CN111992141B - 裂解炉 - Google Patents

裂解炉 Download PDF

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CN111992141B
CN111992141B CN202010862566.0A CN202010862566A CN111992141B CN 111992141 B CN111992141 B CN 111992141B CN 202010862566 A CN202010862566 A CN 202010862566A CN 111992141 B CN111992141 B CN 111992141B
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enclosure
gas
furnace
heating
cracking furnace
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CN111992141A (zh
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O·勒佩茨
P·萨埃
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ETIA Evaluation Technologique Ingenierie et Applications SARL
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ETIA Evaluation Technologique Ingenierie et Applications SARL
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    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23G—CREMATION FURNACES; CONSUMING WASTE PRODUCTS BY COMBUSTION
    • F23G5/00—Incineration of waste; Incinerator constructions; Details, accessories or control therefor
    • F23G5/02—Incineration of waste; Incinerator constructions; Details, accessories or control therefor with pretreatment
    • F23G5/027—Incineration of waste; Incinerator constructions; Details, accessories or control therefor with pretreatment pyrolising or gasifying stage
    • F23G5/0273—Incineration of waste; Incinerator constructions; Details, accessories or control therefor with pretreatment pyrolising or gasifying stage using indirect heating
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J6/00—Heat treatments such as Calcining; Fusing ; Pyrolysis
    • B01J6/008—Pyrolysis reactions
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D53/00—Separation of gases or vapours; Recovering vapours of volatile solvents from gases; Chemical or biological purification of waste gases, e.g. engine exhaust gases, smoke, fumes, flue gases, aerosols
    • B01D53/02—Separation of gases or vapours; Recovering vapours of volatile solvents from gases; Chemical or biological purification of waste gases, e.g. engine exhaust gases, smoke, fumes, flue gases, aerosols by adsorption, e.g. preparative gas chromatography
    • B01D53/04—Separation of gases or vapours; Recovering vapours of volatile solvents from gases; Chemical or biological purification of waste gases, e.g. engine exhaust gases, smoke, fumes, flue gases, aerosols by adsorption, e.g. preparative gas chromatography with stationary adsorbents
    • B01D53/047—Pressure swing adsorption
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D53/00—Separation of gases or vapours; Recovering vapours of volatile solvents from gases; Chemical or biological purification of waste gases, e.g. engine exhaust gases, smoke, fumes, flue gases, aerosols
    • B01D53/22—Separation of gases or vapours; Recovering vapours of volatile solvents from gases; Chemical or biological purification of waste gases, e.g. engine exhaust gases, smoke, fumes, flue gases, aerosols by diffusion
    • B01D53/229—Integrated processes (Diffusion and at least one other process, e.g. adsorption, absorption)
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D53/00—Separation of gases or vapours; Recovering vapours of volatile solvents from gases; Chemical or biological purification of waste gases, e.g. engine exhaust gases, smoke, fumes, flue gases, aerosols
    • B01D53/26—Drying gases or vapours
    • B01D53/265—Drying gases or vapours by refrigeration (condensation)
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J19/00—Chemical, physical or physico-chemical processes in general; Their relevant apparatus
    • B01J19/24—Stationary reactors without moving elements inside
    • B01J19/2405—Stationary reactors without moving elements inside provoking a turbulent flow of the reactants, such as in cyclones, or having a high Reynolds-number
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J19/00—Chemical, physical or physico-chemical processes in general; Their relevant apparatus
    • B01J19/24—Stationary reactors without moving elements inside
    • B01J19/2415—Tubular reactors
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07C4/00—Preparation of hydrocarbons from hydrocarbons containing a larger number of carbon atoms
    • C07C4/02—Preparation of hydrocarbons from hydrocarbons containing a larger number of carbon atoms by cracking a single hydrocarbon or a mixture of individually defined hydrocarbons or a normally gaseous hydrocarbon fraction
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10B—DESTRUCTIVE DISTILLATION OF CARBONACEOUS MATERIALS FOR PRODUCTION OF GAS, COKE, TAR, OR SIMILAR MATERIALS
    • C10B19/00—Heating of coke ovens by electrical means
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10B—DESTRUCTIVE DISTILLATION OF CARBONACEOUS MATERIALS FOR PRODUCTION OF GAS, COKE, TAR, OR SIMILAR MATERIALS
    • C10B27/00—Arrangements for withdrawal of the distillation gases
    • C10B27/06—Conduit details, e.g. valves
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10B—DESTRUCTIVE DISTILLATION OF CARBONACEOUS MATERIALS FOR PRODUCTION OF GAS, COKE, TAR, OR SIMILAR MATERIALS
    • C10B47/00—Destructive distillation of solid carbonaceous materials with indirect heating, e.g. by external combustion
    • C10B47/28—Other processes
    • C10B47/32—Other processes in ovens with mechanical conveying means
    • C10B47/44—Other processes in ovens with mechanical conveying means with conveyor-screws
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10B—DESTRUCTIVE DISTILLATION OF CARBONACEOUS MATERIALS FOR PRODUCTION OF GAS, COKE, TAR, OR SIMILAR MATERIALS
    • C10B5/00—Coke ovens with horizontal chambers
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10B—DESTRUCTIVE DISTILLATION OF CARBONACEOUS MATERIALS FOR PRODUCTION OF GAS, COKE, TAR, OR SIMILAR MATERIALS
    • C10B53/00—Destructive distillation, specially adapted for particular solid raw materials or solid raw materials in special form
    • C10B53/07—Destructive distillation, specially adapted for particular solid raw materials or solid raw materials in special form of solid raw materials consisting of synthetic polymeric materials, e.g. tyres
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10B—DESTRUCTIVE DISTILLATION OF CARBONACEOUS MATERIALS FOR PRODUCTION OF GAS, COKE, TAR, OR SIMILAR MATERIALS
    • C10B7/00—Coke ovens with mechanical conveying means for the raw material inside the oven
    • C10B7/10—Coke ovens with mechanical conveying means for the raw material inside the oven with conveyor-screws
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10G—CRACKING HYDROCARBON OILS; PRODUCTION OF LIQUID HYDROCARBON MIXTURES, e.g. BY DESTRUCTIVE HYDROGENATION, OLIGOMERISATION, POLYMERISATION; RECOVERY OF HYDROCARBON OILS FROM OIL-SHALE, OIL-SAND, OR GASES; REFINING MIXTURES MAINLY CONSISTING OF HYDROCARBONS; REFORMING OF NAPHTHA; MINERAL WAXES
    • C10G9/00—Thermal non-catalytic cracking, in the absence of hydrogen, of hydrocarbon oils
    • C10G9/14—Thermal non-catalytic cracking, in the absence of hydrogen, of hydrocarbon oils in pipes or coils with or without auxiliary means, e.g. digesters, soaking drums, expansion means
    • C10G9/18—Apparatus
    • C10G9/20—Tube furnaces
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10K—PURIFYING OR MODIFYING THE CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF COMBUSTIBLE GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE
    • C10K1/00—Purifying combustible gases containing carbon monoxide
    • C10K1/002—Removal of contaminants
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10K—PURIFYING OR MODIFYING THE CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF COMBUSTIBLE GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE
    • C10K3/00—Modifying the chemical composition of combustible gases containing carbon monoxide to produce an improved fuel, e.g. one of different calorific value, which may be free from carbon monoxide
    • C10K3/001—Modifying the chemical composition of combustible gases containing carbon monoxide to produce an improved fuel, e.g. one of different calorific value, which may be free from carbon monoxide by thermal treatment
    • C10K3/003—Reducing the tar content
    • C10K3/008—Reducing the tar content by cracking
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
    • C10L3/00—Gaseous fuels; Natural gas; Synthetic natural gas obtained by processes not covered by subclass C10G, C10K; Liquefied petroleum gas
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23C—METHODS OR APPARATUS FOR COMBUSTION USING FLUID FUEL OR SOLID FUEL SUSPENDED IN  A CARRIER GAS OR AIR 
    • F23C3/00—Combustion apparatus characterised by the shape of the combustion chamber
    • F23C3/002—Combustion apparatus characterised by the shape of the combustion chamber the chamber having an elongated tubular form, e.g. for a radiant tube
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23C—METHODS OR APPARATUS FOR COMBUSTION USING FLUID FUEL OR SOLID FUEL SUSPENDED IN  A CARRIER GAS OR AIR 
    • F23C3/00—Combustion apparatus characterised by the shape of the combustion chamber
    • F23C3/004—Combustion apparatus characterised by the shape of the combustion chamber the chamber being arranged for submerged combustion
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23C—METHODS OR APPARATUS FOR COMBUSTION USING FLUID FUEL OR SOLID FUEL SUSPENDED IN  A CARRIER GAS OR AIR 
    • F23C99/00—Subject-matter not provided for in other groups of this subclass
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23G—CREMATION FURNACES; CONSUMING WASTE PRODUCTS BY COMBUSTION
    • F23G5/00—Incineration of waste; Incinerator constructions; Details, accessories or control therefor
    • F23G5/08—Incineration of waste; Incinerator constructions; Details, accessories or control therefor having supplementary heating
    • F23G5/10—Incineration of waste; Incinerator constructions; Details, accessories or control therefor having supplementary heating electric
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23G—CREMATION FURNACES; CONSUMING WASTE PRODUCTS BY COMBUSTION
    • F23G5/00—Incineration of waste; Incinerator constructions; Details, accessories or control therefor
    • F23G5/08—Incineration of waste; Incinerator constructions; Details, accessories or control therefor having supplementary heating
    • F23G5/12—Incineration of waste; Incinerator constructions; Details, accessories or control therefor having supplementary heating using gaseous or liquid fuel
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23G—CREMATION FURNACES; CONSUMING WASTE PRODUCTS BY COMBUSTION
    • F23G5/00—Incineration of waste; Incinerator constructions; Details, accessories or control therefor
    • F23G5/24—Incineration of waste; Incinerator constructions; Details, accessories or control therefor having a vertical, substantially cylindrical, combustion chamber
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23G—CREMATION FURNACES; CONSUMING WASTE PRODUCTS BY COMBUSTION
    • F23G5/00—Incineration of waste; Incinerator constructions; Details, accessories or control therefor
    • F23G5/44—Details; Accessories
    • F23G5/442—Waste feed arrangements
    • F23G5/444—Waste feed arrangements for solid waste
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23G—CREMATION FURNACES; CONSUMING WASTE PRODUCTS BY COMBUSTION
    • F23G7/00—Incinerators or other apparatus for consuming industrial waste, e.g. chemicals
    • F23G7/06—Incinerators or other apparatus for consuming industrial waste, e.g. chemicals of waste gases or noxious gases, e.g. exhaust gases
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23G—CREMATION FURNACES; CONSUMING WASTE PRODUCTS BY COMBUSTION
    • F23G7/00—Incinerators or other apparatus for consuming industrial waste, e.g. chemicals
    • F23G7/06—Incinerators or other apparatus for consuming industrial waste, e.g. chemicals of waste gases or noxious gases, e.g. exhaust gases
    • F23G7/061—Incinerators or other apparatus for consuming industrial waste, e.g. chemicals of waste gases or noxious gases, e.g. exhaust gases with supplementary heating
    • F23G7/063—Incinerators or other apparatus for consuming industrial waste, e.g. chemicals of waste gases or noxious gases, e.g. exhaust gases with supplementary heating electric heating
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23G—CREMATION FURNACES; CONSUMING WASTE PRODUCTS BY COMBUSTION
    • F23G7/00—Incinerators or other apparatus for consuming industrial waste, e.g. chemicals
    • F23G7/10—Incinerators or other apparatus for consuming industrial waste, e.g. chemicals of field or garden waste or biomasses
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
    • H05B3/00—Ohmic-resistance heating
    • H05B3/40—Heating elements having the shape of rods or tubes
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
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    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D2256/00—Main component in the product gas stream after treatment
    • B01D2256/24—Hydrocarbons
    • B01D2256/245—Methane
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
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    • B01D2257/10—Single element gases other than halogens
    • B01D2257/102—Nitrogen
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    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
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    • B01D2257/504—Carbon dioxide
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    • B01J2204/00—Aspects relating to feed or outlet devices; Regulating devices for feed or outlet devices
    • B01J2204/005—Aspects relating to feed or outlet devices; Regulating devices for feed or outlet devices the outlet side being of particular interest
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J2219/00—Chemical, physical or physico-chemical processes in general; Their relevant apparatus
    • B01J2219/00049—Controlling or regulating processes
    • B01J2219/00051—Controlling the temperature
    • B01J2219/00074—Controlling the temperature by indirect heating or cooling employing heat exchange fluids
    • B01J2219/00076—Controlling the temperature by indirect heating or cooling employing heat exchange fluids with heat exchange elements inside the reactor
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    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
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    • B01J2219/02—Apparatus characterised by their chemically-resistant properties
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    • B01J2219/0218—Apparatus characterised by their chemically-resistant properties comprising coatings on the surfaces in direct contact with the reactive components of ceramic
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
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    • B01J2219/18—Details relating to the spatial orientation of the reactor
    • B01J2219/185—Details relating to the spatial orientation of the reactor vertical
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    • F23M—CASINGS, LININGS, WALLS OR DOORS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR COMBUSTION CHAMBERS, e.g. FIREBRIDGES; DEVICES FOR DEFLECTING AIR, FLAMES OR COMBUSTION PRODUCTS IN COMBUSTION CHAMBERS; SAFETY ARRANGEMENTS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR COMBUSTION APPARATUS; DETAILS OF COMBUSTION CHAMBERS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • F23M2900/00—Special features of, or arrangements for combustion chambers
    • F23M2900/05004—Special materials for walls or lining
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02C—CAPTURE, STORAGE, SEQUESTRATION OR DISPOSAL OF GREENHOUSE GASES [GHG]
    • Y02C20/00—Capture or disposal of greenhouse gases
    • Y02C20/40—Capture or disposal of greenhouse gases of CO2

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Oil, Petroleum & Natural Gas (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
  • Environmental & Geological Engineering (AREA)
  • Materials Engineering (AREA)
  • Thermal Sciences (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Analytical Chemistry (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Sustainable Development (AREA)
  • Sustainable Energy (AREA)
  • Processing Of Solid Wastes (AREA)
  • Gasification And Melting Of Waste (AREA)
  • Separation, Recovery Or Treatment Of Waste Materials Containing Plastics (AREA)
  • Industrial Gases (AREA)
  • Separation Of Gases By Adsorption (AREA)
  • Filtering Of Dispersed Particles In Gases (AREA)
  • Treatment Of Sludge (AREA)
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Abstract

本发明涉及裂解炉(1)，所述裂解炉(1)包括垂直管状封闭体(2)，所述封闭体(2)包括用于引入待处理气体的入口(4)和用于从腔体去除所述气体的出口(5)；所述器件包括在腔室内垂直延伸并与腔室同轴的加热管(9)，所述加热管(9)形状设置为具有封闭的底端，并且对所述加热管(9)进行设置以使得其底端设置在腔室中并且其顶端连接到加热器件的燃烧器(13)，所述燃烧器(13)设置在腔体的外部。本发明还涉及包括该裂解炉以及用于对生物质和/或废料进行热处理且其出口连接到所述裂解炉的入口的装置的组件。

Description

裂解炉
本发明涉及一种用于处理气体，特别是(但不限于)废料和/或生物质的热处理所产生的气体的裂解炉。本发明还涉及包括该裂解炉以及用于对生物质和/或废料施加热处理且具有连接到所述裂解炉入口的出口的装置的组件。
生物质可以包括来自农业、养殖和相关工业的物质、废料和残余物的可生物降解部分，特别是植物来源的生物质、或来自污水处理厂的污泥的固体部分，以及工业和城市废料的可生物降解部分。废料可以包括工业废料，特别是聚合物废料(塑料材料、橡胶……)。
背景技术
为了经济和生态目的，考虑到获得用于能量目的的可燃物质(固体、液体或气体)，处理生物质和/或废料越来越普遍。
例如，已提出通过将生物质和/或废料转化为可以由燃气发动机使用的气体对生物质和/或废料进行回收利用。为此，生物质和/或废料的热处理(热解、气化……)使得能够回收利用高能量气体。然而，以该方式回收的气体被焦油或油相过度污染，难以由燃气发动机无风险地使用。
为了减轻该缺点，已知的是随后用裂解步骤进行热处理生物质和/或废料的步骤。这能够对焦油和油相进行裂解，从而在裂解步骤结束时回收足够清洁以供燃气发动机使用的气体(可以在涉及除了焦油和油相外的不期望组分的一个或多个另外净化步骤之后)。
例如，已经提出通过等离子炬实施裂解步骤。然而，该解决方案相对昂贵。
因此，已经提出了一种成本较低的解决方案，该解决方案由使待处理气体流入穿过封闭体的管道，所述封闭体通过加热气体进行内部加热。通过对气体进行加热来对管道进行间接加热使得气体中所含的焦油和油相发生裂解反应。
然而，已经观察到该解决方案不能使得待处理气体的焦油和油相进行非常彻底地净化。
发明目的
本发明的目的是提出一种裂解炉，用于更好地消除待处理气体中所含的焦油和/或油相。本发明的目的还在于提供包括该裂解炉以及用于对生物质和/或废料施加热处理并具有连接到所述裂解炉入口的出口的装置的组件。
发明概述
上述问题根据本发明通过裂解炉得以解决，所述裂解炉包括垂直管状封闭体，所述封闭体包括用于引入待处理气体的入口和用于从所述封闭体去除所述气体的出口；以及用于加热所述气体的器件，所述器件包括在封闭体内垂直延伸并与封闭体同轴的加热管，所述加热管形状设置为其具有封闭的底端，并且对所述加热管进行设置以使得其底端设置在封闭体中并且其顶端连接到加热器件的燃烧器，所述燃烧器设置在封闭体的外部。
因此，封闭体和加热管的特定设置使得可以形成其中很好地限制气体的处理区。这能够促进在封闭体内待处理气体与加热管之间的热交换：因此，焦油和油相的裂解是有效且快速的，由此使得在裂解炉出口处回收的气体呈现高纯度。
特别是在待处理气体是由生物质和/或废料的热处理(热分解、气化……)产生的气体时，从本发明裂解炉的出口处回收的气体基本不含焦油和油相，从而在燃气发动机中使用。
当然，在本申请中，术语“顶部”、“底部”、“水平”和“垂直”等应理解为相对于裂解炉的使用方向，即，当燃烧器直接设置在封闭体剩余部分上的情况下。
在本申请中，术语“陶瓷”应被理解为耐火材料和惰性材料(即不敏感的或仅与待处理气体(即使是腐蚀性气体)接触略微敏感的材料)，所述材料是制造的且是无机的。因此，金属或合金不是本发明意义的陶瓷，也不是混凝土。
本发明还涉及包括如上所述的该裂解炉以及用于对生物质和/或废料施加热处理且具有连接到所述裂解炉入口的出口的装置的组件。
本发明的其它特点和优势通过下文关于本发明具体实施方式的描述以及所附附图将变得更明显。
附图简要说明
参照所附附图进行说明，其中：
图1是本发明的第一实施方式中的裂解炉示意图；
图2是本发明的第二实施方式中的裂解炉示意图；
发明具体实施方式详述
参考图1，本发明第一实施方式裂解炉(总体以参考标记1给出)包括封闭体2。
优选，裂解炉1能够使得由生物质和/或废料的热处理(热分解或气化)产生的气体(在图1中以圆圈表示)进行裂解步骤，所述气体包括待通过所述裂解步骤消除的焦油和油相。在该实施方式中，裂解炉1因此形状设置为使得气体处于900摄氏度(℃)至1500℃范围内的温度，并且优选处于1000℃至1300℃范围内的温度。裂解炉1优选形状设置为使得气体处于约1100℃的温度。另外，在该实施方式中，裂解炉1形状设置为使得气体以短通过时间(通常在0.5秒(s)到2s范围内)穿过封闭体2。
封闭体2的形状为垂直轴线X的管状封闭体2。在该实施方式中，封闭体2还形状设置为具有圆形截面(具有其垂直于轴线X的截面)。
封闭体2包括用于引入待处理气体的入口4。在该实施方式中，入口4连接至用于对生物质和/或废料进行热处理的装置，所述装置用于产生所述待处理气体。例如，该装置包括壳体以及用于在所述壳体的入口和出口之间输送生物质和/或废料的器件，所述器件包括：安装以在壳体中围绕旋转轴线旋转的螺杆，以及用于使得螺杆旋转的旋转驱动器件，所述装置进一步包括用于通过焦耳效应对螺杆进行加热的加热器件。特别是，该装置在描述于文件WO 99/39549和FR 2 892 888中。
封闭体2进一步包括出口5，气体通过所述出口5排出。入口4设置在封闭体2的底部部分，并且出口5设置在封闭体的顶部部分。在特定方式中，入口4基本上与封闭体2相切延伸。因此，入口4设置为使气体沿着封闭体2的内壁渗入封闭体2中。这使得可能产生旋风作用以使得气体在封闭体2中螺旋流动。这提高了气体的处理。
优选，出口5也以与封闭体2相切进行设置。优选地，入口4和出口5相对于封闭体2以在径向上彼此相反的方向进行设置，以促进待处理气体流动穿过整个封闭体2。
在优选方式中，封闭体2由耐火材料制成。封闭体2的内壁因此具有良好的热辐射性能。在该示例中，封闭体2由陶瓷制成。选择用于封闭体2的陶瓷的热流密度范围为10千瓦每平方米(kW/m2)至50kW/m2。例如，所选陶瓷为氧化铝。裂解炉1进一步包括用于去除待处理气体中所包含的不期望的固体颗粒(例如，灰尘)的器件。为此，在该实施方式中，去除器件包括去除管6和设置在所述去除管6中的阀门7，例如，旋转滑动型、闸床(guillotine)型或蛤壳型的阀门7。阀门7能够确保封闭体2的密封，从而限制氧气经由去除管6进入封闭体2，氧气会妨碍裂解。在该实施方式中，去除管6从封闭体2的底部壁8延伸到封闭体2外部。在该实施方式中，去除管6设置为在基本位于封闭体2的所述底部壁8中心的末端处开口。在该实施方式中，去除管6沿轴向X延伸。
因此，只需打开阀门7就可以使不期望的固体颗粒从封闭体2中掉出。优选地，封闭体2的底部壁8是凹形的，从而形成一个漏斗(funnel)，所述漏斗不仅能够更好地存储不期望的固体颗粒，而且更容易通过通入漏斗的去除管6去除颗粒。
此外，裂解炉1包括用于加热所述待处理气体的器件，该器件特别包括加热管9。加热管9形状设置为沿着封闭体2中的轴线X垂直延伸、在所述封闭体2中同轴延伸。在该实施方式中，加热管9还形状设置为具有圆形截面(具有其垂直于轴线X的截面)。因此，封闭体2和加热管9一起限定了用于对气体进行处理的处理区3的环形部分(具有其垂直于轴线X的截面)的内部空间。另外，加热管9形状设置为其底端10是封闭的，并且设置在封闭体2内，而不接触封闭体2的底部壁8.这有助于使得不期望的固体颗粒沉积在封闭体2的底部壁8上，从而便于去除所述固态颗粒。
然而，加热管9沿着轴线X具有接近封闭体2的高度，通常是封闭体2的高度的90％至99％范围内。加热管的顶端11从封闭体2开口，在封闭体2最高处(roof)12上方。
在优选方式中，加热管9由陶瓷制成。所选陶瓷的热流密度范围优选为10kW/m2至50kW/m2。例如，所选陶瓷为氧化铝。
加热器件进一步包括用于加热燃料(天然气、燃料、纯净的合成气、或者还有由本裂化炉1处理的气体)的入口管14，其中一部分气体在裂解炉13的出口5处被取出，以供给入口管...)，该入口管14连接到所述加热器件的燃烧器13，所述燃烧器13连接到加热管9的顶端11。加热器件还包括用于经燃烧燃料的出口管15，所述出口管15也连接到加热管9的顶端11。
优选地，加热器件首先利用裂化炉1外侧的外部加热燃料，以启动加热管9(该燃料是天然气、燃料油或纯化合成气体类型)的加热，并且一旦气体处理开始时，加热器件从裂解炉13的出口5中取出一部分经处理气体以对加热管9进行加热。
因此，裂解炉1是相对独立的，并且需要仅用于启动裂解开始的外部燃料。
当仅仅从裂化炉1的出口5取出经处理的气体不足以驱动燃烧器时，也可以在操作中使用外部燃料。
在操作中，待处理气体经由入口4引入到封闭体2中。同时，燃烧器13燃烧加热燃料，从而将加热气体(图1中由三角形表示)排出到加热管9中。所述加热气体因此在加热管9中下降，然后自然上升到加热管9的顶端11，在顶端11处由出口管15排出到裂解炉1外部。加热气体的存在和运动使其能够给在其整个高度上有效地对加热管9进行加热，导致处理区3通过对流(在加热管9处)和辐射(经由构成封闭体2的特定材料)进行加热。因此，待处理气体有效、快速、均匀地加热至对存在于所述气体中的油和焦油进行热裂解所需的温度，并且在该实施方式中，达到约1100℃的温度。因此，这引起存在于所述处理气体中的有害元素例如焦油和/或油相发生裂解。
待处理气体自然流动，并且有利地以螺旋方式通过入口4的切向设置所旋风作用穿过整个处理区3流入封闭体2底部入口4与封闭体顶部出口5之间的封闭体2中，这使得在出口5处从封闭体2排出之前为待处理气体保留了正确时间。
因此，应当注意待处理气体是间接加热的，因为加热气体或燃料与待处理气体之间没有物理接触：仅加热管9和封闭体2的耐火内壁用于对待处理气体进行加热。
因此，封闭体2和相关的加热管9的特定构造使得可以限定狭窄的处理区3，其中，处理气体沿着封闭体2的整个长度穿行时，待处理气体被限制在处理区3中，处理区3通过封闭体2的耐火壁进行外部加热并由加热管9进行内部加热。这使得可以在整个处理区内均匀加热待处理气体，从而确保不期望的焦油和油相良好裂解。
参考图2，下文描述了本发明的第二实施方式。与第一实施例共享的元件具有加上100的相同附图标记。
在该第二实施方式中，用于去除不期望固体颗粒的去除器件不再包括去除管和相关的阀门，而是包括在封闭体102内沿轴线X垂直延伸、在所述封闭体102和加热管109之间同轴延伸的过滤器116，以此使得加热管109在过滤器116内延伸，所述过滤器116在封闭体102内。在该实施方式中，过滤器116还形状设置为具有圆形截面(具有其垂直于轴线X的截面)。过滤器116的高度等于封闭体102的高度，以使得首先固定到封闭体102的最高处112，且其次固定到封闭体的底部壁108。
因此，封闭体102和加热管109仍在它们之间限定了形成用于处理气体的处理区103的内部空间，但是过滤器116和加热管109进行一步在它们之间限定了用于过滤气体的过滤区117。
例如，过滤器116由陶瓷制成。
在该实施方式中，封闭体102的入口104形状设置为直接通向用于过滤气体的所述区117中。为此，入口104通向封闭体102的底部壁108中，进入所述滤区117。至于出口105，其形状设置为通向处理区103，但在过滤区117之外。
因此，在运行时，待处理气体通过入口104引入封闭体102中，从而流入过滤区117内的封闭体102中。同时燃烧器113对燃料进行加热，其使得加热气体排出到加热管109。所述加热气体因此在加热管109中下降，然后自然上升到加热管9的顶端111，在顶端111处由出口管115排出到裂解炉101外部。加热气体的存在和运动使其能够给在其整个高度上有效地对加热管109进行加热，导致处理区103通过对流(在加热管109处)和辐射(经由构成封闭体102的特定材料)进行加热。因此，这引起存在于所述处理气体中的有害元素例如焦油和/或油相发生裂解。待处理气体闯过整个处理区103自然流入在封闭体102底部入口104和封闭体顶部出口105之间的封闭体102中。此外，这种自然移动迫使气体通过过滤器116以上升到出口105。尽管过滤器116允许所述气体通过，不同的是，其保留了不期望的固体颗粒，由此不仅使焦油和油相、而且使待从气体中清除的不期望的固体颗粒经由出口105离开。
本发明不限于所述实施方式，相反，包括在本发明范围内的任意变体。
当然，本发明的裂解炉以用于处理除了废料和/或生物质的热处理所产生的气体之外类型的气体。然而，本发明的裂解炉特别适用于废料和/或生物质的热处理所产生的气体。
尽管在上文描述中，管状封闭体具有圆形截面，但是封闭体可以具有不同的截面，例如椭圆形截面。然而，优选具有圆形截面的封闭体，因为其促进了处理区内的热交换。另外，加热管可以具有与圆形截面不同的截面，例如椭圆截面。然而，优选具有圆形截面的加热管，因为其促进了处理区内的热交换。在任何情况下，因此优选其中加热管和封闭体具有相同形状的裂解炉，因为其促进了处理区内的热交换。
尽管在该示例中封闭体是由氧化铝制成的，但是封闭体可以由任意其它材料制成：另一种陶瓷、耐火混凝土、金属或金属合金等。然而，优选耐火材料如提高气体处理的耐火混凝土或陶瓷。此外，待处理气体的性质(特别是，是否具有腐蚀性)也应进行考虑。
此外，尽管在该示例中加热管是由氧化铝制成的，但是加热管可以由任意其它材料制成：另一种陶瓷、耐火混凝土、金属或金属合金等。然而，优选耐火材料如提高气体处理的耐火混凝土或陶瓷。此外，待处理气体的性质(特别是，是否具有腐蚀性)也应进行考虑。
此外，尽管在该示例中加热管是由氧化铝制成的，但是过滤器可以由任意其它材料制成：另一种陶瓷、耐火混凝土、金属或金属合金等。然而，优选耐火材料如提高气体处理的耐火混凝土或陶瓷。此外，待处理气体的性质(特别是，是否具有腐蚀性)也应进行考虑。
裂解炉的出口可以与用于消除存在于气体中的杂质的其它器件以及/或者气体净化器件进行结合。

Claims (15)

1.裂解炉，其包括垂直管状封闭体，所述封闭体包括用于引入待处理气体的入口和用于从封闭体去除所述气体的出口；以及用于加热所述气体的器件，所述器件包括在封闭体内垂直延伸并与封闭体同轴的加热管，所述加热管形状设置为底端封闭，并且对所述加热管进行设置以使得其底端设置在封闭体内部并且其顶端连接到加热器件的燃烧器，所述燃烧器设置在所述封闭体的外部，
其中，入口设置为使待处理气体沿着所述垂直管状封闭体的内壁渗入所述垂直管状封闭体中，从而产生旋风作用以使得气体在垂直管状封闭体中螺旋流动。
2.如权利要求1所述的裂解炉，其特征在于，所述封闭体形状设置为具有圆形截面。
3.如权利要求1或权利要求2所述的裂解炉，其特征在于，所述加热管形状设置为具有圆形截面。
4.如权利要求1或权利要求2所述的裂解炉，其特征在于，所述加热管是基于陶瓷的。
5.如权利要求1或权利要求2所述的裂解炉，其特征在于，所述封闭体的至少一个内壁由耐火材料制成。
6.如权利要求5所述的裂解炉，其特征在于，所述耐火材料是基于陶瓷的。
7.如权利要求4所述的裂解炉，其特征在于，所述陶瓷包括氧化铝。
8.如权利要求6所述的裂解炉，其特征在于，所述陶瓷包括氧化铝。
9.如权利要求5所述的裂解炉，其特征在于，所述耐火材料是基于混凝土的。
10.如权利要求1或权利要求2所述的裂解炉，所述裂解炉包括用于去除待处理气体中所含有的不期望的固体颗粒的去除器件。
11.如权利要求10述的裂解炉，其特征在于，所述去除器件包括：从所述封闭体的底部壁向封闭体外部延伸的去除管、以及设置在所述去除管中的阀门。
12.如权利要求11所述的裂解炉，其特征在于，所述封闭体的所述底部壁是凹形的，以形成漏斗。
13.如上述权利要求1或权利要求2所述的裂解炉，其特征在于，所述加热器件形状设置为从所述裂解炉的出口取出部分气体，从而供给至燃烧器。
14.一种组件，它包括如前述权利要求中任一项所述的裂解炉以及用于对生物质和/或废料施加热处理的装置，所述装置具有连接到所述裂解炉入口的出口。
15.如权利要求14所述的组件，其特征在于，所述用于施加热处理的装置包括壳体以及用于在所述壳体的入口和出口之间输送生物质和/或废料的器件，所述器件包括：安装以在壳体中围绕旋转轴线旋转的螺杆，以及用于使得螺杆旋转的旋转驱动器件，所述装置进一步包括用于通过焦耳效应对螺杆进行加热的加热器件。
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