CN111837557A - Fertilizing method for managing dry land orchard based on ditch fertilizer water storage - Google Patents
Fertilizing method for managing dry land orchard based on ditch fertilizer water storage Download PDFInfo
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01C—PLANTING; SOWING; FERTILISING
- A01C21/00—Methods of fertilising, sowing or planting
- A01C21/005—Following a specific plan, e.g. pattern
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01B—SOIL WORKING IN AGRICULTURE OR FORESTRY; PARTS, DETAILS, OR ACCESSORIES OF AGRICULTURAL MACHINES OR IMPLEMENTS, IN GENERAL
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Abstract
The invention discloses a fertilizing method for managing a dry land orchard based on ditch storage of fertilizer water, which comprises the steps of ridging, film mulching and fertilizing for the orchard, wherein furrowing is carried out on two sides of a fruit tree trunk after ridging and film mulching are carried out on the orchard for ditch storage of the fertilizer water; the fertilizer application process comprises base fertilizer application and additional fertilizer application, wherein the base fertilizer comprises an organic fertilizer and a chemical fertilizer, the fertilizer used for the additional fertilizer is the chemical fertilizer, the organic fertilizer is applied in a centralized manner, and the chemical fertilizer is applied in a quantitative manner; the method has strong operability, and is beneficial to improving the organic matter content of the soil and improving the physical and chemical properties of the soil.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of orchard fertilization methods, and particularly relates to a fertilization method for managing a dry-land orchard based on fertilizer water stored in a ditch.
Background
Water is a central molecule of life and plays an important role in many aspects of many life processes of plants. Due to the imbalance of physiological and environmental conditions in the natural state, plants can suffer from drought stress, so that the yield of crops is reduced, further, the agricultural and food supply in different areas of the world is interrupted, and the survival and development of human beings are threatened. The annual rainfall of the loess plateau is about 400mm, the season distribution is uneven, the annual change is large, "nineteen-year drought, spring drought every year", the fruit expansion period of 5-7 months per year is continuous high-temperature drought, so that the young fruit is dysplastic, and the fruit size is generally small. And rainfall is excessively concentrated in the mature period of 9-10 months, so that the fruit cracking phenomenon is serious, and the yield and the quality of fruits are seriously influenced. Meanwhile, the orchard soil in China is low in organic matter content, poor and unbalanced in nutrients, and the yield and quality of fruit production in our province are also seriously affected. Wherein the organic matter content of most orchard soil is below 15g/kg, and the application amount of organic fertilizer in the orchard is 2-15 t/hm2In the meantime. Compared with foreign high-quality orchards, the gap is very large. In addition, excessive application of chemical fertilizers causes soil hardening, acidification, fertilizer retention and poor water retention capability, so that the number of defective fruits is large, the number of diseased fruits is large, the high-quality fruit rate is low, and the income of farmers is poor.
At present, drought resisting and water retaining technologies of fruit trees in dry farming areas commonly adopt a hole fertilizer water storage mulching film covering technology and a ridging, ditching and rain collecting technology, and the key points are that only how to fully collect and utilize natural water is explained, the application amount of straws and organic fertilizers in ditches and the application amount of chemical fertilizers are not involved, and researches show that the distribution surface and the permeation surface of nutrients of the fertilizer water stored in the ditches and the distribution surface and the absorption surface of new roots in the fertilizer water concentrated are higher than those of the fertilizer water stored in holes.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention overcomes the defects of the prior art, and provides the fertilizing method for managing the dry land orchard based on the ditch stored fertilizer water.
In order to achieve the purpose, the invention is realized by the following technical scheme:
a fertilization method for managing a dry land orchard based on ditch fertilizer water storage comprises the steps of ridging, film mulching and fertilization of the orchard, wherein furrowing is carried out on two sides of a fruit tree trunk after ridging and film mulching of the orchard are carried out, and the furrowing is used for ditch fertilizer water storage; the fertilizer application process comprises base fertilizer application and additional fertilizer application, wherein the base fertilizer comprises an organic fertilizer and a chemical fertilizer, the fertilizer used for the additional fertilizer is the chemical fertilizer, the organic fertilizer is applied in a centralized manner, and the chemical fertilizer is applied in a quantitative manner.
Furthermore, the ridging time is carried out by combining the base fertilizer application in autumn after the fruits are harvested and before the soil is frozen.
Further, the covering film is made of horticultural ground cloth or black film.
Furthermore, the ditching process is that the ditching is carried out on the left side and the right side of the trunk and the lower edge of the crown along the row direction, and the width and the depth of the through strips are respectively 30-40 cm, or the width and the depth of the strip ditches are respectively 30-40 cm and the length of the strip ditches is 100-120 cm.
Further, the application method of the base fertilizer comprises the following steps: the method comprises the steps of paving 5-10 cm thick straws on the bottom layer in a ditch, then spreading a mixed mixture of organic fertilizer, organic material and soil 20-30 cm thick, simultaneously spreading a certain amount of chemical fertilizer, and finally covering soil 5-10 cm deep from the ground surface or pressing the soil after covering the soil with the straws.
Further, the method for centralized application of the organic fertilizer comprises the following steps: and applying 6-9 kg of commercial organic fertilizer to each ditch, and filling and leveling the ditches by using a method of mixing and filling soil and organic materials in each half.
Furthermore, the quantitative application of the fertilizer means that the total fertilizer amount of pure nitrogen is 0.6-1.0 kg and P is contained in every 100 kg of fresh fruit fertilizer2O50.3-0.6 kg, K2O is 0.6-1.0 kg.
Furthermore, the proportion of the application amount of the chemical fertilizer in the base fertilizer to the total application amount of the chemical fertilizer is N55-65%, and P2O555~65%，K2O 25~35%。
Further, the top dressing comprises two times: the first topdressing period is 6 months, and the fertilizer application amount accounts for the total fertilizer application amountIn a proportion of N25-35%, P2O525~35%，K2And 25-35% of O. In the second topdressing period of 8 months, the proportion of the fertilizer application amount in the total fertilizer application amount is N5-15%, and K2O 35~45%。
Furthermore, the method for top dressing comprises the steps of applying water-soluble fertilizer by a fertilizer gun, selecting points which are distributed diagonally in the ditches at two sides of the fruit tree, and injecting the water-soluble fertilizer underground by the fertilizer gun.
Compared with the prior art, the invention has the following beneficial effects:
the organic fertilizer and the straws in the fertilizing ditch are quantitatively applied, so that the organic matter content of the soil is improved, the physical and chemical properties of the soil are improved, the fertilizer is quantitatively applied in the ditch according to the fertilizer requirement rule of fruit tree growth, the application amount of the fertilizer is reduced, and the adverse effect of excessive fertilizer on the soil and the environment is prevented. The water-saving and fertilizer-saving scheme of the ditch fertilizer water storage comprehensively applies the technical measures of orchard organic fertilizer application technology, chemical fertilizer quantification and the like. The physical and chemical environment of the root area soil is optimized, the content of organic matters, water and nutrients in the soil is locally improved, the utilization efficiency of the fertilizer is locally improved, and the yield and the fruit quality of the dry-land apple orchard can be obviously improved. Meanwhile, the scheme has strong operability, does not influence the inter-row operation, and is suitable for large-area popularization.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a schematic view of the process of the present invention.
Wherein, 1-micro ridge film covering, 2-soil or straw covered soil pressing, 3-fertilizer, mixture of straw and soil, 4-straw and 5-fertilizing ditch.
Detailed Description
In order to make the technical problems, technical solutions and advantageous effects to be solved by the present invention more clearly apparent, the present invention is further described in detail with reference to the embodiments and the accompanying drawings. It should be understood that the specific embodiments described herein are merely illustrative of the invention and are not intended to limit the invention. The technical solution of the present invention is described in detail below with reference to the embodiments and the drawings, but the scope of protection is not limited thereto.
Example 1
A fertilization method for managing a dry land orchard based on ditch fertilizer water storage is integrated by technologies such as a ditch fertilizer water storage film covering technology, an organic fertilizer centralized application technology, a chemical fertilizer quantitative application technology and the like, and comprises the following steps:
Ridging, wherein the ridge surface takes a trunk as a central line, a crown as a boundary, the middle is high, two sides are low, an opened arch is formed, and the ridge surface is preferably inclined by 5-10 degrees. After the ridge surface is raised, the ridge surface is leveled, soil is compacted, and a film is coated after the soil on the ridge surface is compacted.
And 3, ditching, namely excavating strip ditches with the width and the depth of 30-40 cm and the length of 100-120 cm along the row direction on the left side and the right side of the trunk and the lower edge of the crown by using a ditching machine after ridging and film covering, and also excavating the strip ditches in a whole strip mode.
And step 4, fertilizing is divided into two parts of basic fertilizer application and additional fertilizer application. The base fertilizer comprises organic fertilizer and chemical fertilizer, and the additional fertilizer is chemical fertilizer.
The fertilizer is applied quantitatively. Considering soil fertility conditions, organic fertilizer substitution, target yield and the like, the total fertilizer application amount is recommended to apply 0.8 kg of pure nitrogen and P per 100 kg of fresh fruits produced2O50.45 kg, K2O is 0.68 kg.
Applying a base fertilizer, paving 5-10 cm thick straws on the bottom layer in the ditch, then spreading a mixed mixture of an organic fertilizer, an organic material, soil and the like with the thickness of 20-30 cm, simultaneously mixing a special fertilizer quantitatively applied in the season according to the target yield, and finally covering soil or pressing the soil after covering the straws at the depth of 5-10 cm from the ground surface. Base ofAnd (4) quantifying the fertilizer in the fertilizer. The base fertilizer is N60% in the total fertilizer amount, and P2O560%，K2O 30%。
The yield of the apples is not reduced and the quality is greatly improved by replacing 10-20% of fertilizer dosage with the organic fertilizer, according to calculation of 3000 kg per mu, 6-9 kg of commercial organic fertilizer is applied to each ditch of the organic fertilizer, and the rest is filled by a method of mixing and filling soil and organic materials.
And (3) topdressing, namely applying water-soluble fertilizer by using a fertilizer gun, selecting 4 points which are distributed in diagonal lines in fertilizing furrows on two sides of the tree, and injecting the water-soluble fertilizer into the position 20cm underground by using the fertilizer gun.
The period of top dressing and the proportion of top dressing. The first topdressing period is in the middle 6 th of the month, the fertilizer application amount accounts for N30 percent of the total fertilizer application amount, and P is2O530%，K2And O30 percent. In the second topdressing period of 8 months, the proportion of the fertilizer application amount in the total fertilizer application amount is N10%, and P2O510%，K2O 40%。
Example 2
The total amount of fertilizer application is 0.6 kg of pure nitrogen per 100 kg of fresh fruits produced, P2O50.3 kg, K2O is 1.0 kg.
The base fertilizer accounts for N55 percent of the total fertilizer application amount, and P2O565%，K2O 25%。
The first topdressing period is in ten days of 6 months, the proportion of the fertilizer application amount in the total fertilization amount is N25%, and P2O535%，K2O25 percent. The second topdressing period is 8 ten days, the fertilizer application amount accounts for N5 percent of the total fertilizer application amount, and P is2O515%，K2O 45%。
Example 3
The total amount of fertilizer application is 1.0 kg of pure nitrogen per 100 kg of fresh fruits produced, P2O50.6 kg, K2O is 0.6 kg.
The base fertilizer accounts for N65% of the total fertilizer amount, and P2O555%，K2O 35%。
The first time of topdressing is 6In late ten days of the month, the proportion of the fertilizer application amount in the total fertilizer application amount is N35 percent and P2O525%，K2O35 percent. In the second topdressing period, in 8 middle-ten days of the month, the proportion of the fertilizer application amount to the total fertilizer application amount is N15 percent and P2O55%，K2O 35%。
Example 4
The total amount of fertilizer application is 0.7 kg of pure nitrogen per 100 kg of fresh fruits produced, P2O50.5 kg, K2O is 0.9 kg.
The base fertilizer accounts for N58 percent of the total fertilizer application amount, and P2O562%，K2O 30%。
In the first topdressing period of 6 in the middle of the month, the proportion of the fertilizer application amount in the total fertilizer application amount is N28 percent and P2O528%，K2O30 percent. In the second topdressing period, in 8 middle-ten days of the month, the proportion of the fertilizer application amount in the total fertilizer application amount is N12 percent and P2O510%，K2O45%。
The planting method is specifically explained by combining a test base, taking a rural vigorous apple orchard in the east city and the county of Bingfen city in Shanxi province as an example:
1. the experiment demonstration of the embodiment is arranged in a vigorous red Fuji orchard in the dike village of the east, the town and the country of Ji county in Shanxi province, is positioned on the loess plateau, and has the annual rainfall of about 400mm, but the annual distribution of rainfall is uneven. The foundation soil conditions were: 0.08 percent of total nitrogen, 7.05g/kg of organic matter, 88.60mg/kg of nitrate nitrogen, 11.79 mg/kg of available phosphorus and 170.20 mg/kg of quick-acting potassium.
2. The specific operation steps are as follows:
firstly, ridging: first, ridges are formed along the rows toward the tree disk. The ridge surface takes the trunk as the center line, ridges are formed to two sides of the row by 1.2m respectively, the middle is high, the two sides are low, forming a cutting shape, and the ridge surface is inclined by 10 degrees. After the ridge surface is raised, the ridge surface is leveled and soil is compacted.
Coating film: and (3) covering with black gardening ground cloth, and tightening and straightening the mulching film without wrinkles and clinging to ridge surfaces. The center of the ridge is compacted by fine soil. The edges of the garden ground cloth on the two sides of the ridge are buried in the soil by 5 cm.
Thirdly, ditching: and excavating a strip ditch which is 30cm wide, 40cm deep and 120 cm long along the row direction on the left side and the right side of the trunk and the lower edge of the crown along the edge of the film.
And fourthly, fertilizing: in each fertilizing ditch, 10cm thick straws are laid on the bottom layer, 5kg of mixed organic fertilizer and soil is spread to be 20cm thick, and meanwhile, 0.2kg of urea (N46%), 0.12 percent of monoammonium phosphate (N12%; P%) and fertilizer are quantitatively applied in the same season2O561%)0.15kg, potassium sulfate (K)2O50%) 0.1kg and finally covered with soil at a depth of 10cm from the surface.
Top dressing: 4 points which are distributed in diagonal lines are selected in fertilizing furrows on two sides of the tree, and a fertilizing gun is used for injecting the water-soluble fertilizer into the position 20cm underground. The fertilizer dosage of urea (N46%) and monoammonium phosphate (N12%; P) are 14 kg/mu for 6 months topdressing2O561%)7kg, potassium sulfate (K)2O50%) 3 kg. The fertilizer dosage of 5kg of urea (N46 percent) and monoammonium phosphate (N12 percent; P percent) are applied to each mu in 8 months of topdressing2O561%)2.2kg, potassium sulfate (K)2O 50%）1kg。
3. And (4) analyzing results:
the treated yield of the fertilizer and water stored in the ridging and film covering ditch is 3289.55kg, and compared with the untreated yield of 2962.16kg, the yield is increased by 11 percent; meanwhile, the number of the single plants treated by the ditch stored fertilizer water and the average single fruit weight are higher than those of the untreated plants. The commodity rate of the fruits treated by the fertilizer and the water stored in the ditches is 88.40 percent, while the commodity rate of the fruits treated by the fertilizer and the water stored in the ditches is improved by 12 percent compared with 78.61 percent. The yield of nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium fertilizer treated by the ditch storage fertilizer water is 113.43 kg/kg, 164.48 kg/kg and 126.52 kg/kg respectively, which are obviously higher than those of the nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium fertilizer treated by the control treatment (40.58 kg/kg, 87.12 kg/kg and 60.45 kg/kg). The analysis of the water content of the soil in the root system dense area shows that the water content of the soil with the depth of 20-40 cm after the ditch fertilizer water treatment is 17.68 percent, and the water content of the soil with the depth of 40-60 cm is 13.16 percent; and comparing the water content of untreated 20-40 cm soil with 13.96% and the water content of 40-60 cm soil with 10.15%.
In conclusion, the treatment of the ditch stored fertilizer water can improve the yield and the fruit quality of fruit trees, increase the water content of soil, improve the utilization efficiency of chemical fertilizers, and is beneficial to storing water and preserving soil moisture in the soil, saving water and saving fertilizers.
The method can obviously improve the yield, fruit quality and root soil water content of the dry-land apple orchard, the organic fertilizer is intensively applied to improve the organic matter content of the soil and improve the physical and chemical properties of the soil, and the fertilizer is quantitatively applied to prevent soil hardening and environmental damage caused by excessive fertilizer.
While the invention has been described in further detail with reference to specific preferred embodiments thereof, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that various changes in form and details may be made therein without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention as defined by the appended claims.
Claims (10)
1. A fertilization method for managing a dry land orchard based on ditch storage of fertilizer water comprises the steps of ridging, film mulching and fertilization of the orchard, and is characterized in that furrowing is carried out on two sides of a trunk of a fruit tree after ridging and film mulching are carried out on the orchard, and the furrowing is used for ditch storage of the fertilizer water; the fertilizer application process comprises base fertilizer application and additional fertilizer application, wherein the base fertilizer comprises an organic fertilizer and a chemical fertilizer, the fertilizer used for the additional fertilizer is the chemical fertilizer, the organic fertilizer is applied in a centralized manner, and the chemical fertilizer is applied in a quantitative manner.
2. The fertilizing method for managing the dry land orchard based on the ditch storage of the fertilizer water, as claimed in claim 1, wherein the ridging time is carried out after the fruit is harvested and before the soil is frozen, and the basal fertilizer is applied in combination with autumn.
3. The fertilizing method for managing the dry land orchard based on the ditch storage of the fertilizer water is characterized in that the mulching film adopts horticultural ground cloth or black film.
4. The fertilizing method for managing the dry land orchard based on the ditch fertilizer storage and water storage is characterized in that the ditching process is to excavate full-strip ditches with the width and the depth of 30-40 cm respectively or dig grooves with the width and the depth of 30-40 cm respectively and the length of 100-120 cm on the left side and the right side of a trunk and at the lower edge of a crown along the row direction.
5. The fertilizing method for managing the dry land orchard based on the ditch storage of the fertilizer water as claimed in claim 1, wherein the fertilizing method for the base fertilizer is as follows: the straws with the thickness of 5-10 cm are paved on the bottom layer in the ditch, then the mixed mixture of the organic fertilizer, the organic material and the soil is spread to the thickness of 20-30 cm, meanwhile, a certain amount of chemical fertilizer is spread, and finally, the mixture is covered with the soil 5-10 cm away from the ground surface.
6. The fertilizing method for managing the dry land orchard based on the ditch storage of the fertilizer water is characterized in that the method for intensively applying the organic fertilizer is as follows: and applying 6-9 kg of commercial organic fertilizer to each ditch, and filling and leveling the ditches by using a method of mixing and filling soil and organic materials in each half.
7. The fertilizing method for managing the dry land orchard based on the ditch fertilizer water storage is characterized in that the fertilizer is quantitatively applied, wherein the total fertilizer amount of each 100 kg of fresh fruits produced comprises 0.6-1.0 kg of pure nitrogen and P2O50.3 to 0.6 kg, K2O is 0.6 to 1.0 kg.
8. The fertilizing method for managing the dry land orchard based on the ditch fertilizer water storage is characterized in that the fertilizer application amount in the base fertilizer accounts for N55-65% of the total fertilizer application amount, and P is P2O555~65%，K2O 25~35%。
9. The method for fertilizing a dry land orchard based on ditch storage of fertilizer water as claimed in claim 1, wherein the topdressing comprises twice: in the first topdressing period, the proportion of the fertilizer application amount in the total fertilizer application amount is N25-35%, and P2O525~35%，K2O 25~35%；
In the second topdressing period, the proportion of the fertilizer application amount in the total fertilizer application amount is N5-15%, 5-15% and K2O 35~45%。
10. The method of claim 9, wherein the topdressing comprises applying water-soluble fertilizer by a fertilizer gun, selecting diagonally distributed points in the ditches at both sides of the fruit tree, and injecting the water-soluble fertilizer into the ground by the fertilizer gun.
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Application publication date: 20201030 |