CN1117063A - 基于全氟聚合物的可发泡固体组合物及其制备方法 - Google Patents

基于全氟聚合物的可发泡固体组合物及其制备方法 Download PDF

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CN1117063A
CN1117063A CN95105315A CN95105315A CN1117063A CN 1117063 A CN1117063 A CN 1117063A CN 95105315 A CN95105315 A CN 95105315A CN 95105315 A CN95105315 A CN 95105315A CN 1117063 A CN1117063 A CN 1117063A
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捷安多麦尼科·维塔
马西姆·普佐利
多蒙尼科·德·安捷利斯
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Abstract

本发明涉及基于热塑性全氟聚合物的可发泡固体组合物,该组合物含有在聚合物基质中均匀分散的0.05%~20%(重量)具有分子量低于3500的液体氟代聚醚和0.002~10%(重量)的成核剂。该组合物适于挤出生产发泡的电缆。

Description

基于全氟聚合物的可发泡固体组 合物及其制备方法
本发明涉及基于全氟聚合物的可发泡固体组合物,其制备方法及其用于制备发泡的涂层,该组合物含有在聚合物基质中均匀分散的液体氟代聚醚和成核剂。
已知在在涂层领域中,尤其在电线涂层中使用全氟聚合物,其原因是它有很好的性能,诸如:
——耐热性,可高达260℃
——高体积和表面抵抗性
——高介电稳定性
——低介电常数
——低消耗指数
——高耐化学试剂性和耐湿气性。
这些性能使全氟聚合物特别适用于微电缆和数据传输领域,其中低值介电常数和低值消耗指数使它能制造小型化的电缆,该电缆即使在很高电压时也能提供良好的绝缘性,具有绝缘层的最低电容性和具有电信号的最低发生减小的失真,在数字式或所谓微波传输中于甚至可能超过10GHz的频率下传输该电信号。
在数字传输领域中,众所周知,借助发泡技术能够得到全氟聚合物的发泡层,其介电常数比全氟聚合物的低。
全氟聚合物发泡的已知技术一般使用成核剂和作为发泡剂的气体或在聚合物挤出温度产生气体的化合物。
通常在电线挤出步骤的同时向全氟聚合物中加入这样的发泡剂,同时伴有其加入量的显著问题和随后难以得到具有高度孔隙和具有均匀和细密的泡孔而没有不均匀或粗糙及大泡孔结构的发泡聚合物。
尤其在使用热分解产生气体的有机和无机固体发泡或膨胀剂时,由于是在全氟聚合物挤出所需的高温,因此表现出的显著问题是,这样试剂迅速分解而使得难以调节发泡聚合物中的孔隙度、泡孔均匀性及其细密性,而且其分解产物可改变全氟聚合物的良好性能,尤其改变其介电性能。
由US3072583已知一种全氟聚合物泡沫涂敷电缆的制备方法,其中使用氯氟烃(CFC),优选CHClF2作为发泡剂,其中存在的氮化硼作为成核剂。
根据这样方法,在压力下将CFC渗入聚合物中,然后将该聚合物加到挤出机中,在模出口直接得到用于电线涂层的发泡聚合物。
该方法的缺点在于,难以调节加到聚合中的CFC量,而且,在一台与添加物料不同的挤出机中,通过挤出混有CFC的材料不能得到用发泡聚合物涂敷的电线。添加的被迫结合和涂敷电线工艺使得其后很难得到高膨胀率和均匀及细密的泡孔,尤其在微电缆领域中更是如此。
还已知一种全氟聚合物发泡的工艺,该工艺中用氮气作发泡剂,其中在电缆挤出过程中于400至500巴下注入氮气。
该方法的缺点在于,必须在高压下操作和在相应挤出机容量的压力下注入气体量的调节是很难而又很关键的,以便能够得到高膨胀率和控制的及均匀的发泡,其中发泡聚合物具有封闭的、细密的和均匀的泡孔,尤其在微电缆领域中,发泡层具有约1mm的低厚度。
而且,该工艺需要实质性地改进目前用于挤出全氟聚合物电缆的挤出机。
现已发现基于全氟聚合物的特殊可膨胀或可发泡的固体组合物,该组合物含有在聚合物基质中均匀分散的液态氟代聚醚和成核剂,可将它们加到目前用于制备全氟聚合物电缆的通常挤出机中并能得到具有很好性能的电缆,而没有已知方法的缺点。
该可膨胀组合物是稳定的并能长期贮存,而且不需要改进用于全氟聚合物电缆的常规挤出机。
通过使用所述可发泡的组合物能够以简单的方式进行发泡电缆的挤出,其中可得到的孔隙度和膨胀泡孔的细密性和均匀性的控制不产生临界值,由此得到发泡的电缆,其中发泡层具有细密而均匀的泡孔结构,而没有不规整性和表面粗糙性,而且也有约1mm的很纸厚度。
因此,本发明的目的是提供一种可膨胀或可热发泡的基于全氟聚合物的固体组合物,该组合物含有:
(a)至少一种热塑性全氟聚合物,以及在聚合物基质中均匀分散的;
(b)相对于聚合物(a)0.002~10%(重量)的成核剂
(c)相对于聚合物(a)0.05~20%(重量)的氟代聚醚,该氟代聚醚由选自下述之一的氟代氧亚烷基单元组成:所述单元在聚合物链中统计地分布,具有可含H或Cl的中性氟代烷基或全氟烷基端基,并具有数均分子量低于3500,优选为350至2500,特别优选为900至1800。
通过将熔融态的聚合物(a)与组分(b)和(c)混合可得到所述组合物,随后冷却以便得到基本未膨胀的固态组合物,它具有比聚合物(a)最多低7%的密度。
作为组分(a)可以使用四氟乙烯(TFE)与全氟烷基乙烯基醚尤其与全氟(丙基乙烯基醚)(PFA)或与全氟(甲基乙烯基醚)(MFA)的共聚物,TFE与六氟丙烯(FEP)的共聚物,用少量可聚合单体轻微改性的热塑性TFE聚合物或是它们的混合物。
所述氟代聚合物具有氟含量至少60%(重量)和数均分子量为500,000至2,000,000。
作为组分(b)可以使用本领域中熟知的精细分散的无机或有机膨胀成核剂,它能调节熔融全氟聚合物内部生成泡的排列。
其中可列举的有氮化硼或氮化硅,硅石,氧化铝,滑石,亚硫酸锌,熔点比聚合物(a)高的PTFE粉末。
以聚合物(a)的重量计它们的用量优选为0.02~2%(重量)。
作为组分(c)尤其使用属于下述类型的氟代聚醚:
Figure A9510531500091
具有“随机”分布的全氟氧亚烷基单元,其中m、n、p具有平均值以满足上述平均分子量所述的要求;其中Rf和R’f是彼此相同或不同的,并且是氟代烷基或全氟烷基端基;
2)具有“随机”分布的全氟化氧亚烷基单元
RfO(CF2CF2O)n(CF2O)mR’f其中n、m具有满足上述要求的值;其中m、n、p、o具有满足上述要求的值;
Figure A9510531500093
其中n具有满足上述要求的值;
5)RfO(CF2CF2O)nR’f其中n具有满足上述要求的值;
6)RfO(CF2CF2CF2O)nR’f
RfO(CH2CF2CF2O)nR’f其中n具有满足上述要求的值。
在所述类型中,Rf、R’f彼此是相同或不同的,并且是中性氟代烷基或全氟烷基端基,优选含有1至3个碳原子,可以选自:
CF2Y—,CF2YCF2—,CF3CFY—,YCF2CF(CF3)—,YCF(CF3)CF2—,其中Y是F,Cl或H。
类型1)的全氟聚醚商业化已知为商标FOMBLIN Y(R)或GALDEN(R),类型2)为FOMBLINZ(R),全为Montedison产品。已知商业化的类型4)的产品是KRYIOX(R)(Du Pont)。
在USP4523039中描述了类型5)的产品;在Daikin的欧洲专利EP148482中记载了类型6)的全氟聚醚。
按照USP3665041制备类型3)的产品。
根据本发明,待用的全氟聚醚优选在聚合物(a)的平均熔融温度和比该温度高30℃温度之间具有蒸汽压低于10巴;它们优选用量可以以聚合物(a)的用量计为0.1~16%(重量)。
氟代聚醚的优选例子是上述类型1)的那些氟代聚醚,由Ausimont以GALDEN(R)D40和GALDEN(R)HT270投放市场,二者具有全氟化的端基或类似的全氟聚醚,其中端基中的Y是H。
除了组合(a),(b)和(c)外,可膨胀组合物可以含有本领域熟知的添加剂,如润滑剂,稳定剂,增强剂和颜料。
基于全氟聚合物的热膨胀固体组合物的制备方法包括:
1.在聚合物(a)的熔融温度在一氟代聚醚(c)具有低于10巴蒸汽压的温度之间的温度下,将熔融态的全氟聚合物(a)与0.002~10%(基于(a)重量)的一种成核剂(b)和0.05~20%(重量)至少一种如上述定义的氟代聚醚迅速混合并均化;
2.在模中挤出该混合物;
3.骤冷挤出的产物,以便得到基本未膨胀的固体组合物,它具有比起始全氟聚合物(a)最多低7%的密度。
在单螺杆或双螺杆挤出机中进行该方法,挤出机装有将组分(b)和(c)注入到熔融聚合物中的注入孔和装有由模、由水骤冷体系和由切割设备组成的造粒机。
实际上,将全氟聚合物加到装有加热系统的挤出机中,熔融后通过注入液态氟代聚醚和成核剂进行掺混,接着在混合机中混合,然后经模挤出,在模的出口如此得到的小条在水槽中骤冷并切成粒料形式。
成核剂和可能的其它固体添加剂可任选地与全氟聚合物预混合或与氟代聚醚加到挤出机中。
螺杆挤出机必须具有良好的混合能力,即在混合步骤过程中,在很短时间内和在控制和恒定温度下,能够进行混合和均化熔融全氟聚合物——氟代聚醚——成核剂混合物,时间和温度如此选择,以便使在挤出机出口的混合物基本上不产生膨胀。
换句话说,温度必须使氟代聚醚在混合步骤过程中基本保持液态。
实际上,在混合温度下所用氟代聚醚具有蒸气压不高于10巴。
在模出口迅速进行熔融混合物的冷却,优选从模出口在3秒钟内冷却。
如此得到基本未膨胀的全氟聚合物的颗粒,它含有均匀分散的液体氟代聚醚和成核剂。
特别是通过使用具有固态密度为2.12~2.15g/cc(g/cm3)的全氟聚合物获得具有密度不低于2g/cc的可膨胀颗粒。
如此获得的可膨胀颗粒是稳定的并且能在室温长期贮存。
基于本发明的全氟聚合物、尤其以颗粒形式存在的、可膨胀或可发泡固体组合物适用于得到在电线上膨胀的全氟聚合物的涂层。
尤其是可在常规装置中直接使用本发明的可发泡固体组合物,所述装置是用于挤出在电线上热塑性氟化聚合物的涂层并含有一个挤出机和一个模,而没有对现存的装置进行任何改造。
显然只需进行挤出,使在模出口的熔融聚合物的温度是这样的,以便使所用氟代聚醚具有蒸气压高于10巴,优选高于20巴,以使得到膨胀的氟代聚合物。
此外,优选在压力或半管形下使用模操作,能够更好地调节在模出口处熔融混合物的压降,这能使氟代聚醚膨胀,即使它从液态转化成气态并由此得到全氟聚合物泡沫。
使用本发明的可膨胀组合物可得到在电线上的发泡涂层,其特征在于,对于涂层厚度为约1mm来说相对于比原始密度具有孔隙度或膨胀率高达60%,与涂有未膨胀的氟代的聚合物的线路电线类型相比,它介电常数值低和分解力的大小。
因此,本发明的可膨胀组合物特别适于制备发泡的微电缆和适于在导电材料上的绝缘涂层,以及适于绝热和隔声。
给出的实施例用于说明本发明的主题。
实施例1~16
可膨胀组合物的制备
在所有制备基于全氟聚合物的可发泡组合物的实施例中,使用DAVIS ELECTRIC单螺杆挤出机,具有37mm直径,长/径比为30,装有注入液体的入孔。
直螺杆结构可分成7个区:传送,压缩,测量,氟化聚醚注入,压缩,测量,混合。
由菠萝型终端进行最后混合步骤,能够保证其中成核剂、全氟聚合物和氟代聚醚极好的均化。
开始由含5%(重量)成核剂的全氟聚合物的母料进行成核剂的加入,然后在加到挤出机料斗之前与全氟聚合物干混。
使用体积计量泵,通过经挤出机的入孔注入液体氟代聚醚进行氟代聚醚的加入。
经过置于挤出口处的具有3个2mm孔的模挤出如此得到的熔融混合物,接着在水槽中冷却和最后用切刀切成粒。
水槽和模的出口比如此排列,以使在熔融混合物由模孔的出口和其水槽中的入口之间限制在3秒钟以内。
对于备实施例来说,表1列出了制备方法的特征和所得可膨胀组合物的性能,尤其指出:
——其中所用的全氟聚合物:
FEP指TFE/六氟丙烯共聚物TEFLON(R)FEP100(DuPont);
MFA指Ausimont的TFE/全氟(甲基乙烯基醚)共聚物HYFLON MFA640;
PFA指Ausimont的TFE/全氟(丙基乙烯基醚)共聚物HYFLON PFA 450;
——所用成核剂及其用量,其中:
BN是指超纯氮化硼,具有平均颗粒度为5微米;
PTFE指Ausimont的聚四氟乙烯ALGOFLON(R)L203,具有平均颗粒度为5微米;
——所用的氟代聚醚,其中:
D40指Ausimont的氟代聚醚GALDEN(R)
HT270指Ausimont的氟代聚醚GALDEN(R)HT270;
H-G指在粘度和其它化学物理性能等效于GALDEN(R)D40但具有部分氟代端基的氟代聚醚;
——加入的氟代聚醚的量,由已知供料泵流率和由挤出机单螺杆供料聚合物的流率在挤出机上物料平衡得出的;
——在挤出机出口处熔融混合物(T混合物)的温度,由置于挤出机头处的浸没式热电偶测得;
——实际存在于所得可发泡颗料中氟代聚醚的量,由红外光谱以傅里叶变换式进行定量分析测得的;
——所得可膨胀混合物颗粒的最终密度,按照ASTMD792标准测量;
实施例13至16是比较例,其中没有使用氟代聚醚;
实施例17~32
用实施例1至12的可膨胀组合物(颗料)制造发泡电缆和用比较例13至16的颗粒制造比较的未发泡电缆。
为制造发泡电缆和比较的未发泡电缆,使用实施例1至16同样的DAVIS ELECTRIC挤出机,它装有三个分段的螺杆,普通类型用于挤出全氟聚合物的未发泡电缆并具有装有压缩模的B&H挤出头。
在所有的实施例中所得电缆具有19根电线铜辨的1mm导体和最终直径等于3±0.1mm。
对于每个实施例来说,表2中列出了:
——可膨胀和不可膨胀颗粒的类型,在挤出机中供料,按实施例1至16所得;
——在挤出机头的熔融温度,由供料颗粒得到;
——所得电缆的介电常数,由用Zumbach型CAPAC300电容仪测量电容值C计算出的,用挤出机插入线。
用公式K=C/24.16.log(D/0.97)计算介电常数,其中C以pF/m表示和D是所得电缆的最终直径(mm);
——电缆的涂敷层或挤出层的孔隙度V%,用下述公式计算:
V%=[(2.1-K]·(2K+1)/3.3K]·100
——挤出层的密度,按ASTMD 792标准测量;
——层挤出的分解力的值,按ASTMD 3032/27标准测量。

Claims (11)

1.基于全氟聚合物的可膨胀固体或热可发泡的固体组合物,该组合物含有:
(a)至少一种热塑性全氟聚合物,而且均匀分散于聚合物基质中;
(b)相对于聚合物(a)0.002~10%(重量)的成核剂;
(c)相对于聚合物(a)0.05~20%(重量)的氟代聚醚,该氟代聚醚由选自下述之一的氟代氧亚烷基单元组成:
Figure A9510531500021
所述单元在聚合物链中统计地分布,具有可含H或Cl的中性氟代烷基或全氟烷基端基,并具有数均分子量低于3500,通过将熔融态的聚合物(a)与组分(b)和(c)混合可得到所述组合物,随后冷却以使得到基本未膨胀的固体组合物,它具有比聚合物(a)最多低7%的密度。
2.按照权利要求1的可膨胀组合物,其中组分(a)是热塑性全氟聚合物,选自四氟乙烯与全氟烷基乙烯基醚或与六氟丙烯的共聚物和用少量可共聚单体改性的四氟乙烯聚合物,具有数均分子量为500000至2000000。
3.按照权利要求2的组合物,其中四氟乙烯共聚物的全氟烷基乙烯基醚在全氟(丙基乙烯基醚)和全氟(甲基乙烯基醚)之间选择。
4.按照权利要求1的组合物,含有基于聚合物(a)0.02~2%(重量)的成核剂(b),成核剂(b)选自氮化硼和高熔融的聚四氟乙烯粉末。
5.按照权利要求1至4的组合物,其中氟代聚醚(c)具有数均分子量为350至2500和在聚合物(a)的熔融温度和比该温度高30℃的温度之间具有蒸气压低于10巴,以及其用量相对于聚合物(a)为0.1~16%(重量)。
6.按照权利要求5的组合物,其中氟代聚醚(c)具有数均分子量为900至1800。
7.按照权利要求5或6的组合物,其中氟代聚醚选自具有下式的氟代聚醚:
Figure A9510531500031
全氟氧亚烷基单元是随机分布的,式中Rf和R’f相互是相同或不同的,并且是选自CF2Y—,CF2YCF2—,CF3CFY—,YCF2CF(CF3)—,YCF(CF3)CF2—的氟代烷基端基,其中的Y是F,Cl或H和其中的n,m和p是如此选择的数,以便使氟代聚醚具有数均分子量低于3500。
8.按照权利要求7的组合物,其中在氟代聚醚的端基中Y是H或F。
9.权利要求1至8的可膨胀固体组合物的制备方法,包括:
1).在聚合物(a)的熔融温度和在一氟代聚醚(c)具有低于10巴蒸气压的温度之间的温度下,将熔融态的一全氟聚合物(a)与0.002~10%(基于(a)重量)的一种成核剂(b)和0.05~20%(重量)至少一种氟代聚醚迅速混合并均化;
2).在模中挤出该混合物;
3).骤冷挤出的产物,以便得到基本未膨胀的固体组合物,它具有比全氟聚合物(a)最多低7%的密度。
10.权利要求1至8的可膨胀固体组合物的用途,在氟代聚醚(c)具有蒸气压高于10巴的温度下通过在导体上挤出所述组合物来用于涂敷电线。
11.按照权利要求10的用途,其中在氟代聚醚(c)具有蒸气压高于20巴的温度下挤出可膨胀的组合物。
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