plants is less than or equal to 3.0 percent, and the average is 2080 kg/mu; the watermelon of the second year of continuous cropping cultivation, namely 'Saint Redwood' in the third year, has the field plant withering rate less than or equal to 5.0 percent and the average yield of 2040 kg/mu.
As can be seen from table 3, the difference between the taste quality, the internal quality and the yield of the three-year 'santong hong No. two' watermelon planted continuously in the same greenhouse by the method of this example 3 is not significant.
Example 4
High-quality green cultivation method of novel variety 'Shengnuhong III' of small-fruit watermelon
The method comprises the following steps: selection and construction of 'Sanyuhong No. three' new watermelon variety production demonstration base:
in Anhui turnip lake area, the production environment of water, soil and the like is selected to meet the environmental standard of NY/T391 green food production area of Ministry of agriculture, the soil layer is deep, the drainage is good, the organic matter is rich, the soil is fertile and loose, the rice field in which fruits and vegetables are not planted is deeply ploughed by 30cm, and the rice root residues in the soil are removed. Purchasing 5m long steel pipes, and constructing a south-north monomer steel frame greenhouse with the bottom width of 7.0m, the height of 2.8m and the length of 60 m.
Step two: preparation of special bio-organic fertilizer for cultivating 'Shengnuhong No. three' watermelon
During the period from 9 months 11 days to 10 months 11 days in the current year, the roots, stems, leaves, hulls and immature seeds of the 'green and crisp No. six' vegetable soybean variety are purchased or harvested from the market, and are put into an agricultural pulverizer to be pulverized and mixed. And the crushed raw materials are piled in an empty greenhouse, water is sprayed into the crushed materials once when the thickness of the crushed raw materials is 60cm, the crushed raw materials are turned over for 3 times up and down, all the raw materials are fully wetted and expanded for 4 hours, the crushed materials are held by hands, slight water seepage occurs when finger joints appear, the water content is about 30 percent, and the raw materials are piled into stacks. Covering a layer of plastic film on the surface of the piled raw materials, compacting and sealing the periphery of the film, and piling and fermenting for 50 days to obtain the first soybean fermented fertilizer.
② according to 300kg/667m 2 The amount of the dry soybean seeds is that the seeds of various soybean crops (including intact seeds with germination ability, deteriorated seeds without germination ability and broken seeds) purchased from the market or harvested in the field, preferably 'green and crisp six' vegetable soybean seeds are spread in a greenhouse with an anti-leakage film laid on the ground surface, and water is sprayed into the seeds by a hose, so that all the soybean seeds are submerged and swelled for 10 hours, the seed coat is cracked, and the water content is about 40%. Covering and sealing the surface with a film, and fermenting for 50d in a greenhouse under natural high temperature conditions to obtain a second soybean fermented fertilizer.
③ according to 50kg/667m 2 The dry soybean seed dosage of (1) putting the 'green crisp six' vegetable soybean seeds (including intact seeds with germination ability, deteriorated seeds without germination ability and broken seeds) purchased or harvested from the market into a big pot, adding clear water with the same mass as the seeds, soaking for 6 hours, boiling with big fire, turning to small fire, boiling for 30min, pouring the boiled soybean seeds into a big barrel, and according to the soybean seeds: water 1: 5, soaking the surface of the soybean fermented fertilizer in clear water, sealing the surface of the soybean fermented fertilizer with a film, fermenting for 50 days, and collecting the leaching liquid to obtain a third soybean fermented fertilizer.
Step three: facility cultivation of New watermelon species 'Saint Nymphaea' spring sowing early ripening (first year)
Preparing soil → making ridge → fertilizing: in Anhui turnip lake area, a ditch is formed in the middle of the built greenhouse soil during the period from 11-23 days to 12-23 days of the year, the depth of the ditch is 30cm, the width of the ditch is 50cm, the whole greenhouse soil is deeply turned and leveled up to form two planting high ridges, each ridge is 3.5m wide, and the length of each ridge is 60 m. A fertilizing ditch is formed at the position 55cm away from the center of the middle ditch of the greenhouse in the distance of each prepared planting high ridge, the depth of the ditch is 35cm, the width of the ditch is 40cm, and the first soybean fermented fertilizer is prepared according to the proportion of 600kg/667m 2 The amount of the second soybean fermented fertilizer is 300kg/667m 2 The dosage of the fertilizer is concentrated and evenly spread in the middle of the fertilizing ditch, and finally 22kg/667m 2 The dosage of the long-acting compound fertilizer is that the stable long-acting compound fertilizer (N: P: K: 12%: 17%) of German Kangpu brand is evenly spreadAnd then, spraying water into the top layer of the fertilizing ditch along the edge of the fertilizing ditch by using a hose, flushing soil stacked at the edge of the ditch into the fertilizing ditch along with water, uniformly mixing the soil with the soybean organic fertilizer and the ternary compound fertilizer, gradually leaking into the soil when the whole fertilizing ditch is submerged in water, covering the soil around the ditch on the whole fertilizing ditch after no accumulated water exists on the surface, uniformly flattening and compacting, paving a drip irrigation belt at the position of each ridge surface, which is 35cm away from the planting hole, covering the whole ridge surface with a layer of mulching film, wherein the width of the mulching film is determined according to the width of the ridge surface.
Seedling → transplanting: in Anhui turnip lake area, seedling of 'cherry tomato red No. three' small-fruit watermelons is cultured in the following year from 1 month to 25 days to 2 months to 15 days, large-scale production can entrust industrialized seedling enterprises to perform plug seedling, and small-scale production can purchase electric heating lines to perform seedbed seedling culture. And transplanting the seedlings into a greenhouse paved with a mulching film when 3 rd to 4 th main leaves of the seedlings grow out. Before transplanting, digging a row of planting holes respectively along the positions of the two sides of the middle ditch, which are 30cm away from the edge of the middle ditch, by using a hole digger, wherein the hole distance is 25cm, and the hole depth is 9 cm. When transplanting, firstly placing the watermelon seedlings in the planting holes, placing half holes of soil, then filling the planting holes with water by using a hose, and after the water in the holes completely permeates into the soil, covering the periphery of the seedlings with the soil and tightly pressing the periphery of the seedlings. And (3) building an arched shed on the middle ditch to cover all the melon seedlings on two sides of the ditch, and sealing the arched shed and a greenhouse film (7 d) (flexibly adjusted according to the outside air temperature). And (5) removing the arched shed in the daytime when the seedlings survive, and continuously covering the arched shed at night. 30 days before the watermelon plants bloom and set fruit, the ventilation and the lighting of the greenhouse are enhanced every day, the air temperature in the greenhouse is controlled to be not more than 33 ℃ in daytime, the temperature at night is controlled to be not less than 19 ℃, and the relative air humidity is controlled to be 54%.
Thirdly, topdressing the puffed melon fertilizer water: when the second and third female flowers on the main tendrils or the side tendrils of the watermelon plants are opened, the artificial supplementary pollination is completed, the young fruits start to expand for 7d, the stock solution of the third soybean fermented fertilizer is poured out, diluted by 12 times with clear water and filled into a drip irrigation solution storage barrel, the third soybean fermented fertilizer is dripped to the roots of the watermelon plants along with a drip irrigation tape in the period of 15: 50-16: 20 in the afternoon of sunny days, the third soybean fermented fertilizer is dripped for 10min every time, the watermelon plants of 'Sanyuhong No. three' are dripped for every 7d, the whole watermelon fruits of 'Sanyunhong No. three' are dripped for 3 times in the expansion period, 20L of the diluted third soybean fermented fertilizer is dripped for each time, the third soybean fermented fertilizer is dripped for 15min along with the drip irrigation tape after 38min, and meanwhile, half-furrow water is filled in the middle furrow to keep the water holding capacity of soil around the roots of the watermelon plants at 80%. And (4) from 28 days in 5 months to 15 days in 6 months, sequentially entering the mature period of the 'Saint Pachyrhizus III' watermelon fruit, timely collecting mature fruits according to the pollination date of each watermelon, and separately packaging the mature fruits according to quality standards for marketing.
Clearing vine → spreading quicklime → irrigating soil → high-temperature shed-closing: and after the watermelon in the greenhouse is harvested from 30 days in 5 months to 18 days in 6 months in the current year, pulling out root systems and vines of all watermelon plants, completely cleaning the watermelon plants out of the greenhouse, and piling the watermelon plants in a fermentation tank for harmless treatment. Meanwhile, 50kg of quicklime is intensively scattered in the positions of watermelons planted along the ditches in the greenhouse, the soil is deeply ploughed by 30cm, ridges are formed on the periphery of the greenhouse, the soil of the whole greenhouse is irrigated by large water to flood the whole soil surface, the greenhouse film of the whole greenhouse is sealed, the temperature in the greenhouse is kept above 70 ℃, and the air humidity is kept above 70%. After each time of irrigation, the water naturally falls to dry, and then the next time of irrigation is carried out, thus the water is continuously irrigated for 3 times, and the shed is sealed for 30 days under high temperature and high humidity.
Fifthly, soil fertilization → spreading quicklime → drenching with rain: and during the period of 20-27 months in the current year from 7 month to 7 month, opening the film on the periphery of the greenhouse, ventilating and drying the greenhouse soil, turning over the soil to make ridges, and immediately sowing the green and crisp six-size vegetable soybeans. When the 'green crisp No. six' green pods or dry seeds are harvested within 30-10 months and 18 days in the current year, uniformly spreading 30kg/667m on the soil surface of a greenhouse 2 And (3) quicklime is deeply ploughed into the soil for 30cm, the greenhouse film is removed, and the soil is subjected to rain treatment for 30 d. Meanwhile, the harvested roots, stems, leaves, green pods and dry seeds are placed in an empty greenhouse, and the special biological organic fertilizer for cultivating the small-fruit watermelons is manufactured according to the second, second and third steps.
Step four: spring sowing early-maturing continuous cropping cultivation of novel small-fruit watermelon variety 'Shengnuhong No. three' (namely, the second year)
Land preparation → ridge making → base fertilizer application: in Anhui turnip lake area, in the period from 11 month 25 to 12 month 20 of the year, a ditch is formed in the middle of greenhouse soil in which watermelons are planted in the last half year, the depth of the ditch is 25cm, the width of the ditch is 48cm, and the whole greenhouse soil is filled in the greenhouseThe soil is made into two planting high ridges, the width of each ridge surface is 3.5m, and the length of each ridge is 60 m. And then, a fertilizing ditch is arranged at the position of each planting ridge, which is 110cm away from the center of the middle ditch, and the depth and the width of the fertilizing ditch are 35cm and 40cm respectively. The first soybean fermented fertilizer is added according to the proportion of 600kg/667m 2 The amount of the second soybean fermented fertilizer is uniformly and intensively spread at the bottom of the fertilizing ditch, and the second soybean fermented fertilizer is applied according to the proportion of 300kg/667m 2 The dosage of the fertilizer is concentrated and evenly spread in the middle of a fertilizing ditch, and finally the German Kangpu long-acting compound fertilizer (N: P: K: 12%: 17%) is sprayed according to the proportion of 22kg/667m 2 The fertilizer is uniformly spread on the uppermost layer of the fertilizing ditch, then, tap water hoses are used for spraying water into the fertilizing ditch along the edge of the ditch, the soil on the edge of the ditch is flushed into the fertilizing ditch along with the water while the water is sprayed, the soil is uniformly mixed with the soybean organic fertilizer and the ternary composite slow-release fertilizer, when the whole fertilizing ditch is submerged by the water and gradually seeps into the soil, after no accumulated water exists on the surface, the soil on the periphery of the ditch is uniformly leveled and covered into the fertilizing ditch to form a hill with the height of about 7cm, drip irrigation belts are respectively paved at the positions of the two sides of the hill, which are 35cm away from the middle of the hill, and then the whole ridge surface is covered with a layer of mulching film.
Seedling → transplanting: in Anhui Wenhu lake area, the 'cherry tomato red No. three' watermelon is cultured in the following year from 1 month 28 days to 2 months 15 days, factory seedling raising enterprises can be entrusted to perform plug seedling in large-scale production, and electric heating lines can be purchased in small-scale production to perform seedbed seedling culture. Transplanting the watermelon seedlings into a greenhouse paved with mulching films when the 3 rd to 4 th main leaves of the watermelon seedlings grow out. Before transplanting, digging a row of planting holes in the middle of each ridge surface hill bag by using a hole digging device, wherein the hole distance is 25cm, and the hole depth is 9 cm. Placing watermelon seedlings in the planting holes, covering half holes of soil, pouring water into the planting holes, and covering the peripheries of the seedlings with soil after water permeates into the soil. An arch shed is built on each ridge surface to cover all the planted seedlings, and the arch shed and the greenhouse are closed (flexibly adjusted according to the outside air temperature). When the 'three-cherry tomato red' seedlings survive, the arched shed is removed in the day and the arched shed is covered continuously at night. And (3) enhancing the ventilation and lighting of the greenhouse 30 days before the watermelon plants bloom and set fruit, and controlling the temperature in the greenhouse not to exceed 33 ℃ in daytime, not to be lower than 19 ℃ at night and the relative air humidity to be 56%.
Thirdly, topdressing the puffed melon fertilizer water: when the second and third female flowers on the main vine or the side vine of the 'Sanyunhong' watermelon plant are opened, after artificial pollination is completed, the young fruit begins to expand for 7d, the stock solution of the third soybean fermented fertilizer is diluted by 12 times by using clear water and is filled into a drip irrigation solution storage barrel, the third soybean fermented fertilizer is dripped to the root of the watermelon plant along with a drip irrigation tape in the period of 15: 50-16: 10 in the afternoon of sunny days, the drip irrigation tape is dripped for 10min every time, the watermelon plant is dripped for once every 7d, the whole fruit expands for 3 times in the whole fruit expanding period, 20L of diluted third soybean fermented fertilizer is dripped for each time, and the drip irrigation tape is used for supplementing water for 15min after 40min, so that the water holding capacity of the soil around the root of the watermelon plant is kept at 79%. During the period from 25 days in 5 months to 15 days in 6 months, the 'Sanyunhong No. three' fruits enter the mature period one by one, and according to the pollination date of each melon and the local current air temperature condition, the mature fruits are collected in time and are packaged and sold on the market according to the quality standard.
Clearing vine → spreading quicklime → irrigating soil → high-temperature shed-closing: after the fruits of 'shengyouhong No. three' in the greenhouse are completely harvested, pulling out root systems and vines of all 'shengyouhong No. three' plants, completely cleaning the plants out of the greenhouse, and piling the plants in a fermentation tank for harmless treatment. Meanwhile, planting watermelon plants 'cherry tomato red No. three' on each ridge of the greenhouse, intensively spreading 50kg of quicklime per mu, deeply turning the watermelon plants into soil for 30cm, ridging the periphery of the greenhouse, flooding the soil of the whole greenhouse with big water to flood the soil of the whole greenhouse, sealing the film of the whole greenhouse to keep the temperature in the greenhouse above 68 ℃ and the air humidity above 70%. After each time of irrigation, the water naturally falls to dry, and then the next time of irrigation is carried out, thus the water is continuously irrigated for 2 times, and the shed is sealed for 30 days under high temperature and high humidity.
Soil fertilization → spreading quicklime → drenching with rain: during the period from 17 days in 7 months to 27 days in 7 months in the current year, the film on the periphery of the greenhouse is opened, the greenhouse soil is ventilated and dried, then the soil is ploughed to make ridges, and the vegetable soybeans of 'green crisp six-size' are immediately sowed. 30kg/667m of uniform spreading on the soil surface of the greenhouse when the green pod and dry seed for 'green crisp six' vegetable are harvested within 30 days in 9 months to 10 months and 10 days 2 And (3) quicklime is deeply ploughed into the soil for 30cm, and the greenhouse film is removed, so that the soil is subjected to rain treatment for 30 days. Meanwhile, the collected 'green crisp six-size' roots, stems, leaves, green pods and dry seeds are placed in an empty greenhouse and are subjected to the following steps of,Secondly, the method prepares the special biological organic fertilizer for cultivating the small-fruit watermelon.
Step five: spring sowing early-maturing continuous cropping cultivation of novel small-fruit watermelon variety 'Shengnuhong No. three' (namely, the third year)
Clearing → making ridge → applying base fertilizer: during the period from 30 days in 11 months of the current year to 20 days in 1 month of the next year, a ditch is formed in the middle of greenhouse soil in which watermelons are planted in the last half year, the depth of the ditch is 30cm, the width of the ditch is 50cm, the whole greenhouse soil is made into two planting high ridges, the width of each ridge surface is 3.5m, and the length of each ridge is 60 m. A fertilizing ditch is arranged at the position 175cm away from the center of the middle ditch of the greenhouse in the distance of each planting high ridge, the depth of the ditch is 35cm, the width of the ditch is 40cm, and the first soybean fermented fertilizer is prepared according to the proportion of 600kg/667m 2 The amount of the second soybean fermented fertilizer is uniformly and intensively spread at the bottom of the fertilizing ditch, and the second soybean fermented fertilizer is applied according to the proportion of 300kg/667m 2 The dosage of the fertilizer is concentrated and evenly spread in the middle of the fertilizing ditch, and finally 22kg/667m 2 The application method comprises the steps of uniformly spreading German Kangpu long-acting compound fertilizer (N: P: K: 12: 17%) on the uppermost layer of a fertilization ditch, then spraying water into the fertilization ditch along the edge of a shallow ditch by using a tap water hose, flushing soil on the edge of the ditch into the fertilization ditch along with the water while spraying the water, fully mixing the soil, soybean organic fertilizer and long-acting compound fertilizer, after the whole fertilization ditch is submerged by the water and gradually seeps into the soil, uniformly flattening and covering the soil around the ditch into the fertilization ditch after no water is accumulated on the surface, forming a hill bag with the height of about 6cm, respectively paving a drip irrigation tape at the position 35cm away from the middle of each side of the hill bag, and covering a layer of mulching film on the whole ridge surface.
② seedling raising → transplanting: in Anhui turnip lake area, the 'cherry tomato red No. three' watermelon is cultured in the period from 1 month 25 to 2 months 10 of the next year, large-scale production can entrust factory seedling raising enterprises to carry out plug seedling, and small-scale production can purchase electric heating lines to self-make seedbed seedling. Transplanting the watermelon seedlings into a greenhouse paved with mulching films when the 3 rd to 4 th main leaves of the watermelon seedlings grow out. Before transplanting, digging fixed planting holes in the middle of each ridge surface hill bag by using a hole digging device, wherein the hole distance is 25cm, and the hole depth is 8 cm. Placing watermelon seedlings in the planting holes, covering half holes of soil, then pouring water into the planting holes, and covering the periphery of the seedlings with soil after water permeates into the soil. And (3) building an arched shed on each ridge surface to cover all the planted seedlings, and sealing the arched sheds and the greenhouse 7 d. And (5) removing the arched shed in the daytime when the seedlings survive, and continuously covering the arched shed at night. Controlling the temperature of the greenhouse to be not more than 33 ℃ in the daytime, the temperature of the greenhouse at night to be not less than 19 ℃ and the relative air humidity to be 58 percent 30 days before the watermelon plants bloom and bear fruits
Thirdly, topdressing the puffed melon fertilizer water: when the second and third female flowers on the main tendrils or the side tendrils of the 'Sanhong No.' plant are opened, artificial supplementary pollination is carried out, the young fruits begin to expand for 6d, the stock solution of the third soybean fermented fertilizer is diluted by 12 times by clear water and is filled into a drip irrigation solution storage barrel, the third soybean fermented fertilizer is dripped to the roots of the watermelon plants along with a drip irrigation tape in the period of 15:10 to 15:30 afternoon in sunny days, the drip irrigation tape is used for 10min every time, the drip irrigation tape is used for one time every 7d, the third soybean fermented fertilizer after 20L dilution is dripped for 3 times in the whole fruit expansion period, the drip irrigation tape is used for supplementing the drip irrigation water for 15min after 38min, and the water holding capacity of the soil around the roots of the watermelon plants is kept to be about 77%. During the period from 25 days in 5 months to 15 days in 6 months, the 'Sanyunhong No. three' fruits enter the mature period one by one, and according to the pollination date of each melon and the local current air temperature condition, the mature fruits are collected in time and are packaged and sold on the market according to the quality standard.
Clearing vine → spreading quicklime → irrigating soil → high-temperature shed-closing: after the fruits 'Sanyunhong No. three' in the greenhouse are all harvested, the root systems and the vines of all plants are pulled out, all the plants are cleaned out of the greenhouse, and the greenhouse is piled in a fermentation tank for harmless treatment. Meanwhile, in the last half year, the watermelon plant 'shengyihong No. three' is planted, 48kg of quicklime is intensively spread in each mu, the quicklime is deeply turned into the soil for 30cm, ridges are formed on the periphery of the greenhouse, the soil of the whole greenhouse is irrigated by using large water to ensure that the water overflows the whole soil surface, and then the film of the whole greenhouse is sealed to ensure that the temperature in the greenhouse is kept above 69 ℃ and the air humidity is kept above 78%. After each time of irrigation, the water naturally falls to dry, and then the next time of irrigation is carried out, thus the water is continuously irrigated for 3 times, and the shed is sealed for 30 days under high temperature and high humidity.
Soil fertilization → spreading quicklime → drenching with rain: during the period from 17 days in 7 months to 25 days in 7 months in the current year, the films around the greenhouse are opened, the greenhouse soil is ventilated and dried, then the soil is ploughed to make furrows, and the 'green crisp No. two' is sown immediately. Waiting for 'green crisp' during the period from 9 months 30 days to 10 months 20 daysAfter the harvest of the six green pods or seeds is finished, uniformly spreading 38kg/667m on the soil surface of the whole greenhouse 2 Quicklime is deeply buried into the soil by 29 cm. And (5) removing the greenhouse film, and carrying out rain treatment on the soil for 30 d. Meanwhile, the collected roots, stems, leaves, green pods and dry seeds are placed in an empty greenhouse, and the special biological organic fertilizer for cultivating the small-fruit watermelons is prepared according to the second, second and third steps.
The quality, yield and disease resistance of the "santong hong san" watermelon obtained in this example 4 were compared with those of the "santong hong san" watermelon obtained by the conventional techniques (songronghao, populus davidiana, li superman, julihua, zhuyanghong, nixiong, chenjian and so on) disclosed in the present disclosure, and the results are shown in table 4.
As can be seen from the comparison results in Table 4, the watermelon 'SANGNVHONG No. three' planted by the disclosed conventional technology needs to be applied with the pesticide for at least more than 6 times in the whole growth and fruit development period of the plant, and the inherent quality of the watermelon only meets the quality standard of 'pollution-free' agricultural products of Ministry of agriculture through detection; the average sugar content at the pulp side is 8.0 percent, the average sugar content at the center is 12.0 percent, and the taste and flavor are superior (the fresh and sweet taste is insufficient); yield and disease resistance performance: the average 1850 kg/mu of 'Sanyuhong No. three' watermelons planted in the first year and the withering rate of the field plants of the 'Sanyuhong No. three' watermelons planted in the second year reaches more than 27.1 percent, and the yield is reduced to 1310 kg/mu; the field plant withering rate of the 'Sanyuhong No. three' watermelon cultivated by continuous cropping in the third year reaches more than 45.6 percent, and the yield is reduced to about 990 kg/mu on average.
TABLE 4 quality, yield and resistance of "SANGNVHONG III" watermelon planted in this example 4 and conventional technology
Figure GDA0003528254310000301
Figure GDA0003528254310000311
The 'Saint Redwood No. three' watermelon planted by the method has strong plant growth potential (dark green leaf color), the whole growth and fruit development period of the plant only needs 2-3 times of disease prevention, and the internal quality of the watermelon meets the quality standard of 'green food' products of Ministry of agriculture through detection; the average sugar content of the pulp is 9.3 percent, the average sugar content of the center is 13.5 percent, the pulp tastes fresh, sweet and juicy, and the flavor is excellent. Yield and disease resistance performance: the average 1850 kg/mu of 'Sanyuhong No. three' watermelons planted in the first year; continuously cultivating 'Sanyuhong No. three' watermelons in the second year, wherein the withering rate of field plants is less than or equal to 3.8 percent, and the average is 1780 kg/mu; the watermelon of 'Sanyunhong No. three' in the third year of continuous cropping cultivation has the field plant withering rate less than or equal to 6.6 percent and the average yield of 1750 kg/mu.
As can be seen from table 4, by adopting the technical scheme of this example 4, the differences between the product quality and the yield traits of the three-year 'santong hong No. three' watermelon planted in the same greenhouse are not significant.
According to the cultivation method provided by the invention, the nutrients required by the small-fruit watermelon plants and the fruit growth and development period are mainly from the special bio-organic fertilizer for cultivating the small-fruit watermelons, and the special bio-organic fertilizer has comprehensive and balanced nutrients and high effective component content, so that under the condition of sufficient application amount, the special bio-organic fertilizer can meet the requirements of the small-fruit watermelon plants on nutrient growth and reproductive growth, is beneficial to the coordinated balance of the nutrient growth and reproductive growth of the small-fruit watermelon plants, can obviously improve the disease resistance of the small-fruit watermelon plants, greatly reduces the application times of pesticides, and obviously improves the taste quality and the internal safety quality of the small-fruit watermelons.
Secondly, the cultivation method of the small-fruit watermelon provided by the invention can realize the technical effect of continuously planting high-quality green small-fruit watermelon varieties for three years in the same newly-built greenhouse, and remarkably improves the cultivation utilization rate of the small-fruit watermelon facility greenhouse.
The foregoing is only a preferred embodiment of the present invention, and it should be noted that, for those skilled in the art, various modifications and decorations can be made without departing from the principle of the present invention, and these modifications and decorations should also be regarded as the protection scope of the present invention.

Claims (10)

1. A special bio-organic fertilizer for watermelon cultivation is characterized by comprising a first soybean fermented fertilizer, a second soybean fermented fertilizer and a third soybean fermented fertilizer;
the preparation method of the first soybean fermented fertilizer comprises the following steps: crushing the whole soybean crop, adjusting the water content to 20-30%, stacking, and fermenting in a sealing manner for 30-50 days;
the preparation method of the second soybean fermented fertilizer comprises the following steps: soaking and swelling the dried soybean seeds with water until the seed coats crack and the water content is 30-40%, and then sealing and fermenting for 30-50 days;
the preparation method of the third soybean fermented fertilizer comprises the following steps: soaking the dried soybean seeds in water, boiling for 20-30 min to obtain cooked soybean seeds, mixing the cooked soybean seeds with water, sealing and fermenting for 30-50 d, and collecting liquid.
2. The special bio-organic fertilizer for cultivating watermelons according to claim 1, wherein in the preparation method of the third soybean fermented fertilizer, the dry seeds are soaked in water for 5-6 hours; the mixing mass ratio of the cooked soybean seeds to the water is 1: (4-6).
3. The application of the special bio-organic fertilizer for cultivating the watermelons as claimed in claim 1 or 2 in the cultivation of the small-fruit watermelons, wherein the cultivation of the small-fruit watermelons comprises the following steps:
(1) selecting a land which meets the environmental standard of the agricultural department NY/T391 green food production area and is not planted with melons, fruits and vegetables, and constructing a greenhouse on the land;
(2) in the middle and last ten days of 11 months to 1 month and middle of the next year, opening middle ditches and ridges on the land; respectively building fertilizing ditches at positions 50-175 cm away from the center of the middle ditch towards two sides of the middle ditch; sequentially applying a first soybean fermented fertilizer, a second soybean fermented fertilizer and a nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium ternary compound fertilizer in the fertilizing ditch from bottom to top, and then spraying water and covering soil in the fertilizing ditch;
(3) digging a planting hole at a position 20-150 cm away from the edge of the middle ditch, transplanting the small fruit type watermelon seedlings to the planting hole, building an arched shed above the small fruit type watermelon seedlings, covering the arched shed with a film, sealing the arched shed for 4-7 days, removing the film on the arched shed in the daytime, and covering the film on the arched shed at night; after the small-fruit type watermelon seedlings are transplanted to survive and before the plants bloom and set fruit 25-30 days, controlling the temperature in the greenhouse to be 25-33 ℃ in the daytime, controlling the temperature at night to be 15-20 ℃ and controlling the relative air humidity in the greenhouse to be 50-60%;
(4) when young fruits on the small-fruit watermelon plants begin to expand within 5-7 days, the third soybean fermented fertilizer is dripped to the roots of the small-fruit watermelon plants along with the drip irrigation tape; the dripping is carried out once every 5-7 d, and the dripping is carried out 3-4 times in the whole fruit expansion period; in the first ten days of 5 months to 6 months, the watermelon fruits enter the mature period, the irrigation is stopped 7-10 days before harvesting, and the mature fruits are harvested;
(5) in the middle of the first 6 months to the last 5 months of each year, after watermelon harvesting is finished, removing root systems and vines of all watermelon plants, spreading quicklime and turning soil at the positions where the watermelons are planted, irrigating the soil of the whole greenhouse, sealing the whole greenhouse, and keeping the temperature in the greenhouse at 60-70 ℃ and the relative humidity at 60-80%; closing the greenhouse for 20-30 days, and after the irrigation naturally falls to the dry state, performing the next irrigation for 2-3 times continuously;
(6) in the middle and last ten days of 7 months every year, opening a greenhouse covering film, airing greenhouse soil, turning over the soil to form furrows, sowing soybeans, from the bottom of 9 months to the middle and 10 days of 10 months, after harvesting soybean green pods and seeds, spreading quicklime on the soil surface of the greenhouse, turning over the soil, and uncovering a greenhouse film to enable the soil to be subjected to rain treatment for 20-30 days.
4. The application of the method as claimed in claim 3, wherein the cultivation is carried out according to the steps (1) to (6) for 3 years in a circulating manner, and the transplanting and planting positions of the small fruit type watermelon seedlings are 50-80cm away from the previous year every year.
5. The use according to claim 3, wherein the intermediate trench has a trench depth of 25 to 30cm and a trench width of 40 to 50 cm; the width of the ridge surface of the ridge is 2.5-3.5 m.
6. The use according to claim 3, wherein the depth of the fertilizing ditch is 30-35 cm, and the width of the fertilizing ditch is 35-40 cm.
7. The application of claim 3, wherein the application amount of the first soybean fermented fertilizer is 400-600 kg/667m 2 (ii) a The application amount of the second soybean fermented fertilizer is 200-300 kg/667m 2 (ii) a The application amount of the nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium ternary compound fertilizer is 18-22 kg/667m 2 。
8. The use of claim 3, wherein the third fermented soybean fertilizer is applied in the step (4) in an amount of 40-50 kg/667m 2 (ii) a Diluting the third soybean fermented fertilizer before dripping application, wherein the dilution multiple is 8-12 times, and the dripping application time is 7-10 min each time; the amount of the liquid is 15-20L per time.
9. The use according to claim 3, wherein the spreading amount of the quicklime in the step (5) is 40-50 kg/667m 2 (ii) a The depth of the soil turning is 25-30 cm.
10. The use of claim 3, wherein the amount of quicklime scattered in step (6) is 20-30 kg/667m 2 And the depth of the turned soil is 25-30 cm.
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