CN112913618A - Peanut cultivation method - Google Patents
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- CN112913618A CN112913618A CN202110153202.XA CN202110153202A CN112913618A CN 112913618 A CN112913618 A CN 112913618A CN 202110153202 A CN202110153202 A CN 202110153202A CN 112913618 A CN112913618 A CN 112913618A
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G22/00—Cultivation of specific crops or plants not otherwise provided for
- A01G22/40—Fabaceae, e.g. beans or peas
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01C—PLANTING; SOWING; FERTILISING
- A01C21/00—Methods of fertilising, sowing or planting
- A01C21/005—Following a specific plan, e.g. pattern
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C05—FERTILISERS; MANUFACTURE THEREOF
- C05B—PHOSPHATIC FERTILISERS
- C05B1/00—Superphosphates, i.e. fertilisers produced by reacting rock or bone phosphates with sulfuric or phosphoric acid in such amounts and concentrations as to yield solid products directly
- C05B1/02—Superphosphates
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C05—FERTILISERS; MANUFACTURE THEREOF
- C05B—PHOSPHATIC FERTILISERS
- C05B7/00—Fertilisers based essentially on alkali or ammonium orthophosphates
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C05—FERTILISERS; MANUFACTURE THEREOF
- C05C—NITROGENOUS FERTILISERS
- C05C9/00—Fertilisers containing urea or urea compounds
Abstract
The invention discloses a peanut cultivation method, which comprises the steps of seed selection and seed treatment before sowing, field management, comprehensive prevention and control of plant diseases and insect pests and harvesting, can establish a high-quality and high-efficiency peanut production cultivation technology demonstration base in 37 groups and 38 groups, and ensures that the yield per mu of peanuts in the area is more than 400Kg, and is characterized by comprising the following steps: selecting large-fruit peanuts with a growth period of 130 d-140 d in southern Xinjiang, and airing and shelling; dressing the obtained big-fruit peanuts by adopting carbendazim wettable powder; performing hole sowing on the big-fruit peanut seeds obtained by seed dressing, laying a dropper, and coating and sealing; watering aiming at the flowering period, and additionally applying 10kg of ammonium dihydrogen sulfate and 10kg of potassium sulfate per mu; 2 kg-3 kg of urea and 5 kg-10 kg of calcium fertilizer are applied to each mu of the plant with water in the pod setting period; inspecting the mulching film, covering soil on the mulching film when the mulching film is missed and damaged, and sealing the damaged part with the soil; and (5) harvesting and storing.
Description
Technical Field
The invention discloses a peanut cultivation method, relates to a cultivation method capable of performing high-quality and high-efficiency production on peanuts, and belongs to the field of crop production. In particular to a peanut cultivation method which comprises the steps of seed selection and seed treatment before sowing, field management, comprehensive prevention and control of plant diseases and insect pests and harvesting, can establish high-quality and high-efficiency peanut production cultivation technology demonstration bases in 37 groups and 38 groups, and ensures that the acre yield of peanuts in the area is more than 400 Kg.
Background
In order to respond to the call of southward development of the Danjiang autonomous region, peanut planting teams in Xinjiang academy of agricultural sciences start test-point planting in Xinjiang and the last county and the 37 and 38 clusters around the Xinjiang academy in 2020, the region is located at the southeast edge of the Tarhima dry desert and has the climatic characteristics of long summer sunshine time, abundant heat and large day-night temperature difference, and the climate is dry.
Publication No. CN108040792A discloses a planting method of high-quality and high-yield peanuts, which comprises the following steps: (1) treating the planting soil before sowing; (2) treating and sowing peanut seeds before sowing; (3) field management after sowing; the method cannot be suitable for planting climate of Xinjiang and last county and 37 or 38 clusters around the Xinjiang and the last county, and cannot ensure the yield and quality of peanut production.
Disclosure of Invention
In order to improve the situation, the peanut cultivation method provided by the invention comprises the steps of seed selection and seed treatment before sowing, field management, comprehensive pest control and harvest, and can establish a high-quality and high-efficiency peanut production cultivation technology demonstration base in 37 groups and 38 groups, so that the yield per mu of peanuts in the area is ensured to be more than 400 Kg.
The peanut cultivation method is realized as follows: the invention relates to a peanut cultivation method which is characterized by comprising the following steps:
step 1) selecting large-fruit peanuts with a growth period of 130 d-140 d in southern Xinjiang area, and airing and shelling;
the step 1) of airing is to sun seeds with shells, select sunny weather, spread the seeds with shells on an airing field with the thickness of 7 cm-8 cm, turn over once every 1 h-2 h by using a peanut tedding device, and sun for 2 d-3 d;
the shelling is carried out 7d to 10d before sowing;
step 2) dressing the big-fruit peanuts obtained in the step 1) by adopting carbendazim wettable powder;
50% of carbendazim wettable powder in the step 2) accounts for 0.5% of the seed weight;
further, the carbendazim wettable powder is replaced by 70% thiophanate methyl wettable powder;
further, the carbendazim wettable powder is replaced by 30g of 70% imidacloprid seed dressing agent, 250ml of water is added, and the weight of mixed seeds is 10 kg-15 kg;
further, the carbendazim wettable powder is replaced by phoxim missible oil, 50 percent of phoxim missible oil with the seed weight of 0.2 percent is adopted for fully mixing, and the mixture is dried in a dark place;
step 3) performing hole sowing on the big-fruit peanut seeds obtained by seed dressing in the step 2), laying a dropper, and coating a film and sealing;
the hole sowing conditions in the step 3) are as follows:
1. the 5cm plough layer temperature of the spring in other areas is stabilized at 12 ℃;
2. in Central Lay 4 to early month 5 in southern Xinjiang;
3. sowing depth is 3 cm-5 cm;
4. bunch planting, 2 seeds per bunch, density is 10000 bunch/mu-12000 bunch/mu;
5. when the peanuts are selected as medium-fruit peanut varieties, the density is 12000 holes/mu to 13000 holes/mu;
6. the hole diameter of the sowing hole is 3 cm-4 cm, and the sowing hole covers soil with the thickness of more than 2 cm;
5 d-7 d before sowing in the step 3), spraying 90% acetochlor emulsifiable concentrate in the field, wherein the dosage per mu is 100 mL-120 mL, and uniformly mixing and spraying;
further, spraying 72% of metolachlor missible oil in the field 5-7 days before sowing, adding 50-70 kg of water into 100-150 mL of metolachlor missible oil and uniformly mixing and spraying;
further, after sowing and film covering, spraying 90% acetochlor missible oil between films, wherein the dosage per mu is 100 mL-120 mL, and uniformly mixing and spraying;
further, after sowing and film covering, spraying 72% metolachlor missible oil between films, adding 50-70 kg of water into 100-150 mL of metolachlor missible oil for each mu, uniformly mixing and spraying;
the film covering in the step 3) adopts a full film covering mode, the film is spread and straightened, spread and tightly attached to the ground, the edge of the film is sealed by soil,
in the step 3), sowing is carried out in wide and narrow rows, each film is 4 rows, the film width is 1.25m, and the film spacing is 45-55 cm;
further, 2 droppers are laid on the film 1 in the step 3);
step 3) before sowing, preparing soil and applying base fertilizer after sowing, and applying chemical fertilizer by using decomposed farmyard manure, wherein the amount of the base fertilizer is 3m3～4m 310 kg-15 kg of urea, 30 kg-35 kg of calcium superphosphate and 5 kg-10 kg of potassium sulfate (or potassium chloride);
step 4) watering aiming at the flowering phase, and additionally applying 10kg of ammonium dihydrogen sulfate and 10kg of potassium sulfate (or 5 kg-10 kg of urea) per mu;
further, selecting a soluble fertilizer and dripping the soluble fertilizer twice at an interval of 15-20 days;
step 5) applying 2 kg-3 kg of urea and 5 kg-10 kg of calcium fertilizer along with water per mu in a pod setting period;
irrigation is needed in time during pod expansion period in case of drought, but water supply cannot be too much so as to avoid rotten fruits;
step 6), checking the field, checking the mulching film, covering soil on the mulching film when the mulching film is missed and damaged, and sealing the damaged part with the soil;
inspecting that the film seedlings are not ejected out of the film immediately after the green leaves germinate, opening film holes for releasing, and covering wet soil with the film holes of 3-5 cm;
and (3) checking and supplementing seedlings, wherein the seedlings are deficient, and the seeds obtained in the step 2) are soaked for 4 hours, sucked and expanded and then supplemented.
Step 7), harvesting and storing;
in the step 7), the growth of the tops of the peanuts stops at the right harvesting stage, the leaves are yellow, the leaves are concentrated on the middle and lower layers, most of the pod shells are solidified to form clear reticulate patterns, black or green-brown color spots are distributed on the inner walls of the shells, and the plump index reaches 70-80%;
after pulling out, airing until the pod is shaken and makes a sound, picking the pod at the moment, drying the pod after pod removal, fully airing, and warehousing and storing when the water content of the nuts is reduced to below 9 percent, wherein the nuts are not suitable for being covered by plastics;
the steps 2) -6), intertillage is carried out for 2-3 times from the seedling stage to the full-bloom stage, weeds are timely shoveled and hoed in the field, when the peanut plants are excessively grown in nutrition, a plant growth regulator is applied to control excessive growth, when the height of a main stem is more than or equal to 40 cm, 15% paclobutrazol is used for 35g per mu, and 50kg of water is added to carry out stem leaf spraying;
furthermore, the paclobutrazol is replaced by mepiquat chloride raw powder, 5-7 g of mepiquat chloride raw powder is adopted, diluted firstly, then 50kg of water is added, and stem and leaf spraying is carried out.
In the steps 2) -6), aiming at the leaf spot of the peanut, any one of 50% carbendazim wettable powder (1000 times liquid), 70% thiophanate methyl wettable powder (1500 times liquid), 75% chlorothalonil wettable powder (600 times liquid) and 80% mancozeb (400 times liquid) is selected for prevention and control;
the application method comprises spraying 60kg medicinal liquid every mu every time every 7-10 d for 1 time, and continuously spraying for 2-3 times, wherein the medicinal liquid can be alternately used;
in the step 2), seed dressing is carried out on the peanut stem rot by adopting 25% carbendazim wettable powder according to 0.5% of the seed dressing amount;
further, aiming at the stem rot of the peanut, seed dressing by adopting 50 percent carbendazim wettable powder according to 0.3 percent of the seed amount;
further, 65% zineb wettable powder which is added with 40kg to 50kg of water per mu is sprayed and mixed with seeds aiming at the stem rot of the peanut;
further, spraying 800-1000 times of liquid of thiophanate methyl wettable powder for seed dressing aiming at the stem rot of the peanut;
in the steps 2) -6), aiming at the cotton bollworm, spraying one of 1000-1500 times of 50% phoxim missible oil, 2000-3000 times of 1.8% abamectin missible oil and 4000 times of 10% imidacloprid wettable powder on stems and leaves;
in the steps 2) -6), 1000 g/mu of 30% phoxim microcapsule suspending agent is adopted for underground insect pests, and the suspending agent is sprayed on sowing holes;
further, aiming at underground insect pests, 800 g/mu of 30% chlorpyrifos microcapsule suspending agent is adopted, and the suspending agent is sprayed on sowing holes;
further, aiming at underground insect pests, 50-100 g/mu of 40% phoxim missible oil is adopted, and furrow application or irrigation is carried out in the period of flowering and sowing;
furthermore, aiming at underground insect pests, 40-80 g/mu of 48% chlorpyrifos emulsifiable solution is adopted.
The invention also relates to a peanut tedding device in step 1, which consists of a push rod, a connecting rod, a conversion box, a top layer feed chute, a bottom layer feed chute, a roller, a top feed delivery hole, a guide plate, a bottom feed delivery hole, an ejection material chute and a bottom feed chute, wherein the upper part of one end surface of the conversion box is provided with a plurality of top layer feed chutes at equal intervals, the lower part of the other end surface of the conversion box is provided with a plurality of bottom feed chutes at equal intervals, the plurality of bottom feed chutes and the plurality of top layer feed chutes are in one-to-one correspondence, the conversion box is internally provided with a plurality of top feed delivery holes, one ends of the plurality of top feed delivery holes and the plurality of top layer feed chutes are in one-to-one correspondence and are communicated, the other ends of the plurality of top feed delivery holes and the plurality of bottom feed chutes are in one-to-one correspondence and are communicated, the height of one end surface of the top delivery holes is greater than that of the other end, the upper part of the end face of the other end of the conversion box is provided with a plurality of ejection material troughs at equal intervals, the ejection material troughs and the bottom material troughs are arranged in a staggered manner and are in one-to-one correspondence with the bottom material feeding troughs, the conversion box is internally provided with a plurality of bottom material conveying holes, a plurality of bottom material conveying holes and a plurality of top material conveying holes are arranged in a staggered manner, one ends of the bottom material conveying holes are in one-to-one correspondence with the bottom material feeding troughs and are communicated with the bottom material conveying holes, the other ends of the bottom material conveying holes are in one-to-one correspondence with the ejection material troughs and are communicated with the ejection material troughs, the height of one end of each bottom material conveying hole is smaller than that of the other end, guide plates are arranged on two sides of a notch of the top material feeding troughs, guide plates are arranged on two sides of the notch of the bottom material feeding troughs, the cross sections of the guide plates are sector, two, the push rod is vertically arranged on the other end of the connecting rod.
Advantageous effects
The method is suitable for planting climates of Xinjiang, last county and 37 and 38 clusters around the Xinjiang, and the yield and the quality of peanut production are guaranteed.
And secondly, the planting yield and the benefit of the peanuts are improved.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a three-dimensional structure diagram of a peanut tedding device of the invention;
FIG. 2 is a schematic structural view of a peanut tedding device of the present invention;
FIG. 3 is a schematic structural view of a bottom feeding hole of the peanut tedding device of the invention;
fig. 4 is a schematic structural diagram of a material conveying hole at the top of the peanut tedding device.
In the attached drawings
Wherein the method comprises the following steps: the device comprises a push rod (1), a connecting rod (2), a conversion box (3), a top layer feed chute (4), a bottom layer feed chute (5), a roller (6), a top material conveying hole (7), a guide plate (8), a bottom material conveying hole (9), an ejection material groove (10) and a bottom material discharging groove (11).
The specific implementation mode is as follows:
example 1
Seed selection and seed treatment before sowing
1.1 Pre-broadcast preparation
Selecting large-fruit peanuts with 130d growth period in southern Xinjiang, drying the seeds with shells before sowing, selecting sunny weather, paving the seeds with shells on a drying yard with the thickness of 7cm, turning the seeds once every 1h by using a peanut tedding device, drying the seeds for 2d, shelling the seeds 7d before sowing, selecting healthy seeds, and ensuring that the seeds are complete, fresh, free of mechanical and pathological damage, and the quality of the seeds can meet the requirement of GB 4407.2;
it should be noted that, for the tedding of large-fruit peanuts, in order to avoid damaging the seeds and increase the germination rate of the seeds, the sufficient tedding work before the cultivation of the peanuts is required, the conventional common tool is not good in use and the tedding effect is poor, the device needs to be turned over every 1h and aired for 2d, and the common tool has too large workload, so that the applicant also invents a peanut tedding device for tedding the peanuts before the cultivation of the peanuts.
The invention also relates to a peanut tedding device which comprises a push rod (1), a connecting rod (2), a conversion box (3), a top layer feed chute (4), a bottom layer feed chute (5), rollers (6), top feed conveying holes (7), a guide plate (8), bottom feed conveying holes (9), an ejection hopper (10) and bottom feed chutes (11), wherein the upper part of one end face of the conversion box (3) is provided with a plurality of top layer feed chutes (4) at equal intervals, the lower part of the other end face of the conversion box (3) is provided with a plurality of bottom feed chutes (11) at equal intervals, the plurality of bottom feed chutes (11) and the plurality of top layer feed chutes (4) are in one-to-one correspondence, the conversion box (3) is internally provided with a plurality of top feed conveying holes (7), one ends of the plurality of top feed conveying holes (7) and the plurality of top layer feed chutes (4) are in one-to-one correspondence and communicated, and the other ends of the plurality of top feeding holes (7) and the, and are communicated, the height of one end of the top material conveying hole (7) is greater than that of the other end, the lower part of the end face of one end of the conversion box (3) is equidistantly provided with a plurality of bottom material feeding grooves (5), the bottom material feeding grooves (5) and the top material feeding grooves (4) are arranged in a staggered manner, the upper part of the end face of the other end of the conversion box (3) is equidistantly provided with a plurality of material ejecting grooves (10), the material ejecting grooves (10) and the bottom material discharging grooves (11) are arranged in a staggered manner and are in one-to-one correspondence with the bottom material feeding grooves (5), the conversion box (3) is internally provided with a plurality of bottom material conveying holes (9), the bottom material conveying holes (9) and the top material conveying holes (7) are arranged in a staggered manner, one end of the bottom material conveying holes (9) is in one-to-one correspondence with the bottom material feeding grooves (5) and is communicated, the other ends of the bottom material conveying holes (9) are in, the utility model discloses a conversion case, including top layer feed chute (4), bottom conveying hole (9), guide plate (8) have been put to the notch both sides of top layer feed chute (4), guide plate (8) have been put to the notch both sides of bottom feed chute (5), the cross section of guide plate (8) is fan-shaped, and on the both sides side of conversion case (3) was arranged respectively in to two sets of gyro wheels (6), the one end of connecting rod (2) was articulated to be arranged in on the other end of conversion case (3) through articulated seat, articulated seat is overhead to have set up torsion spring, and push rod (1) is arranged in perpendicularly on the other end of connecting rod (2).
When the peanut tedder is used, a worker with a shell before sowing holds the push rod (1) and moves in an area needing to tedder peanuts through the two groups of rollers (6) on the two sides of the conversion box (3) so that the peanuts enter from the top layer feed chute (4) and the bottom layer feed chute (5), the guide plate (8) can guide the peanuts so that the peanuts can smoothly and continuously enter, the peanuts entering from the top layer feed chute (4) pass through the inside of the top feed conveying hole (7), and because the height of one end of the top feed conveying hole (7) is greater than that of the other end, the peanuts entering from the top layer feed chute (4) roll inside the top feed conveying hole (7) and then roll out from the bottom discharge chute (11) for tedding, the peanuts entering from the bottom layer feed chute (5) pass through the inside of the bottom hole (9), and because the height of one end of the bottom feed conveying hole (9) is less than that of the other end, the conversion box (3) continuously moves, more and more peanuts enter the inside of the bottom material conveying hole (9) through the bottom feeding groove (5), so that the peanuts inside the bottom material conveying hole (9) are extruded, the peanuts inside the bottom material conveying hole (9) continuously roll, then the peanuts roll out of the ejection material groove (10) and are tedded, in the process of moving the conversion box (3), the connecting rod (2) can overcome the spring stress of a torsion spring on the hinged seat to rotate, the height of the connecting rod (2) can be matched with workers with different heights, the use is convenient, the shelled and sunned seeds before sowing are achieved, the peanuts can be conveniently turned over once every 1h, the peanuts are sunned for 2d, shelling is carried out 7d before sowing, healthy seeds are selected, and the peanuts are complete, fresh, free of mechanical damage and pathological damage, and the seed quality can more easily meet the requirement of GB 4407.2;
in areas with serious peanut stem rot, 50% carbendazim wettable powder with the weight of 0.5% of the seed weight is used for evenly dressing seeds, in areas with serious underground pests such as scarab beetles and cutworms, 30g of 70% imidacloprid dressing agent is accurately weighed, 250mL of water is added, 10kg of seeds are completely mixed with the imidacloprid dressing agent, and the mixture is dried under the shady and cool conditions;
1.2 sowing and mulching
The cultivation layer 5cm in spring is stabilized at 12 ℃, the sowing depth is 3cm from the middle ten days of 4 months to the beginning of 5 months in the area of south Xinjiang, hill sowing is used, 2 seeds are planted in each hole, the density of large-fruit peanut varieties is 10000 holes/mu, and the density of medium-fruit peanut varieties is 12000 holes/mu due to the difference of varieties and seed varieties;
spraying 90% acetochlor missible oil in the amount of 100mL per mu and 50-70 kg of water between films 5 days before sowing, uniformly mixing and spraying;
the full mulching of the peanuts needs to be carried out by directly paving, flatly paving and tightly adhering the film to the ground, sealing the edge of the film by using soil so as to avoid surface damage, sowing in wide and narrow rows, wherein each film is 4 rows, the film width is 1.25m, the film spacing is 45cm, and the mulching, pipe paving and sowing are completed for 1 time under the mechanical condition, and 1 film is provided with 2 droppers; without mechanical conditions, 2 droppers can be paved on each film, the film is covered and the seeding is carried out, the hole diameter of the seeding hole is 3cm, and the soil with the thickness of more than 2cm is covered on the seeding hole.
Second, field management
2.1 fertilizing technique
Applying base fertilizer after soil preparation, and applying chemical fertilizer by using decomposed farmyard manure, wherein the using amount of the base fertilizer is 3m310kg of urea, 30kg of calcium superphosphate and 5kg of potassium sulfate, 10kg of ammonium dihydrogen sulfate can be applied to each mu in a flower-needle period and combined with water in a flower-watering period, sand can be selectively dissolved into fertilizer and dropped into the fertilizer twice at an interval of 15 days so as to reduce fertilizer loss, and 2kg of urea and 5kg of calcium fertilizer are applied to each mu in a pod setting period along with the water;
2.2 examining the protective film and opening the hole to release the seedling
Checking the field in time after sowing, finding that mulching films are missed and damaged, covering soil in time, sealing the damaged part with soil, immediately detecting green leaves after sprouting, timely checking that film seedlings are not ejected out of the film, timely opening holes to release, covering 3cm of wet soil in the film opening holes, checking and supplementing seedlings in time, having the phenomenon of seedling shortage, and soaking the seeds for 4 hours, sucking and expanding the seeds and supplementing the seeds;
2.3 moisture management
Peanuts belong to drought-tolerant crops, the seedlings of the peanuts need to be squat in the seedling stage, watering is not needed in the seedling stage, the flower-needle stage is the period when the peanuts need water and are vigorous, sufficient soil moisture content of field soil needs to be kept in the period, water supply needs to be paid attention in the pod bearing stage, timely irrigation is needed in the pod expansion stage if drought occurs, but the water supply cannot be too much so as to avoid rotten fruits;
2.4 intertillage and chemical control
Intertillage is carried out for 2 times from the seedling stage to the full-bloom stage, weeds are timely shoveled and hoed in the field, when the peanut plants grow excessively, a plant growth regulator needs to be applied, vain growth is controlled, when the height of a main stem is more than or equal to 40 cm, 35g of 15% paclobutrazol and 50kg of water or 5g of mepiquat chloride raw powder are used per mu, the paclobutrazol is firstly dissolved in a small amount of water and 50kg of water is added, and then stem and leaf spraying is carried out.
Thirdly, comprehensive prevention and control of plant diseases and insect pests
3.1 leaf spot of peanut
Atomizing stem leaves at the early stage of diseases, namely selecting 50% carbendazim wettable powder (1000 times liquid), spraying 60kg of liquid medicine every mu every time, spraying 1 time every 7 days, and continuously spraying 2 times;
3.2 peanut Stem rot
Before sowing, seed dressing is carried out by using 25 percent carbendazim wettable powder according to 0.5 percent of the seed quantity;
3.3 Cotton bollworm
The peanut has 20 eggs in every hundred holes, and the stems and leaves can be sprayed with 1000 times of 50% phoxim emulsifiable solution.
3.4 grub, cutworm and other soil insects
In the growing period, soil insects such as grubs and the like are damaged, and 1000 g/mu of 30% phoxim microcapsule suspending agent is sprayed at sowing holes.
Fourthly, harvesting
The top growth of peanuts stops at the right-time harvesting period, the leaves are yellow, the leaves are concentrated on the middle lower layer, most of pod shells are solidified to form clear reticulate patterns, black or green-brown color spots are distributed on the inner walls of the shells, the fruit saturation index reaches 70%, one-time mechanical or segmented mechanical harvesting is adopted in a clear day, the segmented mechanical harvesting is adopted, after pulling up and airing are carried out until the pods are shaken to make a sound, mechanical fruit picking is started at the moment, the pods after pod removal are dried, and the peanuts are fully aired, and can be warehoused and stored when the water content of the kernels is reduced to be below 9%, but are not suitable to be covered by plastics.
Example 2
Seed selection and seed treatment before sowing
1.1 Pre-broadcast preparation
In the area of southern Xinjiang, large-fruit peanuts with 140d growth period are preferably selected, seeds with shells are planted before sowing, sunny weather is selected, the seeds with shells are laid on a sunning ground with the thickness of 8cm, the seeds are turned once every 2h and are dried for 3d, the seeds are shelled 10d before sowing, healthy seeds are selected, and the seeds are complete, fresh, free of mechanical and pathological damages, and the quality of the seeds can meet the requirement of GB 4407.2;
in areas with serious peanut stem rot, uniformly mixing seeds with 70% thiophanate methyl wettable powder with the weight of 0.5% of the seed weight, accurately weighing 30g of 70% imidacloprid seed-mixing agent in areas with serious underground pests such as scarab, cutworms and the like, adding 250mL of water, completely mixing 15kg of seeds with the imidacloprid seed-mixing agent, and drying under the shady and cool condition;
1.2 sowing and mulching
The temperature of a plough layer of 5cm in spring is stabilized at 12 ℃, the sowing depth of 5cm is from late middle ten days of 4 months to early beginning of 5 months in southern Xinjiang, hill sowing is carried out, 2 seeds are planted in each hole, the density of large-fruit peanut varieties is 12000 holes/mu, and the density of medium-fruit peanut varieties is 13000 holes/mu due to the difference of varieties and seed varieties;
spraying 90% acetochlor emulsifiable concentrate with the dosage of 120mL per mu and 70kg of water between membranes 7 days before sowing, uniformly mixing and spraying,
the full mulching of the peanuts needs to be carried out by directly paving, flatly paving and tightly adhering the film to the ground, the edge of the film is sealed by soil so as to avoid surface damage, the seeding is carried out in wide and narrow rows, each film is 4 rows, the film width is 1.25m, the film spacing is 55cm, the mulching and pipe paving and the seeding are completed for 1 time under the mechanical condition, and 1 film is provided with 2 drip pipes; without mechanical conditions, 2 droppers can be paved on each film, the film is covered and the seeding is carried out, the hole diameter of the seeding hole is 4cm, and the soil with the thickness of more than 2cm is covered on the seeding hole.
Second, field management
2.1 fertilizing technique
Applying base fertilizer after soil preparation, using decomposed farmyard manure to prepare chemical fertilizer, using 4m of farmyard manure as base fertilizer315kg of urea, 35kg of calcium superphosphate and 10kg of potassium sulfate, 10kg of ammonium dihydrogen sulfate and 10kg of potassium sulfate can be applied to each mu in a flower-needle period and combined with water in a flower-watering period, sand can be selectively dissolved into fertilizer and dropped into the fertilizer twice at an interval of 20 days so as to reduce fertilizer loss, 3kg of urea and 10kg of calcium fertilizer are applied to each mu in a pod setting period along with the water;
2.2 examining the protective film and opening the hole to release the seedling
Checking the field in time after sowing, finding that mulching films are missed and damaged, covering soil in time, sealing the damaged part with soil, immediately detecting green leaves after sprouting, timely checking that film seedlings are not ejected out of the film, timely opening holes to release, covering 5cm of wet soil in the film opening holes, checking and supplementing seedlings in time, having the phenomenon of seedling shortage, and soaking the seeds for 4 hours, sucking and expanding the seeds and supplementing the seeds;
2.3 moisture management
Peanuts belong to drought-tolerant crops, the seedlings of the peanuts need to be squat in the seedling stage, watering is not needed in the seedling stage, the flower-needle stage is the period when the peanuts need water and are vigorous, sufficient soil moisture content of field soil needs to be kept in the period, water supply needs to be paid attention in the pod bearing stage, timely irrigation is needed in the pod expansion stage if drought occurs, but the water supply cannot be too much so as to avoid rotten fruits;
2.4 intertillage and chemical control
Intertillage is carried out for 3 times from the seedling stage to the full-bloom stage, weeds are timely shoveled and hoed in the field, when the peanut plants grow excessively, a plant growth regulator needs to be applied to control the excessive growth, when the height of a main stem is more than or equal to 40 cm, 35g of 15% paclobutrazol is used per mu, 50kg of water is added, the paclobutrazol is firstly dissolved in a small amount of water, 50kg of water is added, and stem and leaf spraying is carried out.
Thirdly, comprehensive prevention and control of plant diseases and insect pests
3.1 leaf spot of peanut
Atomizing stems and leaves at the early stage of diseases, selecting 70% thiophanate methyl wettable powder (1500 times liquid), spraying 60kg of liquid medicine every mu for each time, spraying 1 time every 10 days, and continuously spraying 3 times;
3.2 peanut Stem rot
Before sowing, dressing seeds by using 50 percent carbendazim wettable powder according to 0.3 percent of the seed amount;
3.3 Cotton bollworm
Accumulating 20 eggs or 3 larvae per hundred holes of the peanut, and spraying 4000 times of 10% imidacloprid wettable powder on stems and leaves;
3.4 grub, cutworm and other soil insects
In the growing period, when underground pests such as grubs and the like are damaged, the 30 percent chlorpyrifos microcapsule suspending agent is used for 800 g/mu, sowing holes are sprayed, and furrow application or irrigation is carried out in the period of flowering and needle insertion.
Fourthly, harvesting
The top growth of peanuts stops at the right-time harvesting period, the leaves are yellow, the leaves are concentrated on the middle lower layer, most of pod shells are solidified to form clear reticulate patterns, black or green-brown color spots are distributed on the inner walls of the shells, the fruit saturation index reaches 80%, one-time mechanical or segmented mechanical harvesting is adopted in a clear day, the segmented mechanical harvesting is adopted, after pulling up and airing are carried out until the pods are shaken to make a sound, mechanical fruit picking is started at the moment, the pods after pod removal are dried, and the peanuts are fully aired, and can be warehoused and stored when the water content of the kernels is reduced to be below 9%, but are not suitable to be covered by plastics.
The purposes of seed selection and seed treatment before sowing, field management, comprehensive prevention and control of plant diseases and insect pests and harvest are achieved, the demonstration bases of high-quality and high-efficiency production and cultivation technology for peanuts can be established in 37 groups and 38 groups, and the yield per mu of the peanuts in the area is ensured to be more than 400 Kg.
The above embodiments are preferred embodiments of the present invention, and are not intended to limit the scope of the present invention. It will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that changes may be made without departing from the scope of the invention, and it is intended that all matter contained in the above description or shown in the accompanying drawings shall be interpreted as illustrative and not in a limiting sense.
It should be further noted that, while the above specific embodiments are described for simplicity and clarity, only the differences from other embodiments are described, but those skilled in the art should understand that the above specific embodiments are independent technical solutions.
Claims (10)
1. A peanut cultivation method is characterized by comprising the following steps:
step 1) selecting large-fruit peanuts with a growth period of 130 d-140 d in southern Xinjiang area, and airing and shelling;
the step 1) of airing is to air the seeds with the shells, select sunny weather, spread the seeds with the shells on an airing ground with the thickness of 7 cm-8 cm, turn over every 1 h-2 h, and air for 2 d-3 d;
the shelling is carried out 7d to 10d before sowing;
step 2) dressing the big-fruit peanuts obtained in the step 1) by adopting carbendazim wettable powder;
50% of carbendazim wettable powder in the step 2) accounts for 0.5% of the seed weight;
step 3) performing hole sowing on the big-fruit peanut seeds obtained by seed dressing in the step 2), laying a dropper, and coating a film and sealing;
the hole sowing conditions in the step 3) are as follows:
1. the 5cm plough layer temperature of the spring in other areas is stabilized at 12 ℃;
2. in Central Lay 4 to early month 5 in southern Xinjiang;
3. sowing depth is 3 cm-5 cm;
4. bunch planting, 2 seeds per bunch, density is 10000 bunch/mu-12000 bunch/mu;
5. when the peanuts are selected as medium-fruit peanut varieties, the density is 12000 holes/mu to 13000 holes/mu;
6. the hole diameter of the sowing hole is 3 cm-4 cm, and the sowing hole covers soil with the thickness of more than 2 cm;
5 d-7 d before sowing in the step 3), spraying 90% acetochlor emulsifiable concentrate in the field, wherein the dosage per mu is 100 mL-120 mL, and uniformly mixing and spraying;
the film covering in the step 3) adopts a full film covering mode, the film is spread and straightened, spread and tightly attached to the ground, the edge of the film is sealed by soil,
in the step 3), sowing is carried out in wide and narrow rows, each film is 4 rows, the film width is 1.25m, and the film spacing is 45-55 cm;
step 3) before sowing, preparing soil and applying base fertilizer after sowing, and applying chemical fertilizer by using decomposed farmyard manure, wherein the amount of the base fertilizer is 3m3～4m310 kg-15 kg of urea, 30 kg-35 kg of calcium superphosphate and 5 kg-10 kg of potassium sulfate (or potassium chloride);
step 4) watering aiming at the flowering phase, and additionally applying 10kg of ammonium dihydrogen sulfate and 10kg of potassium sulfate (or 5 kg-10 kg of urea) per mu;
further, selecting a soluble fertilizer and dripping the soluble fertilizer twice at an interval of 15-20 days;
step 5) applying 2 kg-3 kg of urea and 5 kg-10 kg of calcium fertilizer along with water per mu in a pod setting period;
irrigation is needed in time during pod expansion period in case of drought, but water supply cannot be too much so as to avoid rotten fruits;
step 6), checking the field, checking the mulching film, covering soil on the mulching film when the mulching film is missed and damaged, and sealing the damaged part with the soil;
inspecting that the film seedlings are not ejected out of the film immediately after the green leaves germinate, opening film holes for releasing, and covering wet soil with the film holes of 3-5 cm;
checking and supplementing seedlings, wherein seeds obtained in the step 2) are soaked for 4 hours, sucked and expanded and then supplemented;
step 7), harvesting and storing;
in the step 7), the growth of the tops of the peanuts stops at the right harvesting stage, the leaves are yellow, the leaves are concentrated on the middle and lower layers, most of the pod shells are solidified to form clear reticulate patterns, black or green-brown color spots are distributed on the inner walls of the shells, and the plump index reaches 70-80%;
after pulling out, drying until the pod is shaken to make a sound, picking the pod at the moment, drying the pod after pod removal, fully drying, and warehousing and storing when the water content of the nuts is reduced to below 9 percent, wherein the nuts are not suitable for being covered by plastics.
2. A peanut cultivation method as claimed in claim 1, characterized in that the steps 2) -6), intertillage is carried out for 2-3 times from the seedling stage to the full-bloom stage, weeds are shoveled and hoed in the field in time, when the peanut plants are over-nourished and grown, a plant growth regulator is applied to control the spindling, when the height of the main stem is more than or equal to 40 cm, 15% paclobutrazol is used for 35g per mu, and 50kg of water is added to carry out stem leaf spraying.
3. A peanut cultivation method as claimed in claim 2, wherein the paclobutrazol is replaced by mepiquat chloride raw powder, 5-7 g of mepiquat chloride raw powder is adopted, diluted first, then 50kg of water is added, and stem and leaf spraying is carried out.
4. The peanut cultivation method according to claim 1, wherein in the steps 2) -6), any one of 50% carbendazim wettable powder (1000 times liquid), 70% thiophanate methyl wettable powder (1500 times liquid), 75% chlorothalonil wettable powder (600 times liquid), and 80% mancozeb (400 times liquid) is selected for controlling the leaf spot of peanuts, the using method is that 60kg of liquid medicine is used per mu each time, the liquid medicine is sprayed for 1 time every 7 d-10 d, the liquid medicine is sprayed for 2 times-3 times continuously, and the liquid medicine is suitable for alternate use.
5. A peanut cultivation method as claimed in claim 1, wherein in step 2), seed dressing with 25% carbendazim wettable powder is performed according to the amount of 0.5% for peanut stem rot.
6. A peanut cultivation method as claimed in claim 1, characterized in that in the steps 2) -6), aiming at the cotton bollworm, one of 1000-1500 times of 50% phoxim missible oil, 2000-3000 times of 1.8% avermectin missible oil and 4000 times of 10% imidacloprid wettable powder is sprayed on the stem and leaf.
7. A peanut cultivation method as claimed in claim 1, wherein in steps 2) -6), 30% phoxim microcapsule suspending agent is adopted 1000 g/mu for underground insect damage, and the spraying is carried out at sowing holes.
8. A peanut cultivation method as claimed in claim 1, wherein 2 droppers are laid on the 1 film in the step 3).
9. A peanut cultivation method as claimed in claim 1, wherein said peanut tedding device in step 1 comprises a push rod, a connecting rod, a conversion box, a top feeding chute, a bottom feeding chute, a roller, a top feeding hole, a guide plate, a bottom feeding hole, an ejection chute and a bottom discharging chute, wherein a plurality of top feeding chutes are equidistantly formed in an upper portion of one end surface of the conversion box, a plurality of bottom discharging chutes are equidistantly formed in a lower portion of the other end surface of the conversion box, the plurality of bottom discharging chutes and the plurality of top feeding chutes correspond to each other one by one, a plurality of top feeding holes are formed in the conversion box, one ends of the plurality of top feeding holes and the plurality of top feeding chutes correspond to each other one by one and are communicated with each other, the other ends of the plurality of top feeding holes and the plurality of bottom discharging chutes correspond to each other one by one and are communicated with each other, the height of one end of the top feeding holes is greater than the height of the other end, a plurality of bottom feeding chutes are, a plurality of bottom feed chutes and a plurality of top feed chutes are arranged in a staggered manner, a plurality of ejection chutes are arranged on the upper part of the end face of the other end of the conversion box at equal intervals, the ejection chutes and the bottom discharge chutes are arranged in a staggered manner and are in one-to-one correspondence with the bottom feed chutes, a plurality of bottom feed holes and a plurality of top feed holes are arranged in a staggered manner, one ends of the bottom feed holes are in one-to-one correspondence with the bottom feed chutes and are communicated with each other, the other ends of the bottom feed holes are in one-to-one correspondence with the ejection chutes and are communicated with each other, the height of one end of each bottom feed hole is smaller than that of the other end, guide plates are arranged on two sides of a notch of the top feed chute, guide plates are arranged on two sides of the notch of the bottom feed chute, the cross section of each guide plate is fan-shaped, two sets of rollers are respectively arranged on two side faces of the conversion box, one, a torsion spring is arranged on the hinged seat, and the push rod is vertically arranged at the other end of the connecting rod.
10. A peanut cultivation method as claimed in claim 1, characterized in that in step 2, for peanut stem rot, seed dressing with 50% carbendazim wettable powder in an amount of 0.3% is adopted; or spraying 65% wettable zineb powder with water of 40-50 kg per mu for seed dressing; or adopting any one method of spraying 800-1000 times of liquid of thiophanate methyl wettable powder for seed dressing.
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