CN1123713A - 处理含硫化合物气体用催化剂及应用和处理气体的方法 - Google Patents
处理含硫化合物气体用催化剂及应用和处理气体的方法 Download PDFInfo
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- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J21/00—Catalysts comprising the elements, oxides, or hydroxides of magnesium, boron, aluminium, carbon, silicon, titanium, zirconium, or hafnium
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- C01B17/00—Sulfur; Compounds thereof
- C01B17/16—Hydrogen sulfides
- C01B17/165—Preparation from sulfides, oxysulfides or polysulfides
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Abstract
本发明涉及用于通过克劳斯反应或水解处理含硫化合物的气体的催化剂,该催化剂由氧化铝基多孔颗粒组成,其特征在于由所有直径大于0.1μm的孔产生的总体积V0.1大于12ml/100g催化剂,由所有直径大于1μm的孔产生的总体积V1使比率V1/V0.1大于或等于0.65。该催化剂可用于通过克劳斯反应处理含硫化合物的气体,或通过水解反应处理含有机硫化合物的气体。
Description
本发明涉及一种用于处理气体,特别是处理工业废气以生产元素硫的催化剂。
通常用于此用途的主要催化反应是克劳斯反应和有机硫化合物的水解反应,涉及称为克劳斯法(二段脱硫法)的生产硫的工业方法。
该方法通过两个步骤由硫化氢制备硫。
在第一个步骤中,硫化氢在控制量的空气存在下燃烧,以使一定比例的硫化氢按下列反应(1)转化成二氧化硫:
1)
然后,在第二步骤中,使第一步骤所得到的气体混合物通过串联的转化器,每个转化器都含有催化剂床以进行克劳斯反应(2):
2)
因此,反应的总平衡是(3):
3)
离开转化器时,气体仍含有硫化合物,排放前这些硫化合物被氧化成SO2。
除硫化氢之外,按克劳斯法处理的气体一般含有烃、水和二氧化碳,它们与硫化氢反应生成有机硫化合物如氧硫化碳COS或二硫化碳CS2。
这些化合物或者已经存在于待处理的气体中,或者在升温下进行的第一氧化步骤期间形成。
它们在催化转化器中通常是稳定的,由于它们在烟雾燃烧后使排放至大气中的SO2和硫化合物增加20—50%,因此是非常不利的。
这些化合物可被除去,特别是通过按反应(4)和(5)的水解:
4)
5)
这些反应也在催化剂床上完成,通常在转化器中与克劳斯反应同时进行,利用相同的催化剂,催化剂一般是基于氧化铝或钛、铈、硅或铬的氧化物。
正如在任何其它催化反应的情况下一样,已试图开发更有效的催化剂,使最终转化率尽可能高。
特别地,在多相催化的情况下,反应是由催化剂床中反应物的扩散控制,因此催化剂颗粒的颗粒尺寸和大孔隙度尤为重要。
本发明的目的是要提供一种用于处理含硫化合物气体的活性氧化铝基催化剂,由于最优的大孔隙度的结果,其性能得到改善。
为此,本发明的主题是一种用于利用克劳斯反应或利用水解作用处理含硫化合物气体的催化剂,该催化剂由氧化铝基多孔颗粒组成,特征在于由所有直径大于0.1μm的孔产生的总体积(记为V0.1)大于12ml/100g催化剂,由所有直径大于1μm的孔产生的总体积(记为V1)要使得V1/V0.1大于或等于0.65。
本发明人已发现,特别是当颗粒尺寸、表面和表面化学性质固定时,氧化铝基催化剂的孔体积分布形状决定催化剂的活性。
该孔体积分布可用由所有其孔径大于给定直径的孔所产生的总体积的变化作为该孔径的函数表示。
因此,它取决于主要构成催化剂材料中孔体积的那些孔的尺寸。
本发明人已确定,决定性的孔尺寸位于0.1和1μm之间,而且由所有直径大于1μm的孔产生的总体积相当大,这样孔隙度的催化剂表现出十分特殊的特性,优于现有技术中已知催化剂的操作性能。
因此,本发明的催化剂具有体积V0.1大于12ml/100g催化剂,体积V1至少为V0.1的0.65倍。
V0.1优选大于14ml/100g催化剂,且优选V1至少为0.70V0.1。
本发明的氧化铝基催化剂可含有0.5—100wt%,优选60—99wt%的氧化铝。
特别地,可采用水合氧化铝化合物如水铝氧、三羟铝石、勃姆石、假勃姆石和无定形或基本上无定形的氧化铝凝胶。也可利用这些化合物的脱水或部分脱水形式,其由过渡氧化铝组成,含有至少一个取自ρ、χ、η、γ、κ、θ、δ和α的相。
尤其是,可特别地采用由下列方法之一得到的氧化铝,任选地在颗粒研磨和筛分之后使用:
—用碱金属铝酸盐的溶液沉淀铝盐的水溶液,使得到的沉淀物粉化,然后再悬浮于pH在4.5和7之间的水溶液中,使得到的氧化铝浆雾化和干燥,再将产品洗涤、干燥和焙烧。(方法描述于US3,520,654中);
—在7.5和11之间的pH下沉淀氧化铝凝胶,洗涤,脱水,再悬浮,用约350和1000℃之间的入口温度的热气流使产品迅速脱水,然后焙烧。(方法描述于FR 2,221,405中);
—在7和10.5之间的pH下沉淀氧化铝凝胶,在10和11之间的pH下使沉淀物熟化,得到的浆液在250—550℃下均化和雾化,然后焙烧。(方法描述于GB 888,772中);
—在30和75℃之间的温度下用无机酸使碱金属铝酸盐沉淀,在接近7的pH下在35—70℃于第二反应器中熟化,得到的浆液再循环至混合反应器中,将产品过滤,洗涤,喷雾干燥,然后焙烧。(方法描述于US 3,630,670中);
—用热气流使氢氧化铝或铝的氢氧化合物和更特别地,使水铝氧迅速脱水;该脱水过程在任何种类适合的设备中借助于热气流进行,设备中气体的入口温度一般近似地从400℃至1200℃变化,该氢氧化物或氢氧化合物与热气的接触时间一般在几分之一秒和4—5秒之间;这种制备活性氧化铝粉末的方法特别地已在FR 1,108,011中描述;
—在pH低于9的水介质中处理用热气流使水铝氧迅速脱水所得到的活性氧化铝粉末,喷雾干燥,然后焙烧(方法描述于EP15,196中)。
氧化铝可单独使用,或与一种或多种其它的氧化物混合使用,如二氧化硅、氧化钛、氧化锆、氧化铈、氧化锡、三价稀土元素氧化物、氧化钼、氧化钴、氧化镍、氧化铁等。
氧化铝之外的氧化物的存在量可以为催化剂重量的0—40%。
应注意到氧化钛、氧化铈、氧化锆或氧化硅本身在包括克劳斯反应或水解作用的含硫化合物气体的处理中是具有催化活性的。
此外,本发明的催化剂可含有一种或多种选自粘土、硅酸盐、碱土金属或铵的硫酸盐、陶瓷纤维和石棉的组分。
它们也可包括用于改善构型的添加剂和用于改善其最终机械性能的添加剂。
可例举的添加剂特别有纤维素,羧甲基纤维素,羧乙基纤维素,妥尔油,呫吨胶,表面活性剂,絮凝剂如聚丙烯酰胺,炭黑,淀粉,硬脂酸,聚丙烯醇,聚乙烯醇,生物聚合物,葡萄糖、聚乙二醇等等。
本发明的多孔催化剂颗粒可以通过任何用于使含氧化铝和任选地其它选自上面提到的组分的粉末聚集或成形的已知方法制备。
成形的颗粒特别地可以是小球或单块形式的,或可有挤出时可能达到的各种形状。也可通过任何成型方法使含氧化铝的粉末聚集然后再压碎所得到的聚集物而制备催化剂。该压碎的颗粒没有任何具体的形状。
但优选的催化剂是小球形的,其直径为1.5至10mm,更优选3至7mm。
该颗粒可直接由催化剂粉末成形,或者由催化剂粉末加水所得的无机物糊成形。
因此,任何用于使粉末或糊成型的已知技术如压丸、挤出或造粒均可用于制备该催化剂。
本发明催化剂的特征孔隙度的调节就发生在此成型催化剂颗粒的步骤期间。
根据所采用成型方法,为了得到要求的孔隙度,本领域技术人员可以用公知的方式修改不同的操作参数。
因此,催化剂可通过在适合的成型设备例如涂料器如旋转式涂料器或转鼓中造粒而制成例如小球形的。通过适当地调节催化剂粉末和或许水的入口流速、设备的旋转速度或引入成型引发剂,将特别地固定孔隙度。
当通过挤压制造催化剂颗粒时,孔隙度的调节将类似地在实际成型之前的催化剂粉末的混合步骤中进行。
加热时完全消失因而产生要求的大孔隙度的造孔剂也可在成型之前加入催化剂粉末中。可例举的所用的造孔剂化合物是木粉,木炭,硫黄,焦油,塑料或塑料乳液如聚氯乙烯、聚乙烯醇、萘等。造孔剂的量不限,取决于所要的大孔体积。
具有本发明大孔隙度特征的催化剂对催化克劳斯反应(式(2))和有机硫化合物的水解反应(式(4)和(5))都极有效。
因此,本发明的另一个主题是上述催化剂在利用克劳斯反应处理含硫化合物气体以生产元素硫,和利用水解反应处理含有有机硫化合物气体中的应用。
最后,本发明的其它目的是利用克劳斯反应或水解作用处理含硫化合物气体的方法,该方法是使这些气体通过一催化剂床,特征在于至少一部分催化剂是由上述催化剂组成。
以下通过实施例和附图1和2说明本发明。
图1和2说明在三种不同操作条件(a)、(b)和(c)下,氧化铝基催化剂的催化效率作为大孔隙度特征—图1中为V0.1,图2中为V1/V0.1的函数的变化情况。
条件(a)对应于O2含量为10ppm,与新鲜催化剂的接触时间为2秒。
条件(b)对应于O2含量为200ppm,与新鲜催化剂的接触时间为3秒。
条件(c)对应于O2含量为200ppm,与严重老化的催化剂(亦即它们的比表面降至1 20m2/g催化剂)的接触时间为3秒。
实施例1
通过造粒使钠含量(以Na2O的重量表示)为2000ppm(wt)的组成相同的几个氧化铝基催化剂成形,得到直径在3.1和6.3mm之间的小球,改变其大孔隙度,使体积V0.1在8至20ml/100g催化剂之间变化,且V1/V0.1比率在0.4至0.8之间变化。
将这些催化剂在第一反应器(R1)和第二反应器(R2)中作为克劳斯法的催化剂进行评价。
在R1中,关键的最难完成的反应是COS和尤其是CS2的水解反应。在R2中,温度越低,H2S含量越低,氧化铝中形成的硫酸盐造成的先占问题越多,使传统克劳斯反应的差别越大。
R1中CS2的水解作用和R2中克劳斯反应所表现的趋势总是重复出现:如果在R1中催化剂A比催化剂B更有效,则在R2中A也比B更有效。
因此,这里仅报告在条件R1下,CS2的催化剂水解作用的结果。
催化评价是通过使待处理气体与催化剂接触而进行的,待处理气体的体积组成如下:
H2S 6%
SO2 4%
CS2 1%
H2O 30%
N2 59%
该接触是在320℃的反应器中恒温操作,具有可变的氧含量和可变的接触时间。
在催化剂填充的反应器体积相同和待处理气体的输入流速相同的情况下,通过测量水解活性和用气相色谱分析离开反应器的气体中H2S、SO2、COS和CS2的含量,比较不同催化剂的操作性能。
就离开反应器的反应产物的含量而论达到稳定状态之后,测量CS2转化率。
就每个催化剂评价试验而言,测量相应于所用催化剂的CS2转化率。
下面的表1概括了在条件(a)、(b)和(c)下,对V1/V0.1比率恒定但它们的V0.1值不同的所用四种催化剂测得的转化率。
表1
CS2转化率(%) | |||
V0.1(ml/100g) | (a) | (b) | (c) |
9 | 28 | 40 | 33 |
12 | 43 | 60 | 47 |
13.5 | 49 | 65 | 51 |
20 | 55 | 57 |
图1中的曲线图表明:在条件(a)、(b)和(c)下,在V1/V0.1比率恒定的情况下,CS2转化率作为体积V0.1的函数的变化。
实验表明:例如,在条件(a)下,如果催化剂在0.1微米的孔体积V0.1低于12ml/100g,CS2转化率则相对较低。在所研究的所有反应条件下,转化率随着V0.1增加,在条件(a)和(c)下,转化率表现出趋于一最大值。还观察到:当V0.1接近或优选大于14ml/100g时,转化率非常好并且非常接近所观察到的最大值。例如,在0.1微米的孔体积约为14ml/100g的催化剂能使CS2转化率达到50%。该转化率比V0.1为12ml/100g的相似催化剂的转化率高出多于10%。
下面的表2概括了在条件(a)、(b)和(c)下,V0.1恒定但它们的V1/V0.1值不同的所用四种催化剂测得的转化率。
表2
CS2转化率(%) | |||
V1/V0.1 | (a) | (b) | (c) |
0.44 | 28 | 42 | 30 |
0.65 | 42.5 | 59.5 | 46.5 |
0.66 | 43 | 60 | 47 |
0.78 | 49 | 65 | 51 |
图2中的曲线图表明在操作条件(a)、(b)和(c)下,在体积V0.1恒定的情况下,CS2转化率作为V1/V0.1比率的函数的变化。
在每个操作条件(a)、(b)和(c)下,转化率随V1/V0.1比率增加。V1/V0.1大于0.65的催化剂在所有条件下均可有利地被应用,且在条件(a)下转化率高于40%。V1/V0.1高于0.7的催化剂在所有条件下还更有效。
在两个表或两个曲线图中,观察到:在条件(c)—对应于严重老化的催化剂的条件下,这些催化剂的操作性能仍是显著的。在O2含量相同的条件下,新鲜催化剂和老化催化剂之间转化率的下降最多仅为15%。
实施例2
根据FR 1,108,011的方法,通过氢氧化铝或铝的氢氧化合物的脱水制备氧化铝粉末A。
根据EP 15,196的方法,通过在pH<9下水处理由水铝氧迅速脱水得到的活性氧化铝粉末,制备另一氧化铝粉末B。
将粉末A和B按比例混合以致混合物的钠含量(由Na2O重量表示)为2000ppm(重量)。
然后,通过造粒使两种粉末的混合物成形,形成直径在3和6mm之间的氧化铝小球。该成形的操作条件使催化剂的孔体积V0.1为19ml/100g催化剂,V1/V0.1比率为0.82。
通过使体积组成与实施例1相同的待处理气体与催化剂接触进行催化评价试验。接触是在320℃下恒温操作的反应器中进行的,在氧含量为1500ppm的条件下,接触时间为3秒。
平衡时CS2被转化的比例为64%。
Claims (11)
1.用于通过克劳斯反应或水解作用处理含硫化合物气体的催化剂,该催化剂由氧化铝基多孔颗粒组成,且其特征在于由所有直径大于0.1μm的孔产生的总体积V0.1大于12ml/100g催化剂,由所有直径大于1μm的孔产生的总体积V1使比率V1/V0.1大于或等于0.65。
2.根据权利要求1的催化剂,其特征在于V0.1大于14ml/100g,且V1/V0.1大于0.7。
3.根据权利要求1的催化剂,其特征在于它含有0.5至100wt%,优选60至99wt%的氧化铝。
4.根据权利要求1的催化剂,其特征在于它含有0至40wt%的选自铈、锆、硅、锡、三价稀土金属、钼、钴、镍和铁中的至少一种金属的氧化物。
5.根据权利要求1的催化剂,其特征在于它包含至少一种选自粘土、硅酸盐、碱土金属或铵的硫酸盐、陶瓷纤维和石棉的化合物。
6.根据权利要求1的催化剂,其特征在于所述颗粒是通过使含氧化铝的粉末聚集,特别是通过压丸、挤压或造粒而成形的。
7.根据权利要求1的催化剂,其特征在于所述颗粒是直径为1.5至10mm,优选3至7mm的小球。
8.根据权利要求1的催化剂的应用,用于通过克劳斯反应处理含硫化合物的气体,以便生产元素硫。
9.根据权利要求1的催化剂的应用,用于通过水解处理含有机硫化合物的气体。
10.通过使所述气体通过催化剂床而利用克劳斯反应处理含硫化合物的气体的方法,其特征在于至少一部分催化剂由权利要求1的催化剂组成。
11.通过使所述气体通过催化剂床而利用水解反应处理含有机硫化合物的气体的方法,特征在于至少一部分催化剂由权利要求1的催化剂组成。
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FR2840295B1 (fr) * | 2002-06-03 | 2005-02-04 | Inst Francais Du Petrole | Prodede d'elimination du soufre d'une charge contenant de l'hydrogene sulfure et du benzene, toluene et/ou xylenes |
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CN101835537B (zh) * | 2007-09-17 | 2013-05-22 | 国际壳牌研究有限公司 | 用于使气体物流中含有的硫化合物催化还原的催化剂组合物及其制备方法和用途 |
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RU2527259C2 (ru) * | 2012-12-19 | 2014-08-27 | Общество с ограниченной ответственностью "Новомичуринский катализаторный завод" | Катализатор получения элементной серы по процессу клауса, способ его приготовления и способ проведения процесса клауса |
SG11201807943UA (en) | 2016-03-23 | 2018-10-30 | Shell Int Research | High metals content hydrolysis catalyst for catalytic reduction of sulfur in a gas stream |
RU2711605C1 (ru) * | 2019-07-03 | 2020-01-17 | Акционерное общество "Специальное конструкторско-технологическое бюро "Катализатор" | Способ получения алюмооксидных катализаторов процесса Клауса и применение их на установках получения серы |
CN114146699B (zh) * | 2020-08-17 | 2023-09-26 | 中国石油天然气股份有限公司 | 一种用于有机硫水解的催化剂及其制备方法 |
CN114425315B (zh) * | 2020-09-28 | 2023-10-31 | 中国石油化工股份有限公司 | 一种常温cs2水解剂及其制备方法 |
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FR1108011A (fr) | 1954-06-28 | 1956-01-09 | Pechiney | Procédé de préparation d'alumine activée |
FR1178168A (fr) * | 1956-07-05 | 1959-05-05 | Metallgesellschaft Ag | Procédé pour la transformation catalytique de combinaisons sulfureuses gazeuses |
GB888772A (en) | 1957-05-17 | 1962-02-07 | American Cyanamid Co | Method of producing alumina |
FR1400365A (fr) * | 1963-05-07 | 1965-05-28 | Perfectionnements à la fabrication du verre plat | |
GB1076450A (en) | 1963-12-06 | 1967-07-19 | Grace W R & Co | Improvements relating to the production of alumina gels |
US3630670A (en) | 1970-05-25 | 1971-12-28 | Kaiser Aluminium Chem Corp | Pseudoboehmitic alumina and process for making same |
FR2190517B1 (zh) * | 1972-06-29 | 1975-08-29 | Rhone Progil | |
FR2221405B1 (zh) | 1973-03-14 | 1984-02-24 | Rhone Poulenc Spec Chim | |
FR2449650A1 (fr) | 1979-02-26 | 1980-09-19 | Rhone Poulenc Ind | Procede de preparation d'alumine au moins partiellement sous forme de boehmite ultra-fine |
US4364858A (en) * | 1980-07-21 | 1982-12-21 | Aluminum Company Of America | Method of producing an activated alumina Claus catalyst |
US4608363A (en) * | 1980-07-21 | 1986-08-26 | Aluminum Company Of America | Activated alumina Claus catalyst having increased sodium oxide content |
FR2540006B1 (fr) * | 1983-01-31 | 1988-04-01 | Rhone Poulenc Spec Chim | Catalyseur d'oxydation de l'hydrogene sulfure |
US4990481A (en) * | 1988-05-20 | 1991-02-05 | Toyo Engineering Corporation | Catalyst for steam reforming |
NL8901893A (nl) * | 1989-07-21 | 1991-02-18 | Veg Gasinstituut Nv | Katalysator voor de selectieve oxidatie van zwavelverbindingen tot elementaire zwavel, werkwijze voor de bereiding van een dergelijke katalysator en werkwijze voor de selectieve oxidatie van zwavelverbindingen tot elementaire zwavel. |
AU655897B2 (en) * | 1992-02-21 | 1995-01-12 | Idemitsu Kosan Co. Ltd | Process for hydrotreating heavy hydrocarbon oil |
FR2722429B1 (fr) * | 1994-07-13 | 1996-10-04 | Rhone Poulenc Chimie | Catalyseur a base d'alumine pour le traitement de gaz contenant des composes soufres, utilisation deces catalyseurs pour le traitement et procedes de traitement desdits gaz |
-
1994
- 1994-07-13 FR FR9408745A patent/FR2722429B1/fr not_active Expired - Fee Related
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1995
- 1995-07-12 AT AT95401677T patent/ATE185706T1/de not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1995-07-12 EP EP95401677A patent/EP0692305B1/fr not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1995-07-12 ES ES95401677T patent/ES2140636T3/es not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1995-07-12 CA CA002153748A patent/CA2153748C/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1995-07-12 DK DK95401677T patent/DK0692305T3/da active
- 1995-07-12 JP JP7197916A patent/JP2992536B2/ja not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1995-07-12 RU RU95113198A patent/RU2112595C1/ru not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1995-07-12 DE DE69512843T patent/DE69512843T2/de not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1995-07-13 KR KR1019950020657A patent/KR0156811B1/ko not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1995-07-13 CN CN95109189A patent/CN1072975C/zh not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1995-09-11 TW TW084109474A patent/TW332155B/zh not_active IP Right Cessation
-
1997
- 1997-07-10 US US08/890,950 patent/US6080379A/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
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Cited By (3)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
CN1102420C (zh) * | 2000-07-11 | 2003-03-05 | 中国科学院山西煤炭化学研究所 | 一种羰基硫水解催化剂及其制备方法和用途 |
CN110167657A (zh) * | 2017-01-25 | 2019-08-23 | 托普索公司 | 处理来自炭黑设备的废气以回收硫的方法 |
CN111151240A (zh) * | 2020-01-07 | 2020-05-15 | 中国石油大学(华东) | 一种用于克劳斯尾气中硫化氢转化催化剂的制备方法 |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
EP0692305A1 (fr) | 1996-01-17 |
EP0692305B1 (fr) | 1999-10-20 |
US6080379A (en) | 2000-06-27 |
KR960003797A (ko) | 1996-02-23 |
CN1072975C (zh) | 2001-10-17 |
TW332155B (en) | 1998-05-21 |
GR3032190T3 (en) | 2000-04-27 |
RU95113198A (ru) | 1997-06-27 |
RU2112595C1 (ru) | 1998-06-10 |
ES2140636T3 (es) | 2000-03-01 |
KR0156811B1 (ko) | 1998-12-15 |
CA2153748C (en) | 1999-05-25 |
JPH08192046A (ja) | 1996-07-30 |
DE69512843T2 (de) | 2000-08-10 |
FR2722429B1 (fr) | 1996-10-04 |
CA2153748A1 (en) | 1996-01-14 |
JP2992536B2 (ja) | 1999-12-20 |
DE69512843D1 (de) | 1999-11-25 |
FR2722429A1 (fr) | 1996-01-19 |
ATE185706T1 (de) | 1999-11-15 |
DK0692305T3 (da) | 2000-04-25 |
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