CN112251388B - 一种植物乳杆菌及其乳酸菌发酵剂的应用 - Google Patents
一种植物乳杆菌及其乳酸菌发酵剂的应用 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明提供了一种植物乳杆菌及其乳酸菌发酵剂中的应用,所述菌为植物乳杆菌(Lactobacillus plantarum)LP2019,其已于2020年9月27日在中国典型培养物保藏中心保藏,保藏号为CCTCC NO:M 2020548。利用此植物乳杆菌接种发酵,保留了糟菜的主体风味,且加快了乳酸的形成,可以达到缩短糟菜发酵周期的目的,改善糟菜的生产。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及一种植物乳杆菌及其乳酸菌发酵剂的应用,属于发酵食品领域。
背景技术
乳酸菌是一类能从可发酵碳水化合物产大量乳酸的细菌通称。乳酸菌对于发酵蔬菜的品质和风味的形成发挥了多重的作用,如增强食品风味、提高营养价值、抑制腐败菌生长等。乳酸菌对于发酵蔬菜的作用主要在于乳酸菌发酵产酸作用、降解亚硝酸盐作用、抑菌作用。因此乳酸菌的生长和产酸等基本能力、亚硝酸盐降解能力、耐酸耐盐、抑菌等抗胁迫能力等是筛选优良菌株的重要指标。
乳酸菌发酵剂是指将高密度培养的乳酸菌液进行菌体分离,然后进行菌体的干燥,将液态的乳酸菌培养液转变成固态制剂。固态的发酵剂有诸多优点,如保藏期长、发酵活力高、便于运输、便于操作。
闽清糟菜是一种传统的发酵型蔬菜,是福建闽清的传统特产,不仅深受当地人民的欢迎,而且也得到广大华人华侨的青睐。相较于其他同类发酵型蔬菜,有着更浓郁的风味以及独特的红色色泽;但自然发酵的闽清糟菜存在生产周期长、易受腐败菌污染、产品成品率低等问题。
发明内容
本发明的一个目的在于提供一种植物乳杆菌及其乳酸菌发酵剂的应用,解决了目前闽清糟菜自然发酵生产周期长、易受腐败菌污染、产品成品率低等问题。
为实现上述目的采用以下技术方案:
所述植物乳杆菌,为植物乳杆菌(Lactobacillus plantarum)LP2019,其已于2020年9月27日在中国典型培养物保藏中心保藏,保藏号为CCTCC NO:M 2020548,地址为武汉大学。
利用所述植物乳杆菌制备获得用于糟菜或梅干菜的乳酸菌发酵剂。所述的乳酸菌发酵剂能够抑制糟菜发酵过程腐败微生物的生长;能够加快糟菜发酵过程中乳酸的形成同时不影响糟菜的主体风味。
所述乳酸菌发酵剂包括所述植物乳杆菌Lactobacillus plantarum LP2019和保护剂,其中所述保护剂含有10wt.%脱脂乳、5wt.%海藻糖、2 wt.%甘氨酸、1 wt.%甘油的生理盐水。
所述乳酸菌发酵剂的制备方法,包括如下步骤:从闽清糟菜中分离出具有良好特性的乳酸菌;活化培养后进行离心分离;添加保护剂;进行真空冷冻干燥获得乳酸菌发酵剂。具体方法为:将植物乳杆菌(Lactobacillus plantarum)LP2019以2%的接种量接种在初始pH为7.0的MRS增殖培养基中,32℃培养22h后,培养液4000rpm离心20min收集菌体沉淀,添加离心前培养液体积1/10的冻干保护剂溶液,涡旋打散混匀制成菌悬液;经过真空冷冻干燥后获得乳酸菌发酵剂。
所述的乳酸菌发酵剂的研制与应用,其中所述乳酸菌发酵剂的应用是在糟菜自然发酵的基础上添加0.2%浓度的乳酸菌发酵剂。
所述植物乳杆菌Lactobacillus plantarum LP2019保存在-80℃。
所述植物乳杆菌Lactobacillus plantarum LP2019在固体培养基上培养至出现明显单菌落,然后接种单菌落体于液体培养基以培养。
所述植物乳杆菌Lactobacillus plantarum LP2019在液体培养基内于32℃、初始培养基pH7.0下培养22h。
本发明的优点在于:
本发明所述植物乳杆菌(Lactobacillus plantarum)LP2019能够抑制糟菜发酵过程腐败微生物的生长;能够加快糟菜发酵过程中乳酸的形成同时不影响闽清糟菜的主体风味。
附图说明
图1农家自制闽清糟菜中筛选得到的几株乳酸菌的产酸速率图。
图2农家自制闽清糟菜中筛选得到的几株乳酸菌的培养液总酸度图。
图3农家自制闽清糟菜中筛选得到的几株乳酸菌的耐酸特性图。
图4农家自制闽清糟菜中筛选得到的几株乳酸菌的亚硝酸钠降解速率图。
图5农家自制闽清糟菜中筛选得到的植物乳杆菌(Lactobacillus plantarum)LP2019的生长曲线的图。
图6添加与未添加乳酸菌发酵剂的闽清糟菜发酵过程的总酸度变化图。
具体实施方式
实施例1:闽清糟菜中乳酸菌的分离纯化
从两份采自福建省闽清县大箬村农家自制闽清糟菜样品中分别取闽清糟菜滤液,并分别接种到MRS肉汤培养基中37℃厌氧富集培养24h;然后取富集后的培养液进行梯度稀释,分别取100µL不同梯度的稀释液涂布到含有2wt.%碳酸钙的MRS固体培养基中,37℃厌氧培养24h;最后从以上含碳酸钙的平板中挑取使培养基产生透明圈且菌落较大的单菌菌落,反复划线培养纯化后斜面保藏,并用于后续实验。
最终分离纯化得到26株菌株,分别编号YP-1~14和CH-1~12。
实施例2:闽清糟菜中乳酸菌初步鉴定
革兰氏染色镜检:按革兰氏染色试剂盒要求操作;
过氧化氢酶实验:滴加一滴3wt.%过氧化氢溶液于玻片上,挑取单菌落置于其中,观察是否有气泡产生。若有起泡产生,则为过氧化氢酶阳性,否则记录为过氧化氢酶阴性。
对分离纯化的26株菌株进行革兰氏染色,发现YP-6镜检为红色,是革兰氏阴性菌,可判定YP-6不是乳酸菌菌株。过氧化氢酶实验结果发现,YP-4、YP-13与CH-3号菌株产生气泡,为过氧化氢酶阳性,可判定YP-4、YP-13与CH-3号菌株不属于乳酸菌菌株。初步鉴定YP-1、2、3、5、7、8、9、10、11、12、14与CH-1、2、4、5、6、7、8、9、11、12为乳酸菌,共22株菌株,经过初步产酸实验,从YP组和CH组中选择出具有代表性的7株菌株进行发酵特性研究。
实施例3:优良乳酸菌的筛选
分别对分离出的菌种进行产酸特性研究(如附图1、2、3)、降解亚硝酸盐特性(如附图4)和抑菌特性的研究(如表1),并与标准乳酸菌株鼠李糖乳杆菌L. rha进行对照。其中酸碱滴定法测定总酸参考GBT12456-2008、亚硝酸钠含量的测定参考GB5009.33-2016中第二法分光光度法。通过亚硝酸钠标准曲线得到样品中亚硝酸钠浓度。乳酸菌抑菌能力研究采用牛津杯扩散法,指示菌为大肠埃希菌(ATCC 25922) 、金黄色葡萄球菌(ATCC 6538),
经过初步产酸速率实验,从YP组和CH组中选出7株菌株进行研究,从图1可看出菌株培养到12h,YP-12、14与CH-1、6、7、8组菌株的pH值快速降低,培养时间达到24h后pH值趋近3.6。
测定乳酸菌培养72h后培养液的总酸度(以乳酸计)。如附图2的结果显示,YP-12、14与CH-1、6、7、8组达到了18~19g/kg,显著高于YP-3;对比菌株L. rha组培养72h的产乳酸量也达到了19g/kg。
乳酸菌的耐酸性能测试结果如附图3,可以看出在低pH的环境下YP-12、14与CH-1、6、7、8组菌株的OD600值显著高于YP-3和对比菌株L. rha组。
比较附图4中培养12h各菌株的亚硝酸钠降解率,可以看出CH-1、6、7、8比较高,达到了92%以上。
从表1中可以看出YP-12与CH-1、6、7、8对大肠埃希菌产生的抑菌圈均超过了15mm,并且它们对大肠埃希菌(ATCC 25922) 和金黄色葡萄球菌(ATCC 6538)的抑制能力均强于对比菌株L. rha组。YP-12和CH-8对金黄色葡萄球菌产生很强的抑制能力,抑菌圈直径分别为23.59±0.52mm和23.20±0.61 mm
综上,选择产酸特性(产酸速率、产乳酸量、耐酸特性)、降解亚硝酸盐特性和抑菌特性均比较好的CH-8作为实验菌株。
表1为闽清糟菜中乳酸菌筛选过程中的乳酸菌抑菌特性
实施例4:乳酸菌的菌种鉴定
菌种鉴定由上海生工生物工程有限公司完成。
经乳酸菌16S rDNA菌种鉴定,即通过基因组DNA提取、PCR扩增、凝胶电泳、纯化回收、测序、比对核糖体数据库等步骤,确定CH-8为一株植物乳杆菌(Lactobacillus plantarum),将CH-8重新命名为植物乳杆菌(Lactobacillus plantarum )LP2019(其生长曲线如附图5)。该菌株的16S rDNA的部分序列为:
TCAGGACGAACGCTGGCGGCGTGCCTAATACATGCAAGTCGAACGAACTCTGGTATTGATTGGTGCTTGCATCATGATTTACATTTGAGTGAGTGGCGAACTGGTGAGTAACACGTGGGAAACCTGCCCAGAAGCGGGGGATAACACCTGGAAACAGATGCTAATACCGCATAACAACTTGGACCGCATGGTCCGAGTTTGAAAGATGGCTTCGGCTATCACTTTTGGATGGTCCCGCGGCGTATTAGCTAGATGGTGAGGTAACGGCTCACCATGGCAATGATACGTAGCCGACCTGAGAGGGTAATCGGCCACATTGGGACTGAGACACGGCCCAAACTCCTACGGGAGGCAGCAGTAGGGAATCTTCCACAATGGACGAAAGTCTGATGGAGCAACGCCGCGTGAGTGAAGAAGGGTTTCGGCTCGTAAAACTCTGTTGTTAAAGAAGAACATATCTGAGAGTAACTGTTCAGGTATTGACGGTATTTAACCAGAAAGCCACGGCTAACTACGTGCCAGCAGCCGCGGTAATACGTAGGTGGCAAGCGTTGTCCGGATTTATTGGGCGTAAAGCGAGCGCAGGCGGTTTTTTAAGTCTGATGTGAAAGCCTTCGGCTCAACCGAAGAAGTGCATCGGAAACTGGGAAACTTGAGTGCAGAAGAGGACAGTGGAACTCCATGTGTAGCGGTGAAATGCGTAGATATATGGAAGAACACCAGTGGCGAAGGCGGCTGTCTGGTCTGTAACTGACGCTGAGGCTCGAAAGTATGGGTAGCAAACAGGATTAGATACCCTGGTAGTCCATACCGTAAACGATGAATGCTAAGTGTTGGAGGGTTTCCGCCCTTCAGTGCTGCAGCTAACGCATTAAGCATTCCGCCTGGGGAGTACGGCCGCAAGGCTGAAACTCAAAGGAATTGACGGGGGCCCGCACAAGCGGTGGAGCATGTGGTTTAATTCGAAGCTACGCGAAGAACCTTACCAGGTCTTGACATACTATGCAAATCTAAGAGATTAGACGTTCCCTTCGGGGACATGGATACAGGTGGTGCATGGTTGTCGTCAGCTCGTGTCGTGAGATGTTGGGTTAAGTCCCGCAACGAGCGCAACCCTTATTATCAGTTGCCAGCATTAAGTTGGGCACTCTGGTGAGACTGCCGGTGACAAACCGGAGGAAGGTGGGGATGACGTCAAATCATCATGCCCCTTATGACCTGGGCTACACACGTGCTACAATGGATGGTACAACGAGTTGCGAACTCGCGAGAGTAAGCTAATCTCTTAAAGCCATTCTCAGTTCGGATTGTAGGCTGCAACTCGCCTACATGAAGTCGGAATCGCTAGTAATCGCGGATCAGCATGCCGCGGTGAATACGTTCCCGGGCCTTGTACACACCGCCCGTCACACCATGAGAGTTTGTAACACCCAAAGTCGGTGGGGTAACCTTTTAGGAACCAGCCGCCTAAGGTGGGACAGATGATTAGGGTGAAGTCGTA。
实施例5:发酵剂的制备
按照最终质量浓度为脱脂乳10%、海藻糖5%、甘氨酸2%、甘油1%,称取各种成分溶于0.85%的生理盐水中,置于高压蒸汽灭菌锅中115℃灭菌15min,制成冻干保护剂溶液。
将Lactobacillus plantarum LP2019以2%的接种量接种在初始pH为7.0的MRS增殖培养基中32℃培养22h后,培养液4000rpm离心20min,收集菌体沉淀,添加离心前培养液体积1/10的冻干保护剂溶液,涡旋打散混匀制成菌悬液。经过真空冷冻干燥后获得发酵剂。取冻干粉溶于无菌生理盐水,进行平板菌落计数,得出固态发酵剂的菌浓度。
经过真空冷冻干燥后,制备出的固态发酵剂的活菌浓度为2.1×1010 CFU/g。
实施例6:采用Lactobacillus plantarum LP2019接种发酵与自然发酵样品制备
芥菜烘干至鲜重70%,加入终浓度为7wt.%盐与6wt.%红酒糟混匀,发酵剂接种量0.2%,35℃密封发酵30d。对照组:自然发酵不接种发酵剂。
实施例7:对实施例6发酵获得的糟菜进行酸度与亚硝酸盐含量测定:
采用酸碱滴定法(以乳酸计)测定其总酸含量(如附图6),测定方法参考GBT12456-2008。
亚硝酸盐含量的测定参考GB5009.33-2016中第二法分光光度法,通过亚硝酸钠标准曲线得到样品中亚硝酸钠浓度。
利用乳酸菌LP2019制备出的固态发酵剂接种发酵未成熟的芥菜,得到接种发酵乳酸的积累比自然发酵更快。所以接种发酵加快闽清糟菜的最主要的风味——酸味的形成。接种发酵的最终亚硝酸盐含量仅为5.033±0.16mg/kg,远低于国家标准限量。
实施例8:对实施例6发酵获得的糟菜进行风味物质分析
静态顶空-气质联用法(SHS-GCMS)检测挥发性风味物质;
固相萃取-气质联用法(SPE-GCMS)检测风味有机物。
两种方法测定出的主要风味物质(如表2)。有机酸作为发酵型蔬菜的主要风味物质,本实验通过SPE-GCMS法检索出L-乳酸。但是,有机酸类物质不适宜用GCMS检测,故检测出有机酸种类少。酸度实验证明接种发酵的酸度(以乳酸计)高于自然发酵。
表2 为闽清糟菜自然发酵和接种发酵的主要风味物质
发酵蔬菜的主体风味物质不仅与其含量有关,而且与物质的风味阈值有关,阈值越小影响越大。二甲基硫化物以及烯类、醛类的风味阈值很小,所以对发酵蔬菜风味影响大,本实验自然发酵与接种发酵均检测出二甲基三硫、二甲基四硫醚、3-甲硫基丁醛、4-乙基苯甲醛、2-甲氧基-4-乙烯苯酚等。
氨基酸是酸菜风味物质的主要来源之一,其本身可以呈现出酸、甜、苦及鲜等味道, 也可作为某些挥发性风味物质的前体物质,本实验自然发酵与接种发酵检测出了D-缬氨酸与L-焦谷氨酸。氨基酸进一步分析宜采用氨基酸分析仪。
发酵蔬菜中的乳酸菌可以通过降解原料中的脂肪,形成脂肪酸,进一步形成肉豆蔻酸、软脂酸、硬脂酸、油酸、月桂酸和亚麻酸等风味成分,本实验自然发酵与接种发酵检测出了亚麻酸、油酸、硬脂酸、亚油酸、亚油酸乙酯等成分。
此外,自然发酵与接种发酵均检测出氨基甲酸乙酯、丁酸乙酯、正丙酸乙酯、乙酸戊酯、乙酸甲酯、十五酸乙酯、十六酸乙酯、抗坏血酸二棕榈酸酯等酯类。以上风味物质的测定结果显示,接种发酵能够保留闽清糟菜的主体风味。
本发明采用发酵菌剂对芥菜产品进行接种发酵,这显著加快了发酵前期乳酸的形成,这有助于维持乳酸菌的优势、防止杂菌污染。所以接种发酵可以达到缩短发酵周期、防止杂菌污染的目的。
以上所述仅为本发明的较佳实施例,凡依本发明申请专利范围所做的均等变化与修饰,皆应属本发明的涵盖范围。
SEQUENCE LISTING
<110> 福州大学
<120> 一种植物乳杆菌及其乳酸菌发酵剂的应用
<130> 1
<160> 1
<170> PatentIn version 3.3
<210> 1
<211> 1501
<212> DNA
<213> 16SrDNA
<400> 1
tcaggacgaa cgctggcggc gtgcctaata catgcaagtc gaacgaactc tggtattgat 60
tggtgcttgc atcatgattt acatttgagt gagtggcgaa ctggtgagta acacgtggga 120
aacctgccca gaagcggggg ataacacctg gaaacagatg ctaataccgc ataacaactt 180
ggaccgcatg gtccgagttt gaaagatggc ttcggctatc acttttggat ggtcccgcgg 240
cgtattagct agatggtgag gtaacggctc accatggcaa tgatacgtag ccgacctgag 300
agggtaatcg gccacattgg gactgagaca cggcccaaac tcctacggga ggcagcagta 360
gggaatcttc cacaatggac gaaagtctga tggagcaacg ccgcgtgagt gaagaagggt 420
ttcggctcgt aaaactctgt tgttaaagaa gaacatatct gagagtaact gttcaggtat 480
tgacggtatt taaccagaaa gccacggcta actacgtgcc agcagccgcg gtaatacgta 540
ggtggcaagc gttgtccgga tttattgggc gtaaagcgag cgcaggcggt tttttaagtc 600
tgatgtgaaa gccttcggct caaccgaaga agtgcatcgg aaactgggaa acttgagtgc 660
agaagaggac agtggaactc catgtgtagc ggtgaaatgc gtagatatat ggaagaacac 720
cagtggcgaa ggcggctgtc tggtctgtaa ctgacgctga ggctcgaaag tatgggtagc 780
aaacaggatt agataccctg gtagtccata ccgtaaacga tgaatgctaa gtgttggagg 840
gtttccgccc ttcagtgctg cagctaacgc attaagcatt ccgcctgggg agtacggccg 900
caaggctgaa actcaaagga attgacgggg gcccgcacaa gcggtggagc atgtggttta 960
attcgaagct acgcgaagaa ccttaccagg tcttgacata ctatgcaaat ctaagagatt 1020
agacgttccc ttcggggaca tggatacagg tggtgcatgg ttgtcgtcag ctcgtgtcgt 1080
gagatgttgg gttaagtccc gcaacgagcg caacccttat tatcagttgc cagcattaag 1140
ttgggcactc tggtgagact gccggtgaca aaccggagga aggtggggat gacgtcaaat 1200
catcatgccc cttatgacct gggctacaca cgtgctacaa tggatggtac aacgagttgc 1260
gaactcgcga gagtaagcta atctcttaaa gccattctca gttcggattg taggctgcaa 1320
ctcgcctaca tgaagtcgga atcgctagta atcgcggatc agcatgccgc ggtgaatacg 1380
ttcccgggcc ttgtacacac cgcccgtcac accatgagag tttgtaacac ccaaagtcgg 1440
tggggtaacc ttttaggaac cagccgccta aggtgggaca gatgattagg gtgaagtcgt 1500
a 1501
Claims (3)
1.一种植物乳杆菌,其特征在于:所述菌为植物乳杆菌(Lactobacillus plantarum)
LP2019,其已于2020年9月27日在中国典型培养物保藏中心保藏,保藏号为CCTCC NO:M2020548。
2.一种用于糟菜或梅干菜发酵的乳酸菌发酵剂,所述的乳酸菌发酵剂为使用权利要求1所述的植物乳杆菌制备获得;所述乳酸菌发酵剂还含有保护剂;所述保护剂为含有10wt.%脱脂乳、5wt.%海藻糖、2wt.%甘氨酸、1wt.%甘油的生理盐水;所述乳酸菌发酵剂的制备方法为:将植物乳杆菌(Lactobacillus plantarum)LP2019以2%的接种量接种在初始pH为7.0的MRS增殖培养基中,32℃培养22h后,培养液4000rpm离心20min收集菌体沉淀,添加离心前培养液体积1/10的冻干保护剂溶液,涡旋打散混匀制成菌悬液;经过真空冷冻干燥后获得乳酸菌发酵剂。
3.如权利要求1所述的植物乳杆菌在糟菜或梅干菜发酵中的应用。
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