CN111684906A - Labor-saving, fertilizer-saving and pesticide-saving whole-process mechanized planting method for double cropping and multiple cropping cotton - Google Patents
Labor-saving, fertilizer-saving and pesticide-saving whole-process mechanized planting method for double cropping and multiple cropping cotton Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The invention discloses a labor-saving, fertilizer-saving and pesticide-saving full-process mechanized planting method for double cropping cotton, which comprises the following steps: one-time machine sowing: the operations of no-tillage shallow rotary stubble cleaning, cleaning and seeding rows, single-seed precision seeding, depth measuring fertilization, straw mulching, pre-seedling weeding and the like are completed by one time by using machinery; a whole machine pipe: no thinning, no seedling supplement, no pruning, no branching, no topping, fertilizer spraying, chemical blending, defoliation and ripening are carried out by using an unmanned aerial vehicle; collecting the materials once by a machine; the labor is saved by 60 percent. Reasonable densification, one-time application of special controlled release fertilizer and unmanned aerial vehicle fertilizer spraying, and 50% of fertilizer saving. The insect-resistant variety, food-induced attraction and application of biological pesticide, insect-killing lamp and unmanned aerial vehicle are adopted, and the pesticide is saved by 40%. Compared with the conventional technology, the method uses four-step labor, five-step chemical fertilizer, six-step chemical pesticide and whole-process mechanized operation under the condition of double cropping and multiple cropping to obtain ten-step cotton yield, greatly reduces labor and cost, lightens non-point source pollution caused by excessive use of chemical fertilizer and pesticide, and improves the mechanization rate, the resource utilization rate and the cotton planting benefit.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of cotton planting, and particularly relates to a labor-saving, fertilizer-saving and pesticide-saving full-process mechanized planting method for double cropping compound cotton.
Background
Cotton is an important agricultural product and cotton spinning industrial raw material related to the national people, and the yield accounts for 20-35% of the total world production. In the three cotton areas of the northwest inland of China, the Yangtze river basin and the yellow river basin, the two cooked cotton fields respectively account for about 80% and 20% of the cotton fields of the Yangtze river basin and the yellow river basin. However, the existing double cropping multiple cropping cotton planting mode and technology have the following problems:
firstly, the existing cotton field planting mode and cotton cultivation technology are complex, the production period of cotton is long, the management is complex and troublesome, the mechanization is not facilitated, and the labor is more. The existing cotton field double cropping planting system in the two cotton areas of Yangtze river basin and yellow river basin mainly comprises double seedling double transplanting of cotton and rape, cotton transplanting after oil, double cropping and interplanting of wheat and cotton, cotton transplanting after wheat, cotton transplanting after garlic (onion) and the like. The double cropping multiple cropping cotton technology emphasizes fine tillage, the growing period reaches 6-9 months, 40-50 working procedures are carried out from the harvest of the cotton, and the working procedures comprise seedling culture nutrition bowls making, seeding, seedbed management, previous stubble cleaning, field weeding and soil preparation, hole digging, transplanting and film covering, seedling supplementing and final singling, disease and pest control, fertilization for 3-5 times, weeding for 3-5 times, chemical regulation and control for 3-5 times, branch trimming, topping, flower harvesting for 5-10 times, flower drying, film tearing, stalk pulling and the like, and not only are labor-consuming and labor intensity large. The planting system and the cultivation technology are difficult to realize mechanical operation and have more labor. The average working amount of 50kg of ginned cotton produced in America is only 0.5 working day, the average working amount of the Xinjiang production and construction war group is 4.9 working days, and the average working amount of the double cropping multiple cropping cotton in the cotton area of Yangtze river basin and the cotton area of yellow river basin is up to 20-30 working days. Compared with grain crops such as rice, wheat and the like, 474 working days are needed for each hectare in the whole growth period of cotton, only 186 working days are needed for planting rice in the same period, and only 45 working days are needed for wheat.
And secondly, chemical fertilizers and pesticides for cotton production are used in excess, the fertilizing and pesticide applying technology is complex, the times are many, the production cost is high, and the benefit is low. The cotton has the biological habits of long growth period, unlimited growth, long overlapping time of vegetative growth and reproductive growth and the like, so that the cotton fertilization and pest and weed prevention and control technology is more complicated, and the contribution rate of the fertilization and pest and weed prevention and control technology to the yield is high. The conventional fertilizer and the conventional fertilizer applying mode for producing the double cropping compound cotton in the cotton area of the Yangtze river basin and the cotton area of the yellow river basin comprise 3-5 times of base fertilizer, seedling fertilizer, bud fertilizer, flower bell fertilizer, top covering fertilizer and the like, and have the following problems: firstly, the fertilizer application times are multiple, the flower workers are multiple, the topdressing process is complex, the field operation is inconvenient, and the requirement of simplifying mechanized cultivation is difficult to meet; secondly, the fertilization technology is difficult to master, blind excessive fertilization exists, the fertilization method and period are unreasonable, the fertilizer efficiency is low, and the non-point source pollution is serious; thirdly, the conventional technology has the serious problem that the yield is reduced because of the fact that a large amount of fertilizer application periods and the high occurrence periods of disasters such as drought, rain and waterlogging are overlapped to cause that topdressing cannot be performed or fertilizer damage cannot be performed. On the other hand, the prevention and control of the diseases, the pests and the weeds of the cotton have the problems of excessive dependence on chemical pesticides, excessive pesticide application, more pesticide application times, blind pesticide application and the like.
There are some reports on the researches on labor saving, fertilizer saving, medicine saving and whole-process mechanization of double cropping compound cotton. Wherein, the dense weight-reducing and simple and efficient technology for cotton planted in wheat (oil) cotton double cropping mode in Yangtze river basin cotton area (Yangtze Qin, etc.; Chinese cotton, No. 10 in 2018, p 1-3) discloses a dense weight-reducing and weight-reducing technology matched with a novel planting mode, the technology for reducing and simplifying one-time fertilization in Yangtze river basin cotton quantity and simplifying one-time fertilization technology is disclosed in a text of Zhengjiang river basin cotton quantity and simplifying one-time fertilization technology research (Zhengshufeng, etc.; Chinese cotton No. 6 in 2020, p 9-12), the advantages, modes and technical paths of the whole mechanical production of cotton in Wangjiang county (Lijiefeng, Anhui agronomy, No. 24 in 2019, p 48-48) and the technical path of the mechanical cotton harvesting in Yangtze basin cotton area (China Cotton, No. 12 in 2019, p 36-38) and other texts exploring the whole mechanical cotton path technology of the Yangtze river basin production in China, the mechanized harvesting test demonstration of cotton in Hubei is reported (Wangxiaozi et al, China Cotton, No. 10, p 30-31) but the reports have the following limitations, namely, the reports only relate to one or more aspects of labor saving, fertilizer saving, medicine saving and whole-process mechanization, do not contain an integral scheme which simultaneously meets the whole-process mechanization of labor saving, fertilizer saving and medicine saving, and do not provide specific implementation schemes in certain aspects.
Chinese patent document CN104012285 (application No. 201410273845.8) discloses a method for cultivating cotton in five six crops, namely, june seeding, sixty days flowering, six hundred jin of seed cotton, six thousand plant density, and sixty thousand bolls. The method comprises the following steps: selecting cotton varieties; moderate fertility levels in cotton fields; no-tillage soil moisture robbing or soil moisture observing and sowing are carried out within 1-15 days of 6 months; spraying herbicide inhaul cables after sowing, and sealing weeds; spraying lime half-amount Bordeaux mixture after the cotton seedlings come out of the soil; spraying mepiquat chloride after the initial flowering period and topping; applying a nitrogen fertilizer every 667m2, determining the dosage of phosphorus fertilizer and potassium fertilizer according to the nutrient, and applying the nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and boron fertilizer once in the flowering period; when ethephon is sprayed on sunny days in 10 months and 10-15 days, the boll opening rate is improved by more than 20%. Compared with the conventional cotton planting method, the method can realize 100% of yield in 60% of time by using 60% of fertilizer, 60% of pesticide and 60% of labor force. However, the method has the following limitations that firstly, a whole-process mechanized operation scheme cannot be provided, a large amount of labor is needed, and the large-scale application is difficult to achieve; secondly, because the cotton plants in the flowering period are higher, the cotton plants are easy to damage by one-time fertilization, and the mechanical operation is difficult; thirdly, no specific solution is provided for achieving 100% yield using 60% of pesticide; fourthly, before sowing, the grazing-without-grazing (paraquat) is forbidden and cannot be implemented according to the original technical scheme; fifthly, double cropping and multiple cropping in cotton fields are not involved.
The invention discloses a cultivation method for centralized boll opening of cotton in cotton regions in south China, which is disclosed by Chinese patent document CN103477848 (application number 201310453340.5). Through the unique processes of sowing, fertilizing, topping, ripening and the like, the cotton population structure and the boll forming and boll opening modes are optimized, the whole growth period of the cotton can be shortened by 60-70 days, particularly the boll opening period of the cotton is centralized within 30-40 days, the manual centralized flower collection or the mechanical flower collection is convenient, 4-5 labor for the harvesting link can be saved compared with the current cultivation method by the manual centralized flower collection, and the season contradiction between the cotton production and the winter crop soil preparation is solved. However, the method has the following limitations that firstly, the method adopts semi-precision hole dibbling, thinning is needed after seedling emergence, pruning and topping are needed in the middle and later stages, the whole process of mechanized operation is difficult to realize, a large amount of labor is needed, and large-scale application is difficult; secondly, the method needs to fertilize at the 3-4 leaf stage and the initial flowering stage, which is easy to cause cotton plant damage and difficult to operate mechanically; thirdly, the method does not relate to the technology of saving fertilizer and pesticide; fourthly, the method needs spraying paraquat for accelerating ripening, and the paraquat is forbidden and cannot be implemented according to the original technical scheme; fifthly, double cropping and multiple cropping in cotton fields are not involved.
The invention discloses a production method of machine-harvested cotton in Chinese patent document CN 107241985 (application No. 201710425084.7), and the invention provides an environment-friendly cultivation management method of machine-harvested cotton in Chinese patent document CN 105191596 (application No. 201410280704.9). The invention discloses a mechanical cultivation method of Xinjiang cotton in the state of development and high-yield technology of machine-harvested cotton in south Jiang (Wangchen, China Cotton 2019, 9 th year, p 36-38). However, the methods are suitable for cotton cooking in a Xinjiang cotton area, the climate characteristics, soil conditions, planting systems, suitable cotton varieties, diseases, pests, weeds and the like of the cotton field in the Xinjiang cotton area are very different from those of the two cotton areas in Yangtze river basin and yellow river basin, and the core cultivation technology mainly comprises reasonable close planting, wide film covering, under-film drip irrigation, water and fertilizer integration, mechanization and the like, so that the cotton fields are difficult to copy by other cotton areas.
Therefore, aiming at the problems in the double cropping cotton field cotton production, the existing cultivation method needs to be improved urgently, the labor is saved by 60% by adopting the technologies of one-time machine sowing, whole machine management, one-time machine harvesting and the like, the fertilizer is saved by 50% by adopting the technologies of early and medium cropping cotton varieties, reasonable densification, one-time side deep application of special controlled release fertilizer, unmanned aerial vehicle fertilizer spraying and the like, and the pesticide is saved by 40% by adopting insect-resistant varieties, food-induced inducement and biological pesticide, insecticidal lamp and unmanned aerial vehicle pesticide application. Compared with the conventional technology, the method can greatly reduce labor and cost for cotton production, reduce non-point source pollution caused by excessive use of chemical fertilizers and chemical pesticides, improve the mechanization rate, improve the resource utilization rate and improve the cotton planting benefit.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to make up the defects of the prior art, and provides a labor-saving, fertilizer-saving and pesticide-saving full-process mechanized planting method for double cropping compound cotton.
In order to achieve the above object, the present invention provides the following technical solutions:
a labor-saving, fertilizer-saving and pesticide-saving full-process mechanized planting method for double cropping compound cotton comprises the following steps:
(1) disposable 'machine seeding': after the previous stubble is harvested, the operations of no-tillage shallow rotary stubble cleaning, seeding row straw cleaning, single-grain precision seeding cotton, depth measuring fertilization, straw covering, pre-seedling herbicide spraying and the like are completed by one-time operation by using machinery.
The one-time mechanical sowing reduces the labor in the processes of fertilizing, spraying the pre-seedling herbicide and the like.
(2) The whole process is 'machine pipe': no thinning, no seedling supplement, no pruning, no twitch, no topping, fertilizer spraying, chemical blending, defoliation and ripening and the like are operated by an unmanned aerial vehicle.
The whole machine pipe adopts single-seed sowing, increases sowing density, can realize no thinning and no seedling supplement, adopts the technologies of reasonably increasing density, whole plant type, maturity chemical regulation and the like, can realize no pruning, no twitch, no topping, fertilizer spraying, medicine spraying, chemical regulation, defoliation, ripening acceleration and the like, and uses an unmanned aerial vehicle for operation, thereby greatly saving the labor for field management.
(3) Disposable 'machine harvesting': the method selects early and middle maturing cotton varieties, reasonably increases density, delays the sowing period, applies special controlled release fertilizer laterally and deeply at one time, chemically regulates and controls the plant type and the maturity in the whole process, realizes the centralized maturity of the cotton, and uses a machine to harvest the cotton at one time.
The one-time machine harvesting realizes the concentrated maturity of the cotton by selecting early and medium-maturing cotton varieties, greatly increasing the density, delaying the sowing period, chemically regulating the plant type and the maturity in the whole process and the like, can use machinery for one-time harvesting, and greatly saves the labor for harvesting.
By delaying sowing and chemically regulating the plant type and the maturity in the whole process, the centralized maturity is realized, the growth period of cotton is shortened by about 60 days, early-stage plant diseases and insect pests are effectively avoided, and the times and the dosage of pesticide application are reduced. Meanwhile, insect-resistant varieties, food-induced attraction, biological pesticides, insecticidal lamps and unmanned aerial vehicles are adopted for pesticide application, the dosage of chemical pesticides is reduced, the pesticide use efficiency is improved, and 40% of pesticide saving is realized.
The whole process mechanization is realized through one-time machine sowing, whole process machine management and one-time machine harvesting, and the labor is saved by 60%.
Further, the one-time mechanical sowing is to finish operations of no-tillage shallow rotary stubble cleaning, sowing row straw cleaning, single-seed fine sowing of cotton, depth measuring fertilization, straw mulching, pre-seedling herbicide spraying and the like at one time by using the sowing machine with the functions after the harvest of rape, wheat or garlic in the middle ten days of 5 months to the beginning of 6 months.
Furthermore, the early-medium-maturing cotton variety is an insect-resistant cotton variety with a growth period not more than 110 days.
Further, the reasonable densification specifically comprises: the width of the compartment is 260cm, the width of the furrow is 30cm, 3 rows of cotton are sown in each compartment, the row spacing of sowing is 81cm or 76cm, the plant spacing is 6-10cm, 1 cotton seed is sown in each hole, and the sowing density is 10000 seedlings/667 m2The harvest density is 6000-2。
The early and medium maturing cotton variety is adopted, the densification is reasonably realized, the sowing period is delayed, the cotton growing period is shortened by about 60 days, the fertilizer can play a role in the period of the maximum cotton nutrient efficiency, and the fertilizer utilization rate is improved.
Further, the special controlled release fertilizer for one-time side deep application specifically comprises: when the cotton is sowed by the sowing machine, about 50kg of special fertilizer for one-time fertilization is applied to the cotton, each compartment is fertilized by 3 rows, and the fertilization row spacing is 5cm from the sowing row and is 5cm deeper than the sowing row.
Furthermore, the fertilizer special for the disposable fertilization of the cotton comprises the following effective elements in percentage by weight based on pure nutrients: 18-20% of N, P2O58-10%、K2O18-20%, wherein the release period of the controlled-release N nutrient is 60-90 days, and the controlled-release N accounts for 80-100% of the total N.
The special controlled-release fertilizer and the unmanned aerial vehicle sprayed fertilizer are applied deeply at one time, so that the nutrient release of the fertilizer is basically matched with the nutrient requirement of cotton, the fertilizer loss is reduced, the utilization rate of the fertilizer is improved, and the fertilizer can be saved by 50 percent compared with the conventional fertilizer for transplanting seedlings in a nutrition pot and applying the conventional fertilizer.
Further, the labor-saving, fertilizer-saving and pesticide-saving full-process mechanized planting method for double cropping cotton specifically comprises the following steps:
(1) selecting previous crops and varieties: the previous stubble can be selected from rape, wheat or garlic crops, the previous stubble is selected from medium-early-maturing rape varieties, wheat varieties or garlic varieties, harvesting is completed from the middle ten days of 5 months to the beginning of 6 months, and the cotton is selected from medium-early-maturing insect-resistant varieties;
(2) rape, wheat or garlic harvestThen, the operations of no-tillage shallow rotary stubble cleaning, seeding row straw cleaning, single-seed fine sowing cotton, side deep fertilization, straw covering, pre-seedling herbicide spraying and the like are completed at one time by using a sowing machine with the functions; the width of the compartment is 260cm, the width of the ditch is 30cm, 3 rows are sowed in each compartment, the row spacing of sowing is 81cm or 76cm, the plant spacing is 6-10cm, 1 cotton seed is sowed in each hole, and the sowing density is 10000 seedlings/667 m2The harvest density is 6000-2(ii) a Applying about 50kg of special fertilizer for cotton one-time fertilization, and fertilizing 3 rows in each compartment, wherein the fertilization row spacing is 5cm from the sowing row and is 5cm deeper than the sowing row; spraying stems, leaves and soil of weeds by adding water into glyphosate and acetochlor or oxyfluorfen;
(3) the whole growth period of cotton is five times: no thinning, no seedling supplement, no pruning, no crotch cutting and no top cutting;
(4) safely preventing and removing seedlings and field weeds of rape, wheat and the like: before budding of cotton after emergence of seedlings, when grassy weeds are taken as main raw materials, acetochlor or metolachlor is used for directionally spraying stems and leaves of the weeds and soil, when the grassy weeds, the broadleaf weeds and the cyperaceae weeds are mixed, herbicides with wider weed control spectrum, such as oxyfluorfen and the like, or two or more herbicides are selected for mixing use, or a mixture of oxyfluorfen, acetochlor and the like is used; after the cotton buds, the plant height is more than 30cm and the lower part of the cotton plant is red and hardened, directional spraying is carried out on the stem leaves of the weeds by using the glyphosate;
(5) spraying 0.2% borax water solution and 0.2% zinc sulfate water solution 1 time respectively in the bud period, the initial flowering period and the boll period of cotton, spraying 1-2% urea solution and 0.3-0.5% potassium dihydrogen phosphate solution on leaf surfaces from the first ten days of 8 months to the first ten days of 9 months, spraying 1 time every 7-10 days and continuously spraying 3-4 times, and operating by combining an unmanned aerial vehicle for pest control;
(6) installing an insect killing lamp, adopting cotton bollworm biological food attraction and lygus lucorum sexual attraction, using biological pesticide and the like, and using an unmanned aerial vehicle or a large-scale pesticide spraying machine to spray chemical pesticide, so as to prevent and control insect pests;
(7) chemical regulation and control of plant type and maturity in the whole process: in the 4-6 leaf stage, bud stage, initial flowering stage and full flowering stage of cotton, each 667m2Respectively using 98% mepiquat chloride 0.5g, 0.5-1g, 1-2g and 2-3 g; when each 667m2The number of fruit branches reaches 7-8 thousands or the number of fruit nodes reaches20-25 ten thousand of them, every 667m2Spraying the whole cotton plant with 98% mepiquat chloride 5-10g and water for no later than 8 months, and operating with an unmanned aerial vehicle;
(8) when the natural boll opening rate of the cotton reaches 40 percent, the boll age of the upper bolls of the cotton reaches more than 40 days and the lowest temperature is not lower than 14 ℃, every 667m240-50g of 50% thidiazuron wettable powder is added with 150mL of 40% ethephon agent and 250mL of water, the whole plant is sprayed with water, and an unmanned aerial vehicle is used for operation;
(9) and (5) harvesting the cotton plants at the bottom of 10 months at one time by using a 3-row cotton picker when the defoliation rate of the cotton plants reaches more than 90% and the boll opening rate reaches more than 95%.
The invention has the advantages that:
compared with the conventional technology, the method has the advantages that under the condition of double cropping and multiple cropping, cotton is subjected to four-crop labor force, five-crop chemical fertilizer, six-crop chemical pesticide and whole-process mechanized operation, the yield of ten crops is obtained, the labor and cost for cotton production can be greatly reduced, the non-point source pollution caused by excessive use of the chemical fertilizer and the chemical pesticide is reduced, the mechanization rate is improved, the resource utilization rate is improved, and the cotton planting benefit is improved.
Detailed Description
The technical scheme of the invention is further explained by combining the specific examples as follows:
example 1
A labor-saving, fertilizer-saving and pesticide-saving full-process mechanized planting method for double cropping compound cotton specifically comprises the following steps:
(1) selecting previous crops and varieties: the previous stubble is rape, the kernel hybrid 418 of the medium-early-maturing rape variety is selected in the previous stubble, and the harvest is finished in 5 months and 20 days; selecting early-middle-maturing insect-resistant variety F11 from cotton;
(2) disposable 'machine seeding': after harvesting the previous stubbles, the operations of no-tillage shallow rotation stubble cleaning, seeding row straw cleaning, single-seed precision seeding cotton, special controlled release fertilizer for depth measurement, straw mulching, pre-seedling herbicide spraying and the like are completed at one time by using machines (2 BYSF-3 full straw mulching no-tillage planter produced by Henan agriculture and King agricultural equipment science and technology Co., Ltd., motor-driven spraying equipment is additionally arranged), no-tillage seeding and fertilization are carried out;
the width of the compartment is 250cm, the width of the ditch is about 30cm, and each compartmentSowing 3 rows with the row spacing of 81cm and the plant spacing of 7cm, sowing 1 cotton seed in each hole, and sowing density of 11700 seedlings/667 m2The harvest density is 6130 plants/667 m2(ii) a Applying 50kg of special fertilizer for cotton one-time fertilization, wherein each compartment is divided into 3 rows for fertilization, and the fertilization row spacing is 5cm from the sowing row and is 5cm deeper than the sowing row; spraying stems, leaves and soil of weeds by adding water into glyphosate and acetochlor or oxyfluorfen;
the special fertilizer for one-time side deep application comprises the following components: applying about 50kg of special fertilizer for cotton one-time fertilization while sowing by using a sowing machine, wherein each compartment is divided into 3 rows for fertilization, and the fertilization row distance is 5cm from a sowing row and is 5cm deeper than the sowing row; the fertilizer special for the one-time fertilization of cotton comprises the following effective elements in percentage by weight in terms of pure nutrients: n20% and P2O510%、K2O20%, wherein: the release period of the controlled-release N nutrient is 90 days, and the controlled-release N accounts for 90 percent of the total N;
(3) the whole growth period of cotton is five times: no thinning, no seedling supplement, no pruning, no crotch cutting and no top cutting;
(4) safely preventing and removing seedlings and field weeds of rape, wheat and the like: before budding of cotton seedlings, when grassy weeds are taken as main raw materials, acetochlor or metolachlor or the like is used for directionally spraying weed stems and leaves and soil, when grassy, broad-leaved and cyperaceae weeds grow in a mixed mode, herbicides with wider weed control spectrum such as oxyfluorfen or the like are used, or two or more herbicides are selected for mixing use, or a mixture of oxyfluorfen, acetochlor and the like is used; after the cotton buds, the plant height is more than 30cm and the lower part of the cotton plant is red and hardened, directional spraying is carried out on the stem leaves of the weeds by using the glyphosate;
(5) spraying 0.2% borax water solution and 0.2% zinc sulfate water solution for 1 time respectively in the bud stage, the initial flowering stage and the boll stage of cotton; spraying 2% urea solution and 0.5% potassium dihydrogen phosphate solution on leaf surfaces from the first 8 th to the first 9 th of month; spraying for 1 time every 7-10 days, and continuously spraying for 3-4 times; working in combination with an unmanned aerial vehicle for pest control;
(6) installing an insecticidal lamp, adopting a cotton bollworm biological feeding attractant, a lygus lucorum sex attractant, using spodoptera litura nuclear polyhedrosis virus, matrine, bacillus subtilis wettable powder, amino-oligosaccharin biological source pesticide and the like, and spraying chemical pesticide by using an unmanned aerial vehicle or a large-scale pesticide sprayer to prevent and control insect pests;
(7) chemical regulation and control of plant type and maturity in the whole process: in the 4-6 leaf stage, bud stage, initial flowering stage and full flowering stage of cotton, each 667m20.5g, 1g, 2g and 3g of 98% mepiquat chloride are used; 8 last ten days of month, when each 667m2When the number of fruit branches reaches 8 thousands (or the number of fruit nodes reaches 25 thousands), each 667m2Spraying 10g of 98% mepiquat chloride with water to the whole cotton plant for chemical capping; operating by using an unmanned aerial vehicle;
(8) when the natural boll opening rate of the cotton reaches 40 percent, the boll age of the upper bolls of the cotton reaches more than 40 days and the lowest temperature is not lower than 14 ℃, every 667m250g of 50% thidiazuron wettable powder is added with 200mL of 40% ethephon aqua and the mixture is mixed with water and sprayed on the whole plant; an unmanned aerial vehicle can be used for operation;
(9) and (5) at the bottom of 10 months, and when the defoliation rate of the cotton plants reaches more than 90% and the boll opening rate reaches more than 95%, harvesting the cotton plants at one time by using a 3-row cotton picker (a 4MZ-3 type self-propelled cotton picker of a Zhongnong machine).
The labor-saving, fertilizer-saving and pesticide-saving full-process mechanized planting method for double cropping cotton is applied to Dong-county in Anhui province. The test demonstration area is 667m per time according to the measured yield2121.2kg of ginned cotton, compared with the local conventional cultivation method (transplanting after harvesting cotton seedling rape), the average yield per unit is increased by 6.26%, the total labor is reduced by 62.1%, the application amount of chemical fertilizer is reduced by 51.7%, and the application amount of chemical pesticide is reduced by 46.8%, so that the whole-process mechanized operation is realized.
Example 2
A labor-saving, fertilizer-saving and pesticide-saving full-process mechanized planting method for double cropping compound cotton specifically comprises the following steps:
(1) selecting previous crops and varieties: the previous crop is wheat; selecting medium-early-maturing rape wheat variety in the previous crop, and harvesting in 5 months and 25 days; selecting 425 medium cotton of an early-medium-maturing insect-resistant variety F11 from cotton;
(2) disposable 'machine seeding': after harvesting the previous stubbles, the operations of no-tillage shallow rotation stubble cleaning, seeding row straw cleaning, single-seed precision seeding cotton, special controlled release fertilizer for depth measurement, straw mulching, pre-seedling herbicide spraying and the like are completed at one time by using machines (2 BYSF-3 full straw mulching no-tillage planter produced by Henan agriculture and King agricultural equipment science and technology Co., Ltd., motor-driven spraying equipment is additionally arranged), no-tillage seeding and fertilization are carried out;
the width of the compartment is 250cm, the width of the ditch is about 30cm, 3 rows are sowed in each compartment, the row spacing of sowing is 76cm, the plant spacing is 7cm, 1 cotton seed is sowed in each hole, and the sowing density is 12500 seedlings/667 m2The harvest density is 6680 strains/667 m2(ii) a Applying 45kg of special fertilizer for cotton one-time fertilization, wherein each compartment is divided into 3 rows for fertilization, and the fertilization row spacing is 5cm from the sowing row and is 5cm deeper than the sowing row; spraying stems, leaves and soil of weeds by adding water into glyphosate and acetochlor or oxyfluorfen;
the special fertilizer for one-time side deep application comprises the following components: applying about 50kg of special fertilizer for cotton one-time fertilization while sowing by using a sowing machine, wherein each compartment is divided into 3 rows for fertilization, and the fertilization row distance is 5cm from a sowing row and is 5cm deeper than the sowing row; the fertilizer special for the one-time fertilization of cotton comprises the following effective elements in percentage by weight in terms of pure nutrients: n20% and P2O510%、K2O20%, wherein: the release period of the controlled-release N nutrient is 60 days, and the controlled-release N accounts for 100 percent of the total N;
(3) the whole growth period of cotton is five times: no thinning, no seedling supplement, no pruning, no crotch cutting and no top cutting;
(4) safely preventing and removing seedlings and field weeds of rape, wheat and the like: before budding of cotton after emergence of seedlings, when grassy weeds are taken as main raw materials, acetochlor or metolachlor is used for directionally spraying stems and leaves of the weeds and soil, when the grassy weeds, the broadleaf weeds and the cyperaceae weeds are mixed, herbicides with wider weed control spectrum, such as oxyfluorfen and the like, or two or more herbicides are selected for mixing use, or a mixture of oxyfluorfen, acetochlor and the like is used; after the cotton buds, the plant height is more than 30cm and the lower part of the cotton plant is red and hardened, directional spraying is carried out on the stem leaves of the weeds by using the glyphosate;
(5) spraying 0.2% borax water solution and 0.2% zinc sulfate water solution for 1 time respectively in the bud stage, the initial flowering stage and the boll stage of cotton; spraying 2% urea solution and 0.5% potassium dihydrogen phosphate solution on leaf surfaces from the first 8 th to the first 9 th of month; spraying for 1 time every 7-10 days, and continuously spraying for 3-4 times; working in combination with an unmanned aerial vehicle for pest control;
(6) installing an insecticidal lamp, adopting a cotton bollworm biological feeding attractant, a lygus lucorum sex attractant, using spodoptera litura nuclear polyhedrosis virus, matrine, bacillus subtilis wettable powder, amino-oligosaccharin biological source pesticide and the like, and spraying chemical pesticide by using an unmanned aerial vehicle or a large-scale pesticide sprayer to prevent and control insect pests;
(7) chemical regulation and control of plant type and maturity in the whole process: in the 4-6 leaf stage, bud stage, initial flowering stage and full flowering stage of cotton, each 667m2Using 98% mepiquat chloride 0.5g, 1g, 2g and 2.5 g; 8 last ten days of month, when each 667m2When the number of fruit branches reaches 8 thousands (or the number of fruit nodes reaches 25 thousands), each 667m2Spraying 8g of 98% mepiquat chloride and water to the whole cotton plant for chemical capping; operating by using an unmanned aerial vehicle;
(8) when the natural boll opening rate of the cotton reaches 40 percent, the boll age of the upper bolls of the cotton reaches more than 40 days and the lowest temperature is not lower than 14 ℃, every 667m250g of 50% thidiazuron wettable powder is added with 150mL of 40% ethephon water, and the mixture is mixed with water and sprayed on the whole plant; an unmanned aerial vehicle can be used for operation;
(9) and (5) at the bottom of 10 months, and when the defoliation rate of the cotton plants reaches more than 90% and the boll opening rate reaches more than 95%, harvesting the cotton plants at one time by using a 3-row cotton picker (a 4MZ-3 type self-propelled cotton picker of a Zhongnong machine).
The labor-saving, fertilizer-saving and pesticide-saving full-process mechanized planting method for double cropping and multiple cropping cotton is applied to Wangjiang county in Anhui province. The test demonstration area is 667m per time according to the measured yield2Compared with the local conventional cultivation method (transplanting after harvesting cotton seedlings and wheat), the average yield per unit area is increased by 2.20%, the whole-process labor is reduced by 60.3%, the application amount of chemical fertilizers is reduced by 50.8%, the application amount of chemical pesticides is reduced by 41.9%, and the whole-process mechanized operation is realized.
The above description is only a preferred embodiment of the present invention and is not intended to limit the present invention, and various modifications and changes may be made by those skilled in the art. Any modification, equivalent replacement, or improvement made within the spirit and principle of the present invention should be included in the protection scope of the present invention.
Claims (7)
1. A labor-saving, fertilizer-saving and pesticide-saving full-process mechanized planting method for double cropping compound cotton is characterized in that:
(1) disposable 'machine seeding': after harvesting the previous stubbles, operations such as no-tillage shallow rotation stubble cleaning, seeding row straw cleaning, single-grain precision seeding cotton, depth measuring fertilization, straw covering, pre-seedling herbicide spraying and the like are completed by one-time operation by using machinery;
(2) the whole process is 'machine pipe': no thinning, no seedling supplement, no pruning, no branching, no topping, fertilizer spraying, chemical blending, defoliation and ripening and the like are operated by an unmanned aerial vehicle;
(3) disposable 'machine harvesting': the method selects early and middle maturing cotton varieties, reasonably increases density, delays the sowing period, applies special controlled release fertilizer laterally and deeply at one time, chemically regulates and controls the plant type and the maturity in the whole process, realizes the centralized maturity of the cotton, and uses a machine to harvest the cotton at one time.
2. The labor-saving, fertilizer-saving and pesticide-saving full-mechanized planting method for double cropping cotton according to claim 1, characterized in that the one-time mechanical sowing is completed by the sowing machine with the functions of no-tillage shallow rotation stubble cleaning, sowing row straw cleaning, single-seed fine sowing of cotton, depth measuring fertilization, straw covering, spraying of herbicide before seedling and the like at one time after the harvest of rape, wheat or garlic from 5 middle ten days to 6 months.
3. The labor-saving, fertilizer-saving and pesticide-saving full-mechanized planting method of double cropping cotton according to claim 1, characterized in that the early-medium cropping cotton variety is an insect-resistant cotton variety with a growth period of not more than 110 days.
4. The labor-saving, fertilizer-saving and pesticide-saving full-process mechanized planting method for double cropping cotton according to claim 1, characterized in that the reasonable densification specifically comprises: the width of the compartment is 260cm, the width of the furrow is 30cm, 3 rows of cotton are sown in each compartment, the row spacing of sowing is 81cm or 76cm, the plant spacing is 6-10cm, 1 cotton seed is sown in each hole, and the sowing density is 10000 seedlings/667 m2The harvest density is 6000-2。
5. The double cropping cotton labor-saving, fertilizer-saving and pesticide-saving full-mechanized planting method according to claim 1, characterized in that the special controlled release fertilizer for one-time side deep application specifically comprises: when the cotton is sowed by the sowing machine, about 50kg of special fertilizer for one-time fertilization is applied to the cotton, each compartment is fertilized by 3 rows, and the fertilization row spacing is 5cm from the sowing row and is 5cm deeper than the sowing row.
6. The labor-saving, fertilizer-saving and pesticide-saving whole-process mechanized planting method for double cropping cotton according to claim 5, characterized in that the fertilizer special for one-time fertilization of cotton comprises the following effective elements in percentage by weight in terms of pure nutrients: 18-20% of N, P2O58-10%、K2O18-20%, wherein the release period of the controlled-release N nutrient is 60-90 days, and the controlled-release N accounts for 80-100% of the total N.
7. The labor-saving, fertilizer-saving and pesticide-saving full-process mechanized planting method of double cropping cotton according to claim 1 is characterized by comprising the following steps:
(1) selecting previous crops and varieties: the previous stubble can be selected from rape, wheat or garlic crops, the previous stubble is selected from medium-early-maturing rape varieties, wheat varieties or garlic varieties, harvesting is completed from the middle ten days of 5 months to the beginning of 6 months, and the cotton is selected from medium-early-maturing insect-resistant varieties;
(2) after the rape, the wheat or the garlic is harvested, the operations of no-tillage shallow-rotation stubble cleaning, cleaning straws of sowing rows, single-seed fine sowing of cotton, side deep fertilization, straw mulching, spraying of a pre-seedling herbicide and the like are completed at one time by using a sowing machine with the functions; the width of the compartment is 260cm, the width of the ditch is 30cm, 3 rows are sowed in each compartment, the row spacing of sowing is 81cm or 76cm, the plant spacing is 6-10cm, 1 cotton seed is sowed in each hole, and the sowing density is 10000 seedlings/667 m2The harvest density is 6000-2(ii) a Applying about 50kg of special fertilizer for cotton one-time fertilization, and fertilizing 3 rows in each compartment, wherein the fertilization row spacing is 5cm from the sowing row and is 5cm deeper than the sowing row; spraying stems, leaves and soil of weeds by adding water into glyphosate and acetochlor or oxyfluorfen;
(3) the whole growth period of cotton is five times: no thinning, no seedling supplement, no pruning, no crotch cutting and no top cutting;
(4) safely preventing and removing seedlings and field weeds of rape, wheat and the like: before budding of cotton after emergence of seedlings, when grassy weeds are taken as main raw materials, acetochlor or metolachlor is used for directionally spraying stems and leaves of the weeds and soil, when the grassy weeds, the broadleaf weeds and the cyperaceae weeds are mixed, herbicides with wider weed control spectrum, such as oxyfluorfen and the like, or two or more herbicides are selected for mixing use, or a mixture of oxyfluorfen, acetochlor and the like is used; after the cotton buds, the plant height is more than 30cm and the lower part of the cotton plant is red and hardened, directional spraying is carried out on the stem leaves of the weeds by using the glyphosate;
(5) spraying 0.2% borax water solution and 0.2% zinc sulfate water solution 1 time respectively in the bud period, the initial flowering period and the boll period of cotton, spraying 1-2% urea solution and 0.3-0.5% potassium dihydrogen phosphate solution on leaf surfaces from the first ten days of 8 months to the first ten days of 9 months, spraying 1 time every 7-10 days and continuously spraying 3-4 times, and operating by combining an unmanned aerial vehicle for pest control;
(6) installing an insect killing lamp, adopting cotton bollworm biological food attraction and lygus lucorum sexual attraction, using biological pesticide and the like, and using an unmanned aerial vehicle or a large-scale pesticide spraying machine to spray chemical pesticide, so as to prevent and control insect pests;
(7) chemical regulation and control of plant type and maturity in the whole process: in the 4-6 leaf stage, bud stage, initial flowering stage and full flowering stage of cotton, each 667m2Respectively using 98% mepiquat chloride 0.5g, 0.5-1g, 1-2g and 2-3 g; when each 667m2When the number of fruit branches reaches 7-8 thousands or the number of fruit nodes reaches 20-25 thousands, every 667m2Spraying the whole cotton plant with 98% mepiquat chloride 5-10g and water for no later than 8 months, and operating with an unmanned aerial vehicle;
(8) when the natural boll opening rate of the cotton reaches 40 percent, the boll age of the upper bolls of the cotton reaches more than 40 days and the lowest temperature is not lower than 14 ℃, every 667m240-50g of 50% thidiazuron wettable powder is added with 150mL of 40% ethephon agent and 250mL of water, the whole plant is sprayed with water, and an unmanned aerial vehicle is used for operation;
(9) and (5) harvesting the cotton plants at the bottom of 10 months at one time by using a 3-row cotton picker when the defoliation rate of the cotton plants reaches more than 90% and the boll opening rate reaches more than 95%.
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| CN115918484A (en) * | 2022-12-21 | 2023-04-07 | 无棣县优程为农服务有限公司 | Planting method for direct seeding of precocious cotton after wheat growing |
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