CN112273038A

CN112273038A - Cotton planting method for promoting seedling and strengthening seedling

Info

Publication number: CN112273038A
Application number: CN202011132742.1A
Authority: CN
Inventors: 陈国栋; 万素梅; 马银虎; 胡守林; 翟云龙; 刘禅; 张伟; 王国平; 唐江华; 冯璐; 郭子轩; 樊文霞
Original assignee: Tarim University
Current assignee: Tarim University
Priority date: 2020-10-21
Filing date: 2020-10-21
Publication date: 2021-01-29
Anticipated expiration: 2040-10-21
Also published as: CN112273038B

Abstract

The invention discloses a cotton planting method for promoting and strengthening seedlings, which adopts precision seeding and implements wide and narrow row allocation to ensure that the row spacing is 66-76 cm, the plant spacing is 9.6-11.5 cm, and the theoretical number of protected seedlings is 13800-16800 plants/mu; wherein the spraying is carried out about 20-25 days after sowingThe first seedling promoting and strengthening regulator is sprayed for the first time, and the two times of spraying operations of the seedling promoting and strengthening regulator are respectively carried out after the first spraying operation is carried out every 10-15 days; the raw materials of the seedling promoting and strengthening regulator are configured to comprise: mepiquat chloride 3-5g/667m²Sodium naphthaleneacetate 1-3g/667m²And the balance of water. Compared with the existing cotton planting method, the cotton planting method for promoting seedlings and strengthening seedlings has the advantages that the seedling promoting and strengthening regulator matched with the proportion promotes the overground part of the cotton to thrive, removes weak seedlings, controls overgrowth, lays a mechanical cotton picking foundation, resists low temperature, can reduce anthracnose and damping-off disease in the seedling stage, and creates a way of promoting and controlling combination, uniform and strong seedlings and no pioneer of big and small seedlings.

Description

Cotton planting method for promoting seedling and strengthening seedling

Technical Field

The invention relates to a cotton planting method for promoting and strengthening seedlings.

Background

Along with the continuous improvement of the cotton yield, a series of problems appear in production, such as the conditions of large-area late maturity, premature senility, serious big and small seedling phenomena and the like restrict the high yield and high efficiency of cotton, cause serious yield loss, also cause the reduction of the cotton quality, and become a great obstacle factor for increasing the yield and income of farmers. The plant growth regulator can achieve the purposes of improving yield, improving quality, promoting ripening and the like by promoting or inhibiting the growth or fruit ripening of stems, leaves, roots, buds and flowers, protecting flowers and fruits, thinning flowers and fruits, advancing or prolonging dormancy, promoting fruit enlargement and the like, so that part of agricultural products need to use the plant growth regulator in the production process to realize the optimal production effect and nutritional quality expression of the agricultural products.

In recent years, the effect of mepiquat chloride on controlling the length of cotton internodes is mostly accepted, and scholars at home and abroad never stop the research of mepiquat chloride from the application to the present, and provide a lot of valuable suggestions from the time of application, the dosage and the action of cotton, but the research on whether the mepiquat chloride is matched with a common compound rooting agent to use has a chemical reaction (promotion or inhibition effect) and how to match the application to achieve a better effect is less.

Disclosure of Invention

An object of the present invention is to solve at least the above problems and/or disadvantages and to provide at least the advantages described hereinafter.

In order to realize the purposes and other advantages according to the invention, a cotton planting method for promoting seedling and strengthening seedling is provided, which adopts precision seeding and implements wide-narrow row configuration to ensure that the row spacing is 66-76 cm, the plant spacing is 9.6-11.5 cm, and the theoretical number of the seedling-protecting plants is 13800-;

wherein, a first seedling promoting and strengthening regulator is sprayed about 20 to 25 days after sowing, and the two times of spraying operations of the seedling promoting and strengthening regulator are respectively carried out after every 10 to 15 days after the first spraying;

the raw materials of the seedling promoting and strengthening regulator are configured to comprise: 3-5g/667m2 of mepiquat chloride, 1-3g/667m2 of sodium naphthaleneacetate and the balance of water, wherein the concentration of the mepiquat chloride is controlled to be 99 percent, and the concentration of the sodium naphthaleneacetate is controlled to be more than or equal to 98 percent.

Preferably, the method further comprises a field culturing operation performed before sowing, wherein the field culturing is configured to comprise:

step one, after harvesting in the previous season, crushing straws, and uniformly spreading the straws in the ground;

turning over in autumn and irrigating in winter; wherein, in the step one, after harvesting in the previous season, the on-site straw crushing work is carried out in time, the crushed length is ensured to be 1-2cm, the stubble height is 0-5cm, the crushed straw is uniformly spread on the soil surface, the straw is covered on the soil for about 7-15 days, and the sterilization is carried out.

In the second step, on the basis of the first step, after applying 1500-year and 800-year decomposed livestock manure and plant residue mixture and cake fertilizer 800-year per mu, the soil turning operation is carried out, the tractor plough is used for ploughing the soil with the ploughing depth of 20-25cm, the ploughing depth is consistent, the ploughed soil slices are well turned, no ploughed soil is erected, no ploughed soil is returned, the coverage of weeds and straws is tight, and the fertilizer is not exposed; leveling and loosening the ground surface; the cultivation width is not heavy and not exposed, the cultivation end is straight, and a triangular horn mouth is not left; the ground head lifting line is neat; the irrigation operation is carried out on the soil which is turned over in autumn, and the irrigation quantity per mu is more than 180m³So that the water content of the soil reaches about 35 to 42 percent.

Preferably, the precision seeding is ensured to ensure that 1 cotton seed is dibbled in each planting hole by a seeding machine.

Preferably, the regulator for promoting and strengthening seedlings is sprayed by an unmanned aerial vehicle, and the spraying process is configured to include:

four upright columns are respectively arranged at four corners of soil, the tops of adjacent upright columns are connected through metal rods which are detachably arranged, the height of each upright column is about 2-2.5m, and at least one bearing column is arranged between the adjacent upright columns;

setting the flying height of the unmanned aerial vehicle so that the flying height of the unmanned aerial vehicle is matched with the height of the metal rod;

starting a button of the unmanned aerial vehicle by taking the upright column at any corner as a starting point, and then automatically recording the first position information by the unmanned aerial vehicle as the first position information;

carrying a displacement sensor matched with the metal rod on the unmanned aerial vehicle to acquire the distance between the unmanned aerial vehicle and the metal rod in real time and adjust the flight track of the unmanned aerial vehicle according to the real-time distance;

a pressure sensor is arranged in a medicine barrel of the unmanned aerial vehicle, when the weight of the medicine barrel is lower than a preset value, the unmanned aerial vehicle sets the current point position as second position information and records the second position information, reads the first position information to return to the starting point for medicine adding operation, reads the second position information stored in the unmanned aerial vehicle after medicine adding, and then returns to the corresponding point position under the navigation of a GPS (global positioning system) to continue spraying operation;

and setting the stand column on the diagonal line of the starting point as a terminal point, and setting the two-dimensional code on the terminal point so as to determine that the unmanned aerial vehicle reaches the terminal point after reading the related two-dimensional code information, thereby completing one-time spraying operation, and controlling the spraying water amount to be 1-2.5 kg/mu.

Preferably, when 40-60% of bolls of the planted cotton are mature and boll-opening, the defoliating agent is sprayed;

spraying a ripener when 80-90% of cotton bolls are mature and boll-opening;

and under the condition that the bolls are mature and the boll opening is not less than 95%, a cotton picker is adopted for one-time harvesting.

Preferably, when 40-55% of bolls of the planted cotton are mature and boll opening, the first cotton picking operation is manually carried out, and then the second and third cotton picking operations are respectively carried out at intervals of 10-15 days;

spraying a ripener when 80-90% of cotton bolls are ripe and boll opening, and picking for the last time at intervals of 5-7 days;

and (4) processing the cotton seedlings by a harvester after the last picking is finished.

A plurality of coulters which are matched with the front end of the tractor to realize plowing;

a guide piece which is oppositely arranged above each coulter, and an opening part is arranged at one side matched with the knife tip of the guide piece;

at least one group of first compression rollers which are oppositely arranged in the length output direction of the guide piece and are used for compacting the cotton balls;

the first conveying belt is arranged at the output end of the guide piece and used for outputting and processing the cotton balls;

a packing mechanism for compacting the cotton balls is arranged below the output end of the conveying belt;

the second conveying belt is vertically arranged with the first conveying belt in space, at least one second press roller is arranged above the output end of the second conveying belt, and the rotating direction of the second conveying belt is opposite to the conveying direction of the second conveying belt;

the cutter component is arranged at a preset distance from the output end of the second conveying belt and used for cutting the cotton balls output by the second conveying belt;

the output end of the special-shaped lifting type transmission mechanism is communicated with a hopper of the tractor;

the packaging mechanism is arranged on one side matched with the first transmission belt and the second transmission belt in a through mode, door bodies matched with the first hydraulic cylinders are arranged at two ends of the packaging mechanism respectively, and the top of the packaging mechanism is connected with an inverted U-shaped pressing plate connected with the second hydraulic cylinders for compaction treatment.

Preferably, the hopper is provided with a cover plate matched with the hopper, and the cover plate is further arranged on one side of the tractor through a matched lifting mechanism;

the output side of the lifting mechanism is provided with a telescopic multi-section discharging barrel on one side facing the hopper, the cover plate is provided with a through hole matched with the discharging barrel, and the free end of the discharging barrel penetrates through the through hole or is detachably connected with the through hole.

Preferably, the discharging barrel is connected with the cover plate and/or the output side of the lifting mechanism through matched elastic pipes respectively;

the elastic tube is configured to be any one of a corrugated metal tube and a corrugated rubber tube.

Preferably, the storage box is matched with the hopper, and is configured to comprise:

the frame set is in a cubic structure, and each surface of the frame set forms a cavity for containing materials inside through a double-layer packaging plate which is matched with the frame set;

the crushing cutter is matched with the internal structure of the frame set and is provided with a cutting surface which is matched with the whole surface of the packaging plate at the top of the frame set in space;

wherein, at least one side of the packaging plate of the frame set is pivoted at the bottom of the frame set;

a pressure sensor, a temperature sensor and a one-way valve are arranged on a side packaging plate of the frame set, which is fixed, and a host machine matched with the pressure sensor and the temperature sensor is arranged on the outer side of the side packaging plate;

and the bottom surface of the frame set and the side packaging plate which is fixed are respectively provided with a heating mechanism which is matched with the bottom surface of the frame set.

Preferably, the compacted cotton material is processed by a harvester, and when a rear side plate of the harvester is in an open state, the hopper is inclined by a certain angle, so that the plate material is separated from the hopper;

the separated cotton materials fall onto a material carrying plate of the plate type dragging machine so as to be conveyed to the position of the material storage box through the plate type tractor;

moving cotton materials from the material carrying plate to the material storage box through matched hoisting equipment to enable the cotton materials to be positioned at the bottom of the material storage box, and then paving animal wastes with the thickness of 1/3-1/2 on the material storage box;

the cotton material and the animal excrement are alternately stacked until the height of the cotton material and the animal excrement reaches 4/5 inside the storage box, the cotton material and the animal excrement are not added, the cotton material and the animal excrement are installed through a top packaging plate of a hoisting device to finish storage operation, and meanwhile, when the cotton material and the animal excrement are pressed downwards through a crushing mechanism arranged on a top packaging surface, the internal material is crushed;

wherein, 1-3kg of 70% thiophanate methyl is sprayed on the animal manure paved on each layer;

heating the interior of the material storage tank after the material storage is finished, stopping the machine when the internal temperature reaches 40-55 ℃, heating the material storage tank again after 5-7 days, stopping the machine when the internal temperature reaches 55-65 ℃, and finishing the decomposition operation of the material after natural fermentation for 7-10 days.

The invention at least comprises the following beneficial effects: compared with the existing cotton planting method, the cotton planting method has the advantages that the seedling promoting and strengthening regulator matched in proportion promotes the overground part of the cotton in the seedling stage to thrive, removes weak seedlings, controls overgrowth, lays a mechanical cotton picking foundation, resists low temperature, can reduce anthracnose and damping-off in the seedling stage, and creates a pioneer with promotion and control combination, uniform and strong seedlings and no big and small seedlings.

Secondly, the seedling-promoting and seedling-strengthening regulator is adopted, the previous mepiquat chloride application experience is combined, and the exogenous plant growth regulator is matched and combined with the regulator to be applied in the cotton seedling stage, so that a good formula which can inhibit the overground part growth of cotton seedlings and promote the root system to extend and develop is found, the seedling-strengthening effect is achieved, and a good foundation is laid for the excellent yield and high yield of cotton.

Thirdly, the working mode of the unmanned aerial vehicle is limited, so that the unmanned aerial vehicle is higher in automation and better in spraying effect compared with manual control in the prior art.

Fourthly, the harvester of the equipment is structurally limited, so that the harvester can be directly suitable for the crushing operation of cotton, the cotton is directly crushed in the field, the rapid decomposition treatment in the later period is facilitated, and the whole process treatment of the cotton is realized.

Additional advantages, objects, and features of the invention will be set forth in part in the description which follows and in part will become apparent to those having ordinary skill in the art upon examination of the following or may be learned from practice of the invention.

Drawings

FIG. 1 is a schematic view of the structural layout of a harvester according to an embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 2 is a schematic cross-sectional view of a baling mechanism according to another embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 3 is a schematic cross-sectional view of a storage bin according to another embodiment of the invention;

FIG. 4 is a graph of cotton stem thickness over time for various treatments in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.

Detailed Description

The present invention is further described in detail below with reference to the attached drawings so that those skilled in the art can implement the invention by referring to the description text.

It will be understood that terms such as "having," "including," and "comprising," as used herein, do not preclude the presence or addition of one or more other elements or groups thereof.

It is to be understood that in the description of the present invention, the terms indicating orientation or positional relationship are based on the orientation or positional relationship shown in the drawings, and are used only for convenience in describing the present invention and for simplification of the description, and do not indicate or imply that the device or element referred to must have a specific orientation, be constructed and operated in a specific orientation, and thus, should not be construed as limiting the present invention. Furthermore, the terms "first" and "second" are used for descriptive purposes only and are not to be construed as indicating or implying relative importance.

In the description of the present invention, it should be noted that, unless otherwise specifically stated or limited, the terms "mounted," "disposed," "sleeved/connected," "connected," and the like are used in a broad sense, and for example, "connected" may be a fixed connection, a detachable connection, an integral connection, a mechanical connection, an electrical connection, a direct connection, an indirect connection through an intermediate medium, and a communication between two elements.

According to the implementation form of the cotton planting method for promoting and strengthening the seedlings, the method comprises the following steps: precision seeding is adopted and wide-narrow row configuration is carried out to ensure that the row spacing is 66-76 cm, the plant spacing is 9.6-11.5 cm, and the theoretical seedling protection plant number is 13800-16800 plants/mu, and the determination of the row spacing, the plant spacing and the seedling protection bead number ensures that the method can adapt to the planting in areas with larger wind sand, has better wind resistance, and therefore, has a cost increasing mode compared with the mu seedling protection number in the existing planting;

spraying a first seedling promoting and strengthening regulator about 20-25 days after sowing, and respectively carrying out twice spraying operations of the seedling promoting and strengthening regulator every 10-15 days after the first spraying;

the raw materials of the seedling promoting and strengthening regulator are configured to comprise: mepiquat chloride 3-5g/667m²Sodium naphthaleneacetate 1-3g/667m²The balance of water, the concentration of the mepiquat chloride is controlled to be 99 percent, and the concentration of the sodium naphthaleneacetate is controlled to be more than or equal to 98 percent. Compared with the existing cotton planting method, the scheme has the advantages that the seedling promoting and strengthening regulator matched with the proportion promotes the overground part of the cotton to thrive, removes weak seedlings, controls overgrowth, lays a mechanical cotton picking foundation, resists low temperature, can reduce anthracnose and damping-off diseases in the seedling stage, and creates a precedent of promotion and control combination, uniform and strong seedlings and no big and small seedlings.

In particular, in practical use, the preferable scheme is that the raw materials comprise the following components in percentage by mass: the composite material comprises the following raw materials in percentage by mass: 3g of 99% mepiquat chloride, 1-2g of 98% sodium naphthaleneacetate and the balance of water, wherein the service time is as follows: the use times after seedling emergence (the rate of emergence is 60-70 percent): 3 times (every time, about 10 days) of the machine: tractor, top spraying, water yield 20-40 kg/mu, unmanned aerial vehicle: the flying speed is 5-9m/s, the height is 2-2.5m, the width is 4-6m, the water amount is 1-2 kg/mu, and the situation that the rain cannot occur after 6 hours after the pesticide is applied is ensured, and the heavy spray is required if the rain occurs.

The formula optimization is completed in 5 years, and the data of the optimized scheme is taken as specific experimental parameters to fully explain the effects:

1. 2016 year test

Sodium naphthalene acetate is a broad-spectrum plant growth conditioner, can quickly promote cell division and expansion (fruit swelling agent and swelling agent), induce to form adventitious roots (rooting agent), has the functions of regulating growth, promoting rooting, sprouting and flowering, preventing flower and fruit dropping, forming seedless fruits, promoting early ripening and increasing yield, and can also enhance the drought resistance, cold resistance, disease resistance, saline-alkali resistance and dry and hot wind resistance of plants. Is a plant growth regulator with broad spectrum, high efficiency and low toxicity.

The test combines the cotton seedling stage control promoting agents in the current market, mepiquat chloride, sodium naphthylacetate (recorded as D + S), sodium naphthylacetate (recorded as S), mepiquat chloride (recorded as D) and clear water contrast (recorded as CK) to carry out seedling stage spraying so as to promote seedling and early-stage emergence.

1.1 materials and methods

1.1.1 basic conditions of the test

The tests were carried out in a greenhouse at a gardening pilot station of the university of Tarim. The annual precipitation amount of the area is 20-80 mm, the annual evaporation amount is 2000-2500 mm, the accumulated temperature is greater than or equal to 10 ℃ and is 3950-4500 ℃, the frost-free period is 180-215 d, and the wettability is less than 0.33, so that the irrigation area is pure irrigation agriculture. The soil is sandy loam and the fertility condition is moderate.

1.1.2 materials

The cotton variety to be tested is Ruizao I; the test reagent mepiquat chloride is produced by Xiaokang pesticide Limited liability company in Anyang city; the sodium naphthalene acetate has the purity of 99 percent and is produced by chemical fertilizers of forest gardens of Guangzhou city.

1.1.3 test methods

Preparing soil 2 months in 2016 (field soil: sieving, 15 barrels; perlite, 15 barrels; organic nitrogen as a matrix, 3 bags of 50 jin and 70 bags of thiophanate methyl; uniformly mixing the soil and the fertilizer, sterilizing, sealing the soil with a plastic film for about 1d, filling the soil into a hole tray (12 cm in height and 13cm in diameter) and sowing 3 cotton seeds in 2016, 2 months and 28 days, wherein each hole is uniformly treated and the irrigation amount is consistent. Emergence of seedlings in 8 days in 3 months, spraying the pesticide in 20 days in 3 months, sampling 10 days after pesticide application, and spraying and sampling respectively every 10 days later.

2016 test: a total of 14 treatments, three replicates per treatment, 42 cells, were performed using mepiquat chloride and clear water alone as controls as shown in table 1. Sampling is carried out 10d, 20d and 30d after the medicine application respectively, and 5 plants of the stem thickness, the fresh and heavy root length of the overground part and the root surface area are sampled in each cell.

TABLE 1-12016 years of Experimental treatment

1.2 discussion and analysis

1.2.1 plant height

The plant heights of the D + S1, D + S2 and D + S3 cotton plants are slowly increased at 10-20D and are faster at 20-30D, the single root-promoting agents treated by the S1, the S2 and the S3 are faster in 10-20D and are reduced at 20-30D, and the plant heights of the mepiquat chloride treated and clear water control groups are more stably increased.

The plant heights in the seedling stage of the D + S1, D + S2 and D + S3 treatments are all smaller than that of the single root-promoting agent and larger than that of clear water, and the treatment effect with the mepiquat chloride does not remarkably indicate that the effect of DPC (mepiquat chloride) is not influenced by adding the root-promoting agent, and the effect is remarkably superior to that of the clear water.

TABLE 1-2 changes in Cotton plant height over time under different treatments

1.2.2 Stem thickness

The stem thickness of the plant is an important index reflecting the growth condition. As shown in the figure 1-2, researches show that the 10 th sampling of spraying exogenous plant regulator in the seedling stage of cotton has significant differences between the treatments of D + S1, D + S2, D + S3, S1, S2 and S3 and CK and DPC; shows that each treatment after the first application has good promoting effect on the stem thickness. The 20D samples D + S1, D + S2, D + S3 and S1 have significant differences with CK and DPC, and the other treatments have insignificant differences with the control; the 30D samples D + S1, D + S2 and D + S3 have significant differences with CK and DPC, and the other treatments have insignificant differences with the control;

fig. 4 shows that 30D after treatment, the average value of the stem thickness of each treatment of 1-3D + S is higher than that of the single root-promoting agent, the single clear water and the single DPC (mepiquat chloride), especially, 30D after treatment of D + S2 and D + S3 is obviously higher than that of the single root-promoting agent, the single clear water and the single DPC (mepiquat chloride), which indicates that D + S2 and D + S3 are beneficial to the growth and the strengthening of cotton seedlings.

TABLE 1-2 variation of Cotton Stem thickness with time under different treatments

1.3 discussion

The plant height and stem thickness of cotton are often used as important indexes for representing the vegetative growth of overground parts, and particularly whether the initial node height of fruit branches is more than 20cm is an important index for judging whether the cotton is beneficial to mechanical picking. In production, the first fruit branch is often lower under the condition that the plant height is not enough or too short in the seedling stage, so that mechanical picking is seriously influenced, waste is serious, and high yield of cotton is not facilitated; high plant height in the seedling stage is easy to cause high-foot seedlings, high fruit setting, thin and weak stems, is not easy to absorb water and fertilizer, is easy to fall down, and is not beneficial to high yield of cotton. Research shows that D + S2 and D + S3 reach the standard of strong seedling and uniform seedling in the seedling stage.

1.4 conclusion

The influence of regulation and control of different exogenous plant growth regulators on the growth condition and root conditions of cotton in the seedling stage is researched, and the results show that D + S2 and D + S3 have obvious promotion effects on promoting early seedling growth and strengthening seedlings in the seedling stage of cotton.

The 2016 test was completed in the laboratory and further testing was required.

Test in 22017 years

In 2016, the test is carried out, the materials and the method are the same as those in 2016, and D + S1, D + S2 and D + S3 are all good in 2016, and D + S4 is added on the basis. The test varieties are: middle cotton institute 65

2.1.1 test site

Greenhouse of gardening experimental station of Tarim university.

2.1.2 test soil

The soil is 0cm-25cm from the surface of vegetable field in gardening experiment station of Tarim university, sieving to remove large particles, stones and other impurities, applying 3g carbendazim spray, sealing with film for 24h for sterilization, and loading into flowerpot (height 15cm, diameter 13 cm).

2.1.3 protocol

3 seeds are sowed in each pot with the depth of 1.5cm-2.0cm, the water irrigation of each pot is consistent, the flower pot is covered with a film, and the film covering is removed after the seedlings emerge. Spraying pesticide after 20d sowing, then sampling and spraying pesticide every 10d, and spraying pesticide and measuring for 3 times. During sampling, 5 plants are randomly taken from each group at each time, and the measurement is carried out at each time: plant height, stem thickness, etc.

TABLE 2-12017 years of Experimental treatment

2.2 discussion and analysis

2.2.1 plant height

The research shows that: the cotton plant height of the treated D + S1, D + S2, D + S3 and D + S4 is slowly increased at 10-20D and is rapidly increased at 20-30D, the cotton plant height of the DPC treated by the DPC is rapidly increased at 10-20D and is reduced at 20-30D, and the plant height of the clear water control group is stably increased. The treatments D + S1, D + S2, D + S3, D + S3 all differed significantly from dpc and CK at 30D. Wherein the plant heights of D + S2 and D + S4 are optimal.

TABLE 2-2 variation of Cotton plant height with time under different treatments

2.2.2 Stem thickness

The stem thickness of the plant is an important index reflecting the growth condition. As shown in tables 2-3, the research shows that the samples D + S1, D + S2, D + S4 and CK which are sampled at the 20 th day of spraying the exogenous plant regulator in the seedling stage of cotton are all significantly different, and the samples D + S2, D + S4 and DPC treatment are significantly different; the 30D samples D + S1, D + S2 and D + S4 have significant differences with CK and DPC, and the other treatments have insignificant differences with the control; the treatments have obvious promotion effect on the stem thickness in the seedling stage, and D + S1, D + S2 and D + S4 are better compared.

TABLE 2-3 variation of Cotton Stem thickness with time under different treatments

2.3 conclusion

Research shows that D + S3 and D + S4 promote strong seedlings and uniform seedlings in the seedling stage.

Test in 32018 years

And experiments in 2017 are carried out, and D + S3 and D + S4 promote strong seedlings and uniform seedling standards in the seedling stage.

3.1 materials tested the same method as 2017.

TABLE 3-12018 years of Experimental treatment

3.2 analysis

3.2.1 plant height

The research shows that: the plant height promotion is sequentially D + S4, D + S3, D + S2 and D + S1 from low to high.

TABLE 3-2 changes in Cotton plant height over time under different treatments

3.2.2 Stem thickness

TABLE 3-3 variation of Cotton Stem thickness with time under different treatments

The research shows that: the stem thickness promotion is sequentially D + S4, D + S3, D + S2 and D + S1 from low to high.

3.3 conclusion

Research shows that D + S4 and D + S3 promote strong seedling and uniform seedling in seedling stage.

4. 2020 field test (Normal film)

4.1 description

And accepting the test result of 2018, and the D + S3 and D + S4 promote strong seedlings and uniform seedling standard in the seedling stage. And further performing field experiments, and respectively performing film-covered cotton and film-free cotton.

4.1.1 test design

The tool is a green land agricultural knapsack multifunctional electric sprayer, the capacity of the pesticide box is 20L, and the flow is 1.2-1.8L/min.

4.1.2 environmental or facility cultivation conditions

In the test field, populus diversifolia forest in east region of Tarim university in Alarler city, agricultural Co, drip irrigation under film and cotton stubble before is selected. Soil texture: sandy loam, medium soil fertility; the growth of the crops is normal.

A sowing mode: precision seeding, one film with six rows and wide film: 2.05 m, width: 4.55 m, wide and narrow row configuration, row spacing: 66+10 cm, plant spacing: 11.5 cm, and the theoretical number of the seedling-protecting plants is 15800 plants/mu. Sowing date: 4, month and 17 days; head water time: 6 months and 8 days. The test varieties are: new land 51.

4.1.3 test design

The test field is selected from twelve-mass No. 2 Nebei Bidou No. 14 land with area of 144 mu and 5-17 fields in Aralar city of agricultural Engineers. Drip irrigation under the film, and one film is two tubes. The test set 6 treatments, D + S1, D + S2, D + S3, D + S4, DPC and clean water control, each treatment was repeated 3 times, each time three membranes were repeated, the length was 5 meters. Emergence of seedlings in 1 day in 5 months, spraying treatment in 10 days in 5 months, sampling 10 days after spraying, and spraying and sampling every 10 days later.

TABLE 4-12020 years of Experimental treatment

4.2 analysis

4.2.1 plant height

The research shows that: the plant height promotion is sequentially D + S3, D + S4, D + S2 and D + S1 from low to high.

TABLE 4-2 changes in Cotton plant height over time under different treatments

4.2.2 Stem thickness

TABLE 4-3 variation of Cotton Stem thickness with time under different treatments

Tables 4 to 3

4.3 conclusion

The results are consistent with the results of the greenhouse test.

5. Field test of 20202020 (No-film cotton test)

5.1 description

And accepting the test result of 2018, and the D + S3 and D + S4 promote strong seedlings and uniform seedling standard in the seedling stage. The test design is the same as 2020 normal film-covered field test.

5.2 analysis

5.2.1 plant height

TABLE 4-2 changes in Cotton plant height over time under different treatments

5.2.2 Stem thickness

5.3 conclusion

To summarize: through four years of experiments, (three years of greenhouse experiments), one year of field experiments (including two field verification experiments), the results show that: spraying D + S4 (mepiquat chloride 3g/667 m) in the seedling stage²⁺Sodium naphthaleneacetate 0.1-0.2 g/667m²) Can obviously increase the plant height and the stem thickness of the cotton in the seedling stage.

In another embodiment, the method further comprises a soil cultivation operation performed before sowing, wherein the soil cultivation is configured to comprise:

turning over in autumn and irrigating in winter;

wherein, in the step one, after harvesting in the previous season, the on-site straw crushing work is carried out in time, the crushed length is ensured to be 1-2cm, the stubble height is 0-5cm, the crushed straw is uniformly spread on the soil surface, the straw is covered on the soil for about 7-15 days, and the sterilization is carried out;

in the second step, on the basis of the first step, after 1500-2000kg of decomposed livestock manure and plant residue mixture and 800kg of cake fertilizer are applied to each mu, the soil turning operation is carried out, the tractor plough is carried out, the plough depth is 20-25cm, the plough depth is consistent, the upturned slices are well turnedThe soil-covering fertilizer has no upturned soil, upturned soil returning, weeds and straws, and is tightly covered and not exposed; leveling and loosening the ground surface; the cultivation width is not heavy and not exposed, the cultivation end is straight, and a triangular horn mouth is not left; the ground head lifting line is neat; the irrigation operation is carried out on the soil which is turned over in autumn, and the irrigation quantity per mu is more than 180m³So that the water content of the soil reaches about 35 to 42 percent. In the scheme, soil is improved, so that the soil in a specific area is modified, planting and breeding combination is realized, and the soil performance tends to be more perfect. In another example, a foster operation performed prior to seeding is also included, the foster configured to include:

the method comprises the following steps of firstly, improving the sterilized land by adopting an organic matter before sowing, wherein the effect of improving the soil of a local area such as a Tarim basin so as to enable the soil fertility to be released slowly to meet the growth requirement of cotton, and meanwhile, the water retention property is better, and the dust emission property in windy and sandy areas is controllable;

step two, sterilizing and drying the improved soil in the sun, wherein the operation is used for sterilizing germs, bacteria, worm eggs and the like generated by the crops in the last season in the improved soil, which can affect the germination and growth of cotton;

wherein in the step one, the soil improvement is to carry out irrigation operation on the harvested soil so as to lead the water content of the soil to reach about 35-42 percent, carry out land turning operation after applying 1500-fold and 800-fold decomposed livestock and poultry manure and plant residue mixture and cake fertilizer per mu for about 7-15 days, and adopt a mode of covering a transparent film or covering straws on the surface to cultivate the land, the function is to select the improved organic matters, reduce the use of the fertilizer as much as possible, prevent the influence of the residues in the soil on the soil performance, simultaneously further increase the possibility of fermenting and breeding microorganisms of the organic matters in the soil through the irrigation operation, isolate and heat absorb the heat to the soil through the covered transparent film so as to lead the reaction to be sufficient, and simultaneously kill partial harmful substances through the heat accumulation effect, the process is a soil improvement and soil cultivation process, so that the stability of the growth cycle is ensured;

in the second step, the operation of sterilizing and drying the soil is realized by spraying 30-40% of carbendazim wettable powder once in the improved soil and then airing for 2-3 days after the operation of turning over the soil, and the effect is that the improved soil is sterilized, so that bacteria bred in the early improvement period and bacteria in the planted soil are sterilized, so that the growth of cotton balls is not influenced on the premise of ensuring the fertility to be lasting.

In another example, the method ensures that 1 cotton seed is sown in each planting hole through a sowing machine during precision seeding and is used for controlling the seeding amount of fine sowing equipment, the reason is that corresponding seed soaking liquid can be adopted for seed soaking and magnetization treatment before sowing in order to ensure that the bead number per mu meets the requirement of seedling protection number in the scheme, the magnetization treatment is carried out for 30-35 s under the condition that the magnetic field strength is 500-700G and for 30s, the magnetization treatment is carried out for 15-20 s under the condition that the magnetic field strength is 1000-1200G and for 15s, the magnetization treatment is carried out for 25-45 s under the condition that the magnetic field strength is 700-750G, the cycle is adopted, the cycle is carried out for 2 times, and the cotton seeds are dried to the moisture content of 15-20 percent under the condition that the temperature is 28-32 ℃ after the magnetization treatment, thereby ensuring the seedling emergence effect.

In another example, the regulator for promoting and strengthening seedlings is sprayed by an unmanned aerial vehicle, and the spraying process is configured to include:

four upright posts are respectively arranged at four corners of soil, the tops of the adjacent upright posts are connected through metal rods arranged in a detachable mode, the height of each upright post is about 2-2.5m, at least one bearing post is also arranged between the adjacent upright posts, in the structural layout, the metal rods are supported and limited through the upright posts, and meanwhile, a reference target is provided for the unmanned aerial vehicle through the metal rods, so that the flying track of the unmanned aerial vehicle is more accurately limited in the spraying process, and basically no influence is caused on people, the detachable metal rods are arranged, so that the unmanned aerial vehicle can be detached in the later planting process, the work of the harvester is basically not influenced, in order to meet the use requirement, a mounting seat can be buried on the ground, the upright posts and the bearing posts are connected and fixed through matched fixing screws, and the working shadow degree of the tractor in the later period is smaller, the function of the bearing column is in connection of large span, and the metal rod is better supported and limited;

the flight height of the unmanned aerial vehicle is set so that the flight height of the unmanned aerial vehicle is matched with the height of the metal rod, and the unmanned aerial vehicle has the effects that the unmanned aerial vehicle is matched with the height of the metal rod through the height constraint on the unmanned aerial vehicle, so that the metal rod can be better identified, and the constraint on the work of the unmanned aerial vehicle is stronger;

the method comprises the following steps that a stand column at any corner is taken as a starting point, after a button of an unmanned aerial vehicle is started, the unmanned aerial vehicle automatically records the starting point as first position information, in the process, the giving of the starting point is started after a person operates a related button, and after a controller of the unmanned aerial vehicle receives the button information, the current position information of the unmanned aerial vehicle is obtained, the position information is set as the starting point, meanwhile, linear flight is started to any adjacent point of the point, and meanwhile, spraying operation is started in the flight process;

carrying a displacement sensor (distance sensor) matched with the metal rod on the unmanned aerial vehicle to acquire the distance between the unmanned aerial vehicle and the metal rod in real time, adjusting the flight track of the unmanned aerial vehicle according to the real-time distance, sensing the position of the metal rod through the displacement sensor in the process, considering that the unmanned aerial vehicle flies to the final point position of the diameter when reaching a preset position, and horizontally flying the preset distance to the position of the terminal point of the unmanned aerial vehicle to perform the spraying operation on the next straight line position, so that the spraying path of the unmanned aerial vehicle is in a similar shape;

a pressure sensor is arranged in a medicine barrel of the unmanned aerial vehicle, when the weight of the medicine barrel is lower than a preset value, the unmanned aerial vehicle sets the current point position as second position information and records the second position information, the unmanned aerial vehicle reads the first position information to return to the starting point for medicine adding operation, and the second position information stored in the device is read after the medicine is added, and then the device returns to the corresponding point position under the navigation of the GPS to continue the spraying operation, in the process, the matched pressure sensor is arranged in the barrel, so that the dosage of the medicine can be acquired in real time, thereby realizing that the medicine adding operation can return to the starting point in real time in the state of no medicine, compared with the prior art that the spraying path is controlled by the handle, the intelligent performance of the work is remarkably improved, and meanwhile, the second position information is acquired, so that the unmanned aerial vehicle can conveniently return to the position at a fixed point in the later period to perform continuous pesticide spraying operation;

setting the upright post on the diagonal of the starting point as a terminal point, setting a two-dimensional code (which can also be a bar code and a signal for radio frequency scanning) on the upright post, wherein the working mode of the upright post is similar to the scanning operation of a parking lot or the radio frequency scanning form of goods in a box), and determining that the unmanned aerial vehicle reaches the terminal point after reading related two-dimensional code information The limitation of the working mode and the working process ensures that the spraying uniformity is better and the controllability of the spraying process is better compared with the existing spraying scheme, thereby being suitable for the liquid medicine spraying operation in large-area planting.

In another example, spraying a defoliating agent when 40-60% of bolls of the planted cotton are mature and boll-opening;

spraying a ripener when 80-90% of cotton bolls are mature and boll-opening;

under the condition that the bolls are mature and boll opening is not less than 95%, a cotton picker is adopted for one-time harvesting, and in the mode, the bolls are subjected to defoliation treatment and ripening treatment in the relative mature period, so that the later-stage maturity and maturity period controllability are better, and the product stability and maturity in the later-stage mechanical harvesting are ensured.

In another example, when 40-55% of bolls of the planted cotton are mature and boll opening, the first cotton picking operation is manually carried out, and then the second and third cotton picking operations are respectively carried out at intervals of 10-15 days;

the cotton seedling is handled through the harvester after accomplishing last harvesting, adopt this kind of scheme, do not manual picking respectively to going on of different maturity periods, it mainly applies to under the higher occasion of cotton requiredness, handle the cotton leaf of different periods simultaneously, so that it makes things convenient for manual picking, simultaneously to the cotton boll in later stage accelerate ripe operation, its effect lies in compressing its ripe period, and then guarantee to pick the completeness, adopt the harvester to handle to the cotton seedling after picking in addition, its reason lies in that the toughness of cotton pearl is great, direct still field effect can receive the influence, the event needs to be collected it, so that the later stage is handled rotten ripe operation to it.

In another example, as shown in fig. 1-2, the harvester is configured to include a harvester-tractor combination, which is known in the art for agricultural machine combinations, and further not described, the harvester can be bolted to the tractor at other locations:

the coulters 1 are matched with the front end of the tractor to realize plowing and are used for plowing soil during working so as to facilitate separation of cotton balls from the soil;

the guide parts 2 are oppositely arranged above the coulters, one side of the guide parts 2 matched with the knife points is provided with an opening part 3, the guide parts are used for guiding the lower ends of the cotton balls through the opening part of the guide parts while plowing, so that the middle parts of the guide parts which are oppositely arranged are limited, and the cotton balls are conveyed backwards in the continuous forward process;

the at least one group of first compression rollers 4 are oppositely arranged in the length output direction of the guide piece and used for compacting the cotton balls, and the function of the at least one group of first compression rollers 4 is to flatten the upper ends of the cotton balls entering the guide piece, so that cotton branches are basically prevented from falling off in the compacting process because the cotton balls are not completely dried in the time period;

the first conveying belt 5 is arranged at the output end of the guide piece and is used for outputting the cotton balls, and the conveying direction of the first conveying belt is spatially vertical to the output direction of the guide piece so as to directionally conduct the cotton balls compacted and output by the guide piece;

a packing mechanism 6 for compacting the cotton balls is arranged below the output end of the conveying belt, is used for compacting the cotton balls which are conveyed to form a bundle shape, and is similar to component packing of the cotton balls so as to facilitate post-processing;

the second conveying belt 7 is vertically arranged in space with the first conveying belt and is used for directionally conveying the cotton balls in a bundle so as to crush the cotton balls, at least one second pressing roller 8 is arranged above the output end of the second conveying belt, the rotating direction of the second pressing roller is opposite to the conveying direction of the second conveying belt, the second pressing roller presses the longitudinally output cotton balls through the operation of the pressing roller, and meanwhile, the conveying speed of the second pressing roller is controlled through reflection rotation, so that the second conveying belt is conveniently crushed by a cutter assembly at the later stage;

the cutter assembly 9 is arranged at a preset distance from the output end of the second conveying belt and used for cutting cotton balls output by the second conveying belt, the cotton balls in bundles are crushed through the cutting treatment of the cutter assembly so as to facilitate the later-stage decomposition operation, and the telescopic assembly 10, the mounting plate 11 and the guide groove 12 which are matched with each other can be arranged according to needs, so that the cutter assembly can perform the cutting operation in the returning process, and the cutting effect is better;

the special-shaped lifting type conveying mechanism 13 arranged below the cutter component can be seen as a Z shape in space, the output end of the special-shaped lifting type conveying mechanism is communicated with a hopper of a tractor, and the crushed materials are conveyed through the structural layout of the conveying mechanism so as to smoothly enter the hopper of the tractor for secondary treatment;

wherein, the packaging mechanism is arranged in a through shape at one side matched with the first transmission belt and the second transmission belt, two ends of the packaging mechanism are respectively provided with a door body 14 matched with the first hydraulic cylinder, two ends of the packaging mechanism are respectively provided with a door body used for limiting the input and output periods of cotton balls, if the cotton balls are input, the door body at the rear end is closed to ensure that the quantity of the cotton balls transmitted and compacted reaches the requirement, and in the preset time, the machine considers that the quantity of the cotton balls reaches the requirement, so that the quantitative cotton balls are compacted through the pressing plate, and the door body at the front end is closed during compaction to form a closed space inside the packaging mechanism, the top of the packaging mechanism is connected with an inverted U-shaped pressing plate 15 connected with the second hydraulic cylinder for compacting, when the closed space is formed inside the packaging mechanism, the pressing plate is enabled to downwards compact the cotton balls through the action of the second hydraulic cylinder, in order to ensure that the cotton balls are matched with compaction effects of different quantities, a movable pressing sheet 16 can be further nested in the U-shaped pressing plate, so that in the pressing process, when the U-shaped pressing plate reaches a position to be abutted tightly, the pressing sheet continues to move downwards to supplement and press the cotton balls, supplement the compaction effects of the cotton balls, and can be matched with compaction scenes of different quantities.

In another example, the hopper is provided with a cover plate (not shown) matched with the hopper, the cover plate is further arranged on one side of the tractor through a matched lifting mechanism and is used for sealing the hopper on the tractor through the cover plate so as to prevent the hopper from flying dust and flying due to over fine broken cotton ball materials in the using process and ensure the stability of the environment and the materials;

the output side of the lifting mechanism is provided with a telescopic multi-section discharging barrel (not shown) on one side facing the hopper, the cover plate is provided with a through hole matched with the discharging barrel, the free end of the discharging barrel passes through the through hole or is detachably connected with the through hole, in the structure, the multi-section discharging barrel is matched with the upper part and the lower part of the cover plate in a descending way, in use, the materials in the hopper are compacted by the descending way of the cover plate at times, in the using process, quantitative auxiliary rotten material liquid or water can be sprayed after each compaction, the liquid tanks can be arranged on two sides of the hopper or on one side of the hopper, the output pipe of the liquid tanks is arranged behind the hopper, further, the materials are not influenced too much, the filled materials can be flushed out in the water spraying process, the influence is not great, and the cotton materials are replenished, so that the later decomposing period can be obviously shortened.

In another example, the tap cylinder is connected to the output side of the cover plate and/or the lift mechanism, respectively, by cooperating flexible tubes (not shown);

the elastic pipe is configured to be any one of a corrugated metal pipe and a corrugated rubber pipe, in the structure, the mechanical damage degree of the mechanical connection type structure in the movement process of the discharging barrel and the cover plate can be obviously reduced by arranging the telescopic pipes matched with each other at the two ends of the discharging barrel, the supporting stability of the equipment is further ensured, the telescopic structure is arranged at the two ends, or the telescopic structure is arranged at one end, the elastic pipe is used for ensuring the stability of the discharging barrel when the cover plate moves up and down and the reliability of the operation is better, the detachable connection is also convenient for later-stage detachment and maintenance, according to different practical use occasions, the discharging barrel is configured to be any one of the corrugated metal pipe and the corrugated rubber pipe, the discharging barrel is directly arranged to be the telescopic structure in the structure, and the detachable connection is used on the cover plate, The influence degree of descending on the mechanical structure of the cable is reduced, and meanwhile, the stability of connection is not influenced.

In another example, as shown in fig. 3, a storage bin 14 is further included, which is coupled to a hopper, and is used for processing the real-time harvested cotton material at the ground, applying the processed cotton material as compost, meeting the requirement of self-processing organic fertilizer in a specific area, and providing a better effect for soil modification in a specific area (such as a Tarim basin), and returning the processed cotton material to the field, and is configured to include:

the structure of the frame set is adopted, so that the internal bearing effect is better, and meanwhile, the assembly and maintenance are convenient, and the constant temperature performance of the interior of the frame set is better when the frame set is used in a specific area due to the design of the double-layer structure;

the crushing cutter 15 is matched with the internal structure of the frame set, and is provided with a cutting surface matched with the whole surface of a packaging plate 16 at the top of the frame set in space, the crushing cutter is arranged on the packaging plate at the top so as to cut the compacted materials into small blocks in the process of pressing down the packaging plate at the top, the compaction treatment is to prevent the materials from being crushed and dust in the process of carrying, and simultaneously the stability of carrying is ensured, the crushing cutter can be arranged on the packaging plate at the top through a plurality of connecting columns 17 in the specific operation, a grid-shaped cutting mechanism 18 is detachably arranged at the free end of the crushing cutter to form a grid-shaped cutting surface, so that the internal materials are cut into blocks when the packaging plate at the top is pressed down and sealed;

the packaging plate at least at one side of the frame set is pivoted at the bottom of the frame set and is used for outputting materials after being opened at a later stage, the packaging plate can be opened at an earlier stage according to needs, and is separated from the storage box by adopting other excavating mechanisms to ensure the discharging effect, and is opened at the later stage to ensure that the materials can be discharged in other manual modes, so that the internal cleanliness of the packaging plate is ensured;

in the structure, the pressure sensor 20, the temperature sensor 21 and the check valve 22 are arranged on the fixed side packaging plate of the frame set, and the host 23 matched with the pressure sensor and the temperature sensor is arranged on the outer side of the side packaging plate;

the bottom surface 24 of the frame assembly and the side packaging plate which is fixed are respectively provided with a heating mechanism (not shown) which is matched with the bottom surface and the side packaging plate and is used for heating the inside of the equipment, so that the internal temperature of the equipment can be passively raised, and the processing speed of internal materials is further increased.

In another example, the compacted cotton material is processed by a harvester, and when a rear side plate of the harvester is in an open state, the material hopper is inclined by a certain angle, so that the material plate is separated from the material hopper;

the method comprises the steps of firstly heating the interior of the cotton balls after the storage is finished, stopping the machine when the internal temperature reaches 40-55 ℃, heating the cotton balls again after 5-7 days, stopping the machine when the internal temperature reaches 55-65 ℃, and finishing the decomposition operation of the materials after natural fermentation for 7-10 days.

The above scheme is merely illustrative of a preferred example, and is not limiting. When the invention is implemented, appropriate replacement and/or modification can be carried out according to the requirements of users.

The number of apparatuses and the scale of the process described herein are intended to simplify the description of the present invention. Applications, modifications and variations of the present invention will be apparent to those skilled in the art.

While embodiments of the invention have been disclosed above, it is not intended to be limited to the uses set forth in the specification and examples. It can be applied to all kinds of fields suitable for the present invention. Additional modifications will readily occur to those skilled in the art. It is therefore intended that the invention not be limited to the exact details and illustrations described and illustrated herein, but fall within the scope of the appended claims and equivalents thereof.

Claims

1. A cotton planting method for promoting and strengthening seedlings is characterized in that precision seeding is adopted and wide-narrow row allocation is carried out to ensure that the row spacing is 66-76 cm, the plant spacing is 9.6-11.5 cm, and the theoretical number of the seedlings is 13800-16800 plants/mu;

2. The method for growing cotton with seedling promotion and strengthening effects as claimed in claim 1, further comprising a soil cultivation operation performed before sowing, wherein the soil cultivation is configured to include:

turning over in autumn and irrigating in winter; wherein, in the step one, after harvesting in the previous season, the on-site straw crushing work is carried out in time, the crushed length is ensured to be 1-2cm, the stubble height is 0-5cm, the crushed straw is uniformly spread on the soil surface, the straw is covered on the soil for about 7-15 days, and the sterilization is carried out;

3. The cotton planting method for promoting and strengthening seedlings according to claim 1, wherein the seedling-promoting and seedling-strengthening regulator is sprayed by an unmanned aerial vehicle, and the spraying process is configured to include:

4. The method for planting cotton with seedling promotion and seedling strengthening functions as claimed in claim 1, wherein, when 40-60% of bolls of the planted cotton are mature and boll opening, defoliating agent is sprayed;

spraying a ripener when 80-90% of cotton bolls are mature and boll-opening;

5. The method for planting cotton with seedling promotion and seedling strengthening functions as claimed in claim 1, wherein when 40-55% of bolls of the planted cotton are mature and boll opening, the first cotton picking operation is manually performed, and then the second and third cotton picking operations are performed at intervals of 10-15 days;

6. The seedling promoting and strengthening cotton planting method according to claim 5, wherein the harvester is configured to include:

7. A cotton planting method for promoting and strengthening seedlings as claimed in claim 6, wherein the hopper is provided with a cover plate matched with the hopper, and the cover plate is further installed on one side of the tractor through a matched lifting mechanism;

8. A cotton planting method for promoting and strengthening seedlings as claimed in claim 7, wherein the discharging barrel is connected with the output side of the cover plate and/or the lifting mechanism through matched elastic pipes;

9. The method for growing cotton with seedling promotion and strengthening effects as claimed in claim 6, further comprising a storage box cooperating with the hopper, and configured to comprise:

10. The cotton planting method for promoting seedlings and strengthening seedlings as claimed in claim 9, wherein the compacted cotton is processed by a harvester, and when a rear side plate of the harvester is in an open state, a plate is separated from the hopper by inclining the hopper at a certain angle;