CN1119129C - 使用光学脉冲去除毛发的装置 - Google Patents
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Abstract
一种使用光能破坏皮肤区域的毛囊,同时去除毛发的方法和装置。光能通过一种光能施加器施加在该区域上,该光能施加器聚集光能以加强对被治疗部分毛囊的破坏,最好将施药器摁压在皮肤上以减小从皮肤表面到毛囊的将被破坏部分(包括凸出部位以及毛囊的乳状物)的距离,并进一步使上层皮肤变形,该光能施加器还最好对被放射区致冷以减小或消除表皮的热损伤。包括脉冲持续时间的放射参数被选择,以使该区域中毛囊的被要求部分达到完全破坏,而其周围的组织和患者的表皮的损伤却最小。
Description
本发明所属技术领域
本发明涉及使用光学放射去除毛发的方法和装置。
本发明的背景技术
过多的毛发(多毛症)和/或不必要的毛发是常见的皮肤病和化妆问题,它可能由遗传疾病、恶性肿瘤、或内分泌疾病(例如多毛症,即由例如雄激素之类的荷尔蒙引起的毛发过多)引起。可以采用一些技术例如蜡质脱毛剂、脱毛霜暂时去除毛发,当然还可以将毛发刮掉。另外,还可以使用电解法永久地去除毛发;其处理方式是用一种带电的针插入每根毛发的毛囊中,因此它经常令患者感到痛苦,而且并非有效,还耗费时间。
基于光学的方法,例如激光的使用,也已被用于去除毛发。例如美国专利第4,388,924号中所描述的,用一个激光器对每个毛囊进行照射。在这种方法中,随着发根部分温度的不断升高,局部血管中的血凝固起来,因此破坏毛囊,从而可以去除毛发。与此相关的技术还在美国专利第5,226,907号中有描述。首先,它用一种光吸收物质靠近欲脱毛部位,并至少部分地进入到毛囊中,然后移走多余的光吸收物质,并照射该区域使皮肤表面以致毛囊的温度升高,从而达到对毛囊的破坏。
上述先有技术受到较多局限。首先,对每一单独的发根进行照射既费时,又不实用,除非被照射的是非常小的区域,或者该区域的毛发相当稀少。这种方法可能给患者带来痛苦,尤其当一个针状元件被插入到毛发的毛囊,以帮助光能到达突出部位和根部或乳状突起部位时,部分毛发毛囊定会被破坏以防止毛发的再生。一旦放射源没有进入到毛囊,需要脱毛的毛囊部分就得不到足够的能量而不能达到被破坏的目的,而且它周围的组织还会受到严重的损伤从而导致痛苦并损伤患者。
先有技术中的后一个专利具有一定的优点,可以同时在一个给定的区域内去除较多数量的毛发,但是,这种技术却不容易使光吸收物质或色基足够深地进入发根以破坏乳状物。而且,该技术使用基本能量施用在表皮或被治疗区域的其它皮层并由其吸收,从而使能量到达发根或发囊的底部或乳状物时已被大量地减弱了。这样,发囊的完全破坏,或长久地(至少在较长的时间内)去除毛发并不容易达到,在那些没有遭受任何损伤的表皮或皮层部位更是如此。
因此,需要一种改进的技术用于去除毛发,该技术既可以促使光能到达发囊的突起部位和底部或根部,又可以减少对该区域表皮的伤害,从而减轻了患者的痛苦和由该治疗导致的潜在的不利副作用。
本发明的简要描述
综上所述,本发明提供了一种在某个皮肤区域内同时去除毛发的方法和装置,所述毛发都是由各自的毛囊从皮肤表面深入到皮肤。这种技术是将光能施加器与选定区域的皮肤表面接触,并以预先决定的时间间隔将具有选定波长和光强的光学辐射通过光能施加器施加到皮肤表面。光能施加器最好被摁压在皮肤表面,以减少光能施加器到毛囊的乳状突起之间的距离,从而促使毛囊的破坏。而且,本发明还涉及在选定的皮肤区域内实施光学放射的过程中或在该过程之前,使所述皮肤表面的降温达到选择的深度。这使得毛囊乳状物的温度显著升高,而所述皮肤区域内选定深度以上的皮肤表面没有任何损伤。
本发明提供了一种用来从皮肤区域内同时去除多根毛发的装置,所述毛发的毛囊从皮肤表面深入到皮肤,这种装置包括:一个包括用来在要除去毛发的皮肤区域内与皮肤表面接触的施加器;光辐射光源;以及从光辐射光源到所述施加器表面的光通道,该通道对于具有选定波长的光辐射是透明的;光辐射通过所述施加器表面到所述皮肤区域;其特点在于:所述辐射波长在680纳米和1200纳米之间,能量密度在10焦耳/平方厘米和200焦耳/平方厘米之间,辐射持续时间为2到200毫秒。
在优选实施例中,光能施加器用于将选定区域内表皮的温度降低并达到被选定的深度,而且该深度最好至少应与皮肤表皮层(即,与表皮最接近的皮层)的深度相当。例如,由光能施加器实施的降温至少可以通过光能施加器与表皮接触实现,最好在对皮肤进行照射的过程中,或在此过程之前进行。在优选实施例中,由光能施加器实施的降温可以由光能施加器传递一种降温液体的方式实施。而且,如果被选定的表皮区域的温度没有到达基本被选择的深度,就最好不进行皮肤照射。作为更好的实施例则是在放射之前或放射之中进行降温,而且光强和暴露时间(即,照射的间隔时间)被预先选择,以确保选择的皮肤区域内的温度维持至选择的深度。与此同时,已有足够的热量实施在毛发和毛囊的预定深度以下以破坏毛发和毛囊,但并不对毛囊周围的组织造成严重的损伤。优选的照射间隔时间为2-10毫秒。光能施加器最好用来将施加在皮肤区域的放射光聚焦,以进一步加强对毛囊乳状物的照射。在优选实施例中,光能施加器还有一个凸出的表面与皮肤表面接触,在表皮上施加均匀的压力以使皮下组织变形。作为另一个实施例,光能施加器在选定的皮肤上形成褶皱,并在褶皱的两个相对面上施行放射。例如,光能施加器与皮肤之间可以形成一个接触点,至少有部分皮肤随此点一同陷下去,而光放射通过此点的至少两个相对侧面对皮肤进行照射。
理想的情况还包括光能施加器与选定皮肤区域内的表皮之间维持一定的折射率匹配。这种折射率匹配可以由光能施加器和表皮之间的一层折射率匹配物质提供,和/或由制成光能施加器的材料提供,这种材料应该至少在与皮肤接触的区域与表皮保持一定的折射率匹配。
为了便于毛发的去除,可以在辐射之前先刮掉选定区域内的毛发。然而,最好在辐射之前先脱去选定皮肤区域内的毛发。毛发被脱去后,就可以在毛囊里填充一种物质(如色基),它用于选择地吸收具有选定波长的光辐射以促进对毛囊的破坏。而且,如果仅要求暂时地去除毛发(最多保持几个星期,而且相对无痛苦),可以将色基施加到事先已被刮去毛发的区域并深入毛囊中至几微米(大概是到皮脂腺的深度)。通过光能施加器对皮肤进行的低程度的照射仅对毛发本身产生影响,对毛囊却没有损害。
上述所说的适合于去除毛发的光能施加器包括:一个入口,辐射光可以通过它施加到光能施加器上;具有一定形状的与皮肤表面接触的表面;从入口到表面的光通道,对于具有被选定波长的辐射光来说,该通道本质上是透明的;一个在光通道中用于聚焦辐射光的元件,它可以使光能施加器通过一些方法降低接触面的温度,使它低于皮肤区域的温度。正如前面所指出的,接触面最好由具有基本适合的反射率匹配的材料制成,但该反射率不小于皮肤区域的表皮的反射率。在优选的实施例中,对辐射光聚焦的元件是一个透镜,而进行降温的装置是使冷水通过靠近接触面的一根管子。在一个实施例中,光能施加器的与皮肤接触的表面具有凸出的外形;而在另一个实施例中,该接触面有一点向内凹进,光通道进入至少该凹进处的两个相对侧,而且该光能施加器还具有一种装置用于将至少部分皮肤抽入该凹陷处。所述抽拉装置最好包括一个真空的实施元件。
通过结合以下的示图和更为详尽的优选实施例的描述,可以更加清楚前面所述的有关本发明的目的、特征、和优点。
附图的简要描述
图1是根据本发明的激光毛发去除装置的透视图;
图2A和2B是本发明的放射单元或带有毛发去除装置的光能施加器的剖面图,该光能施加器分别从光纤、光纤束、或镜像组件接受光线;
图3A、3B、和3C分别展示的是:一个与长有毛发的皮肤区域直接接触的放射单元的接触装置的放大剖面图;在接触装置/表皮接触区处反向散射区的部分剖面图;以及在接触区处的热量传递的部分剖面图;
图4所示为黑色素、血红蛋白、氧化血红蛋白,以及水的光谱图;
图5A和5B分别展示了在毛发去除过程中所用的优选光场和空间分布;
图6是作为不同光场的皮肤深度的函数的计算机生成的光强示意图;
图7所示为根据本发明的毛发去除方法治疗3个月后的患者的皮肤区域的照片;
图8A、8B、和8C示出的是示波器的轨迹图,示出了其后的辐射、与时间有关的温度分别对干的黑发、湿的黑发、以及黑发样品周围的活性皮肤的响应;
图9示出的是随激光脉冲能量函数增长的温度,它们分别对应干发(DH)、湿发(WH)、以及八个不同患者的皮肤(S)样本;
图10A是本发明的另一优选实施例的光能施加器的部分剖面图,其中,在辐射之前就已对患处进行了预脱毛和色基的毛囊填充;以及
图10B是本发明用于去除毛发的另一优选实施例的光能施加器的剖面图。
本发明的详细描述
参照图1,一个示例的激光毛发去除系统10包括光源12,该光源可以包括,例如一个或多个激光发生装置以生成辐射场。光源12与一系列的光束控制器14进行光学耦合,而光束控制器14依次通过光缆16(或其它的光纤设备)与辐射单元或光能施加器18耦合。在毛发去除治疗中,光源由电源19提供能量,并通过光束控制器14和光纤16传递光束到放射单元或光能施加器18。然后,该辐射场被传递到患者22的皮肤区域20以去除该区域内毛发(患者被固定的地方视患者身体的皮肤区域20的位置而定,例如可以固定在桌子25,椅子,或其它合适的装置上)。对所述区域的治疗完成后,辐射单元可以容易地沿着患者22的身体(如箭头27所示)移动并用于治疗相继的区域。
光学场的空间和瞬息特性决定了毛发去除过程的效果,如果要求,这些特性可以由一系列的控制器24,26,和28来调节,这些控制器被安置在毛发去除系统10的几个组件上。例如,用电源上的控制器24并通过调整如电压、电流、和激光电源的切换频率等参数,可以控制辐射场的光强和脉冲重复率。辐射场的其它一些特性,例如波长和脉冲持续时间,可以通过调整光源12的组件(即,光栅、镜像和滤波器位置、快门、或脉冲形成装置)的控制器16来改变;然而,在另一优选实施例中,波长不可以被调整。相似地,控制器28可被用于调整调制光学部件14,以控制模式质量、光束直径、以及将辐射场耦合进光纤16。所有的控制都可以用手动来完成;而且,除手动外,这些系统还可以用与系统10相连的脚踏板30来操纵(在激光器起动后)。
在另一实施例中,光源、耦合光学部件、以及辐射单元可以被放置在一个手持设备中。在这种情况下,光源最好是与辐射单元直接耦合的由二极管激光器组成的阵列,并由一个小的外接电源提供能量。这种紧凑简洁的光学系统的特性使其易于控制和操作、而且不需要附加的光纤传递系统。
为了有效地破坏经放射治疗的毛囊,而且不危及其周围的皮肤,由系统10提供光照区域和放射单元18也被设计为不仅可以最大限度地增加毛囊吸收的热量,同时还可以减轻周围皮肤受损的程度。优选的示例是,可以在毛囊的几个“目标”区施放足够的光能;被传递到这些区域的辐射可以完成并确定要破坏的毛囊的位置。
在治疗之前,可以先刮去被治疗区域的毛发以促进对毛囊的放射治疗。另外,如后来所讨论的,区域20的毛发可以被脱掉,并将色基导入该区域,从而使其迁移到空的毛囊内。过多的色基应在放射之前从皮肤表面除去。在治疗之前,还可以将麻醉剂注射或涂敷在皮肤表面,而且在治疗之后,患者也可以用通常的抗生素药膏进行治疗。
机械结构
现在参照图2A和2B,毛发去除系统的光能施加器或放射单元18允许递送辐射场38到位于皮肤区域20的毛囊40上。如图2A所示,使用一个包含有一个或多根光纤或光纤束的光缆16(或其它的光纤装置)将辐射场38传递到放射单元18上。这样,在从波导管输出后,场38在空间上分散,因此最好将其用平凸透镜42收集并粗略地校准。另外,如图2B所示,还可以使用例如一个或多个反射镜44的装置将该场传递到放射单元。这样,就使得辐射场38在照射到透镜42之前就被粗略地校准。依据透镜42的焦点深度和辐射场的模式质量,该场最好可以用如图所示的平凸透镜聚焦。光线通过该光学部件以后,光束照射在透镜或与皮肤区域20接触的设备46上。接触装置46的光学和机械特性被选择,以允许将足够的辐射光耦合到皮肤区域(体现在被传递的场38上);其热量特性也被选择,以允许将足够的热量与皮肤区域耦合。一旦传递完成后,该场就被用来辐射、加热、然后破坏毛囊40。接触装置46还被用来将出自辐射区域的表皮部分的光和热量耦合。这使得包含在毛囊的较深部分的光吸收色素(即黑色素)被辐射并被有选择地加热,使毛囊可被永久性地破坏,而有害的光能和热能却同时被排除于表皮层之外。这样,毛囊可以被破坏并永久地从皮肤区域去除,而不会对患者造成实质的痛苦或伤害。被破坏的毛囊最终被身体新陈代谢掉。
优选地,透镜42和接触装置46被排列在外壳48中,外壳48包括入口50和出口52,以便于如冷水或纯气体(如防止在透镜上聚集的氮气)之类的流体的进出;液体可以被用于例如冷却接触装置46,然后顺次冷却表皮。另外,外壳48可以包括一个电控致冷器,为的是对接触装置46的温度提供精确的控制。优选地,当致冷器被使用时,表皮层或表皮的温度被降低到4-15℃之间。而且在这种情况下,在辐射开始前仅允许有极短的时间(即大约1秒),为的是确保表皮已足够冷却。
现在参照图3A,接触装置46最好形成为透镜形状,用以聚合辐射场,并最好靠近毛囊40的基部。为了聚光,接触装置必须在辐射波长处表现为光透明,并最好有一个双面凸的或平凸的外观,f值最好少于或等于f/1.0,其焦距介于0.5-2cm之间。对接触装置表面形状控制以使被聚焦的辐射区38′可以同时照射毛囊的数个目标部位,最终形成足够的破坏。一般说来,每一根被照射的发茎的直径大约为75微米,其整个发囊的直径大约为200微米。辐射场38′过接触装置46后,最好通过皮层(其厚度大约为0.1mm)的表皮56聚焦在靠近毛囊40的乳状物54的皮肤58上。因为皮肤的厚度在身体的各个部位各不相同,所以某些区域(如眼睑或阴囊处)乳状物距皮表极近;而在大多数的部位(如脸部,腋部、和腿部),乳状物在皮表下大约4-7mm的深度。在乳状物以下的几十个毫米处是神精血管束60(它满足毛发基质的新陈代谢或其它需求)和乳状物中的生长极快的角质细胞区域,在该区域中生长出发茎55。基质、乳状物、和相应的神经血管束、以及毛囊中心附近的突起表示将被辐射/破坏的毛囊目标。在对这些区域进行辐射的过程中,辐射场是脉动的,根据选择的光热分解(photothermolysis)原则,该辐射脉冲的持续时间被控制在足够短的时间内,以确保将破坏确定在每一毛囊周围皮肤的一个小的范围里(一般大约在0.2mm之内)。优选地,破坏的范围比相邻毛囊的距离(一般在1-4mm之间)的一半要小得多;如果该范围大大超过这一数值,可能导致三度烧伤。
除了提供光聚合功能之外,在接触皮肤的过程中,接触装置46利用其具有凸出外形的表面62对皮肤施加足够的压力。接触装置的表面62附近的表皮58上的压力减小了降低接触区域与乳状物之间的距离;根据施加的力量,所述距离可以减小到最多几微米。因为辐射场38′是散射的,而且经过表皮的扩散而逐渐衰减,所以对皮肤施加的压力将更多的放射带到皮肤的深处,用于得到更多的对乳状物的光诱导热量。另外,以高于患者血压的压力通过接触装置对表皮施力,使吸收光照的血液离开了放射区域(指的是治疗过程中在施压范围内皮肤变白的区域)。这样就减少了对辐射场的吸收,使更加充足的光照被传递到毛囊目标区域。用具有这种凸出表面的接触装置加压导致血液均匀地流离该区域。一个具有这种外形的接触装置因此最好是平的,它可使位于中心部分的区域不会完全失血。
在另一个优选实施例中,接触装置可以用弹簧与外壳耦合在一起,这样,就可以用一种可调节的压力对皮肤表面施加压力。而且,在这个实施例中,弹簧机构可以附加在一个传感器和一个读出装置上,以便精确地监测和/或控制施用在皮肤表面的准确压力。
当对皮肤施加压力时,接触装置46允许光辐射进入表皮或从表皮出来。现在参照图3B,接触装置46的折射指数(nCD)可以近似地与表皮56的折射指数(nEP)匹配,大约为1.55。因为从一种折射介质(即接触装置)到另一个折射介质(表皮)的光在接触面57处被反射(通过与折射指数的差的平方相关的数量,接触面57分离成两个区域),所以相近的指数匹配允许足够的辐射场耦合到皮肤中。因此,包括一种折射指数接近或大于1.5的材料的接触装置允许入射的辐射场在表皮/接触装置界面57处的反射(图中箭头64所指的区域)最小。相似地,如图中箭头66所示,由于扩散反射,皮肤中的辐射光场朝着表面反向散射开来。使用指数匹配的接触装置46,这种反向散射场可以轻易地从皮肤中耦合出来,但也给表皮带来了非如人愿的热量。因此,当皮层中毛囊目标区的辐射达到有效剂量后,可以将对表皮56的光致伤害减至最小。在优选的实施例中,为了获得指数匹配,接触装置最好由高密度材料制成,例如蓝宝石(nCD=1.7)、石英玻璃(nCD=1.5)、或近于光学透明的玻璃或塑料之类的材料。为了使聚焦的光场进入到皮肤中,并使接触装置具有图中所示的凸出外形,使用蓝宝石是为首选,因为它的稍高指数促进了光场的聚焦。
现在参照图3C,为了从表皮中导出热量,接触装置46一般优选由高导热性(kCD)材料组成,该导热性近似于皮肤的导热性。这样,就足以使热量(如箭头68所示)通过接触装置/表皮之间的界面57从表皮56中导出,并进入接触装置46。另外,该高导热性对于将界面57上的热量减至最小,从而减少被放射的表皮受损伤的机率而言,是必要的。正如后面将讨论的,当接触装置变冷的时候,这种处理显得尤为重要。理想地,接触装置的热特性以及放射开始前接触装置施加于皮肤上的时间使表皮附近的温度降至最低,但它对毛囊(如图中区域70所示)的乳状物附近的热量却并没有多大的影响。具有高导热性的物质包括蓝宝石(KCD=0.083cal/sec-1cm-2℃/cm,在沿C轴30℃处),石英玻璃(KCD=0.026cal/sec-1cm-2℃/cm,在沿C轴30℃处),以及其它的高密度玻璃或塑料。
另外,为了提高接触装置/表皮界面57的光学性能(即反向散射光的传输性)和热性能(热导性),需要在皮肤表面涂上相关的液体或润滑剂,如涂剂、水、酒精、或油,这些液体都具有与接触装置46或表皮相似的折射系数。例如,涂上一种折射指数介于表皮(n=1.55)和蓝宝石之间的油减小了界面的光反射,从而允许将光更有效地从接触装置传入皮肤区域并从皮肤区域反向散射出来。同样,液体还使热量更有效地从皮肤传送到蓝宝石,从而减少了表皮受损的程度。
光学特性
皮肤中辐射光场的密度随机和空间分配最终决定贮存在毛囊的目标区域的热量;因此,这些特性可被选择和/或调节以优化毛发去除过程。具体说来,影响毛发去除过程的特性包括脉冲能量、脉冲持续时间、脉冲重复频率(即在相继的脉冲之间持续的时间)、波长、能量、暴露点的尺寸、进入皮肤的光束聚合、以及光学脉冲的几何模式(即空间延伸和一致性)。这些特性可以根据被辐射的毛发和皮肤中的颜料来选择;优选地,调整每个参数以使每一目标区的温度立即随辐射提升到80℃-120℃之间。使毛囊加热到这一温度而导致永久地破坏以致达到去除之目的。
现在参照图4,辐射场的波长被选择以便与涂在目标区(即发茎、凸出部位、基质、和乳状物)上的天然颜料(即黑色素)共振。图中所示的黑色素、水、血红蛋白、以及氧基血红蛋白的吸收范围指示了这些组合物在不同的波长处吸收光学辐射的能力;低量吸收表示在特定波长处的光线将在吸收介质上穿透得更深。总的说来,为了有选择地加热目标区域,选择辐射场的波长以匹配黑色素(基本吸收200-1200nm之间的光线)的频谱;相反地,该波长却不匹配包含在皮肤中的组合物,例如水和血红蛋白,的吸收范围。当黑色素被血红蛋白和水相关地传送时,波长介于680-1200nm之间(如图中箭头70所示的范围)的光线可以被黑色素有效地吸收,并且可以有选择地加热白色或轻度晒黑的皮肤附近的涂有颜料的毛发。特别优选波长介于680-900nm或1000-1200nm的放射线,因为这种放射可以被黑色素强力吸收,而且不会被波长为约950nm的水和氧基血红蛋白吸收。对于毛囊(指深棕色或浅棕色头发)中只有少量的黑色素存在的患者,由于黑色素具有较高的吸收系数,所以在该区域内优选较短的波长。另外,除吸收之外的其它的光衰减(例如散射)也与波长有关,在选定光辐射场的波长时也应该考虑这个问题。例如,在人体皮肤中,光照的深入部分地由散射系数(μs)决定,该散射系数在较长波长处由于皮肤中的散射而降低。因为辐射在1000nm处进行,所以μs大约为10cm-1;从与该波长处指数大体匹配的介质进入皮肤的光因此在皮下大约1mm处达到最大光强。
在优选范围680-1200nm内生成可见或近红外光的光源,包括二极管(λ=800-1000nm)激光器、钕:YAG和钕:YLF(λ=1064和1053nm)激光器、钛:蓝宝石和intra-red染料(λ=700-1000nm)激光器、红宝石(λ=694nm)激光器、和金绿宝石(λ=700-850nm)激光器。红宝石激光器、钕:YAG激光器、和二极管激光器(尤指二极管激光器阵列)是优选的光源,因为它们适用于商业、可以很好地分类、而且可以小规模地手工生产。这种类型的光源可以与简洁的毛发去除装置结合在一起,并且可以在毛发去除过程中轮流地被操作者使用。
为了改变毛囊的加热状况,光学脉冲的持续时间也可被控制。现在参见图5A,如波形74、74′所示,光学脉冲最好具有持续周期76、76′,它们允许毛囊在一个短的时期内被加热。脉冲宽度也被控制以改变光学脉冲的热导性,以及毛囊和毛囊直接与皮肤接触部分的损伤;虽然过度的破坏将使被辐射区产生疤痕,但没有损伤也会导致毛发的重生。优选地,该脉冲持续时间76、76′应介于2-100毫秒之间。
确切的脉冲持续时间由皮肤中的热扩散指示,它是一个按照与扩散时间t、扩散距离d、以及热扩散系数k相关的热扩散公式〖正如Welch,A.J.的文章《激光放射组织的热响应(The thermal responseof laser-irradiated tissue)》(刊于IEEE J.Quant.Electron.QE-21(12),1471-1481(1984))所讨论的:t=d2/4k(在人体皮肤中,k大约为1.3×10-3cm2/秒)〗进行的处理。在激光脉冲过程中大约需要2毫秒的时间从表皮内提取热量,而且一根典型的200微米毛囊的热释放时间为40毫秒。因为光辐射时间超过几百毫秒,因此会在辐射过程中产生过多的热扩散,从而使毛囊目标区的破坏不充分、皮肤的过度损伤,或两种情况兼而有之。而且,由于表皮中的大多数黑色素(约为三分之二)存在于表皮的较深处,由此表皮温度的升高主要发生在表皮的较深处,而且接触装置46需要时间将该热量导至皮表。因此,基于该时间最少需要2毫秒(这是建议使用的最小脉冲持续时间),建议优选使用至少5毫秒的较长时间以减小表皮损伤。进一步,依据使用的激光器,每个脉冲可以是图5A所示的单一持续脉冲,或较短持续时间的紧密排列的脉冲串(两个脉冲之间的时间不超过5毫秒)。
相对于给定的能量密度而言,光学场的强度与脉冲持续时间成反比;这样,当脉冲持续时间低于10μs时,大的光强可以对周围的皮肤造成非人所愿的损伤。另外,短脉冲可能在毛囊中引起热致“爆炸”从而对皮肤造成机理损伤。在特别优选的实施例中,脉冲持续时间或脉冲宽度约为2-100毫秒。在该段时间内,热扩散在距离约0.05-0.3mm范围发生;限定于这一距离的破坏主要会导致破坏被辐射的毛发的毛囊,而对周围皮肤没有或只有较小的损伤。
光学脉冲可以用人们熟知的技术生成,并且具有定义明确、可调整的持续时间。例如,使用电或声光的Q-转换装置的光场内腔调制允许生成随机的具有典型的高斯轮廓的脉冲。使用这些方法产生的脉冲一般较短,一般为次微秒级。最好采用红宝石激光器、金绿宝石激光器、钛:蓝宝石激光器、或钕:YAG激光器的闪光光激励生成的普通模式脉冲,因为这些脉冲在0.1-10毫秒的脉冲持续时间范围内是典型的高能脉冲。另外,激光器发出的连续(与时间无关)光学场可以使用装置(例如机械快门或光电门)进行外部调制。使用外部方法进行的调制允许脉冲宽度从几百万分之一秒至几百毫秒变压。使用外部调制生成的脉冲还可以具有“矩形波”的临时外形(如图5A所示),它使更均匀的光学场被施加到需治疗的皮肤区域。然而,外部调制并未使用在现有的优选实施例中。
当使用接触装置传递光学脉冲时,在接触装置接触皮肤表面和脉冲到达皮肤的时间之间最好存在一个时间延迟。这样可以使整块的表皮56在放射开始前显著地致冷,借此增加它的受损域值。在辐射过程中,表皮的痛苦和损伤随即减少并通过继续使接触装置46降温而进一步减小,以致热量从表皮被持续导出。然而,并不需要在辐射前或放射过程中对低度的仅损伤毛囊(尤其是凸起部位或乳状突起处)的热量进行致冷。
而且,为了对在被辐射区域的热储量的平均值和总量进行控制,可以调整光学脉冲之间的持续时间(图5A中箭头78所示)。如果需要重复照射以破坏毛囊,则时间周期最好是恒定不变的,而且该间隙时间介于几秒至几百毫秒之间。另外,对于“单击”照射,该时间周期可以由操作者有选择地控制。在这种情况下,一个激光单击被传递到患区,然后操作者监视该区域以防受损。如果需要更多的辐射,则更多的激光辐射次数被导向该区域。否则,该辐射单元被转出用于治疗另一区域。
光学场的空间延伸被选择以允许用一个激光单击照射多个毛囊。另外,最好使用大的照射点尺寸,因为随着光束半径(R)的增加,散射降低,在皮肤上沿光束轴会衰减。这样,宽范围的光束允许更充分的光学辐射被传递到深的目标区。现在参照图5B,表肤表面上的辐射光束的空间轮廓82的宽度80最好采用这样的规则,即最好大于被辐射目标的深度。更优选的是,光束直径至少为8mm。被辐射场最好介于0.5-2cm2之间,而且最佳为介于0.75-1cm2之间。因为该光束最好是聚焦的,所以该空间轮廓可被精简为一种深度函数,该深度指的是在到达腰部前被表皮中的散射光定义的深度。如图5B所示,为提供一种基本规则的辐射场,光束直径断面上的光强基本上是一样的。
现在参照图6,随着光的辐射,光学辐射的强度分布(图中y轴所示)作为一种皮肤深度函数(即x轴)用蒙特卡罗算法的计算机模拟系统计算出来。该分布是一种光束空间轮廓的,以及与皮肤接触的介质的光学特性的函数。虽然图中的数据基于计算机模拟,而且仅是一种近似值,但是x轴被估计为每单位标记大约500微米。第一曲线90显示与皮肤深度有关的光学场的特性,该光学场产生于一个小的、被校准的800nm光的点。在这种情况下,光强的大部分布在皮表(如沿x轴的“0”点所示)附近,而且随之在较深处迅速降低。源于空气的校准点(曲线92)则有一个分布更为平均的与皮肤深度有关的强度,虽然大部分光照仍然集中在皮表附近。来自于一种具有折射指数为1.5(曲线94)的材料的校准辐射点导致在第一微米或皮肤的第一微米处产生一个相当均匀的光强;在较深处,该光强以相对慢的时间渐渐消失。最后,在优选的实施例中,一个来自于折射材料(n=1.5)的大的、空间聚焦的光学场在皮表处的光强在深入皮肤大约1微米处达到最大值。该光强作为皮肤深度的函数,以比曲线94所示稍慢一点的速度衰减。
在激光生成的光束的直径小于优选的数值的情况下,有必要在将光束传递到辐射单元之前对光束进行扩展。这可以由传统的光学仪器来完成,例如,用双透镜系统构成第一扩展对其发出的光束进行校准。另外,如图2A所示,辐射场可以耦合入光纤中,然后再传递到辐射单元。在这种情况下,呈现出来的场由于光纤的光导特性被自然地分散,然后被校准透镜收集。从光纤顶端对透镜进行位移可以使辐射光束的轮廓达到期望值。
可以根据患者身上染料的涂敷程度来改变光场的能量密度,而且为了每次脉冲照射,该能量密度应大约介于10-200J/cm2之间;在具有较深色头发的患者身上的变化频率应低于具有较浅头发的患者。更为优选的是,具有1毫秒持续周期的脉冲的辐射场的脉冲能量密度应介于30-50J/cm2之间。如这里所描述的,在任何情况下,该能量密度被调整以使目标区加热到一个期望的温度(约为80-120℃)。此外,该能量密度可以随脉冲持续时间的增长而升高,用以补偿毛囊因长脉冲的导热而引起的热量不足。如果辐射场的波长不在优选的范围内(即680-900nm或1000-1200nm),则有必要增加或减小光学能量密度以使毛囊的温度达到期望值。另外,为了防止激光输出低于期望的光学能量密度,在对皮肤进行辐射之前,有必要放大这些单个的脉冲。光学放大器,例如光学共振器,即可以满足这些需要。
表1(如下所示)是一系列用于去除毛发的光学场的优选参数。每一参数的数值依据的是被治疗区域毛发的数量,在毛发上涂敷染料的程度,以及患者皮肤周围的染色。
表1-优选光学场参数
参数 | 级别 | 优选数值 |
波长 | 680-1200nm | 680-900,1000-1200nm |
脉冲持续时间 | 50μs-200ms | 2-100ms |
光束范围 | >0.5cm2 | 0.75-1.0cm2 |
脉冲能量 | 10-200J/cm2 | 30-50J/cm2 |
光学耦合 | 外部n≥1.4 | n=1.5至1.7 |
在皮表的光束聚焦 | 校准或聚焦 | f#0.5-2 |
本发明将参照下述实施例而作进一步描述。本发明的最佳实施例
为了证明根据本发明的毛发去除装置的效用,展示了装在试管中的黑毛狗皮肤暴露在光照下的情况,该光照来自红宝石激光器的普通模式(λ=694nm,脉冲持续时间=270μs,光学能量密度=40J/cm2、71J/cm2、以及160J/cm2)。
光束的空间延展(在皮肤表面的直径为8mm)允许大约100根毛发由一根单击光束的辐射。辐射之后,每个皮肤区域经过了组织学的检验。检验展示:在最高的能量密度处,皮层的损伤与皮肤上的疤痕一致,这些疤痕证明,在最高能量密度处,光致热量伤害对毛发是没有选择的。相反地,在较低能量密度处,尤其在40J/cm2,发现了固定范围的毛囊破坏,而且没有明显的对周围皮肤的损伤或毛囊之间皮层的损伤。
在实验的其它部分,为了显示被辐射的毛发中的温度依据染色级别而升高,利用本发明所述的毛发去除方法将有生命的人体毛发以及具有不同颜色的皮肤样品暴露出来。用于本实验的光源是上文所述的红宝石激光器。首先,将发出的光耦合进一个封闭的光束操纵装置中,该操纵装置具有数个涂敷表面的镜面,该涂层的反射系数为694nm;然后,将发出的光传递到辐射单元,该放射单元与图2B中的类似。该单元包括一个尺寸为5cm的平凸透镜,它装配在一个用水冷却的树脂玻璃外壳的近端。具有透镜(1cm焦距)外形的蓝宝石接触装置被放置在接触装置的末端,其突出的一面与皮肤接触并在上述暴露过程中施加压力。使用直径为8mm的光束,通过已变冷(4℃)的摁压在患者的皮肤上的接触装置传递单击激光,实现对人体皮肤的辐射。每一次射击通常导致约有10根毛发的暴露于辐射之中。
六个成年患者的皮肤和毛发具有从红到黑的不同颜色级别,它们被辐射和观察。每个患者的8个治疗部位各有一个10cm2的区域被照射。为了监视毛囊的破坏,位1-4在激光照射前就已被蜡质脱毛剂脱毛,而位5-8在暴露之前被刮去了毛发。每个位在28J/cm2、42J/cm2、或57J/cm2的光学能量密度下被照射。对这些患者在治疗后的一个月和三个月(某些患者为一年)进行跟踪检查。如图7的暴露区域的照片所示(即区域A-C),在任何情况下,三个月后毛发再生的比率很小甚至没有,与只刮掉毛发却没有进一步治疗的区域(区域D)成为鲜明的对比,图中明确地指出了毛囊的永久破坏。图中位A-C是用来自激光器的降低的能量治疗的。它清楚地证明了用能量密度为27J/cm2治疗的区域C的毛发被去除的相对要少。在治疗区域A-C的同一天刮去了区域D(控制区)的毛发。另外,从被治疗的位获得的组织样品专门揭示了只对毛囊的破坏,而其周围的皮肤实质上是正常的。相对于未暴露区域(被刮毛的控制区),激光治疗区内的所有地方展现了统计学上的大量毛发减少。一年以后,其结果仍然是毛发的大量永久去除,而且没有疤痕。
在其他实验过程中使用了一种脉冲光热辐射测量仪(PPTR),用来测量毛发和皮肤样品与时间有关的温度特性。在这些实验中,前述的红宝石激光器在较低的能量密度上使用以提供具有可使能量加热但对毛囊没有损伤的光脉冲。从激光器输出的射线在人体毛发和皮肤的样品上聚焦以提供一个均匀的激发场。英国研究公司生产的黑体放射线探测器被用来监视样品的温度与时间有关的特性,该探测器包括一个放大的液态氮气冷却的汞镉碲探测器;还使用了Gentec公司的激光能量测量仪来监视辐射脉冲。两种探测器的输出被补偿的0-10Mhz直流耦合装置放大器放大,然后中继到记录并存储数据的数字示波器上。
研究了具有各种皮肤类型和从红/白到黑各种颜色级别的毛发的8位患者。总的说来,PPTR的结果证明在694nm辐射之后,黑发的温度大大高于浅棕色毛发,而这两种样品的温度都大于红/白毛发。而且,在辐射之后,II型皮肤温度的升高低于III型或IV型皮肤温度的升高。
现在参见图8A-8C,在一个特定的实例中,选用了一位具有黑色毛发和白皮肤的患者,使用PPTR装置按时间追踪方式进行的测量显示:在辐射后400毫秒,湿发和干发分别从基线温度23℃升高了大约7℃和72℃(图8A和8B),而皮肤周围(图8C)的温度的只升高了不到1℃。显示在湿发的这种温度升高和与时间有关的衰退特性中的差异似乎和热量的影响有关(即湿发具有较高的热容性)。
现在参见图9,在所有的情况下,在湿发和干发的毛囊中的常规的温度升高(即温度升高与激光脉冲能量之比)显著地高于皮肤中测量到的温度升高,从而指出了使用本发明所述方法可以有选择地对毛囊进行加热。表2(如下所示)展示了每个被研究的患者的毛发和皮肤类型,该表中患者的数量对应于图9中患者的数量。
表2-患者毛发和皮肤类型
患者 | 毛发 | 皮肤类型 |
1 | 红色 | II |
2 | 棕色 | III |
3 | 棕色 | II |
4 | 灰色/黑色 | III |
5 | 灰色/黑色 | III |
6 | 深棕色 | III |
7 | 灰色/黑色 | II |
8 | 黑色 | III |
其它的实施例
图10A示出了本发明的另一个实施例,其中,根据本发明的教导,在处理之前,对区域20进行脱毛而非仅刮毛。包含色基的液体或悬浮液100被施加到皮肤区域20,含有液体的色基进入空的毛囊中并填充这些毛囊。进入到毛囊中的液体/色基的“毛细管活动”是令人满意的,并且可以通过在液体和皮肤之间提供一种低的表面张力,例如使用表面活化剂或溶剂来增强该毛细管活动。过量的液体/色基可以通过水洗、擦去、或剥去等方法从皮肤表面除去。在辐射期间,毛囊中的色基吸收光照并变热,毛囊中的黑色素也随之变热,最终使毛囊的温度显著增加并达到破坏该部分(包括凸出部分和乳状物)的目的,从而防止毛发的再生。该色基因此必须吸收具有所述波长或多个波长的辐射光。合适的色基可以包括碳颗粒悬浮物或染料例如亚甲蓝或靛青绿。也可以使用本身是抗脂形式的黑色素。因为色基只存在于毛囊中,因此该项技术使对毛囊的破坏达到最大程度,但同时却减小了对周围组织的损伤,这也是实施本发明应使用优选方法的原因,尤其对那些具有白色、红色、浅棕色、或其它浅色毛发的患者更是如此。除了上述指出的不同,本发明的这一实施例采用了与前述各实施例一样的操作方式,包括降低接触装置46的温度,使皮肤区域20的皮肤变形,以及优选的光学辐射(除非在使用色基时允许较低的能量密度)。
图10B示出了本发明的另一实施例,其中的接触装置或光能施加器46′被修改以同时暴露皮肤褶皱的两面。这样进一步使相关的光传送到毛囊的深部。在图10B中,接触装置在光能施加器的表面具有开孔或槽110,它深入到皮肤区域20中,所述皮肤区域通过施加在线112上的真空或抽吸被导进槽110的顶部,在槽110中的皮肤形成褶皱113。放射线可以通过光导束114施加在槽110的两面,该光导束被分开以便将辐射线施加在透镜116上。冷却水可以通过管线118在透镜116的表面流动。另外,与图2A或图2B相似的两个光能施加器可以被放置在皮肤褶皱的相对面上或者通过其它合适的方法将该皮肤夹紧。
上述实施例所讨论的在皮肤上形成褶皱的好处是,放射线可以被施加在所述两面皮肤的狭小部分。因此,被选定毛囊的乳状物不仅可以从毛囊所处的槽110上的透镜116接收放射线,还可以从该槽的相对面上的透镜116接收放射线。这样,施加在每个毛囊的乳状物的能量升高了,而施加在皮肤表面的能量却没有升高,从而促进了无痛和无损伤的毛发去除。通过形成相对狭窄的槽110,在该槽两面的皮肤上施加压力,皮肤在该槽的两壁之间被挤压。挤压皮肤的好处包括:使血流开并减小从皮肤表面到毛囊的距离。本发明的这一实施例也达到了这一效果。夹紧皮肤以形成褶皱也可以对皮肤施加压力。
利用本发明的教导还有可能实现短时期内去除毛发,例如剃须刀作为一种装置可以达到持续一至二星期的刮毛效果。通过对所述将被“刮”的区域施加液体/色基,替代了使用传统技术对所述被选择的区域进行刮毛,而且无需拔毛。在这种情况下,色基仅需进入毛囊几微米,例如皮脂腺的深度。过量的色基可以被除去,而且本发明的接触装置使用相对低程度的放射来加热色基,籍此破坏周围的毛发,而皮肤或毛囊却没有实质的损伤。
而且,优选实施例中展示的使接触装置46降温的冷却水并不对本发明形成限制,还可以使用其它的冷却技术。例如,为了满足致冷需求,一种低温的气体或液态气可以在接触装置上流过,或者还可以在使用接触装置之前对接触装置进行显著的降温,以使其在辐射过程中持续降温功能而无需制冷介质通过。本技术领域内其它的致冷技术也可以被使用。
其它的实施例也在本发明权利要求的保护范围内。例如,接触装置可以不被致冷,或无需通过光能施加器(例如低温地)也可以对表皮进行降温。合适的光照通过之后,在使用光能施加器的地方,放射线被直接施加在感兴趣的区域。
精通本技术领域的一般工作人员可以在本发明的范围内对本发明上述实施例进行改型和变化,相对于上述作为例子介绍的实施方案而言,存在着许多等价方案。本发明的精神和范围只受附加权利要求的保护。
Claims (11)
1.一种用来从皮肤区域内同时去除多根毛发的装置,所述毛发的毛囊从皮肤表面深入到皮肤,这种装置包括:
一个包括用来在要除去毛发的皮肤区域内与皮肤表面接触的施加器(18)(46’);光辐射光源(12);以及从光辐射光源到所述施加器表面的光通道,该通道对于具有选定波长的光辐射是透明的;光辐射通过所述施加器表面到所述皮肤区域;
其特点在于:
所述辐射波长在680纳米和1200纳米之间,能量密度在10焦耳/平方厘米和200焦耳/平方厘米之间,辐射持续时间为2到200毫秒。
2.根据权利要求1所述的装置,所述辐射波长在680纳米和900纳米之间。
3.根据权利要求1所述的装置,进一步包括:在所述光通道中的透镜元件(42,46)(116),用于在辐射光通过所述表面离开施加器(18)(46’)时聚集所述辐射光;用来冷却所述施加器表面至低于所述皮肤区域的温度的装置。
4.根据权利要求3所述的装置,其中所述透镜元件(42,46)(116)是凸透镜。
5.根据权利要求3所述的装置,所述冷却装置(50,52)(118)将所述施加器的表面温度冷却到低于所述皮肤区域的温度,其差值结合所选取的光辐射足以避免施加器所接触皮肤区域在所选定深度的显著加热,并且不在实质上影响在所述区域比选定深度更深的皮肤的加热。
6.根据权利要求3,4,或5中任何一个所述的装置,其中冷却装置(50,52)(118)是位于所述施加器表面附近的管,冷却水由其中通过。
7.根据权利要求1所述的装置,其中施加器进一步包括壳(48),所述表面位于壳上并具有凸面形状,所述光通道(16)(114)通过所述壳从辐射光光源到所述表面。
8.根据权利要求1所述的装置,其中施加器(46’)的表面中有一个槽(110),所述光通道(114)被导进该槽的至少两个相对面中,并且包括用来将所述皮肤区域的至少一部分(113)安置到所述槽中的装置。
9.根据权利要求8所述的装置,其中用来安置的装置包括对所述槽施加真空的装置。
10.根据权利要求1所述的装置,其中至少所述施加器(18)(46’)表面是由具有与所述皮肤区域的皮肤表面的折射指数相匹配的折射指数的材料制成。
11.根据权利要求1所述的装置,其中所述辐射光的光源(12)是激光,在所述皮肤区域上的辐射持续时间为2-100毫秒。
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US08/382,122 US5595568A (en) | 1995-02-01 | 1995-02-01 | Permanent hair removal using optical pulses |
US08/593,565 | 1996-01-30 | ||
US08/593,565 US5735844A (en) | 1995-02-01 | 1996-01-30 | Hair removal using optical pulses |
US08/382,122 | 1996-01-30 |
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CN1119129C true CN1119129C (zh) | 2003-08-27 |
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