CN112167633B - 一种鲜梨除糖梨渣及其提取物 - Google Patents
一种鲜梨除糖梨渣及其提取物 Download PDFInfo
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- CN112167633B CN112167633B CN202011195001.8A CN202011195001A CN112167633B CN 112167633 B CN112167633 B CN 112167633B CN 202011195001 A CN202011195001 A CN 202011195001A CN 112167633 B CN112167633 B CN 112167633B
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- pear residue
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- residue extract
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Abstract
本发明涉及来自鲜梨的除糖梨渣、梨渣提取物及其制备方法,其中梨渣提取物制备方法包括前处理、酸性溶液提取、乙醇沉淀和冷冻干燥等步骤。本发明通过优化梨渣提取物的水解工艺和冻干工艺,获得了高持水力和溶胀性的梨渣提取物。本发明的除糖梨渣、梨渣提取物方便贮存和后续加工,预防和治疗肥胖和糖尿病的功效优异,具有广阔的市场应用前景。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及一种梨渣及其提取物。
背景技术
近年来,随着我国国民经济的发展和人民生活水平的提高,饮食结构也发生了变化,由于营养过剩或失衡所引起的肥胖、高血压和糖尿病等所谓“文明病”的发病率逐年增高。据不完全统计,我国每天约有15000余人死于由营养过剩或失衡所导致的慢性病,占全部死亡人数的70%以上。因此,寻求合理的饮食结构成为目前的一个研究热点。膳食纤维作为人类的第七大营养素,在维持膳食平衡方面发挥着重要作用,已受到很多发达国家的重视。
膳食纤维是指不能被人体内源性消化酶消化吸收的碳水化合物的总称。根据溶解性不同可分为不溶性膳食纤维和可溶性膳食纤维,可溶性膳食纤维主要是细胞壁内的储存物质和分泌物,包括果胶、树胶、葡聚糖、瓜儿豆胶、羧甲基纤维素等;不溶性膳食纤维主要是细胞壁的组成部分,包括纤维素、半纤维素、木质素和壳聚糖等。目前研究认为,膳食纤维能降低血糖、胆固醇、三酰甘油,减轻体质量,对心血管疾病、肥胖、便秘、糖尿病、肿瘤有防治作用。
大量研究显示,糖尿病发病率增高与膳食纤维摄入量低有很大的关系。糖尿病患者选择淀粉类食物时,建议优选食物血糖指数较低、未经精加工的天然食物。国外推荐的这类食物包括豆类、大麦、通心粉、蒸谷麦、黑麦粗面包、燕麦及含直链淀粉较高的稻米等;国内建议采用莜麦面、荞麦面、燕麦片、玉米面和大豆粉的混合面及豆类等。复合膳食纤维(魔芋、燕麦及玉米纤维)对健康受试者碳水化合物代谢的影响表明,添加膳食纤维的试餐降低了受试者血糖的峰值,延迟了达峰时间,使餐后血糖峰值后移且更加平缓。研究发现妊娠糖尿病患者选用大米、燕麦、荞麦、红薯等含膳食纤维多的食物,在未经胰岛素治疗的情况下,即可达到明显降糖效果。膳食纤维可通过刺激小肠平滑肌蠕动提高小肠内食物的移动速度,缩短食物在肠道内的停留时间,起到降低糖分吸收、利用的功效;并可通过其在肠道内形成的高黏度环境来降低小肠与食物的接触,并通过影响胃肠道内各种生物酶的活性来降低糖分的降解和吸收程度,从而起到调节血糖的作用。
作为不能被人体内源性消化酶消化吸收的糖类,膳食纤维的饱腹、延缓消化、减少血糖、血脂的吸收和改善血糖的效果,对肥胖的发生和预防起重要作用。既往研究表明,膳食纤维可以预防肥胖。一项纤维摄入量变化对体重改变的队列研究发现,摄入更多富含膳食纤维食物可显著降低女性体重增加的风险,与体力活动水平和膳食脂肪摄入量无关。研究还发现,与安慰剂对照组相比,可溶性纤维补充剂治疗组体质指数降低0.84kg/m2,体重平均下降2.52kg,体脂减少0.41%,表明可溶性纤维补充剂可治疗和预防肥胖。
果蔬中的膳食纤维含量丰富,可作为膳食纤维的优质来源。梨是人们经常食用的水果,酸甜可口,脆嫩多汁。梨经加工处理得到梨汁饮料等产品后,产生大量梨渣,梨渣中膳食纤维含量可达梨渣总量的75%。但因梨渣中含有大量石细胞,使梨渣涩口难咽,不宜当饲料处置,只能作为废料丢弃,造成大量梨渣膳食纤维的浪费。而对梨渣中的膳食纤维进行提取、改性及加工处理,可大大提高膳食纤维的利用价值,更好地发挥其功效。
砀山梨又名砀山酥梨,是我国果品中的名产,以果实硕大、黄亮色美、皮薄多汁、肉多核小、甘甜酥脆等特点驰名中外,主栽安徽砀山一带,后又分散至河南宁陵、江苏丰县以及山东、辽宁、四川、湖北、山西等地广为种植。砀山酥梨汁多微甜,且含有丰富的营养物质,可生食亦可熟食,老少皆宜,《本草纲目》第三十卷记载砀山酥梨“生食可清六腑之热,熟食可滋五脏之阴”。临床实验证明,砀山酥梨有生津止渴、祛咳化痰、滋阴解毒等功效,在中医之中有“果中甘露子,药中圣醍醐”的美称,在日常生活中是人们常用的辅助药剂。
目前,以砀山梨为原料,制成高持水力和溶胀性的鲜梨渣或梨渣提取物冻干品,并用于预防和治疗肥胖和糖尿病的文献尚未见报道。
发明内容
本发明的目的是提供预防和治疗肥胖及糖尿病的除糖梨渣、梨渣提取物或两者的混合物,所述梨渣或梨渣提取物具有高持水力和溶胀性,以及良好的预防和治疗效果。
为实现上述目的,本发明采用以下技术方案:
本发明的第一方面是提供一种用于预防和治疗肥胖及糖尿病的组合物,所述组合物包含来自鲜梨的梨渣、梨渣提取物或两者混合物。
本发明的第二方面是提供一种除糖梨渣的制备方法,包括以下步骤:将鲜梨去皮、去核,破碎成小块后挤压去除水分,得鲜梨渣,梨渣放在纱布上,用清水反复洗涤至洗出的水接近无色,除去其中可溶性糖分及色素物质,加入醇类有机溶剂与水的混合溶剂,充分搅拌分散,使用常规方法冷冻干燥,粉碎过60目筛,得梨渣冻干品。
优选的,所述梨渣与混合溶剂的质量体积比为1g:(50-100)mL;优选的,质量体积比为1g:60mL。
优选的,所述醇类有机溶剂为乙醇、正丙醇、异丙醇、正丁醇或叔丁醇中的一种或几种的混合物。
优选的,所述醇类有机溶剂与水的体积比为1:(1-3);更优选的,所述醇类有机溶剂与水的体积比为1:2;最优选的,为体积比为1:2的异丙醇和水的混合溶剂。
本发明的第三方面是提供一种梨渣提取物的制备方法,包括以下步骤:
1)前处理:将梨渣放在纱布上,用清水反复洗涤至洗出的水接近无色,除去其中可溶性糖分及色素物质;
2)酸性溶液提取:经过前处理的梨渣按1g:(10-20)mL的料液比加水,用盐酸调节pH值至2.2-3,于80-95℃水浴中恒温提取1-2h,趁热抽滤梨渣提取液;
3)乙醇沉淀:在提取液中加入等体积量的80-90%乙醇溶液,充分搅拌,静置得沉淀物,过滤,干燥,得梨渣提取物。
优选的,所述制备方法进一步包括:4)冷冻干燥:在梨渣提取物中加入醇类有机溶剂与水的混合溶剂,充分搅拌分散,使用常规方法冷冻干燥,粉碎过60目筛,得梨渣提取物冻干品。
优选的,所述步骤1)中梨渣为砀山梨的梨渣。
优选的,所述步骤2)中梨渣与水的料液比为1g:15mL。
优选的,所述步骤2)中用盐酸调节pH值至2.2至2.8;更优选的,调节pH值至2.4。
优选的,所述步骤2)中水浴温度为85℃,提取时间为1h。
优选的,所述步骤3)中加入85%乙醇溶液。
优选的,所述步骤4)中梨渣提取物与混合溶剂的质量体积比为1g:(50-100)mL;优选的,质量体积比为1g:60mL。
优选的,所述步骤4)中醇类有机溶剂为乙醇、异丙醇、叔丁醇中的一种或几种的混合物。
优选的,所述步骤4)中醇类有机溶剂与水的体积比为1:(1-3);更优选的,所述醇类有机溶剂与水的体积比为1:2;最优选的,为体积比为1:2的异丙醇和水的混合溶剂。
本发明的第四方面是提供一种前述制备方法制备得到的梨渣或梨渣提取物。
本发明的第五方面是提供一种药物,所述组合物包含30-35重量份的前述制备方法制备得到的梨渣、梨渣提取物或者两者混合物、10-20重量份的蛋白补充剂、0.1-1.5重量份的复合维生素和1-4重量份的复合矿物质。
优选的,所述组合物包含30重量份的前述制备方法制备得到的梨渣、梨渣提取物或者两者混合物、10重量份的蛋白补充剂、1重量份的复合维生素和2重量份的复合矿物质。
优选的,所述蛋白补充剂为植物蛋白、动物性蛋白或者两者的混合物。
本发明的第六方面是提供一种前述制备方法制备得到梨渣、梨渣提取物或者两者混合物在制备药物中的用途,所述药物用于预防和治疗肥胖及糖尿病。
优选的,所述糖尿病为Ⅱ型糖尿病。
本发明具有积极有益的效果:
本发明的发明人通过优化梨渣提取工艺,选择较佳的水解pH值,获得了高持水力和溶胀性的梨渣提取物。本发明进一步采用混合溶剂将鲜梨渣或梨渣提取物制成冻干品后,不仅方便贮存和后续加工,其持水力和溶胀性还得到了进一步的提升。此外,本发明验证了制备得到的鲜梨渣或梨渣提取物具有优异的预防和治疗肥胖和糖尿病功效,因而具有广阔的市场应用前景。
附图说明
图1为服用本发明梨渣提取物的小鼠口服葡萄糖耐量曲线。
具体实施方式
下面结合实施例对本发明作更进一步的说明,但本发明的实施方式不限于此。下述实施例中所使用的实验方法如无特殊说明,均为常规方法。
实施例1
将砀山梨去皮、去核,破碎成小块后挤压去除水分,得鲜梨渣,将梨渣放在纱布上,用清水反复洗涤至洗出的水接近无色,除去其中可溶性糖分及色素物质。取10g经过前处理的梨渣,加入150mL蒸馏水,用盐酸调节pH值至2,于85℃水浴中恒温提取1h,趁热抽滤梨渣提取液。在提取液中加入等体积量的85%乙醇溶液,充分搅拌,静置得沉淀物,过滤,干燥,得梨渣提取物P1。
实施例2
将砀山梨去皮、去核,破碎成小块后挤压去除水分,得鲜梨渣,将梨渣放在纱布上,用清水反复洗涤至洗出的水接近无色,除去其中可溶性糖分及色素物质。取10g经过前处理的梨渣,加入150mL蒸馏水,用盐酸调节pH值至3,于85℃水浴中恒温提取1h,趁热抽滤梨渣提取液。在提取液中加入等体积量的85%乙醇溶液,充分搅拌,静置得沉淀物,过滤,干燥,得梨渣提取物P2。
实施例3
将砀山梨去皮、去核,破碎成小块后挤压去除水分,得鲜梨渣,将梨渣放在纱布上,用清水反复洗涤至洗出的水接近无色,除去其中可溶性糖分及色素物质。取10g经过前处理的梨渣,加入150mL蒸馏水,用盐酸调节pH值至2.2,于85℃水浴中恒温提取1h,趁热抽滤梨渣提取液。在提取液中加入等体积量的85%乙醇溶液,充分搅拌,静置得沉淀物,过滤,干燥,得梨渣提取物P3。
实施例4
将砀山梨去皮、去核,破碎成小块后挤压去除水分,得鲜梨渣,将梨渣放在纱布上,用清水反复洗涤至洗出的水接近无色,除去其中可溶性糖分及色素物质。取10g经过前处理的梨渣,加入150mL蒸馏水,用盐酸调节pH值至2.8,于85℃水浴中恒温提取1h,趁热抽滤梨渣提取液。在提取液中加入等体积量的85%乙醇溶液,充分搅拌,静置得沉淀物,过滤,干燥,得梨渣提取物P4。
实施例5
将砀山梨去皮、去核,破碎成小块后挤压去除水分,得鲜梨渣,将梨渣放在纱布上,用清水反复洗涤至洗出的水接近无色,除去其中可溶性糖分及色素物质。取10g经过前处理的梨渣,加入150mL蒸馏水,用盐酸调节pH值至2.4,于85℃水浴中恒温提取1h,趁热抽滤梨渣提取液。在提取液中加入等体积量的85%乙醇溶液,充分搅拌,静置得沉淀物,过滤,干燥,得梨渣提取物P5。
实施例6
取1g实施例5制备得到的梨渣提取物P5,加入由20mL乙醇与40mL蒸馏水组成的混合溶剂,充分搅拌分散,使用常规方法冷冻干燥,得梨渣提取物冻干品L1。
实施例7
取1g实施例5制备得到的梨渣提取物P5,加入由20mL异丙醇与40mL蒸馏水组成的混合溶剂,充分搅拌分散,使用常规方法冷冻干燥,得梨渣提取物冻干品L2。
实施例8
取1g实施例5制备得到的梨渣提取物P5,加入由20mL叔丁醇与40mL蒸馏水组成的混合溶剂,充分搅拌分散,使用常规方法冷冻干燥,得梨渣提取物冻干品L3。
实施例9
取1g实施例5制备得到的梨渣提取物P5,加入由30mL异丙醇与30mL蒸馏水组成的混合溶剂,充分搅拌分散,使用常规方法冷冻干燥,得梨渣提取物冻干品L4。
实施例10
取1g实施例5制备得到的梨渣提取物P5,加入由15mL异丙醇与45mL蒸馏水组成的混合溶剂,充分搅拌分散,使用常规方法冷冻干燥,得梨渣提取物冻干品L5。
实施例11
取1g实施例5制备得到的梨渣提取物P5,加入60mL蒸馏水,充分搅拌分散,使用常规方法冷冻干燥,得梨渣提取物冻干品L6。
试验例1 本发明梨渣提取物水解pH值的筛选
1、试验方法
(1)持水力测定
分别称取1g实施例1-5制备的梨渣提取物P1-P5,加入蒸馏水20mL,充分搅拌0.5h,转移至50mL离心管中,3000r/min离心10min,弃上清液并用滤纸将离心管内壁残留的水分吸干,称重。在滤纸上沥干后,保留在滤纸上结合了水的梨渣提取物转移到培养皿中称重。根据下述公式计算梨渣提取物P1-P5的持水力:
持水力(g/g)=(样品粉重(g)—样品粉重(g))/样品粉重(g)。
(2)溶胀性测定
分别称取0.1g实施例1-5制备的梨渣提取物P1-P5,放入15mL量筒中,读取干品的体积毫升数。加入10mL蒸馏水,摇匀后室温下放置24h。读取量筒中梨渣提取物溶胀后的毫升数,根据下述公式计算梨渣提取物P1-P5的溶胀性:
溶胀性(mL/g)=(吸水后体积(mL)-干品体积(mL))/干品重(g)。
2、试验结果
实施例1-5制备的梨渣提取物P1-P5的持水力和溶胀性测定结果见下表1。
表1 水解pH值对本发明梨渣提取物持水力和溶胀性的影响
从表1可以看出,不同水解pH值对梨渣提取物的持水力和溶胀性存在不同程度的影响。当水解pH值大于2时,梨渣提取物的持水力和溶胀性均显著升高,当pH值为2.4时,达到最大的持水力和溶胀性数值。进一步增加pH值后,梨渣提取物的持水力和溶胀性略有降低。上述试验结果显示,pH值2.4是本发明最佳的水解pH值。
试验例2 本发明梨渣提取物冻干溶剂的筛选
1、试验方法
按照试验例1的方法测定实施例6-11制备得到的梨渣提取物冻干品L1-L6的持水力和溶胀性。
2、试验结果
实施例6-11制备的梨渣提取物冻干品L1-L6的持水力和溶胀性见下表2。
表2 冻干溶剂对本发明梨渣提取物持水力和溶胀性的影响
从表2可以看出,当选择纯水作为冻干溶剂时,梨渣提取物冻干品L6较未冻干的梨渣提取物P5的持水力和溶胀性并无显著变化。令人意外的是,当选择醇类与水的混合溶剂时,梨渣提取物冻干品L1-L5的持水力和溶胀性显著提高。特别是采用1:2的体积比异丙醇和水混合溶剂制备的梨渣提取物冻干品L2的效果最佳,在梨渣提取物P5的基础上进一步将持水力和溶胀性提高了50%以上,产生了难以预期的技术效果。
试验例3 本发明梨渣提取物对高脂喂养小鼠预防肥胖的影响
1、造模及试验分组
健康昆明种雄性小鼠50只,体重(15±3)g,适应饲养3天后随机分为5组,每组10只。空白对照组(A1)每天饲喂基础饲料;高营养性肥胖模型组(A2)每天饲喂高脂饲料(65%基础饲料、13%猪油、10%鸡蛋、5%奶粉和蔗糖、2%食盐),本发明梨渣提取物组(A3-A5)每天分别饲喂混有本发明实施例5-7制备的梨渣提取物P5、L1和L2的高脂饲料,各试验组的梨渣提取物添加量为5g/kg*BW。所有小鼠自由采食和饮水,饲养期3周。
2、试验方法
分别在实验第0天、第3周末将各组小鼠空腹过夜,正常饮水,第二天测定并记录小鼠体重、鼻尖至肛门处体长,按照公式计算出肥胖指数(Lee's指数):
Lee's指数=体重(g)1/3×1000/体长(cm)
3、试验结果
各实验组小鼠在试验周期内体重和Lee's指数变化见下表3。
表3 本发明梨渣提取物对小鼠体重和肥胖指数的影响
从表3可见,各组小鼠体重在实验期间均呈上升趋势,其中模型组小鼠体重增长最快,而本发明梨渣提取物各试验组的小鼠体重增长速度明显低于模型组,说明本发明的梨渣提取物对小鼠体重增长控制作用显著。
Lee's指数可反映动物肥胖程度,表1显示各组小鼠Lee's指数有着不同程度变化,空白对照组小鼠Lee's指数较稳定,模型组Lee's指数显著增高,而本发明梨渣提取物各试验组Lee's指数相比模型组均有不同程度的下降,说明本发明梨渣提取物对小鼠肥胖指数增长具有明显的抑制作用,证实本发明的梨渣提取物具有优异的预防肥胖作用。
试验例4 本发明梨渣提取物对糖尿病小鼠血糖的影响
1、造模及试验分组
将80只昆明种小鼠,适应性地饲养7d,体重20~22g。小鼠禁食不禁水12h,经尾静脉注射60mg/kg以冰新鲜生理盐水配制的四氧嘧啶。5h后,分别灌胃50%葡萄糖溶液,以防止小鼠因血糖浓度过低引起死亡,之后自由进食、饮水。5天后各组小鼠禁食不禁水12h后,通过眼眶内静脉取血测定血糖浓度,从中选取40只血糖值>7mmol/L的小鼠作为造模成功的糖尿病模型小鼠。
选取10只血糖浓度正常的小鼠(3~6.1mmol/L)设为空白对照组(B1)。另外将上述糖尿病模型小鼠随机地分为4组,分别为糖尿病模型组(B2),给予本发明实施例5-7制备的梨渣提取物P5、L1和L2的药物试验组(B3-B5),每组10只小鼠。
2、试验方法
将各组糖尿病小鼠禁食12h,各药物试验组B3-B5分别给予200mg/kg本发明实施例5-7制备的梨渣提取物P5、L1和L2,糖尿病模型组B2与空白对照组B1则给予等剂量的蒸馏水。20min之后,灌胃葡萄糖2g/kg,分别测定0、0.5、1和2h血糖,并计算葡萄糖耐量曲线下积分面积(AUC),AUC计算方法为:
0.25×(0h血糖浓度+4×0.5h血糖浓度+3×2h血糖浓度)
3、试验结果
各试验组小鼠在0-2h内的口服葡萄糖耐量(OGTT)曲线见图1,各试验组小鼠的葡萄糖耐量曲线下积分面积见下表4。
表4 本发明梨渣提取物对小鼠葡萄糖耐量曲线下积分面积的影响
对于糖尿病模型小鼠,葡萄糖内稳态以及胰岛素敏感性均明显降低,口服葡萄糖耐量测试能够用来表示胰岛β细胞的功能,机体对血糖调节能力以及高血糖对于葡萄糖内稳态的损害程度。
从图1可以看出,正常小鼠的血糖浓度于实验开始后30min内达到最大值,且在120min内血糖浓度能恢复到基础的水平,而糖尿病模型小鼠则在30min内血糖浓度升到最高,120min时未有显著的下降,表明糖尿病模型组小鼠胰岛素分泌明显延迟,胰岛β细胞功能受损且机体对于血糖的调节能力明显下降,葡萄糖耐量受损比较严重,表明葡萄糖内稳态紊乱。和模型组小鼠相比,本发明药物试验组的小鼠葡萄糖耐量显著改善,且以B5试验组的效果较佳。表4进一步显示,与模型组小鼠相比,本发明药物试验组B3-B5的AUC值显著降低,证实本发明的梨渣提取物能够有效地减慢葡萄糖吸收速率,改善葡萄糖耐量受损状况,起到改善葡萄糖内稳态的作用。
应当理解的是,本发明的上述具体实施方式仅仅用于示例性说明或解释本发明的原理,而不构成对本发明的限制。因此,在不偏离本发明的精神和范围的情况下所做的任何修改、等同替换、改进等,均应包含在本发明的保护范围之内。
Claims (2)
1.一种梨渣提取物的制备方法,其特征在于,包括以下步骤:
1)前处理:将鲜梨去皮、去核,破碎成小块后挤压去除水分,得鲜梨渣,梨渣放在纱布上,用清水反复洗涤至洗出的水接近无色,除去其中可溶性糖分及色素物质;
2)酸性溶液提取:经过前处理的梨渣按1g:(10-20)mL的料液比加水,用盐酸调节pH值为2.4,于80-95℃水浴中恒温提取1-2h,趁热抽滤梨渣提取液;
3)乙醇沉淀:在提取液中加入等体积量的80-90%乙醇溶液,充分搅拌,静置得沉淀物,过滤,干燥,得梨渣提取物;
4)冷冻干燥:在梨渣提取物中加入醇类有机溶剂与水的混合溶剂,充分搅拌分散,使用常规方法冷冻干燥,粉碎过60目筛,得梨渣提取物冻干品;
所述步骤4)中醇类有机溶剂为异丙醇;所述醇类有机溶剂与水的体积比为1:2。
2.权利要求1所述制备方法制备得到的梨渣提取物。
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