CN112409590A - 用于近红外区第二窗口生物成像的有机纳米组装体及其制备方法和应用 - Google Patents
用于近红外区第二窗口生物成像的有机纳米组装体及其制备方法和应用 Download PDFInfo
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- CN112409590A CN112409590A CN202011133706.7A CN202011133706A CN112409590A CN 112409590 A CN112409590 A CN 112409590A CN 202011133706 A CN202011133706 A CN 202011133706A CN 112409590 A CN112409590 A CN 112409590A
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Abstract
本发明属于生物材料技术领域,具体为一种用于近红外区第二窗口生物成像的有机纳米组装体及其制备方法和应用。本发明有机纳米组装体是基于哌嗪苯并噻喃五甲川花菁染料结构合成的纳米材料,记为NIRlyso‑NP,其单体主要由三部分组成:具备发光性质的一系列哌嗪苯并噻喃五甲川花菁染料结构、中间连接的柔性链以及末端功能基团;该材料具备荧光信号可激活特性和靶向识别特性,可以用于近红外第二窗口的高信噪比活体生物成像,为疾病检测、诊断和荧光指导手术治疗提供帮助。
Description
技术领域
本发明属于生物材料技术领域,具体涉及一种纳米组装体及其制备方法,以及该类材料在近红外第二窗口生物活体高信噪比成像和手术导航中的应用。
背景技术
近年来,医学影像技术在在医疗行业应用十分广泛,是疾病早期诊断、监测、疗效评估和手术导航的重要工具。当前临床最多的影像技术多属于层析成像技术,比如计算机断层扫描(CT)、磁共振成像(MRI)、正电子发射断层扫描(PET)和超声波扫描等。这些技术存在一些局限性:比如CT和PET会带来有害的电离辐射、MRI的成像时空分辨率有限以及需要功能性造影剂等。相比之下,荧光成像技术以其实时动态、高分辨、无有害辐射等优势展现出巨大的应用前景。对于传统的可见光区荧光染料来说,研究者们致力于在分子结构上进行种种设计和改造,使其能够对生物标记物产生特异性响应,实现响应前后荧光强度发生变化;或者给分子修饰上具备靶向识别功能的基团,使其能够在目标区域有更大的富集量,从而提高成像的信噪比。
对于近红外第二窗口(900-1700nm)的荧光探针来说,由于生物体对这一波段的荧光散射和组织自发荧光相对可见光区更少,使其天然地具备成像背景低的优势,有望实现更深组织的高信噪比和高时空分辨率的荧光成像。而目前开发的近红外二区荧光探针种类较为有限,且普遍只具有发光特性,不具备靶向性和可激活特性,无法实现对生物体特定部位的特异性点亮,使得成像的信噪比仍然受限;且探针在病灶部位滞留时间较短,使得可观测的时间窗口受限,这大大限制了其在活体生物成像的效果。
发明内容
本发明目的在于提供一种生物相容性好、信噪比高、特异性好的近红外第二窗口激发和发射的有机纳米组装体及其制备方法和应用。
本发明提供的有机纳米组装体,基于哌嗪苯并噻喃五甲川花菁染料结构合成的纳米材料,记为NIRlyso-NP,其单体(NIRlyso)主要由三部分组成:具备发光性质的一系列哌嗪苯并噻喃五甲川花菁染料结构、中间连接的柔性链以及末端功能基团;其单体结构通式如式(Ⅰ)所示:
其中:
X选自O或S,R1~R5可各自独立选自O(CH2)n1CH3或(CH2)n1CH3等烷基链,也可选自H、F、Cl、Br、I原子;R6选自OCH3、琥珀酰亚胺、马来酰亚胺、N3、RGD或叶酸等功能化基团,Y选自选自ClO4、PF6、BF4、Cl、Br、I、CF3COO、CF3SO3或CH3SO3,R7可选自式(Ⅱ)所示基团中的一种,通式中n为20~50的整数;
本发明的有机纳米组装体,其核心荧光团结构是在前人研究的基础上扩展创新设计出的一类新的可功能化的哌嗪苯并噻喃五甲川花菁染料结构,完成了合成路线的探讨研究,且修饰了取代的哌嗪基团N(CH2)2(CH2)2NCH2CHCH,该结构未见文献报道。
本发明的基于哌嗪苯并噻喃五甲川花菁染料结构合成的纳米组装体,具备荧光信号可激活特性和靶向识别特性,因此可以用于近红外第二窗口的高信噪比活体生物成像,为疾病检测、诊断和荧光指导手术治疗提供帮助。具体如,作为近红外二区荧光探针用于高信噪比小鼠活体成像。
本发明的有机纳米组装体,其荧光信号可激活特性表现如下:
(1)在水体系中处于荧光淬灭态,800~1000纳米激光器照射不发光;
(2)当向纳米组装体体系中加入表面活性剂时,纳米组装体的结构会被破坏,转变为荧光发光态,800~1000纳米激光器照射会发光;
(3)当纳米组装体被细胞吞噬后,纳米组装体的结构会被破坏,转变为荧光发光态,800~1000纳米激光器照射会发光。
本发明的有机纳米组装体,其特异性靶向特征表现如下:
组装体末端R6可通过化学键连作用直接修饰上具备生物靶向识别作用的基团,从而通过靶标-受体的特异性结合作用将组装体富集在目标区域。
本发明提出的有机纳米组装体的制备方法,具体步骤如下:
(1)以取代苯硫酚、取代苯甲酸乙酰乙酯、丙炔取代哌嗪为原料,依次通过多聚磷酸缩合成环反应,Buchwald-Hartwig胺化反应得到取代的苯并噻喃衍生物;苯并噻喃衍生物进一步通过甲基化格式试剂进行烷基化并用酸处理制成端基盐,端基盐再与缩合剂戊烯二醛二缩苯胺盐酸盐发生Knoevenagel缩合反应得到末端带有丙炔结构的具备发光性质的一系列哌嗪苯并噻喃五甲川花菁染料结构;
(2)上述染料进一步通过点击化学反应与一端修饰有叠氮基团的聚乙二醇链连接,得到具备两亲性的单体结构;
(3)上述单体结构的末端进一步通过生物正交反应,得到纳米组装体;
(4)或进一步进行酰胺反应,修饰功能性生物分子。
更具体地,本发明提出的有机纳米组装体的制备方法,具体步骤如下:
(1)单体(NIRlyso)的合成,包括:
具体合成路线如下:
具体合成步骤为:
(1-1)中间体1的合成
将对溴取代苯硫酚(记为化合物1)与取代苯基乙酰乙酸乙酯(记为化合物2)溶于多聚磷酸中,在90~100℃下反应1~3小时;冷却后加入碎冰淬灭反应,用二氯甲烷萃取,有机相浓缩并用柱色谱分离得到中间体5-1;其中化合物1、化合物2和多聚磷酸的投料摩尔比为1:(1.~1.3):(10~15);
(1-2)中间体2的合成
在氮气保护下,将中间体1、叔丁氧羰基哌嗪(记为化合物3)、Buchwald催化剂和无机碱混合于干燥溶剂中,于80~110℃下反应3~12小时;冷却至室温后过滤,有机相浓缩并用柱色谱分离得到中间体2;其中,Buchwald催化剂为一种组合物,取自醋酸钯、三(二亚苄基丙酮)二钯中的一种,和2-二环己基磷-2',4',6'-三异丙基联苯、4,5-双(二苯基膦)-9,9-二甲基氧杂蒽、2-二环己膦基-2'-(N,N-二甲胺)-联苯中的一种,其投料摩尔百分比均为中间体5-1的1~10%;中间体1、化合物3和无机碱的投料摩尔比为1:(2~5):(1.2~3),无机碱选自叔丁醇钠,碳酸铯,碳酸钾和磷酸钾中的一种;溶剂选自甲苯,二氧六环和四氢呋喃中的一种;
(1-3)中间体3的合成
将中间体2溶于二氯甲烷和三氟乙酸的混合溶剂中,冰浴下搅拌1~5小时,反应完毕后,旋干有机溶剂,得到固体即为中间体3;
(1-4)中间体4的合成
将中间体3、溴丙炔(记为化合物4)和碳酸钾溶于乙腈中,80摄氏度反应10~24小时,冷却至室温后过滤,有机相浓缩并用柱色谱分离得到中间体4;其中,中间体3、化合物4和碳酸钾的投料摩尔比为1:(2~5):(2~5);
(1-5)中间体5的合成
将中间体4溶于干燥四氢呋喃中,在氮气保护下,加入甲基溴化镁,室温下反应0.5~2小时,加入10%质子酸淬灭反应,生成沉淀,过滤得中间体5;其中,中间体4和甲基溴化镁的投料摩尔比为1:(3~5),质子酸选自HClO4、HPF6、HBF4、HCl、HBr、HI、CF3COOH、CF3SO3H和CH3SO3H中的一种;
(1-6)中间体6的合成
将中间体5、丙二醛二缩苯胺盐酸盐、醋酸钠混合于醋酸酐中,在氮气保护下,于80-130℃下反应5~8小时;反应结束后加入乙醚沉淀,过滤,用二氯甲烷溶解滤饼,并用柱色谱分离,最终得到中间体6;其中,中间体5、丙二醛二缩苯胺盐酸盐和醋酸钠的投料摩尔比为(1~1.5):0.5:(1~1.5)。
(1-7)单体(产物1)的合成
将中间体6和叠氮化聚乙二醇链(记为化合物5)溶于二氯甲烷中,依次加入碘化亚铜、氮氮二异丙基乙胺和乙酸作为催化剂,室温避光搅拌8~24小时。反应液高速离心后去除沉淀,有机相浓缩并用反向柱色谱分离得到产物1;其中中间体6、化合物5、碘化亚铜、氮氮二异丙基乙胺和乙酸的投料摩尔比为1:(1~2.2):(0.01~0.1):(0.01~0.1):(0.01~0.1);
(2)NIRlyso-NP纳米组装体的制备,包括两种方法:
(2-1)一步制备
将一定量的上述制备的单体(NIRlyso)溶于1-2毫升的二甲亚砜有机溶剂中,超声分散并用直径为220微米的有机滤膜过滤,待用;将8-10毫升的去离子水放于洁净玻璃瓶中,快速磁力搅拌,边搅拌边迅速加入上述溶有单体的二甲亚砜溶液中,继续搅拌4-8分钟,收集反应液,透析三次即得到纳米组装体材料;
(2-2)两步制备(进一步修饰功能化学基团)
若纳米组装体的聚合物链末端为可进一步功能化修饰的化学基团,如叠氮基、马来酰亚胺基团或琥珀酰亚胺基团,进一步向(2-1)得到的纳米组装体中加入炔基、巯基或氨基修饰的R6,室温搅拌过夜、透析,即可得到靶向修饰的纳米组装体。
本发明的有机纳米组装体(NIRlyso-NP),其形态为直径40~80nm的球体。
本发明的有机纳米组装体(NIRlyso-NP),在水溶液、磷酸盐缓冲液、血清中的最大吸收峰位于~850nm,没有发射峰。
本发明的有机纳米组装体(NIRlyso-NP),在SDS溶液中解聚集,最大吸收峰位于~980nm,最大发射峰位于~1005nm。
本发明的有机纳米组装体,可作为活体各个病灶部位的造影剂,实现高信噪比和高特异性的活体生物成像。比如,作为近红外二区荧光探针,用于高信噪比小鼠活体成像。
附图说明
图1为NIRlyso-NP纳米组装体的电镜图。
图2为808nm激发,NIRlyso-NP纳米组装体在组装和解组装状态的荧光发射谱图。
图3为940激发,NIRlyso-NP-PEG1000纳米组装体对小鼠进行肿瘤成像图。
图4为940nm激发,NIRlyso-NP-PEG2000-RGD纳米组装体对小鼠关节炎部位检测成像图。
具体实施方式
为了使本发明的目的、技术方案及优点更加清楚明白,本发明用以下具体实施例进行说明,但本发明绝非限于这些例子。以下所述仅为本发明较好的实施例,仅用于解释本发明,并不能因此而理解为对本发明专利范围的限制。应当指出的是,凡是本发明的精神和原则之内所做的任何修改、替代或改进均应包含在本发明的保护范围之内。
实施例1:
NIRlyso-NP-PEG1000纳米组装体的制备,组装体的单体结构式如下:
具体合成路线如下:
具体合成步骤如下:
(1)中间体1-1的合成
将对溴取代苯硫酚(化合物1-1)与取代苯基乙酰乙酸乙酯(化合物1-2)溶于多聚磷酸中,在90~100℃下反应1~3小时;冷却后加入碎冰淬灭反应,用二氯甲烷萃取,有机相浓缩并用柱色谱分离得到中间体1-1;其中化合物1-1、化合物1-2和多聚磷酸的投料摩尔比为1:(1.~1.3):(10~15);
(2)中间体1-2的合成
在氮气保护下,将中间体1-1、叔丁氧羰基哌嗪、Buchwald催化剂和无机碱混合于干燥溶剂中,于80~110℃下反应3~12小时;冷却至室温后过滤,有机相浓缩并用柱色谱分离得到中间体5-2;其中,Buchwald催化剂为一种组合物,取自醋酸钯、三(二亚苄基丙酮)二钯中的一种,和2-二环己基磷-2',4',6'-三异丙基联苯、4,5-双(二苯基膦)-9,9-二甲基氧杂蒽、2-二环己膦基-2'-(N,N-二甲胺)-联苯中的一种,其投料摩尔百分比均为中间体5-1的1~10%;中间体1-1、叔丁氧羰基哌嗪和无机碱的投料摩尔比为1:(2~5):(1.2~3),无机碱选自叔丁醇钠,碳酸铯,碳酸钾和磷酸钾中的一种;溶剂选自甲苯,二氧六环和四氢呋喃中的一种;
(3)中间体1-3的合成
将中间体1-2溶于二氯甲烷和三氟乙酸的混合溶剂中,冰浴下搅拌1~5小时,反应完毕后,旋干有机溶剂,得到固体即为中间1-3;
(4)中间体1-4的合成
将中间体1-3、溴丙炔(化合物1-3)和碳酸钾溶于乙腈中,80摄氏度反应10~24小时,冷却至室温后过滤,有机相浓缩并用柱色谱分离得到中间体1-4;其中,中间体1-3、溴丙炔(化合物1-3)和碳酸钾的投料摩尔比为1:(2~5):(2~5);
(5)中间体1-5的合成
将中间体1-4溶于干燥四氢呋喃中,在氮气保护下,加入甲基溴化镁,室温下反应0.5~2小时,加入10%质子酸淬灭反应,生成沉淀,过滤得中间体1-5;其中,中间体1-4和甲基溴化镁的投料摩尔比为1:(3~5),质子酸选自HClO4、HPF6、HBF4、HCl、HBr、HI、CF3COOH、CF3SO3H和CH3SO3H中的一种;
(6)中间体1-6的合成
将中间体1-5、丙二醛二缩苯胺盐酸盐、醋酸钠混合于醋酸酐中,在氮气保护下,于80-130℃下反应5~8小时;反应结束后加入乙醚沉淀,过滤,用二氯甲烷溶解滤饼,并用柱色谱分离,最终得到中间体5-6;其中,中间体1-5、丙二醛二缩苯胺盐酸盐和醋酸钠的投料摩尔比为(1~1.5):0.5:(1~1.5)。
(7)产物1的合成
将中间体1-6和叠氮化聚乙二醇链(化合物1-4)溶于二氯甲烷中,依次加入碘化亚铜、氮氮二异丙基乙胺和乙酸作为催化剂,室温避光搅拌8~24小时。反应液高速离心后去除沉淀,有机相浓缩并用反向柱色谱分离得到产物1。其中中间体1-6、化合物1-4、碘化亚铜、氮氮二异丙基乙胺和乙酸的投料摩尔比为1:(2~10):(0.01~0.1):(0.01~0.1):(0.01~0.1)。
(8)从产物1制备NIRlyso-NP-PEG1000纳米组装体
将一定量的产物1溶于1毫升的二甲亚砜有机溶剂中,超声分散并用直径为220微米的有机滤膜过滤,待用;准备9毫升的去离子水于洁净玻璃瓶中,快速磁力搅拌,边搅拌边迅速加入上述溶有单体的二甲亚砜溶液,继续搅拌五分钟,收集反应液,透析三次即可。
实施例2:
NIRlyso-NP-PEG2000-RGD纳米组装体的制备,组装体的单体结构式如下:
具体的合成路线如下:
具体合成步骤如下:
(1)中间体2-1的合成
将中间体-6和叠氮-聚乙二醇-琥珀酰亚胺链(化合物6-1)溶于二氯甲烷中,依次加入碘化亚铜、氮氮二异丙基乙胺和乙酸作为催化剂,室温避光搅拌8~24小时。反应液高速离心后去除沉淀,有机相浓缩并用反向柱色谱分离得到中间体2-1;其中中间体1-6、化合物2-1、碘化亚铜、氮氮二异丙基乙胺和乙酸的投料摩尔比为1:(1~1.5):(0.01~0.1):(0.01~0.1):(0.01~0.1)。
(2)从中间体2-1制备产物2
将一定量的中间体2-1溶于1毫升的二甲亚砜有机溶剂中,超声分散并用直径为220微米的有机滤膜过滤,待用;准备9毫升的去离子水于洁净玻璃瓶中,快速磁力搅拌,边搅拌边迅速加入上述溶有单体的二甲亚砜溶液,继续搅拌五分钟,收集反应液,透析三次即可得到中间体2-1的组装体;在上述溶液体系中,继续加入氨基-RGD(化合物2-2),室温下避光搅拌6~12小时,收集反应液,透析三次即可得到NIRlyso-NP-PEG2000-RGD纳米组装体。
应用例:
NIRlyso-NP-PEG1000纳米组装体用于小鼠活体表皮瘤成像。具体步骤如下:
荷瘤小鼠麻醉后,通过尾静脉注射Lyso-NIRⅡ-1005纳米组装体溶液200微升于小鼠体内,用940nm外置激光器照射小鼠,记录小鼠肿瘤区域与正常组织的荧光信号强度比值随时间的变化(参见图3)。
NIRlyso-NP-PEG2000-RGD纳米组装体用于小鼠活体关节炎成像。具体步骤如下:
在一边腿关节损伤的关节炎小鼠模型中,通过尾静脉注射Lyso-NIRⅡ-1005-RGD纳米组装体溶液200微升于小鼠体内,用940nm外置激光器照射小鼠,得到小鼠关节炎病灶部位特异性点亮的小鼠图像(参见图4)。
Claims (5)
1.一种有机纳米组装体,是基于哌嗪苯并噻喃五甲川花菁染料结构合成的纳米材料,记为NIRlyso-NP,其单体主要由三部分组成:具备发光性质的一系列哌嗪苯并噻喃五甲川花菁染料结构、中间连接的柔性链以及末端功能基团;其单体结构通式如式(Ⅰ)所示:
其中:
X选自O或S,R1~R5可各自独立选自O(CH2)n1CH3或(CH2)n1CH3等烷基链,或可选自H、F、Cl、Br、I原子;R6选自OCH3、琥珀酰亚胺、马来酰亚胺、N3、RGD或叶酸功能化基团,Y选自选自ClO4、PF6、BF4、Cl、Br、I、CF3COO、CF3SO3或CH3SO3,R7选自式(Ⅱ)所示基团中的一种,通式中n为20~50的整数;
2.如权利要求1中所述的有机纳米组装体的制备方法,其特征在于,基本步骤如下:
(1)以取代苯硫酚、取代苯甲酸乙酰乙酯、丙炔取代哌嗪为原料,依次通过多聚磷酸缩合成环反应,Buchwald-Hartwig胺化反应得到取代的苯并噻喃衍生物;苯并噻喃衍生物进一步通过甲基化格式试剂进行烷基化并用酸处理制成端基盐,端基盐再与缩合剂戊烯二醛二缩苯胺盐酸盐发生Knoevenagel缩合反应得到末端带有丙炔结构的具备发光性质的一系列哌嗪苯并噻喃五甲川花菁染料结构;
(2)上述染料进一步通过点击化学反应与一端修饰有叠氮基团的聚乙二醇链连接,得到具备两亲性的单体结构;
(3)上述单体结构的末端进一步通过生物正交反应,得到有机纳米组装体;
(4)或进一步进行酰胺反应,修饰功能性生物分子。
3.根据权利要求2所述的有机纳米组装体的制备方法,其特征在于,具体操作流程如下(1)单体的合成,
具体合成路线如下:
具体合成步骤为:
(1-1)中间体1的合成
将对溴取代苯硫酚(记为化合物1)与取代苯基乙酰乙酸乙酯(记为化合物2)溶于多聚磷酸中,在90~100℃下反应1~3小时;冷却后加入碎冰淬灭反应,用二氯甲烷萃取,有机相浓缩并用柱色谱分离得到中间体5-1;其中化合物1、化合物2和多聚磷酸的投料摩尔比为1:(1.~1.3):(10~15);
(1-2)中间体2的合成
在氮气保护下,将中间体1、叔丁氧羰基哌嗪(记为化合物3)、Buchwald催化剂和无机碱混合于干燥溶剂中,于80~110℃下反应3~12小时;冷却至室温后过滤,有机相浓缩并用柱色谱分离得到中间体2;其中,Buchwald催化剂为一种组合物,取自醋酸钯、三(二亚苄基丙酮)二钯中的一种,和2-二环己基磷-2',4',6'-三异丙基联苯、4,5-双(二苯基膦)-9,9-二甲基氧杂蒽、2-二环己膦基-2'-(N,N-二甲胺)-联苯中的一种,其投料摩尔百分比均为中间体5-1的1~10%;中间体1、化合物3和无机碱的投料摩尔比为1:(2~5):(1.2~3),无机碱选自叔丁醇钠,碳酸铯,碳酸钾和磷酸钾中的一种;溶剂选自甲苯,二氧六环和四氢呋喃中的一种;
(1-3)中间体3的合成
将中间体2溶于二氯甲烷和三氟乙酸的混合溶剂中,冰浴下搅拌1~5小时,反应完毕后,旋干有机溶剂,得到固体即为中间体3;
(1-4)中间体4的合成
将中间体3、溴丙炔(记为化合物4)和碳酸钾溶于乙腈中,80摄氏度反应10~24小时,冷却至室温后过滤,有机相浓缩并用柱色谱分离得到中间体4;其中,中间体3、化合物4和碳酸钾的投料摩尔比为1:(2~5):(2~5);
(1-5)中间体5的合成
将中间体4溶于干燥四氢呋喃中,在氮气保护下,加入甲基溴化镁,室温下反应0.5~2小时,加入10%质子酸淬灭反应,生成沉淀,过滤得中间体5;其中,中间体4和甲基溴化镁的投料摩尔比为1:(3~5),质子酸选自HClO4、HPF6、HBF4、HCl、HBr、HI、CF3COOH、CF3SO3H和CH3SO3H中的一种;
(1-6)中间体6的合成
将中间体5、丙二醛二缩苯胺盐酸盐、醋酸钠混合于醋酸酐中,在氮气保护下,于80-130℃下反应5~8小时;反应结束后加入乙醚沉淀,过滤,用二氯甲烷溶解滤饼,并用柱色谱分离,最终得到中间体6;其中,中间体5、丙二醛二缩苯胺盐酸盐和醋酸钠的投料摩尔比为(1~1.5):0.5:(1~1.5)。
(1-7)单体即产物1的合成
将中间体6和叠氮化聚乙二醇链(记为化合物5)溶于二氯甲烷中,依次加入碘化亚铜、氮氮二异丙基乙胺和乙酸作为催化剂,室温避光搅拌8~24小时;反应液高速离心后去除沉淀,有机相浓缩并用反向柱色谱分离得到产物1;其中中间体6、化合物5、碘化亚铜、氮氮二异丙基乙胺和乙酸的投料摩尔比为1:(1~2.2):(0.01~0.1):(0.01~0.1):(0.01~0.1);
(2)有机纳米组装体的制备
将一定量的上述制备的单体溶于1-2毫升的二甲亚砜有机溶剂中,超声分散并用直径为220微米的有机滤膜过滤,待用;将8-10毫升的去离子水放于洁净玻璃瓶中,快速磁力搅拌,边搅拌边迅速加入上述溶有单体的二甲亚砜溶液中,继续搅拌4-8分钟,收集反应液,透析三次,即得纳米组装体材料。
4.根据权利要求3所述的有机纳米组装体的制备方法,其特征在于,进一步修饰功能化学基团:
对于纳米组装体的聚合物链末端为可进一步功能化修饰的化学基团,包括叠氮基、马来酰亚胺基团或琥珀酰亚胺基团,进一步向得到的纳米组装体中加入炔基、巯基或氨基修饰的R6,室温搅拌过夜、透析,即得到靶向修饰的纳米组装体。
5.一种如权利要求1所述的有机纳米组装体基于兼具荧光信号可激活特性和靶向识别特性,在近红外第二窗口的高信噪比活体生物成像中的应用。
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