CN112449967A

CN112449967A - Cold-resistant apple dwarf stock GM256 self-rooted seedling propagation method

Info

Publication number: CN112449967A
Application number: CN202011286414.7A
Authority: CN
Inventors: 毛向红; 剧慧春; 赵文平
Original assignee: Shijiazhuang Hanxu Agricultural Technology Co ltd
Current assignee: Shijiazhuang Hanxu Agricultural Technology Co ltd
Priority date: 2020-11-17
Filing date: 2020-11-17
Publication date: 2021-03-09
Anticipated expiration: 2040-11-17
Also published as: CN112449967B

Abstract

The invention relates to the technical field of fruit tree propagation, in particular to a method for propagating cold-resistant apple dwarf stock GM256 self-rooted seedlings. The method comprises the following steps: establishing a cutting orchard which takes GM256 self-rooted seedlings or GM256 seedlings which are grafted close to rootstock parts and take mountain stators as base stocks and are used as mother trees, cutting the mother trees, managing new tips, building a cutting bed and a heat preservation shed, cutting, managing temperature and humidity, managing plant diseases and insect pests, hardening seedlings, transplanting, germinating in spring in the second year, and finishing the propagation process of the cold-resistant apple dwarfing stock GM256 self-rooted seedlings. The invention mainly realizes the large-scale and commercial production technology of the GM256 self-rooted seedlings by performing cutting propagation on half-lignified young shoots of the GM256 in the current year, and is used for solving the problems that the GM256 is difficult to root, the propagation technology is complex, the cost is high and the large-scale production is difficult at present.

Description

Cold-resistant apple dwarf stock GM256 self-rooted seedling propagation method

Technical Field

The invention relates to the technical field of fruit tree propagation, in particular to a propagation method of apple dwarf stock self-rooted seedlings.

Background

At present, in the cultivation of apples in cold regions in China, a cold-resistant apple variety is grafted on the basis of a mountain stator with extremely strong cold resistance as a base stock and GM256 as an intermediate stock. Under the condition of the combination, the phenomena of pettitoes appear on the mountain stators, and when the grafted apple varieties enter a high-yield period, the tree bodies are easy to fall down. GM256 is the most mature dwarfing stock cultivated by fruit trees in Jilin province, is suitable for being cultivated in cold regions, and is a product with independent intellectual property rights in China. GM256 belongs to a variety which is extremely difficult to root, and is used as an intermediate stock in the prior production. GM256 has the excellent characteristics of dwarfing, cold resistance, drought resistance, saline-alkali soil resistance and the like, can only be used as a dwarfing interstock due to difficult rooting, not only can not fully express the excellent dwarfing characteristics of the GM, but also loses the excellent characteristics of drought resistance, saline-alkali resistance and the like. In order to solve the problem of difficult rooting of GM256, many fruit tree researchers in China actively research the propagation method of self-rooted seedlings of the GM. According to data reports, only test reports of researching all tissue culture rooting of Shandong and Jilin fruit trees are reported at present, and only reports of researching all cultured tissue culture seedlings of Shandong fruit trees are reported. In conclusion, there is no regulatory model for the current GM256 propagation technology due to its complexity and high cost.

The rootstocks used for apple cultivation are divided into: three types of seedling stock, dwarf interstock and dwarf self-rooted stock. The seedling stock is obtained by sowing seeds of malus baccata, malus spectabilis and the like. The existing apple seedling stock is entirely arbor stock, and the cultivation of the apple arbor stock has various problems of tall tree body, high management input cost, complex technology, serious fruiting phenomenon in large and small years, different sizes of grown trees, different high yield characters and the like, and can influence the yield and improve the management cost.

The dwarfing interstock is a seedling obtained by grafting a stem section of a dwarfing stock on the stem of a seedling stock which is used as a base stock. The dwarfing interstock apple seedlings adopt a secondary grafting method, the seedling propagation period is long, and the problems of large tree body difference, certain influence (such as iron deficiency) on nutrition transportation and the like exist under the influence of the interstock apple seedlings. At present, dwarf interstock cultivation is eliminated in advanced world apple cultivation countries, and dwarf self-rooted seedling cultivation is widely applied.

The self-rooted seedling is a stock seedling formed by differentiation and growth of somatic cells of an excellent parent, maintains the heredity of a parent tree, is uniform and consistent in seedling growth, has little variation, is excellent in grafted variety fruits, is consistent in fruit shape index, and has the advantages of centralized mature period, high yield and stable yield. The modern cultivation of fruit trees is convenient to realize, and the unit area benefit is high, so the wide acceptance of the world apple cultivation world is obtained.

Compared with the traditional arbor thin planting cultivation mode, the dwarf self-rooted rootstock can realize close planting cultivation, and various production factors, technical factors and capital factors can be put into concentrated investment, so that large-scale modern production is realized, and the benefit of unit area is improved.

Disclosure of Invention

Technical problem to be solved

In view of the defects and shortcomings of the prior art, the invention provides a method for breeding a cold-resistant apple dwarf stock GM256 self-rooted seedling, which mainly realizes the large-scale and commercial production technology of the GM256 self-rooted seedling by performing cutting breeding on half lignified young shoots of the GM256 in the current year, and is used for solving the problems that the GM256 is difficult to root, the breeding technology is complex, the cost is high and the large-scale production is difficult at present.

(II) technical scheme

In order to achieve the purpose, the invention adopts the main technical scheme that:

in a first aspect, the embodiment of the invention provides a method for propagating cold-resistant apple dwarf stock GM256 self-rooted seedlings, which comprises the following steps:

s1, establishing a GM256 cutting orchard, which comprises the following steps:

s11 cultivation of mother trees: adopting GM256 self-rooted seedlings or GM256 seedlings which are grafted close to rhizome parts and take a stator of a mountain as a base stock as a mother tree for field planting, digging a field planting ditch before field planting, and filling organic fertilizer in the ditch; after the soil is thawed in spring, planting the seedlings before the seedlings sprout; managing after planting to ensure the survival of the nursery stock;

s12, cutting of the mother tree: after planting, cutting off the parent tree in the following mode: taking GM256 seedlings with the mountain stators as the base stocks as mother trees, and cutting the mother trees at the position 40-70cm above the grafting openings; taking GM256 self-rooted seedlings as mother trees, and cutting the mother trees at a position 40-70cm above the ground;

s13, newly managing: new tips are generated after the sprouts at the short sections, strong new tips and the rest are kept for erasing, and water, fertilizer and plant diseases and insect pests are managed in the growth period of the new tips to ensure the growth of the new tips;

s2, constructing a cuttage bed and a heat preservation shed, which comprises the following steps:

s21, constructing a cuttage bed: building a cuttage bed at a flat position of the terrain, wherein the width of the cuttage bed is 120-150cm, the length of the cuttage bed is 500-600cm, and the depth of the cuttage bed is 45-60 cm; clean river sand is used as a cutting medium, and the thickness of the cutting medium is 18-25 cm;

s22, constructing a thermal insulation shed: a heat preservation shed is built above the cuttage bed, a plastic film is arranged on the heat preservation shed, and the whole cuttage bed can be tightly covered by the heat preservation shed; the distance between the arch top in the heat preservation shed and the bottom of the cuttage bed is more than 115 cm;

s23, setting shading facilities: a piece of sun-shading cloth with the light transmittance of 25-35% is erected above the heat-insulating shed, and the peripheral edge of the sun-shading cloth exceeds the cuttage bed, so that sunlight can not directly irradiate the cuttage bed at any time;

s24, configuring a water spraying cooling device: a spray head is arranged at the vault inside the heat preservation shed, and the spray head is arranged at a position, which is a certain height away from the heat preservation shed, outside the heat preservation shed, so that the water supplementing and cooling effects are realized;

s3 cuttage and management

When the lowest temperature is stabilized above 20 ℃ at night, the cuttage can be prepared; the method specifically comprises the following steps:

s31, matrix disinfection: sterilizing the cutting bed substrate in step S2 before cutting;

s32, preparing cutting slips: cutting the new tips of the current year growing on the mother trees in the step S1, cutting the cut new tips into a plurality of 17 +/-2 cm cuttings, cutting the bottom of each cutting into a horseshoe shape, reserving 2-5 leaves at the upper part of each cutting, removing the rest leaves, and cutting half of the tips of part of the leaves to reduce the evaporation area;

s33 hormone treatment: quickly dipping the lower end of the cutting into a hormone solution for 25-35s at a length of 5-7cm, and taking out;

s34, cutting: cutting the cutting slips on a cutting bed, wherein the cutting depth is 3-5 cm;

s35, temperature and humidity management: covering the plastic cloth on the heat preservation shed in time after the cuttage is finished, and opening a spray head in the heat preservation shed to spray water so as to thoroughly pour the cuttage bed;

monitoring the temperature outside the heat preservation shed and below the sunshade cloth to keep the temperature between 30 and 31 ℃;

monitoring the temperature and humidity in the heat-preservation shed to keep the temperature at 25-30 ℃ and the relative humidity at 90-100%;

monitoring the temperature in the substrate of the cutting bed, and controlling the temperature of the substrate to be 24-29 ℃;

s36, pest and disease management:

s37, management and seedling hardening after rooting: after 40-45 days of cuttage, the rooting rate of the cutting shoots reaches a peak, after 58-60 days of cuttage, ventilating windows are respectively opened at the north and south ends of the heat preservation shed in the morning and at the evening every day for ventilating and hardening seedlings, the area of the ventilating windows is gradually increased, and the ventilating time is prolonged; after 15 days, the two ends of the thermal insulation shed are completely opened for ventilation, and watering is carried out to keep the matrix moist;

s4 transplanting

Digging cutting rooted seedlings cultivated by a cutting bed for cultivation after leaf dropping until soil is frozen, watering thoroughly after cultivation, and burying overground parts of the seedlings with soil for overwintering before freezing;

s5: management in the second year

After the soil is thawed in the spring of the next year, the soil covered in winter is taken off, land preparation and watering are carried out, and the plant diseases and insect pests are prevented and treated in time after germination.

According to the preferred embodiment of the present invention, in step S11, a cutting nursery is established in a selected area where soil is thick, terrain is flat, and water and electricity are convenient; during planting, the planting density of the parent trees is 30-40cm in plant spacing and 60-80cm in row spacing;

digging 45-55cm planting furrows before cultivation, filling 18-25cm decomposed organic fertilizer into the furrows, filling soil on the organic fertilizer, and uniformly mixing the organic fertilizer and the soil; the planting depth is as follows: when GM256 self-rooted seedlings are used as mother trees, the rootstocks of the mother trees are kept 3-4cm below the ground to ensure survival; when GM256 seedlings taking the stator mountains as the base stocks are used as mother trees, the grafting openings of the GM256 seedlings are at least 5cm below the ground so as to grow roots above the grafting openings after soil is buried to replace the base stocks;

after field planting, making a bed, paving grass-prevention cloth in the bed, and continuously watering the bed for 2-3 times to ensure the survival of the nursery stock.

Preferably, the width of the furrow is 60-80cm, the width of the grass-prevention cloth is the same as that of the furrow, the grass-prevention cloth is fixed by cloth nails after being paved on the furrow, and the water is continuously watered for 2-3 times.

According to the preferred embodiment of the present invention, in step S12: after planting, cutting off the parent tree in the following mode: adopting GM256 seedlings with a mountain stator as a base stock as a mother tree, and cutting the mother tree at a position 50cm +/-2 cm above a grafting opening; taking GM256 self-rooted seedlings as mother trees, and cutting the mother trees at the positions 50cm +/-2 cm above the ground;

in step S13, after the scions of the mother trees sprout, the rootstock sprout tillers are removed in time, 5-6 strong young shoots are retained on each mother tree, others are removed, fertilization watering and pest control are performed in time in the new growth period, the strong growth of the young shoots is ensured, and qualified cuttings are obtained when the cuttings are inserted from late 6 months to early 7 months in the year.

According to the preferred embodiment of the invention, in step S21, the cuttage bed is constructed by selecting the place with flat terrain, good ventilation and convenient water and circuit; the depth of the cuttage bed is 50cm, the east-west width is 150cm, and the north-south length is 500 cm and 600 cm; the walls around the cuttage bed are built by bricks; using clean river sand as a cutting matrix, screening out stones and impurities in the river sand for later use, and filling the matrix into a cutting bed to be 20cm +/-2 cm in thickness;

in step S22, the greenhouse is an arched shed that is built on the cutting bed, the arched shed preferably being sized to cover the cutting bed and to allow excess space.

According to the preferred embodiment of the invention, in step S22, the east-west width of the arch is 170 + 200cm, and the distance between the arch top inside the arch and the bottom of the cuttage bed is 120m +/-2 cm; when the arched shed is built, a plurality of arch frames are fixed across the width direction of the cuttage bed, and one arch frame is arranged every 40-60cm in the north-south direction; the middle parts of all the arch frames are connected together by bamboo poles or metal wires at the arch tops in the arch shed to enhance the firmness of the arch shed; and finally, covering a plastic film to complete the arch shed building.

Preferably, the plastic film is a PVC non-drip anti-aging film with the thickness of 0.06-0.08mm, when the plastic film is covered, the plastic film is stretched and flattened and is tightly contacted with the arch frame, and the edge part of the plastic film falling to the ground is compacted by stones, soil or bricks, so that the plastic film completely covers the arch frame tightly.

According to the preferred embodiment of the invention, in step S23, a sunshade cloth with a light transmittance of 30% + -2% is installed above the arch shed, the edge of the sunshade cloth exceeds the cuttage bed by 150-.

According to the preferred embodiment of the present invention, in step S24, a cross-shaped nozzle is installed at the arch top inside the arch shed every 60 ± 5cm in the north-south direction; a cross-shaped spray head is arranged at the position, which is 150cm +/-10 cm away from the arched shed, outside the arched shed, so that the functions of water supplementing and cooling are realized; in addition, at least one water reservoir is constructed adjacent the cuttage bed, the water of the reservoir is connected with the spray heads inside and outside the arch shed through a pipeline and a pump.

Preferably, the total volume of the water storage tank is not less than 3 cubic meters, and the water storage tank is preferably sunk on the ground so as to reduce the influence of sunlight and air temperature on the water temperature; the water storage tank is connected with the nozzles inside and outside the arched shed through a water pump, a main pipeline, branch pipelines and valves, and an electronic relay is arranged between a power supply and the water pump and used for adjusting the water spraying time, the interval time and the start-stop time of the nozzles inside and outside the arched shed; the valve is used for adjusting the water spraying flow of the spray heads inside and outside the arched shed.

According to the preferred embodiment of the present invention, in step S24, a temperature gauge, a humidity gauge, etc. with higher sensitivity are also placed in the arch; and (3) placing the purchased thermometer and hygrometer in a shade place, taking out the readings after ten minutes, and keeping the error within 0.1 ℃ for later use.

All preparation work in steps S1-S2 is completed before 6 months to prepare for cuttage.

Preferably, in step S3, the time when the night minimum temperature is stabilized above 20 ℃ is generally in late 6 to late 7 months of north china annually.

According to the preferred embodiment of the invention, in step S31, uniformly spraying 500-800 times potassium permanganate solution on the cutting bed substrate until all the substrate is thoroughly wetted, keeping for 10-15 minutes, and then washing with clear water until the substrate is colorless to realize substrate disinfection;

in step S32, cutting the new tips of the current year growing strongly on the mother tree in step S1, cutting the new tips into a plurality of 17cm cuttings, cutting the bottom of each cutting into a horseshoe shape, retaining 3-4 leaves on the upper portion of each cutting, removing the rest leaves, and cutting half of the tips of some leaves in the retained leaves to reduce the evaporation area of water.

In step S33, the hormone solution is a hormone solution of 0.3-0.5ppm indolebutyric acid + 0.2-0.4ppm naphthylacetic acid;

in step 34, before the cutting is inserted into the cutting bed, a plurality of parallel small ditches are firstly cut in the matrix on the cutting bed along the width direction of the cutting bed by a wood stick, then the cutting is inserted into the small ditches, the cutting density is proper for the blades of the cutting to be just jointed, and the cutting depth is 3-5 cm;

in step S36, 1000 times of carbendazim or thiophanate-methyl is sprayed once every 10-15 days to prevent and treat diseases.

According to the preferred embodiment of the present invention, in step S35, a temperature and humidity meter is hoisted at the arch top of the two ends in the arch shed, the temperature meter is buried in the cuttage bed matrix, and the temperature sensing part of the temperature meter is consistent with the depth of the lowest end of the cutting; thermometers are arranged below the sun-shading cloth and outside the sun-shading cloth;

the mode of carrying out temperature monitoring to the hunch canopy outside and below the puggaree does:

when the environmental temperature exceeds 35 ℃, a spray head outside the heat preservation shed is adopted to continuously spray water for cooling, so that the temperature below the sunshade cloth is reduced to 30-31 ℃; when the environmental temperature is 32-33 ℃, controlling a spray head below the sun-shading cloth to spray water at intervals (for example, spraying water for 1min, stopping for 5min) to reduce the temperature below the sun-shading cloth to 30-31 ℃; when the ambient temperature is below 30 ℃, closing the spray head outside the arched shed;

the mode of carrying out temperature monitoring to in the arched shed does: when the temperature in the arched shed exceeds 30 ℃, firstly, spraying water through a spray head outside the arched shed for cooling, when the preset temperature still cannot be reached, respectively opening a ventilation window (preferably 30cm in height and 10cm in width) at the north end and the south end of the arched shed, and opening the spray head at the inner side of the arched shed for cooling in a matching manner, and when the temperature is reduced to the preset temperature range, closing the ventilation window and the spray head in the heat preservation shed in time;

the mode of controlling the humidity in the arched shed is as follows: when the humidity in the arched shed is reduced due to water consumption, manual checking and ventilation cooling along with the growth of the cutting shoots, a spray head in the arched shed is opened to supplement the humidity, and the time for supplementing the humidity is 8:00-9:00 in the morning or 15:00-17:00 in the afternoon every day; humidity must not be replenished between 11:00 and 14: 30.

According to the preferred embodiment of the invention, in step S4, after leaf dropping and before soil freezing, digging a cutting bed to insert ears and rooted seedlings, carrying out planting and cultivation according to rooting quality grading, wherein the width of a seedling planting ridge is 200 +/-20 cm, the plant spacing is 20 +/-2 cm, the row spacing is 30 +/-5 cm, watering is carried out after planting, and the overground parts of the seedlings are buried in soil before freezing for severe winter; in step S5, after the soil is unfrozen in spring in the next year, digging the soil covered in winter, preparing a furrow, watering thoroughly, and preventing and treating plant diseases and insect pests in time after germination.

(III) advantageous effects

Tissue culture, cuttage and layering are main methods for apple self-rooting stock propagation, and GM256 is only reported successfully in research of all tissue culture seedlings of Shandong fruit trees at present. To date, GM256 has been used as an intermediate stock in production and cultivation, and is associated with the cost of tissue culture methods that are too high to be applied to production on a large scale. Compared with tissue culture methods, the cuttage method provided by the invention is simple in technology, less in links, low in cost and more suitable for large-scale production and application in production. The GM256 self-rooted rootstock propagation method is relatively simple in aspects of technical requirements, production management and the like, large-scale production is easy to realize, the production cost is low, and the quality of the produced self-rooted rootstock seedlings is excellent.

Detailed Description

For the purpose of better explaining the present invention and to facilitate understanding, the present invention will be described in detail below with reference to specific embodiments.

Example 1

(I) preparation work

(1) Establishing GM256 cutting orchard

And selecting a plot with a thick soil layer, a flat terrain and convenience in water and electricity to establish a breeding garden. The breeding nursery adopts GM256 self-rooted seedlings as mother trees, and the planting density is 40cm multiplied by 80 cm. Digging 50cm planting furrows before cultivation, filling 20cm decomposed organic fertilizer in the furrows, then paving soil, and uniformly mixing the organic fertilizer and the soil. The cultivation depth is as follows: allowing GM256 to grow from the root and rhizome of the seedling 3-4cm below the ground. The planting time is as follows: and thawing the soil in spring until the seedlings germinate.

After field planting, a furrow with the width of 80cm is made, grass prevention cloth with the width of 80cm is paved in the furrow, the grass prevention cloth is fixed by cloth nails, and watering is continuously carried out for 3 times to ensure survival. After field planting, the GM256 seedlings are cut short at a position 50 +/-2 cm above the ground from the roots.

And (3) removing rootstock sprout tillers in time after sprouting, reserving 5-6 robust young shoots on each mother tree, erasing others, fertilizing, watering and preventing and controlling diseases and insect pests in time during a growth period, ensuring robust growth of the young shoots, and ensuring that more qualified cuttings can be produced when cutting from late 6 months to early 7 months in the year.

(2) Construction of cuttage bed and arched shed

A cutting bed is constructed at a place adjacent to a breeding nursery, which has flat terrain, good ventilation and convenient water and circuit, and the standard of the cutting bed is 0.5 meter deep, 150cm east-west width and 600cm north-south length. The inner wall all around of cuttage bed is built with the brick, and the arch shelter is built on cuttage bed upper portion, and the arch shelter standard is: the distance between the arch bottoms in the east-west direction and the arch bottoms in the east-west direction is 200cm, and the cuttage beds can be covered in the skewer. The height of the vault is 120cm upwards from the bottom of the bed.

The arch frame is made of bamboo with good bending property and is processed into an arch in advance. The arch frames are arranged across the width direction of the cutting bed, the two ends of the arch frames are fixed on the ground, and one arch frame is inserted every 50cm in the north-south direction.

The middle part of each arch center and the long bamboo poles are tied together by long bamboo poles matched with thin iron wires at the middle part and the arch crown of each arch center, so that the arch centers form a firm and integral arch shed framework. Covering the arched shed framework with a PVC (0.06-0.08 mm thick) non-drip anti-aging film, covering the whole arched shed framework tightly with the PVC film, and stretching and flattening the PVC film to make it in close contact with the arched shed framework. The part of the PVC film which is dragged to the ground is tightly pressed by soil, stone or brick.

(3) Cutting medium: clean river sand is used as a cutting matrix, stones and impurities in the cutting matrix are screened for later use, and the thickness of the filling matrix of the cutting bed is 20 cm.

(4) Shading facilities: black sun-shading cloth with the light transmittance of about 30 percent is erected above the cuttage bed. The height of the sunshade cloth from the ground is 200cm, the south and north directions exceed the cuttage bed by 180cm, and the east and west sides exceed the cuttage bed by 140 cm. Therefore, the cutting bed can be prevented from being obliquely cast by sunlight, and the condition that the sunlight cannot directly irradiate the cutting bed at any time is ensured.

(5) And (3) configuring water spraying cooling equipment:

firstly, cross-shaped spray heads are arranged at the arch top in the arched shed from south to north at intervals of 60 cm. And (4) hoisting cross-shaped spray heads at intervals of 100cm from south to north at a position 150cm above the arch crown outside the arch shed (spray heads are also arranged between the sun-shading cloth and the arch shed roof at intervals).

Secondly, a sunken water storage tank with the volume not less than 3 cubes is built at the position close to the cuttage bed. Is connected with the cross-shaped spray heads inside and outside the arched shed through a submersible pump, a main pipeline, branch pipelines and valves.

And thirdly, an electronic relay is arranged between the power supply and the submersible pump and used for adjusting the water spraying interval, the time length, the opening and closing time and the like of the spray head.

(6) Configuring a temperature and humidity instrument: and (3) placing the purchased thermometer and hygrometer in a shade place, taking out the readings after ten minutes, and keeping the error within 0.1 ℃ for later use. The preparation must be completed before the end of 6 months.

(II) cuttage

When the lowest temperature is stabilized above 20 ℃ at night (about the season of northern China from the bottom of 6 months to the last 7 months), cutting is started when the annual semi-lignified young shoots meet the cutting requirements.

(1) Matrix disinfection: uniformly spraying 800 times of potassium permanganate solution on the cutting matrix until all the matrix is thoroughly wetted, keeping for 15 minutes, and then washing with clear water until the matrix is colorless.

(2) Preparing cutting slips: cutting the healthy and strong young shoots growing in the current year on the mother tree, cutting the picked young shoots into cutting slips with the length of about 17cm, cutting the bottoms of the cutting slips into horseshoe shapes, reserving 3-4 leaves at the upper parts of the cutting slips, removing the rest leaves, and cutting half of the tip of the larger leaf in the reserved leaves to reduce the water evaporation area.

(3) Hormone treatment: preparing hormone solution of 0.4ppm indolebutyric acid and 0.4ppm naphthylacetic acid, and quickly dipping the hormone at the lower end of the cutting ear for 30s to take out the cutting ear.

(4) Cuttage: before cutting, parallel small ditches are scribed on a cutting bed substrate in the east-west direction by a straight stick with the length of 30cm and the diameter of 1cm, cutting slips are sequentially cut in the small ditches, the cutting density is proper to ensure that the leaves of the slips are just intersected, and the depth is 3-5 cm.

One side is inserted with a side cover of PVC plastic cloth, the PVC plastic cloth is covered in time after the insertion, and the water spraying equipment in the shed is opened to thoroughly spray the inside of the bed.

(5) Temperature and humidity control: and hoisting a thermometer and a hygrometer at arch tops of the north and south ends in the greenhouse, and inserting the thermometer in the cuttage matrix to ensure that the temperature sensing part of the thermometer is consistent with the depth of the lowest end of the cutting slips.

The temperature gauges are respectively arranged at the lower part and the outer part of the sunshade net, the temperature at the outer part of the sunshade net senses the ambient temperature, the temperature sensed by the temperature gauge at the lower part of the sunshade net is basically close to the temperature in the arched shed, and the temperature in the arched shed can be reflected to a certain degree.

Controlling the temperature outside the shed: when the atmospheric temperature is higher than 35 ℃, the cross-shaped spray head under the sunshade net sprays water to reduce the temperature, and the temperature under the sunshade net is controlled at 30-31 ℃. When the atmospheric temperature is 32-33 ℃, the relay is opened, the cross-shaped spray head under the sunshade net sprays water through the gap for 1 minute, and the operation is stopped for 5 minutes. The temperature under the sunshade net is controlled at 30-31 ℃. And when the atmospheric temperature is below 30 ℃, closing the spray heads above the sun-shading cloth and below the sun-shading cloth.

Controlling the temperature and humidity in the arch shed: the temperature in the arched shed is controlled at 25-30 ℃, the relative humidity is 90% -100%, and the temperature of the cutting medium is controlled at 24-29 ℃. When the temperature in the arched shed is too high, even if the nozzles outside the arched shed continuously work to spray water and the sun-shading cloth cannot cool down, the ventilation openings with the height of 30cm and the width of 10cm are respectively opened at the north and south ends of the arched shed, meanwhile, the nozzles in the arched shed are opened to spray water to carry out combined cooling, and when the temperature is restored to a proper range, the ventilation openings and the nozzles are closed in time.

When the humidity in the arched shed is reduced due to water consumption of the growth of the cutting shoots and other reasons (such as ventilation, manual observation of temperature and humidity and the like), a spray head in the arched shed can be opened to replenish water, and the water replenishing time is 8-9 am and 3-5 pm. It is said that water cannot be replenished during the high temperature period (between 11 am and 14 pm).

(6) Disease control: spraying 1000 times of carbendazim (or thiophanate methyl) once every 10 days.

(7) Rooting: after 25 to 30 days of cutting, the cutting gradually takes root, the rooting rate reaches a peak after 45 days, and the temperature and the humidity in the shed are gradually reduced to be the same as those outside the shed after rooting.

(8) Ventilating and hardening seedlings: after 60 days of cuttage, opening ventilation windows at the north and south ends of the arched shed in the morning and at the evening every day, gradually increasing the opening size of the ventilation windows, prolonging the ventilation time and gradually increasing the environmental adaptability of the cutting rooting seedlings; after 15 days, the booth was opened for ventilation at both ends.

(9) Transplanting: after leaf dropping and before soil freezing, cutting the cutting rooted seedlings in the cutting bed, carrying out graded cultivation according to the rooting quality of each cutting, wherein the planting bed width is 200cm, the plant spacing is 20cm, the row spacing is 30cm, and watering is carried out thoroughly after cultivation. Burying the overground part of the nursery stock with soil for severe winter before freezing.

And (III) managing in the second year: after the soil in spring is thawed, the covered winter soil is raked open, the bed is well prepared, and water is watered thoroughly, and after germination, diseases and insect pests are prevented and treated in time.

Example 2

The difference between the embodiment and the embodiment 1 is mainly that in the establishment of a GM256 scion cutting garden, GM256 seedlings with a mount of a mountain stator as a base stock are used as mother trees for field planting cultivation, and the cultivation depth is 5cm below the ground of the graft interface of the mountain stator base stock seedlings. After field planting, the anvil seedlings of the mountain stator group are cut short at a position 50 +/-2 cm above the grafting opening. The operations and conditions of the remaining steps can be carried out with reference to example 1, or only a partial fine adjustment within the numerical range or an equivalent substitution in the processing means can be carried out.

Compared with the field propagation method and the tissue culture method reported by related data, the invention has the following advantages:

the above embodiments are only preferred embodiments of the present invention, but not intended to limit the scope of the present invention. Those skilled in the art can understand that, in the embodiment, the planting row spacing, the planting depth, the furrow width, the short-cut position of the mother tree and the like of the mother tree can be properly adjusted; when the cuttage bed and the arched shed are built, equivalent replacement or adjustment can be carried out on the depth of the cuttage bed, the coverage depth of the substrate, the scale shape and size of the cuttage bed, the size and shape of the arched shed (without limitation to the arched shed, or other heat preservation sheds), the type of the sun-shading cloth, the sun-shading rate, the installation distance of the spray heads and the like; in the cutting process, the disinfection mode of the substrate, the length of the cutting slips, the hormone type, the cutting density, the temperature and humidity control mode in the greenhouse, the pest control method and the like can be equivalently replaced or adjusted; in the transplanting process, the width size of the transplanted ridge, the row spacing and the plant spacing can be adjusted according to the needs or the actual conditions.

The invention mainly realizes the large-scale and commercial production technology of the GM256 self-rooted seedlings by performing cutting propagation on half-lignified young shoots of the GM256 in the current year, and is used for solving the problems that the GM256 is difficult to root, the propagation technology is complex, the cost is high and the large-scale production is difficult at present.

Finally, it should be noted that: the above embodiments are only used to illustrate the technical solution of the present invention, and not to limit the same; while the invention has been described in detail and with reference to the foregoing embodiments, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that: the technical solutions described in the foregoing embodiments may still be modified, or some or all of the technical features may be equivalently replaced; and the modifications or the substitutions do not make the essence of the corresponding technical solutions depart from the scope of the technical solutions of the embodiments of the present invention.

Claims

1. A method for breeding a cold-resistant apple dwarf stock GM256 self-rooted seedling is characterized by comprising the following steps:

s1, establishing a GM256 cutting orchard, which comprises the following steps:

s11 cultivation of mother trees: adopting GM256 self-rooted seedlings or GM256 seedlings which are grafted close to rhizome parts and take a stator of a mountain as a base stock as a mother tree for field planting, digging a field planting ditch before field planting, and filling organic fertilizer in the ditch; after the soil is thawed in spring, the seedlings are fixedly planted before sprouting, and management is carried out after the permanent planting so as to ensure the survival of the seedlings;

s3 cuttage and management

s32, preparing cutting slips: cutting the current-year young shoots growing on the mother trees in the step S1, cutting the cut young shoots into a plurality of cutting slips with the length of 17 +/-2 cm, cutting the bottom of each cutting slip into a horseshoe shape, reserving 2-5 blades on the upper part of each cutting slip, removing the rest blades, and cutting half of the tips of part of the blades to reduce the evaporation area;

s35, temperature and humidity management: after the cuttage is finished, covering the plastic cloth on the heat preservation shed in time, and opening a spray head in the heat preservation shed to spray water to thoroughly pour the cuttage bed;

s36, pest and disease management:

s37, management and seedling hardening after rooting: after 40-45 days of cuttage, the rooting rate of the cutting shoots reaches the peak; after 58-60 days of cuttage, respectively opening a ventilation window at the north and south ends of the heat preservation shed in the morning and at the evening every day for ventilation and seedling hardening, gradually increasing the area of the ventilation window and prolonging the ventilation time; after 14-15 days, the two ends of the thermal insulation shed are completely opened for ventilation, and watering is carried out to keep the substrate of the cuttage bed moist;

s4 transplanting

s5: management in the second year

After the soil is unfrozen in the spring of the next year, digging the soil covered in the winter, preparing soil, watering, and preventing and treating plant diseases and insect pests in time after germination, thereby completing the propagation process of the cold-resistant apple dwarfing stock GM256 self-rooted seedlings.

2. The cold-resistant apple dwarfing stock GM256 self-rooted seedling propagation method according to claim 1, characterized in that in step S11, a cutting nursery is established in a plot with a thick soil layer, a flat terrain and convenient water and electricity; during planting, the planting density of the parent trees is 30-40cm in plant spacing and 60-80cm in row spacing;

after field planting, making a bed, paving grass-prevention cloth in the bed, and continuously watering the bed for more than 2 times to ensure the survival of the nursery stock.

3. The cold-resistant apple dwarfing anvil GM256 self-rooted seedling propagation method of claim 1, characterized in that in step S12: after planting, cutting off the parent tree in the following mode: adopting GM256 seedlings with a mountain stator as a base stock as a mother tree, and cutting the mother tree at a position 50cm +/-2 cm above a grafting opening; taking GM256 self-rooted seedlings as mother trees, and cutting the mother trees at the positions 50cm +/-2 cm above the ground;

4. The cold-resistant apple dwarfing stock GM256 self-rooted seedling propagation method of claim 1,

in step S21, a cuttage bed is built at a place where the terrain is flat, the ventilation is good, and water and circuits are convenient; the depth of the cuttage bed is 50cm, the east-west width is 150cm, and the north-south length is 500 cm and 600 cm; the walls around the cuttage bed are built by bricks; using clean river sand as a cutting matrix, screening out stones and impurities in the river sand for later use, and filling the matrix into a cutting bed to be 20cm +/-2 cm in thickness;

5. The method for propagation of self-rooted seedlings of GM256 cold-resistant apple dwarfing stock as claimed in claim 4, wherein in step S22, the east-west width of the arch is 170 cm, and the distance from the arch crown inside the arch to the bottom of the cuttage bed is 120m + -2 cm; when the arched shed is built, a plurality of arch frames are fixed across the width direction of the cuttage bed, and one arch frame is arranged every 40-60cm in the north-south direction; the middle parts of all the arch frames are connected together by bamboo poles or metal wires at the arch tops in the arch shed to enhance the firmness of the arch shed; and finally, covering a plastic film to complete the arch shed building.

6. The method for propagation of self-rooted seedlings of GM256 cold-resistant apple dwarfing stock as claimed in claim 4, wherein in step S23, a sunshade cloth with a light transmittance of 30% + -2% is installed above the arch shed, the edge of the sunshade cloth is 200cm beyond the cuttage bed in the north-south length direction, and the edge of the sunshade cloth is 150cm beyond the cuttage bed in the east-west width direction, so that sunlight cannot irradiate the cuttage bed at any time.

7. The cold-resistant apple dwarfing stock GM256 self-rooted seedling propagation method as claimed in claim 4, wherein in step S24, cross sprays are installed at the arch top inside the arched shed at intervals of 60 ± 5cm in the north-south direction; a cross-shaped spray head is arranged at the position, which is 150cm +/-10 cm away from the arched shed, outside the arched shed, so that the functions of water supplementing and cooling are realized; in addition, at least one water reservoir is constructed adjacent the cuttage bed, the water of the reservoir is connected with the spray heads inside and outside the arch shed through a pipeline and a pump.

8. The method for propagation of the cold-resistant apple dwarfing stock GM256 self-rooted seedlings as claimed in any one of claims 1 to 7, wherein in step S31, 500-fold 800-fold potassium permanganate solution is uniformly sprinkled on the cutting bed substrate until all the substrate is thoroughly wetted, kept for 10-15 minutes, and then washed with clear water until the substrate is colorless, thereby realizing substrate disinfection;

in step S32, cutting the strong young shoots growing on the mother tree in step S1 in the current year, cutting the cut young shoots into a plurality of 17cm cuttings, cutting the bottom of each cutting into a horseshoe shape, reserving 3-4 blades at the upper part of each cutting, removing the rest blades, and cutting half of the tips of the partial blades in the reserved blades;

9. The method for propagation of self-rooted seedlings of GM256 cold-resistant apple dwarfing stock as claimed in claim 4, wherein in step S35, a temperature and humidity meter is hoisted at the vaults at the two ends of the arch shed, a temperature meter is buried in the cutting bed matrix, and the temperature sensing part of the temperature meter is consistent with the depth of the lowest end of the cutting; thermometers are arranged below the sun-shading cloth and outside the sun-shading cloth;

when the environmental temperature exceeds 35 ℃, continuously spraying water to cool by adopting a spray head outside the arched shed, so that the temperature below the sun-shading cloth is reduced to 30-31 ℃; when the environmental temperature is 32-33 ℃, controlling a spray head outside the arched shed to spray water at intervals, and reducing the temperature below the sun-shading cloth to 30-31 ℃; when the ambient temperature is below 30 ℃, closing the spray head outside the arched shed;

the mode of carrying out temperature monitoring to in the arched shed does: when the temperature in the arched shed exceeds 30 ℃, firstly, spraying water through a spray head outside the arched shed for cooling, when the preset temperature still cannot be reached, respectively opening a ventilation window at the north end and the south end of the arched shed, and opening the spray head inside the arched shed in a matching manner for cooling, and when the temperature is reduced to the preset temperature range, closing the ventilation window and the spray head inside the heat preservation shed in time;

10. The method for breeding self-rooted seedlings of the cold-resistant apple dwarfing stock GM256 as claimed in claim 4, wherein in step S4, after leaf falling and before soil freezing, a cutting bed is dug to insert the ear rooted seedlings, planting and cultivation are carried out according to the rooting quality grading, the width of a planting bed is 200 +/-20 cm, the plant distance is 20 +/-2 cm, the row spacing is 30 +/-5 cm, watering is carried out after cultivation, and the overground parts of the seedlings are buried in soil for overwintering before freezing;

in step S5, after the soil is unfrozen in spring in the next year, digging the soil covered in winter, preparing a furrow, watering thoroughly, and preventing and treating plant diseases and insect pests in time after germination.