CN111742772B - Cultivation method for shortening juvenile stage of apples - Google Patents
Cultivation method for shortening juvenile stage of apples Download PDFInfo
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- CN111742772B CN111742772B CN202010671098.9A CN202010671098A CN111742772B CN 111742772 B CN111742772 B CN 111742772B CN 202010671098 A CN202010671098 A CN 202010671098A CN 111742772 B CN111742772 B CN 111742772B
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G17/00—Cultivation of hops, vines, fruit trees, or like trees
- A01G17/005—Cultivation methods
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G2/00—Vegetative propagation
- A01G2/30—Grafting
Abstract
The invention relates to the technical field of apple tree cultivation, in particular to a cultivation method for shortening the juvenile stage of apples. The cultivation method comprises the steps of firstly planting the dwarfing stock in a mode of forming a certain angle with the ground, bending the dwarfing stock to be vertical to the ground upwards after cultivating for a certain period of time, planting apple seedlings sown into seedlings in the current year in the bent part, and grafting the dwarfing stock onto the seedlings in a tongue mode when the seedlings reach a certain height; the part of the seedling below the tongue joint is cut off in the next year. The seedling after being sown can be sown in the offspring of apple seedlings by the method, the seedling reaches 120 nodes in the current year, the flower bud can be formed in the second year, the flower can be bloomed and fruited in the third year, and the juvenile period is passed.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of apple tree cultivation, in particular to a cultivation method for shortening the juvenile stage of apples.
Background
Apple is an important economic fruit in China. The breeding period of the apples is long, generally within 7-9 years, and the long juvenile period becomes an important bottleneck for hindering the breeding efficiency of the apples. The juvenile stage is a necessary stage of fruit tree cross breeding, the fruit tree has the capability of flowering only when reaching a certain height and node position, and the apple researches show that the seedlings have the capability of flowering after reaching 120 node positions. The offspring of apple seedlings are subjected to years or even decades from sowing to flower formation and fruit bearing, the juvenile period is always the largest restriction factor for shortening the sexual hybridization breeding period of woody fruit trees for many years, and the restriction factor is also an obstacle which can not be circumvented, and various links and various breeding methods in the sexual hybridization breeding process are not related to the juvenile period, such as the breeding of excellent hybrid offspring, the research of various important character genetic rules, the innovation of breeding materials, the materials of biotechnology breeding, transgenic plants obtained by genetic engineering and the like, so that the research of the juvenile period is sufficiently significant for shortening the hybridization breeding period of fruit trees. However, due to the relative lag in basic research associated with childhood, there is currently no practical and ideal method to minimize the time required for a seedling tree to bloom and fruit continuously under natural conditions.
Disclosure of Invention
Aiming at the problem that the juvenile period from sowing to flower formation and fruit bearing is long in the conventional apple breeding, the invention provides a cultivation method for shortening the juvenile period of apples.
In order to achieve the purpose of the invention, the embodiment of the invention adopts the following technical scheme:
a cultivation method for shortening the juvenile period of apples comprises the steps of tongue-grafting a fixedly-planted dwarf stock wood to a seedling sowed in the same year to form a double-root system, and when the seedling reaches 120 nodes, cutting off the part of the seedling below the tongue-grafting part.
The cultivation method comprises the steps of firstly, tongue grafting the dwarfing stock to the seedling, enabling the seedling and the dwarfing stock to form a double-root system, promoting the vegetative growth of the seedling, and enabling the seedling to reach 120 nodes in the flower bud differentiation period in the next year. The part of the seedling below the tongue joint is cut off in the flower bud differentiation period of the next year, so that the transportation of nutrition to the root of the seedling can be prevented, the influence of gibberellin generated by the root of the seedling on the growth of the seedling is prevented, the condition that the seedling is too vigorous and is not beneficial to the transformation from vegetative growth to reproductive growth is avoided, the tree vigor is relieved, the carbon-nitrogen ratio of the tree body is improved, and the flower bud differentiation is promoted. The seedling after being sown can be sown in the offspring of apple seedlings by the method, the seedling reaches 120 nodes in the current year, the flower bud can be formed in the second year, the flower can be bloomed and fruited in the third year, and the juvenile period is passed.
Preferably, the cultivation method specifically comprises the following steps:
s1, planting the dwarfed stock in a mode of forming an angle of 10-15 degrees with the ground before the sprouting period of the dwarfed stock, bending the dwarfed stock to be vertically upward with the ground 20-30 days after the dwarfed stock grows to sprout, wherein the horizontal distance between the vertical position and the planting position of the dwarfed stock is 20-25 cm;
s2, planting apple seedlings sowed into seedlings in the current year under the bent parts of the dwarfing stock, and grafting the dwarfing stock onto the seedlings in a tongue shape when the height of the seedlings reaches 30cm, wherein the distance between the tongue grafting part and the ground is 14-16 cm; after the connector is healed, removing the sprouts and the root tillers on the rootstock;
and S3, cutting off the part of the seedling below the tongue joint when the height of the seedling reaches 120 nodes in the flower bud differentiation period of the next year.
In S1, the time for planting the dwarfing rootstock in the early stage of germination is generally selected in 3 middle of the month. If the cultivation is carried out in a greenhouse, the cultivation can be carried out when the temperature and humidity conditions in the greenhouse are suitable for field planting.
The dwarfing stock is fixedly planted at a certain angle with the ground, so that two root systems can be formed after the seedlings and the dwarfing stock are in tongue grafting, nutrition absorption is facilitated, meanwhile, the inclination angle of the dwarfing stock can also alleviate the tree vigor, and the apple tree seedlings can be favorably promoted to be changed from vegetative growth to reproductive growth in the next year.
When the dwarfing rootstock grows to 20-30 days after sprouting, the tree body is softened and can be bent upwards in a mode of binding a support and the like to form a vertical part vertical to the ground.
The time for planting seedlings in S2 can be selected from the middle ten days of 4 months to the last ten days of 5 months, if the seedlings are small during planting, the seedlings can be subjected to tongue grafting after growing to the height of 30cm, and the tongue grafting time is 6 ten days of the latest. For seedlings that did not reach 30cm in late 6 months, the procedure was performed after germination in the next year. When the height of the seedlings reaches 30cm, the seedlings are basically in a half-woody state. When the tongue grafting operation is carried out, the part of the dwarfing rootstock, which is positioned at the position of the simulated tongue grafting, is firstly cut off, and then the tongue is grafted on the seedling, and the operation is shown as the picture 1.
The buds and the root tillers on the rootstock are removed in time after the tongue grafting is healed, and the buds and the root tillers can be prevented from consuming nutrition, so that the nutrition can be concentrated on the seedlings, and the upward vegetative growth of the seedlings is promoted.
The differentiation period of the flower buds in S3 is generally started in the last 6 th month, when the height of the seedlings reaches 1.8 m, the positions are 120, and in actual operation, the time for cutting the part below the tongue joint can be selected according to the height of the seedlings. If the seedling does not reach 1.8 m in the flower bud differentiation period due to temperature, soil nutrition conditions and the like, the part below the tongue joint is cut off after one year. Because the cut part comprises the heel of the seedling, watering should be carried out in time after cutting to prevent insufficient water supply.
Preferably, the distance between the planting point of the seedling and the planting point of the dwarfing stock is 20-25 cm. The distance can prevent the root system of the seedling from influencing the root system of the dwarfing stock, and is convenient for planing off the root system of the seedling in the soil when the part below the tongue joint of the seedling is sheared off in the next year. And if the distance is too large, the tree body is unstable and easy to topple.
Preferably, the dwarfing rootstock consists of an anvil and a interstock, wherein the anvil is a Malus spectabilis, a Malus baccata or a Malus sieboldii, and the interstock is an SH-series dwarfing interstock. The root system of the Malus spectabilis, the Malus baccata or the Malus sieboldii in Xinjiang is stronger, and the apple tree can absorb more nutrition in growth. The SH-series dwarfing interstock has strong toughness and is not easy to break, and is convenient to bend upwards and fix 20-30 days after germination.
Preferably, the apple seedlings are sown after germination acceleration by seeds stored in sand from the beginning of autumn and winter in the year before sowing.
Preferably, the culture method further comprises the step of spraying the foliar fertilizer every 15-20 days in the rapid growth period of the seedlings in the current tongue grafting year. The foliar fertilizer applied according to the method can quickly supplement nutrition in the rapid growth period, and is beneficial to promoting the growth of seedlings.
Preferably, the foliar fertilizer containing three elements of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium and the foliar fertilizer containing trace elements are used at intervals. The foliar fertilizer containing three elements of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium and the foliar fertilizer containing trace elements can be respectively selected from commercial products according to the selection principle of the conventional foliar fertilizer, such as a macroelement foliar fertilizer and a trace element foliar fertilizer. Wherein the rapid growth period is generally 5-8 months.
Preferably, the cultivation method further comprises wrapping the cut or applying a healing agent to the cut after cutting off the part of the seedling below the tongue junction.
It will be understood by those skilled in the art that references to being perpendicular to the ground in the present invention refer to being substantially perpendicular to the ground under visual observation, and not to the absolute 90.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a schematic view of a tongue joint in embodiment 1 of the present invention; wherein, 1 is a seedling and 2 is a dwarfing stock.
Detailed Description
In order to make the objects, technical solutions and advantages of the present invention more apparent, the present invention is further described in detail with reference to the following embodiments. It should be understood that the specific embodiments described herein are merely illustrative of the invention and are not intended to limit the invention.
Example 1
The present example provides a cultivation method for shortening the juvenile period of apples, wherein the hybrid seeds and the dwarfing rootstock are from Shijiazhuang fruit research institute of agriculture and forestry academy of sciences in Hebei province. The specific operation is as follows:
in the first year:
the seeds stored in the sand are subjected to pregermination in a greenhouse at the beginning of 2 months, and then are sowed in a non-woven fabric seedling raising bag to grow in the greenhouse;
planting apple dwarf stocks (the basic stocks are malus glabra and the intermediate stocks are SH 38) in a seedling nursery in the middle ten days of 3 months (before the sprouting period of the dwarf stocks) at the row spacing of 2 multiplied by 0.5 m, and planting the apple dwarf stocks at an angle of 10-15 degrees with the ground;
at the beginning of 4 months, the dwarfing stock sprouts and grows for 20-30 days, the tree body is softened, the dwarfing stock is bent and bound on an upright bamboo pole to keep upright growth vertically upwards from the ground, and the horizontal distance between the vertical part and the field planting position of the dwarfing stock is 20 cm;
planting apple seedlings sowed into seedlings in the current year to a seedling nursery in the middle ten days of 4 months, wherein the apple seedlings are planted at the lower part (one side of a bamboo pole) of the bent part of the dwarfing stock, and the horizontal distance between the planting point of the apple seedlings and the planting point of the dwarfing stock is 20 cm;
cutting off the part of the dwarfing stock above the position where the stock is to be in the tongue-grafting position when the height of the seedling reaches 30cm in the middle ten days of the 5 month, and then performing tongue-grafting (as shown in figure 1) on the dwarfing stock and the seedling to form double roots to promote the growth of the apple seedling; the distance between the tongue joint and the ground is 14-16 cm; after the connector is healed, removing the sprouts and the root tillers on the rootstock;
and spraying foliar fertilizer (macroelement foliar fertilizer and microelement foliar fertilizer for alternate use) every 15-20 days in 5-8 months.
In the second year:
in the last ten days of 6 months (flower bud differentiation period), when the height of the seedling reaches 120 knots, the part (including the root and part of the trunk) of the seedling below the tongue joint is cut off, watering is carried out in time to ensure sufficient water supply, and a cut opening is wrapped by a plastic film or is coated with a healing agent.
Example 2
This example provides a cultivation method for shortening the juvenile stage of apple, the hybrid seed and the dwarfing rootstock in this example are the same as in example 1. The specific operation is as follows:
in the first year:
2, accelerating germination of the seeds stored in the sand in the open air at the bottom of month, sowing the seeds in a non-woven fabric seedling raising bag, covering a mulching film, preserving heat and moisture, and uncovering the film at a proper time when the temperature rises to more than 20 ℃ in the daytime;
planting apple dwarf stocks (the basic stocks are malus glabra and the intermediate stocks are SH 38) in a seedling nursery in the middle ten days of 3 months (before the sprouting period of the dwarf stocks) at the row spacing of 2 multiplied by 0.5 m, and planting the apple dwarf stocks at an angle of 10-15 degrees with the ground;
at the beginning of 4 months, the dwarfing stock sprouts and grows for 20-30 days, the tree body is softened, the dwarfing stock is bent and bound on an upright bamboo pole to keep upright growth vertically upwards from the ground, and the horizontal distance between the vertical part and the field planting position of the dwarfing stock is 25 cm;
planting apple seedlings sowed into seedlings in the current year to a seedling nursery in the last ten days of 4 months, wherein the apple seedlings are planted at the lower part (one side of a bamboo pole) of the bent part of the dwarfing stock, and the horizontal distance between the planting points of the apple seedlings and the planting points of the dwarfing stock is 25 cm;
cutting off the part of the dwarfing stock above the position where the dwarfing stock is positioned on the tongue-like grafting part when 63 percent of the seedlings in the last ten days of 5 months reach 30cm, and performing tongue-like grafting on the dwarfing stock and the seedlings (as shown in figure 1) to form double roots so as to promote the growth of apple seedlings; the distance between the tongue joint and the ground is 14-16 cm; after the connector is healed, removing the sprouts and the root tillers on the rootstock; carrying out tongue grafting in late 6 th month, and carrying out the operation after the seedlings which do not reach 30cm sprout in the next year;
and spraying foliar fertilizer (macroelement foliar fertilizer and microelement foliar fertilizer for alternate use) every 15-20 days in 5-8 months.
In the second year:
in the last ten days of 6 months (flower bud differentiation period), when the height of the seedling reaches 120 knots, the part (including the root and part of the trunk) of the seedling below the tongue joint is cut off, watering is carried out in time to ensure sufficient water supply, and a cut opening is wrapped by a plastic film or is coated with a healing agent.
Comparative example
This example provides a method for culturing apple seedlings, which comprises culturing apple seedlings in a conventional culture manner. The hybrid seed and dwarf rootstock in this comparative example were the same as in example 1. The specific operation is as follows:
in the first year:
the seeds stored in the sand are subjected to pregermination in a greenhouse at the beginning of 2 months, and then are sowed in a non-woven fabric seedling raising bag to grow in the greenhouse;
planting apple dwarf stocks (the rootstocks are malus spectabilis and the interstock is SH 38) in a seedling nursery in 3 middle ten days (before the sprouting period of the dwarf stocks) at the row spacing of 2 multiplied by 0.5 m, and planting in a mode vertical to the ground;
and (4) taking mature buds at the upper parts of the seedlings in the late 8 th month, and grafting the mature buds on the stocks in a mode of wood budding.
In the second year:
before germination, stock shearing is carried out, and foliar fertilizers (a macroelement foliar fertilizer and a microelement foliar fertilizer are used at intervals) are sprayed every 15-20 days in 6-8 months.
Examination example
The results of the examination of the flowering and fruiting time of the apple orchard managed by the culture methods provided in examples 1 and 2, with the current year of sowing as the first year, are shown in table 1.
TABLE 1
| Group of | Conventional field planting | Example 1 | Example 2 |
| Mu planting seedling quantity (plant) | / | 300 | 300 |
| Rate of forming flower bud in the second year | 0 | 6.5% | 4.8% |
| Rate of flowering in third year | 0 | 20.7% | 11.2% |
| Rate of flowering in the fourth year | 8% | 56.9% | 42.6% |
| Rate of flowering in the fifth year | 20% | 76.8% | 66.2% |
Through continuous five-year investigation, compared with the conventional cultivation mode, the cultivation method provided by the invention has higher flowering rate in the third year after sowing, and can obviously shorten the juvenile period of apple trees.
The above description is only for the purpose of illustrating the preferred embodiments of the present invention and is not to be construed as limiting the invention, and any modifications, equivalents and improvements made within the spirit and principle of the present invention are intended to be included within the scope of the present invention.
Claims (7)
1. A cultivation method for shortening the juvenile period of apples is characterized in that a field-planted dwarf stock wood is connected to a seedling sowed in the same year in a tongue-grafting manner to form a double-root system, and when the seedling reaches 120 nodes, the part of the seedling below the tongue-grafting position is cut off;
the method specifically comprises the following steps:
s1, planting the dwarfed stock in a mode of forming an angle of 10-15 degrees with the ground before the sprouting period of the dwarfed stock, bending the dwarfed stock to be vertically upward with the ground 20-30 days after the dwarfed stock grows to sprout, wherein the horizontal distance between the vertical part and the planting position of the dwarfed stock is 20-25 cm;
s2, planting apple seedlings sowed into seedlings in the current year under the bent parts of the dwarfing stock, and grafting the dwarfing stock onto the seedlings in a tongue shape when the height of the seedlings reaches 30cm, wherein the distance between the tongue grafting part and the ground is 14-16 cm; after the connector is healed, removing the sprouts and the root tillers on the rootstock;
and S3, cutting off the part of the seedling below the tongue joint when the height of the seedling reaches 120 nodes in the flower bud differentiation period of the next year.
2. The cultivation method for shortening the juvenile stage of apples according to claim 1, wherein the planting point of the seedlings is 20-25 cm from the planting point of the dwarfing rootstock.
3. A cultivation method for shortening apple juvenile period as claimed in claim 1 or 2, wherein the dwarfing stock consists of an anvil and a middle anvil, the anvil is a crabapple, a shanding seed or a wild apple in xinjiang, and the middle anvil is an SH-series dwarfing middle anvil.
4. A cultivation method for shortening the juvenile stage of apples according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the apple seedlings are sown after accelerating germination of seeds stored in sand from the beginning of autumn and winter one year before sowing.
5. The cultivation method for shortening the juvenile stage of apples according to claim 1 or 2, further comprising spraying foliar fertilizer every 15-20 days in the rapid growth stage of the seedlings in the current tongue grafting year.
6. A cultivation method for shortening the juvenile stage of apples according to claim 5, wherein the foliar fertilizer is a foliar fertilizer containing three elements of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium and a foliar fertilizer containing trace elements which are used at intervals.
7. A cultivation method for shortening apple juvenile period as claimed in claim 1 or 2, further comprising wrapping the cut or applying a healing agent to the cut after cutting off the part of the seedling under the tongue-shaped joint.
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| CN1903003A (en) * | 2006-08-10 | 2007-01-31 | 刘成忠 | Method for grafting by using two root stocks |
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| CN101379929A (en) * | 2008-10-28 | 2009-03-11 | 梅清林 | High output and good quality aubergine graft and transplantation technique in different seasons |
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| RU2691612C1 (en) * | 2018-05-28 | 2019-06-14 | Федеральное государственное бюджетное образовательное учреждение высшего образования "Донской государственный аграрный университет" | Method for grafted grapes in viticultural covering area |
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