CN109757176B - Cultivation medium and planting method for snakegourd fruit - Google Patents
Cultivation medium and planting method for snakegourd fruit Download PDFInfo
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- CN109757176B CN109757176B CN201910206715.5A CN201910206715A CN109757176B CN 109757176 B CN109757176 B CN 109757176B CN 201910206715 A CN201910206715 A CN 201910206715A CN 109757176 B CN109757176 B CN 109757176B
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Abstract
The invention discloses a cultivation substrate for snakegourd fruit and a planting method using the substrate, which improve the aspects of seedling culture, shelving, artificial pollination, fertilization management, pest control and the like so as to achieve the effect of improving the yield and quality of snakegourd fruit.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to a cultivation medium and a planting method for snakegourd fruit, and belongs to the field of agricultural planting.
Background
Snakegourd fruit, another name: trichosanthes kirilowii, trichosanthes kirilowii Maxim and trichosanthes kirilowii Maxim. Perennial climbing type herbaceous plants. It is fond of growing in the cliff stone seam of deep mountain and thorns. The fruits, the peels, the nuts (seeds) and the rhizomes of the Chinese medicinal herbs are superior traditional Chinese medicinal materials. Mainly used for clearing heat and eliminating phlegm, relieving chest stuffiness and dissipating stagnation, moistening dryness and lubricating intestines. Can be used for treating cough due to lung heat, turbid phlegm, thoracic obstruction, cardialgia, distention and fullness in chest, acute mastitis, pulmonary abscess, intestinal abscess swelling and pain, and constipation.
As the snakegourd fruit, the snakegourd seed and the snakegourd root have high market prices, more and more farmers plant snakegourd fruit. The traditional cultivation medium and planting method for snakegourd fruit have limitation on yield and cannot meet the planting requirement.
Disclosure of Invention
In order to overcome the defects, the invention provides the cultivation substrate and the planting method of the snakegourd fruit, and the cultivation substrate and the planting method are improved to achieve the effect of improving the yield and the quality of the snakegourd fruit.
The scheme of the invention is as follows: a cultivation medium for fructus Trichosanthis comprises organic fertilizer of folium Trichosanthis and river sand;
the preparation method of the snakegourd vine leaf organic fertilizer comprises the following steps:
(1) in late autumn, after the snakegourd fruits are harvested, collecting the snakegourd fruit vine leaves after the snakegourd fruit vine leaves are naturally withered and yellow, and removing impurities for later use; collecting natural withered and yellow vine leaves of the snakegourd fruit and the sweet potato vine leaves, and removing impurities for later use;
(2) selecting a proper land block for digging a pit, tamping the bottom and the periphery of the pit, wherein the diameter of the pit is 2-3 meters, and the depth of the pit is 1-2 meters;
(3) crushing collected snake gourd vine leaves and sweet potato vine leaves respectively, adding vinasse, and mixing, wherein the mixing ratio is 1:0.6-0.8:0.4-0.5, forming a vine and leaf mixture;
(4) laying a layer of 10-15cm of straw at the bottom of the pit, then laying a layer of 20-30cm of vine and leaf mixture, spraying a layer of water on the mixture, and then laying a layer of 4-6cm of pond sludge; laying a layer of human and animal excrement of 3-5cm on the sludge in the pond;
coating a layer of 20-30cm vine leaf mixture on human and animal feces by the method, spraying a layer of water on the mixture, and then spreading a layer of pond sludge of 4-6 cm; laying a layer of human and animal excrement of 3-5cm on the sludge in the pond; spreading vine and leaf mixture on the human and animal excrement until reaching the top of the pit; after a layer of water is sprayed, the pithead is covered by a plastic film;
(5) turning over once every month, and then spraying a layer of water; after 3 months, the preparation of the organic fertilizer for the snakegourd vine leaves is finished, and the organic fertilizer is air-dried or dried and sealed for later use;
the method for preparing the culture medium for the snakegourd fruit comprises the following steps:
(1) cleaning river sand of 40-70 meshes, screening and disinfecting for later use;
(2) mixing the organic fertilizer of the snake gourd vine leaves with the river sand and sandy soil after detoxification, wherein the mixing ratio is 2-3:0.6-0.9: 1.2-1.6.
An application method of a culture medium for snakegourd fruit comprises the following steps:
digging a round pit in a planting land, placing 40-70 meshes of river sand with the thickness of 2-3cm at the bottom of the round pit, then placing a 4-6cm thick planting substrate, then placing a 12-14cm thick nutrition substrate, then placing a 3-5cm thick planting substrate, then vertically inserting seedling roots in the center of the round pit, then placing 3-4cm thick sandy soil, simply tamping, and then watering thoroughly.
A planting method of snakegourd fruit is characterized by comprising the following steps:
first, grow seedlings
(1) Land selection
Selecting sandy soil with thick soil layer, rich soil, convenient irrigation and drainage and pH value of 6.5-7; the roots of the snakegourd fruits are deep, and can grow to be more than 1.6m, so that the land is deeply ploughed for at least 1m before the winter of the year before seedling culture, and plant residual roots, straws, soil blocks, stones and garbage in field soil are removed; 40-80 kg of lime needs to be spread in each mu of land;
(2) fertilizing
Applying primary fertilizer to the plots one month before seedling culture, applying 1600-2000Kg of farmyard manure, 30-40 Kg of NPK compound fertilizer, 20-30Kg of calcium superphosphate and 40-50Kg of cake fertilizer to each mu of plots, turning over the plots, and watering; watering for the first time to ensure that the water is at least 8cm through the soil, and watering again after one week to ensure that the water is at least 15cm through the soil;
(3) selecting seedling-raising roots
Selecting healthy snakegourd fruit plants which have no plant diseases and insect pests and grow for 3-4 years, and digging root tubers; selecting root tuber with diameter of 4-7cm, cleaning, cutting into 4-5cm small segments, coating lime on two ends, slightly drying in the sun, and storing to obtain seed root;
(4) root of buried seedling
Before seedling raising of the seed roots, soaking the seed roots in a rooting agent for 5-10 sec; after soaking, the mixture is dried for 10sec and then buried in the land; the rooting agent is prepared by mixing and dissolving sodium nitrate, copper sulfate, manganese sulfate, boric acid powder, disodium ethylene diamine tetraacetate, ferrous sulfate, indolebutyric acid, naphthylacetic acid, cryptomeria japonica leaf extract, Chinese pine leaf extract and water;
the distance between seedling roots and plants buried in the soil of the land parcel is 40-50cm, and the row spacing is 1.2-1.6 m; before embedding, digging a round hole with the depth of 25-30cm and the diameter of 20-30cm at an embedding point, simply tamping the bottom surface and the periphery of the round hole, placing 40-70 meshes of river sand with the thickness of 2-3cm at the bottom of the round hole, then placing a culture medium with the thickness of 4-6cm, then placing a nutrient medium with the thickness of 12-14cm, then placing a culture medium with the thickness of 3-5cm, then vertically inserting a seedling root in the center of the round hole, then placing sandy soil with the thickness of 3-4cm, simply tamping, and then watering thoroughly;
wherein, the embedded seed roots are matched with female tuberous roots and male tuberous roots according to the proportion of 5-8: 1;
(5) film coating
After watering, covering a layer of black film on the surface of the land, and compacting the periphery; after two weeks, the black film above the round holes is punctured, so that the seedlings of the tuberous roots can emerge conveniently, and then a layer of transparent film is covered, the requirement for covering the film is loose, and the growth space of the tuberous root seedlings is ensured; removing the transparent film when the seedling grows to 8-10cm, and simultaneously punching a plurality of small holes on the black film; removing the black film when the seedlings grow to 28-5cm, finishing seedling raising, and guiding the seedlings to be put on shelves;
second, put on shelf
(1) Making seedling frame
Selecting 1.5-1.8m cement columns, arranging one cement column every 4 cement columns, arranging each row, building a transverse frame between every two adjacent longitudinal cement columns by using bamboo poles, fixing the transverse frame on the cement columns by using iron wires, and connecting and fixing the tops of every two adjacent transverse cement columns by using iron wires;
(2) seedling guiding device
Inserting a bamboo pole into the soil 10cm away from each snakegourd fruit, wherein the height of the part of the bamboo pole exposed out of the soil is not less than 1.5m, so that the top of the bamboo pole can be fixed on an iron wire between adjacent cement columns at the top; 2-3 healthy, disease-free and strong stems and tendrils are reserved for each snakegourd plant, the rest redundant branches and axillary buds are removed, the snakegourd stems and tendrils are led to a bamboo pole, and the snakegourd stems and tendrils are lightly bound on the bamboo pole through a rope;
(3) stem and vine management
After the snakegourd fruit stems are put on the rack, the growth of the snakegourd fruit stems is observed regularly, and branches, excessive branches and axillary buds of the snakegourd fruit stems with weak growth vigor need to be removed in time, so that nutrition concentration during growth of the snakegourd fruit stems is guaranteed, the stems are distributed more uniformly, and light transmittance and ventilation are improved;
third, artificial pollination in flowering period
The female root tuber and the male root tuber are matched according to the proportion of 5-8:1, but artificial pollination is needed in the flowering period in order to improve the fruiting rate;
preparing paper and a hairbrush, enabling the paper sheet to be close to the position right below a trichosanthes kirilowii maxim stamen, slightly brushing the stamen by using the hairbrush in an inclined mode, enabling pollen to fall on the paper, collecting the pollen together, and placing the pollen in a glass bottle; the cotton swab stuck with the pollen is lightly wiped on the stigma of the pistil by using the cotton swab, so that the pollen is stuck on the stigma, and then the pollination is finished;
fourth, fertilization management
After the seedlings are introduced and before the flowering period, applying 28-35Kg of water flush fertilizer for each mu by combining watering for 3-5 times; in the process, a foliar fertilizer is sprayed for 3-4 times, and the foliar fertilizer selects fulvic acid organic fertilizer and medium and trace nutrients such as magnesium, boron, zinc, iron and the like to ensure the growth of the melon vines and supplement nutrition for later flowering and fruit setting;
after fruiting and before picking, applying 42-50Kg of water flush fertilizer once per mu per month, and spraying a foliar fertilizer once per month, wherein the foliar fertilizer selects medium and trace nutrient elements such as boron, calcium, magnesium, zinc, manganese and the like, so that the fruit expansion speed is increased, and deformed melons are reduced;
fifth, prevention and cure of plant diseases and insect pests
The diseases and insect pests of the snakegourd fruit are mainly anthracnose and gummy stem blight; diaphania cucullata, melon flies, cucumber, aphids and winged moths;
the anthrax can be sprayed with 1200 times of 50% prochloraz wettable powder or 600 times of 25% bromothalonil wettable powder, every 7-10 days for 1 time, and 2-3 times; 600 times of liquid of 50 percent thiophanate methyl wettable powder or 800 times of liquid of 38 percent oxadixyl at the early stage of the onset of gummy stem blight;
selecting 3000 times of 15% indoxacarb suspending agent or 800 times of 0.36% matrine missible oil solution for diaphania cucullata (Diaphania indica); spraying 2.5 percent of high-efficiency cyhalothrin emulsifiable solution 2800 times for 3-5 days for 1 time and continuously spraying for 2-3 times in the full growth period of the bactrocera cucurbitae; the cucumber is treated with 1800 times of 20 percent of moth-methyl missible oil or 5000 times of 10 percent of beta-cypermethrin; aphid is treated with 1200 times of 50% malade emulsion or 1000 times of 50% fenitrothion emulsion; the paranthrene can be sprayed with 1800 times of solution of 10% -20% pyrethroid pesticide.
Further, the rooting agent is prepared by mixing and dissolving 20-40g of sodium nitrate, 50-60g of copper sulfate, 70-90g of manganese sulfate, 45-60g of boric acid powder, 50-60g of ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid disodium, 20-40g of ferrous sulfate, 0.5-0.8g of indolebutyric acid, 0.3-0.6g of naphthylacetic acid, 0.1-0.3g of a cedar leaf extract, 0.1-0.2g of a Chinese red pine leaf extract and 1400g of water 1300-.
Furthermore, the nutrient medium is prepared by mixing peat soil, yellow core soil, perlite and pine needle leaf powder according to the proportion of 1.3-1.8:2.2-2.9:0.6-0.9: 0.4-0.8.
Further, after a plurality of small holes are punched, the liquid fertilizer is sprayed through the small holes once a week.
The organic fertilizer for the snakegourd vine leaves in the culture medium effectively uses the snakegourd vine leaves and sweet potato vine leaves which are discarded in late autumn, and is prepared from local materials and low in use cost. The fermented snakegourd fruit vine leaves and sweet potato vine leaves contain nutrient elements such as nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, iron, nitrogen and the like, play a very important role in the growth of crops, are components of amino acid in plants, are components forming protein, and are also important components for photosynthesis of the plants. Can promote cell division and growth, promote seedling development, and has good effects on carbohydrate metabolism and protein synthesis; and vinasse is also added, the vinasse contains rich mineral substances such as iron, calcium and the like, the content of trace elements is also high, the nutrition of the culture medium is increased, and on the other hand, a small amount of ethanol is remained in the vinasse, and the ethanol can play a role in sterilization and disinfection in the fermentation process.
The snakegourd vine leaf organic fertilizer disclosed by the invention is prepared by a self-created multilayer fermentation method during fermentation, and is prepared from straw, vine leaf mixture, pond sludge, human and animal urine manure and vine leaf mixture from the bottom layer upwards. The straws placed at the bottom can gather the lower fertilizer liquid in the beginning process of fermentation, so that the fertilizer liquid can be fully mixed when the straws are turned for the first time; the pond sludge can participate in fermentation, and can reduce the evaporation of water and facilitate full fermentation.
Before the seedling root tubers are buried in the ground, the seedling root tubers are soaked by a rooting agent to promote rooting. The rooting agent is added with a common nutrition formula and a rooting formula, and a cedar leaf extract and a Chinese pine leaf extract are specially added, so that the cedar leaf extract and the Chinese pine leaf extract are matched, exogenous auxin required by plant rooting is supplemented, synthesis of endogenous auxin in a plant body is promoted, the growth of straight roots and fibrous roots is promoted, the formation of adventitious roots is induced, and the growth of main roots and lateral roots can be promoted simultaneously.
The root tuber propagation of snakegourd fruit is generally carried directly without transplantation, and the advantages of seedling raising in a nutrition pot cannot be utilized. If the nutrient medium is directly paved on the land, the cost is high. According to the invention, round holes are dug on the land, and the periphery and the bottom are tamped to form a nutrition pot similar to the nutrition pot, and because the nutrient substances of the upper-layer nutrient medium and the organic fertilizer tamped on the periphery and the bottom can be stored for a relatively long time, the nutrient absorption of the root tuber is facilitated, and the healthy growth of the snakegourd fruit at the early stage of seedling culture is ensured. River sand is placed at the bottom of the round hole, so that the nutrient moisture permeated from the upper part can be conveniently collected and stored, the cultivation medium and the nutrient medium are arranged in a layered mode, the slow permeation of the fertilizer on the upper part is also realized, the retention time is prolonged, and the nutrient supply of the snakegourd seedlings is ensured.
Early factors in early root tuber propagation of snakegourd are mainly weeds and pests. Generally, only one film, either a transparent film or a black film, is used for the root tuber propagation of the snakegourd fruit. The black film can effectively prevent weeds from being generated, but can influence the growth of tender snakegourd seedlings. The invention uses the black film in the early stage, inhibits the photosynthesis of weeds, can reduce the generation probability of the weeds and has control effect on pests. After the young seedlings of the snakegourd fruit grow out, the young seedlings are manually punctured to enable the young seedlings to grow into black films, and meanwhile, a layer of transparent film is covered on the young seedlings, so that the photosynthesis of the young seedlings is not influenced, and the young seedlings can be kept warm and moisturized. When the seedlings grow to 8-10cm, the transparent film is removed, and a plurality of small holes are punched on the black film, so that liquid fertilizer can be applied to ensure the healthy growth of the seedlings, and the black film is continuously kept to inhibit weeds.
The snakegourd fruit root tuber of the invention is not normally laid flat, but is inserted vertically. The study finds that compared with the horizontal insertion, the root system of the root tuber grows obliquely downwards towards two sides relatively or around the root tuber of snakegourd fruit by taking the root tuber as the center of a circle. The root system is more standard, and is more effective when absorbing nutrition of nutrient medium and organic fertilizer, thus ensuring that the prepared radix trichosanthis has good quality and uniform components during later harvest.
The nutrient medium of the invention consists of peat soil, pine needle leaf powder, perlite and yellow core soil. The peat soil and the perlite have the effects of water retention and fertilizer retention, the yellow core soil is basically not influenced by ground surface cultivated layers and growing plants, and the root systems, germs and ova of crops are fewer, so that the yellow core soil is used as a container seedling substrate material, and the occurrence of plant diseases and insect pests can be greatly reduced. The pine needle leaf powder contains rich amino acids, trace elements and inorganic elements, can increase substrate nutrients after being added, also contains bioactive substances such as phytohormone, phytoncide and the like, can detoxify and kill insects, and has strong bacteriostatic ability.
Detailed Description
The present invention will be further described with reference to the following examples.
Example 1
A cultivation medium for fructus Trichosanthis comprises organic fertilizer of folium Trichosanthis and river sand;
the preparation method of the snakegourd vine leaf organic fertilizer comprises the following steps:
(1) in late autumn, after the snakegourd fruits are harvested, collecting the snakegourd fruit vine leaves after the snakegourd fruit vine leaves are naturally withered and yellow, and removing impurities for later use; collecting natural withered and yellow vine leaves of the snakegourd fruit and the sweet potato vine leaves, and removing impurities for later use;
(2) selecting a proper land block for digging a pit, tamping the bottom and the periphery of the pit, wherein the diameter of the pit is 2-3 meters, and the depth of the pit is 1-2 meters;
(3) crushing collected snake gourd vine leaves and sweet potato vine leaves respectively, adding vinasse, and mixing, wherein the mixing ratio is 1: 0.7:0.4, forming a vine and leaf mixture;
(4) laying a layer of 10-15cm of straw at the bottom of the pit, then laying a layer of 20-30cm of vine and leaf mixture, spraying a layer of water on the mixture, and then laying a layer of 4-6cm of pond sludge; laying a layer of human and animal excrement of 3-5cm on the sludge in the pond;
coating a layer of 20-30cm vine leaf mixture on human and animal feces by the method, spraying a layer of water on the mixture, and then spreading a layer of pond sludge of 4-6 cm; laying a layer of human and animal excrement of 3-5cm on the sludge in the pond; spreading vine and leaf mixture on the human and animal excrement until reaching the top of the pit; after a layer of water is sprayed, the pithead is covered by a plastic film;
(5) turning over once every month, and then spraying a layer of water; after 3 months, the preparation of the organic fertilizer for the snakegourd vine leaves is finished, and the organic fertilizer is air-dried or dried and sealed for later use;
the method for preparing the culture medium of the snakegourd fruit comprises the following steps:
(1) cleaning river sand of 40-70 meshes, screening and disinfecting for later use;
(2) and mixing the organic fertilizer of the snake gourd vine leaves with the river sand and sandy soil after detoxification according to the mixing ratio of 2.5:0.7: 1.5.
Example 2
A planting method of snakegourd fruit comprises the following steps:
first, grow seedlings
(1) Land selection
Selecting sandy soil with thick soil layer, rich soil, convenient irrigation and drainage and pH value of 6.5-7; the roots of the snakegourd fruits are deep, and can grow to be more than 1.6m, so that the land is deeply ploughed for at least 1m before the winter of the year before seedling culture, and plant residual roots, straws, soil blocks, stones and garbage in field soil are removed; 65 kilograms of lime needs to be spread in each mu of land;
(2) fertilizing
Applying primary fertilizer to the plots one month before seedling cultivation, applying 1900Kg of farmyard manure, 33Kg of NPK compound fertilizer, 26Kg of calcium superphosphate and 48Kg of cake fertilizer to each mu of plots, turning over the plots, and watering; watering for the first time to ensure that the water is at least 8cm through the soil, and watering again after one week to ensure that the water is at least 15cm through the soil;
(3) selecting seedling-raising roots
Selecting healthy snakegourd fruit plants which have no plant diseases and insect pests and grow for 3-4 years, and digging root tubers; selecting root tuber with diameter of 4-7cm, cleaning, cutting into 4-5cm small segments, coating lime on two ends, slightly drying in the sun, and storing to obtain seed root;
(4) root of buried seedling
Before seedling raising of the seed roots, soaking the seed roots in a rooting agent for 5-10 sec; after soaking, the mixture is dried for 10sec and then buried in the land; the rooting agent is prepared by mixing and dissolving 25g of sodium nitrate, 56g of copper sulfate, 80g of manganese sulfate, 60g of boric acid powder, 52g of ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid, 28g of ferrous sulfate, 0.7g of indolebutyric acid, 0.4g of naphthylacetic acid, 0.2g of cryptomeria fortunei leaf extract, 0.2g of Chinese pine leaf extract and 1300g of water;
the distance between seedling roots and plants buried in the soil of the land parcel is 40-50cm, and the row spacing is 1.2-1.6 m; before embedding, digging a round hole with the depth of 25-30cm and the diameter of 20-30cm at an embedding point, simply tamping the bottom surface and the periphery of the round hole, placing 40-70 meshes of river sand with the thickness of 2-3cm at the bottom of the round hole, then placing the culture medium of the embodiment 1 with the thickness of 4-6cm, then placing the nutrient medium with the thickness of 12-14cm, then placing the culture medium of the snake gourd vine leaf organic fertilizer and the river sand with the thickness of 3-5cm, then vertically inserting a seedling raising root in the center of the round hole, then placing sandy soil with the thickness of 3-4cm, simply tamping, and then watering; the nutrient medium is prepared by mixing peat soil, yellow core soil, perlite and pine needle leaf powder according to the proportion of 1.4:2.8:0.7: 0.5.
Wherein, the embedded seed roots are matched with female tuberous roots and male tuberous roots according to the proportion of 7: 1;
(5) film coating
After watering, covering a layer of black film on the surface of the land, and compacting the periphery; after two weeks, the black film above the round holes is punctured, so that the seedlings of the tuberous roots can emerge conveniently, and then a layer of transparent film is covered, the requirement for covering the film is loose, and the growth space of the tuberous root seedlings is ensured; removing the transparent film when the seedling grows to 8-10cm, and simultaneously punching a plurality of small holes on the black film; removing the black film when the seedlings grow to 28-35cm, completing seedling culture, and guiding the seedlings to be put on shelves;
second, put on shelf
(1) Making seedling frame
Selecting 1.5-1.8m cement columns, arranging one cement column every 4 cement columns, arranging each row, building a transverse frame between every two adjacent longitudinal cement columns by using bamboo poles, fixing the transverse frame on the cement columns by using iron wires, and connecting and fixing the tops of every two adjacent transverse cement columns by using iron wires;
(2) seedling guiding device
Inserting a bamboo pole into the soil 10cm away from each snakegourd fruit, wherein the height of the part of the bamboo pole exposed out of the soil is not less than 1.5m, so that the top of the bamboo pole can be fixed on an iron wire between adjacent cement columns at the top; 2-3 healthy, disease-free and strong stems and tendrils are reserved for each snakegourd plant, the rest redundant branches and axillary buds are removed, the snakegourd stems and tendrils are led to a bamboo pole, and the snakegourd stems and tendrils are lightly bound on the bamboo pole through a rope;
(3) stem and vine management
After the snakegourd fruit stems are put on the rack, the growth of the snakegourd fruit stems is observed regularly, and branches, excessive branches and axillary buds of the snakegourd fruit stems with weak growth vigor need to be removed in time, so that nutrition concentration during growth of the snakegourd fruit stems is guaranteed, the stems are distributed more uniformly, and light transmittance and ventilation are improved;
third, artificial pollination in flowering period
The female root tuber and the male root tuber are matched, but artificial pollination is needed in the flowering period in order to improve the fruiting rate;
preparing paper and a hairbrush, enabling the paper sheet to be close to the position right below a trichosanthes kirilowii maxim stamen, slightly brushing the stamen by using the hairbrush in an inclined mode, enabling pollen to fall on the paper, collecting the pollen together, and placing the pollen in a glass bottle; the cotton swab stuck with the pollen is lightly wiped on the stigma of the pistil by using the cotton swab, so that the pollen is stuck on the stigma, and then the pollination is finished;
fourth, fertilization management
After the seedlings are introduced and before the flowering period, applying 33Kg of flush fertilizer per mu by combining watering for 3-5 times; in the process, a foliar fertilizer is sprayed for 3-4 times, and the foliar fertilizer selects fulvic acid organic fertilizer and medium and trace nutrients such as magnesium, boron, zinc, iron and the like to ensure the growth of the melon vines and supplement nutrition for later flowering and fruit setting;
after fruiting and before picking, applying a water flush fertilizer of 45Kg per mu once a month, and spraying a foliar fertilizer once a month, wherein the foliar fertilizer selects medium and trace nutrient elements such as boron, calcium, magnesium, zinc, manganese and the like, so that the fruit expansion speed is increased, and deformed melons are reduced;
fifth, prevention and cure of plant diseases and insect pests
The diseases and insect pests of the snakegourd fruit are mainly anthracnose and gummy stem blight; diaphania cucullata, melon flies, cucumber, aphids and winged moths;
the anthrax can be sprayed with 1200 times of 50% prochloraz wettable powder or 600 times of 25% bromothalonil wettable powder, every 7-10 days for 1 time, and 2-3 times; 600 times of liquid of 50 percent thiophanate methyl wettable powder or 800 times of liquid of 38 percent oxadixyl at the early stage of the onset of gummy stem blight;
selecting 3000 times of 15% indoxacarb suspending agent or 800 times of 0.36% matrine missible oil solution for diaphania cucullata (Diaphania indica); spraying 2.5 percent of high-efficiency cyhalothrin emulsifiable solution 2800 times for 3-5 days for 1 time and continuously spraying for 2-3 times in the full growth period of the bactrocera cucurbitae; the cucumber is treated with 1800 times of 20 percent of moth-methyl missible oil or 5000 times of 10 percent of beta-cypermethrin; aphid is treated with 1200 times of 50% malade emulsion or 1000 times of 50% fenitrothion emulsion; the paranthrene can be sprayed with 1800 times of solution of 10% -20% pyrethroid pesticide.
Planting test
The applicant selects 40 mu land for planting test; harvesting fruits for one year;
wherein 10 acres are planted according to the method of the embodiment 2 and form a group 1; wherein 10 mu of the culture medium in the embodiment 2 is completely changed into a nutrient medium to form a group 2; wherein 10 mu of the soil is obtained by replacing all the culture medium and the nutrient medium in the embodiment 2 with common sandy soil, and the group is 3; 10 acres of the Chinese medicinal herbs are planted according to a conventional method to form a group 4. In the planting process, observing the growth condition of the snakegourd fruit; and (4) counting various indexes and yields in fruit harvesting real time, wherein the results are shown in the following table I and table II.
Although particular embodiments of the invention have been described and illustrated in detail, it should be understood that various equivalent changes and modifications could be made to the above-described embodiments in accordance with the spirit of the invention, and the resulting functional effects would still fall within the scope of the invention.
Claims (1)
1. A planting method of snakegourd fruit is characterized by comprising the following steps:
first, grow seedlings
(1) Land selection
Selecting sandy soil with thick soil layer, rich soil, convenient irrigation and drainage and pH value of 6.5-7; the roots of the snakegourd fruits are deep, and can grow to be more than 1.6m, so that the land is deeply ploughed for at least 1m before the winter of the year before seedling culture, and plant residual roots, straws, soil blocks, stones and garbage in field soil are removed; 40-80 kg of lime needs to be spread in each mu of land;
(2) fertilizing
Applying primary fertilizer to the plots one month before seedling culture, applying 1600-2000Kg of farmyard manure, 30-40 Kg of NPK compound fertilizer, 20-30Kg of calcium superphosphate and 40-50Kg of cake fertilizer to each mu of plots, turning over the plots, and watering; watering for the first time to ensure that the water is at least 8cm through the soil, and watering again after one week to ensure that the water is at least 15cm through the soil;
(3) selecting seedling-raising roots
Selecting healthy snakegourd fruit plants which have no plant diseases and insect pests and grow for 3-4 years, and digging root tubers; selecting root tuber with diameter of 4-7cm, cleaning, cutting into 4-5cm small segments, coating lime on two ends, slightly drying in the sun, and storing to obtain seed root;
(4) root of buried seedling
Before seedling raising of the seed roots, soaking the seed roots in a rooting agent for 5-10 sec; after soaking, the mixture is dried for 10sec and then buried in the land; the rooting agent is prepared by mixing and dissolving sodium nitrate, copper sulfate, manganese sulfate, boric acid powder, disodium ethylene diamine tetraacetate, ferrous sulfate, indolebutyric acid, naphthylacetic acid, cryptomeria japonica leaf extract, Chinese pine leaf extract and water;
the distance between seedling roots and plants buried in the soil of the land parcel is 40-50cm, and the row spacing is 1.2-1.6 m; before embedding, digging a round hole with the depth of 25-30cm and the diameter of 20-30cm at an embedding point, simply tamping the bottom surface and the periphery of the round hole, placing 40-70 meshes of river sand with the thickness of 2-3cm at the bottom of the round hole, then placing a culture medium with the thickness of 4-6cm, then placing a nutrient medium with the thickness of 12-14cm, then placing a culture medium consisting of a snakegourd vine leaf organic fertilizer and the river sand with the thickness of 3-5cm, then vertically inserting a seedling raising root in the center of the round hole, then placing sandy soil with the thickness of 3-4cm, simply tamping, and then watering thoroughly;
wherein, the embedded seed roots are matched with female tuberous roots and male tuberous roots according to the proportion of 5-8: 1;
(5) film coating
After watering, covering a layer of black film on the surface of the land, and compacting the periphery; after two weeks, the black film above the round holes is punctured, so that the seedlings of the tuberous roots can emerge conveniently, and then a layer of transparent film is covered, the requirement for covering the film is loose, and the growth space of the tuberous root seedlings is ensured; removing the transparent film when the seedling grows to 8-10cm, and simultaneously punching a plurality of small holes on the black film; removing the black film when the seedlings grow to 28-35cm, completing seedling culture, and guiding the seedlings to be put on shelves;
second, put on shelf
(1) Making seedling frame
Selecting 1.5-1.8m cement columns, arranging one cement column every 4 cement columns, arranging each row, building a transverse frame between every two adjacent longitudinal cement columns by using bamboo poles, fixing the transverse frame on the cement columns by using iron wires, and connecting and fixing the tops of every two adjacent transverse cement columns by using iron wires;
(2) seedling guiding device
Inserting a bamboo pole into the soil 10cm away from each snakegourd fruit, wherein the height of the part of the bamboo pole exposed out of the soil is not less than 1.5m, so that the top of the bamboo pole can be fixed on an iron wire between adjacent cement columns at the top; 2-3 healthy, disease-free and strong stems and tendrils are reserved for each snakegourd plant, the rest redundant branches and axillary buds are removed, the snakegourd stems and tendrils are led to a bamboo pole, and the snakegourd stems and tendrils are lightly bound on the bamboo pole through a rope;
(3) stem and vine management
After the snakegourd fruit stems are put on the rack, the growth of the snakegourd fruit stems is observed regularly, and branches, excessive branches and axillary buds of the snakegourd fruit stems with weak growth vigor need to be removed in time, so that nutrition concentration during growth of the snakegourd fruit stems is guaranteed, the stems are distributed more uniformly, and light transmittance and ventilation are improved;
third, artificial pollination in flowering period
The female root tuber and the male root tuber are matched according to the proportion of 5-8:1, but artificial pollination is needed in the flowering period in order to improve the fruiting rate;
preparing paper and a hairbrush, enabling the paper sheet to be close to the position right below a trichosanthes kirilowii maxim stamen, slightly brushing the stamen by using the hairbrush in an inclined mode, enabling pollen to fall on the paper, collecting the pollen together, and placing the pollen in a glass bottle; the cotton swab stuck with the pollen is lightly wiped on the stigma of the pistil by using the cotton swab, so that the pollen is stuck on the stigma, and then the pollination is finished;
fourth, fertilization management
After the seedlings are introduced and before the flowering period, applying 28-35Kg of water flush fertilizer for each mu by combining watering for 3-5 times; in the process, a foliar fertilizer is sprayed for 3-4 times, and the foliar fertilizer selects a fulvic acid organic fertilizer and trace nutrients in magnesium, boron, zinc and iron to ensure the growth of the melon vines and supplement nutrition for later flowering and fruit setting;
after fruiting and before picking, applying 42-50Kg of water flush fertilizer once per mu per month, and spraying a foliar fertilizer once per month, wherein the foliar fertilizer selects trace nutrient elements in boron, calcium, magnesium, zinc and manganese, so that the fruit expansion speed is increased, and deformed melons are reduced;
fifth, prevention and cure of plant diseases and insect pests
The diseases and insect pests of the snakegourd fruit are mainly anthracnose and gummy stem blight; diaphania cucullata, melon flies, cucumber, aphids and winged moths;
the anthrax can be sprayed with 1200 times of 50% prochloraz wettable powder or 600 times of 25% bromothalonil wettable powder, every 7-10 days for 1 time, and 2-3 times; 600 times of liquid of 50 percent thiophanate methyl wettable powder or 800 times of liquid of 38 percent oxadixyl at the early stage of the onset of gummy stem blight;
selecting 3000 times of 15% indoxacarb suspending agent or 800 times of 0.36% matrine missible oil solution for diaphania cucullata (Diaphania indica); spraying 2.5 percent of high-efficiency cyhalothrin emulsifiable solution 2800 times for 3-5 days for 1 time and continuously spraying for 2-3 times in the full growth period of the bactrocera cucurbitae; the cucumber is treated with 1800 times of 20 percent of moth-methyl missible oil or 5000 times of 10 percent of beta-cypermethrin; aphid is treated with 1200 times of 50% malade emulsion or 1000 times of 50% fenitrothion emulsion; spraying 1800 times of solution of 10-20% pyrethroid pesticide to the winged moth;
the cultivation substrate of the snakegourd fruit is composed of an organic fertilizer of snakegourd fruit vine leaves and river sand;
the method for preparing the culture medium for the snakegourd fruit comprises the following steps:
(1) cleaning river sand of 40-70 meshes, screening and disinfecting for later use;
(2) mixing the organic fertilizer of the snake gourd vine leaves with the river sand and sandy soil after detoxification, wherein the mixing ratio is 2-3:0.6-0.9: 1.2-1.6;
the preparation method of the snakegourd vine leaf organic fertilizer comprises the following steps:
(1) in late autumn, after the snakegourd fruits are harvested, collecting the snakegourd fruit vine leaves after the snakegourd fruit vine leaves are naturally withered and yellow, and removing impurities for later use; collecting natural withered and yellow vine leaves of the snakegourd fruit and the sweet potato vine leaves, and removing impurities for later use;
(2) selecting a proper land block for digging a pit, tamping the bottom and the periphery of the pit, wherein the diameter of the pit is 2-3 meters, and the depth of the pit is 1-2 meters;
(3) respectively crushing the collected snakegourd fruit vine leaves and sweet potato vine leaves, adding vinasse, and mixing at a mixing ratio of 1:0.6-0.8:0.4-0.5 to form a vine leaf mixture;
(4) laying a layer of 10-15cm of straw at the bottom of the pit, then laying a layer of 20-30cm of vine and leaf mixture, spraying a layer of water on the mixture, and then laying a layer of 4-6cm of pond sludge; laying a layer of human and animal excrement of 3-5cm on the sludge in the pond;
coating a layer of 20-30cm vine leaf mixture on human and animal feces by the method, spraying a layer of water on the mixture, and then spreading a layer of pond sludge of 4-6 cm; laying a layer of human and animal excrement of 3-5cm on the sludge in the pond; spreading vine and leaf mixture on the human and animal excrement until reaching the top of the pit; after a layer of water is sprayed, the pithead is covered by a plastic film;
(5) turning over once every month, and then spraying a layer of water; after 3 months, the preparation of the organic fertilizer for the snakegourd vine leaves is finished, and the organic fertilizer is air-dried or dried and sealed for later use;
the rooting agent is prepared by mixing and dissolving 20-40g of sodium nitrate, 50-60g of copper sulfate, 70-90g of manganese sulfate, 45-60g of boric acid powder, 50-60g of ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid disodium, 20-40g of ferrous sulfate, 0.5-0.8g of indolebutyric acid, 0.3-0.6g of naphthylacetic acid, 0.1-0.3g of a cryptomeria japonica leaf extract, 0.1-0.2g of a pinus sylvestris leaf extract and 1400g of water 1300-;
the nutrient medium is prepared by mixing peat soil, yellow core soil, perlite and pine needle leaf powder according to the proportion of 1.3-1.8:2.2-2.9:0.6-0.9: 0.4-0.8;
after a plurality of small holes are punched, liquid fertilizer is sprayed through the small holes once a week.
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