CN107667795B - Method for shortening flowering age of marsdenia tenacissima and improving flowering rate - Google Patents
Method for shortening flowering age of marsdenia tenacissima and improving flowering rate Download PDFInfo
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01C—PLANTING; SOWING; FERTILISING
- A01C21/00—Methods of fertilising, sowing or planting
- A01C21/005—Following a specific plan, e.g. pattern
Abstract
The invention discloses a method for shortening the flower age of marsdenia tenacissima and improving the flowering rate, which requires digging annual marsdenia tenacissima seedlings in 4 months per year and transplanting the annual marsdenia tenacissima seedlings into planting holes with base fertilizer. Artificially producing physiological drought stress 3-5 months after transplanting, further performing root breaking and peeling treatment in the next 2 months, and periodically adding a high-phosphorus potassium compound fertilizer. The invention shortens the flowering age of marsdenia tenacissima by 1 year and simultaneously improves the flowering rate by artificially manufacturing physiological drought and mechanical damage adversity and adding a high phosphorus-potassium compound fertilizer.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of plant cultivation and breeding, and particularly relates to a method for adjusting the flowering phase of a Chinese medicinal material marsdenia tenacissima.
Background
Marsdenia tenacissima (Roxb) Wight et Arm) is a perennial vine of the genus California of the family Asclepiadaceae, and the stem, root and leaf of the Marsdenia tenacissima have the effects of diminishing inflammation, clearing away heat and toxic materials and the like. The C21 steroid compound contained in the marsdenia tenacissima has the capability of eradicating mitotic primordial power of tumor cells, and the traditional Chinese medicine Xiaoaiping preparation prepared by taking the marsdenia tenacissima as a main raw material is clinically used for treating various malignant tumors and has good curative effect. With the continuous exhaustion of wild resources, the artificial planting of marsdenia tenacissima has gained great attention in recent years and will gradually become the main mode of medicinal material production of marsdenia tenacissima.
Axillary growth of marsdenia tenacissima, and aggregation and dispersion of inflorescence of umbrella-shaped marsdenia tenacissima; the flower is amphoteric and neat, 5 times; the flowering period of marsdenia tenacissima is usually 4-6 months per year, the influence of climate and temperature on the flowering period and the bud period is large, and the flowering age is generally more than 3 years. Therefore, the marsdenia tenacissima plant also needs more than 3 years from emergence to seed harvesting, so that the time consumption for breeding the later generations through single plants is long, and great difficulty is brought to excellent single plant breeding and the later generations thereof to propagate. Meanwhile, the marsdenia tenacissima has the phenomena of more flowers and less fruits, the seed recovery ratio is low, the seed production time is too long due to the longer flower age, and the cost is increased. Therefore, the method for improving the flowering rate, shortening the flowering period and further improving the fructification rate has important significance for the seed selection and propagation of the marsdenia tenacissima and the seed production.
The effective components and pharmacological actions of marsdenia tenacissima are continuously clarified by people, but the artificial planting is limited in the starting stage, and no research report on the technology for shortening the flowering age and improving the flowering rate of marsdenia tenacissima is reported at present. In the early exploration process of changing wild medicinal materials into family medicinal materials, the adjustment of the flowering age of the novel artificially planted medicinal materials is always an innocent step. The flowering of the lianas is influenced by various factors, and a quick, simple and effective technology is adopted in a proper period, so that the flowering age can be shortened, and the flowering rate and the fructification rate can be guaranteed more difficultly.
Disclosure of Invention
In order to solve the technical problems of long flower age and low flowering rate of marsdenia tenacissima, the invention provides a method for shortening the flower age of the marsdenia tenacissima and improving the flowering rate.
The technical scheme of the method for shortening the flower age of marsdenia tenacissima and improving the flowering rate, which is provided by the invention, comprises the following steps:
(1) transplanting the marsdenia tenacissima seedlings: digging annual Marsdenia tenacissima seedlings and transplanting the annual Marsdenia tenacissima seedlings into planting holes with base fertilizer, and watering thoroughly after transplanting;
(2) physiological drought stress treatment: in 3-5 months after the marsdenia tenacissima seedlings are transplanted, circularly applying 100-150g of mixed crystals per plant at a position 4-6cm away from the root radius of the marsdenia tenacissima, watering 1.5-2.5L per plant, wherein the mixed crystals are formed by mixing salt and KCl according to the mass ratio of 8: 2;
(3) mechanical damage stress treatment: in the 2 nd month after the physiological drought stress treatment, digging soil on one side of the marsdenia tenacissima plant, cutting off lateral roots with the diameter of less than 3mm from the base of the marsdenia tenacissima plant by using a pruning shear, stripping single-side phloem with the length of 1-1.5 cm and the width of 0.5-0.8 cm from the soil of the main root by using a knife, backfilling the soil, watering and compacting the soil;
(4) weeding and water and fertilizer management:
① weeding, wherein artificial weeding is adopted during transplanting the Marsdenia tenacissima seedlings to mechanical injury stress treatment, and artificial weeding or herbicide weeding is adopted during the later Marsdenia tenacissima growing period;
② management of water and fertilizer
A. Irrigating in an artificial spraying mode, controlling water within one week after drought stress treatment and one week after mechanical damage stress treatment, and maintaining the relative water content of the soil at 40-50%; except for the two time periods, in the growth period after the marsdenia tenacissima seedlings are transplanted, irrigating once every 5-7 days, wherein each time of irrigation makes a 10-15 cm plough layer on the ground wet;
B. topdressing and using amount of the marsdenia tenacissima seedlings in the current year after transplanting are as follows: applying 25g of high-phosphorus potassium compound fertilizer I per plant once in 7 months; applying 20g of urea with the N content of 46% once per plant in 8 months; applying 25g of high-phosphorus potassium compound fertilizer II per plant once in 9 months; in the high phosphorus potassium compound fertilizer I, the content of N is 8 percent and P is calculated by mass fraction2O5Content 15%, K2The O content is 15 percent; in the high phosphorus potassium compound fertilizer II, the content of N is 10 percent and P is calculated by mass fraction2O5Content 18%, K2The O content is 16 percent;
C. the next year of transplanting the marsdenia tenacissima seedlings is topdressing, and the using amount of the topdressing is that 25 g/plant of the high-phosphorus potassium compound fertilizer II which is the same as that in the step (4) ② B is applied in 3 months.
Further, in the step (1), during transplanting of the Marsdenia tenacissima seedlings, the Marsdenia tenacissima seedlings are 15-20 cm high, the transplanting density is adopted to dig holes according to the row spacing of 2 multiplied by 2 meters, and the planting holes are long, wide and deep in specification: 25cm × 25cm × 20 cm.
Further, in the step (1), during the transplanting of the marsdenia tenacissima seedlings, the base fertilizer is a compound fertilizer or a decomposed farmyard manure, the application amount of the compound fertilizer is 10 kg/mu, and the application amount of the decomposed farmyard manure is 50 kg/mu(ii) a The content of N in the compound fertilizer is 15 percent and P is calculated by mass fraction2O5Content 15%, K2The O content was 15%.
Further, the topdressing described in step (4) weeding and water and fertilizer management ② B and C is performed simultaneously in conjunction with intertillage weeding or watering and avoids topdressing before and during rain.
The invention has the beneficial effects that:
1. the invention artificially creates physiological drought and mechanical damage adversity, adds reasonable water and fertilizer management of high-phosphorus potassium compound fertilizer, shortens the flowering age of the marsdenia tenacissima, greatly improves the flowering rate, shortens the flowering age of the marsdenia tenacissima by 1 year, improves the flowering rate by 352.84% compared with a blank control, improves the flowering rate by 16.21%, 48.28% and 14.66% respectively compared with 3 controls of physiological drought, root breaking and peeling independently, generates unexpected technical effects, and provides powerful technical support for rapidly supplementing marsdenia tenacissima seed resources, shortening the breeding and propagation time of excellent marsdenia tenacissima varieties and efficiently producing marsdenia tenacissima seeds.
2. The invention does not need to provide additional materials, saves cost, has simple and feasible operation, strong practicability and operability and is easy to popularize.
Detailed Description
Term(s) for
The age of the marsdenia tenacissima flowers is as follows: the growth time from the current month of emergence to the current month of first flowering of marsdenia tenacissima is the flower age, and 12 months in the period is 1 year of flower age.
The flower age of marsdenia tenacissima is generally more than 3 years, calculated from the month when the marsdenia tenacissima emerges, 36 months or more exist from the first flowering of the marsdenia tenacissima, and the 36 months are 3 months and 12 months, so the flower age of the marsdenia tenacissima is generally more than 3 years.
The following examples are further illustrated by the following examples, which are not intended to be specific to the conventional methods.
Example 1
The experimental site: the elevation of the Shanshan Zhuang nationality Miao nationality of Yunnan province is 600-1200 m in Maguan county.
(1) Seedling raising
3 months 2014, LaiwanshanzhuangThe marsdenia tenacissima seeds in the Mandarin county of the national Miao nationality are full, have the length of 1.0-1.2 cm and have excellent quality, and the excellent quality means that the germination rate is over 80 percent by measurement. Raising seedlings in a land plot with the altitude of 600m-850m in the Maguan county by using an arched shed, wherein the seedling raising method refers to seedling raising of other crop seeds, soil preparation and soil moisture management are carried out, the seeds are sown and then covered by a fertile soil carbendazim mixture, and the fertile soil carbendazim mixture is prepared from decomposed farmyard manure, soil and 50% carbendazim wettable powder according to the following method: firstly, mixing thoroughly decomposed farmyard manure and soil according to the mass ratio of the thoroughly decomposed farmyard manure to the soil being 1:3 to obtain a fertile soil mixture, adding 50% carbendazim wettable powder into the fertile soil mixture to obtain a fertile soil carbendazim mixture, wherein the content of the 50% carbendazim wettable powder in the fertile soil carbendazim mixture is 0.5% of the weight of the fertile soil carbendazim mixture. The covering thickness of the mixture of the rich soil carbendazim is 0.5 cm-1 cm, a colorless and transparent plastic film is covered on the surface of the mixture of the rich soil carbendazim, and the film is uncovered after the seedlings emerge 2/3. After seedling emergence, dressing urea with the N content of 46% w/w once in 5 months in the year, wherein 20 kg/mu is applied; respectively topdressing compound fertilizer (by mass percentage, the compound fertilizer contains N15% and P2 months in the current year2O515％：K2O15%) once, and the dosage of the compound fertilizer is 25 kg/mu each time. Watering and artificial weeding are matched in the period, watering is carried out once every 3-5 days, and the relative water content in 15cm of the furrow surface reaches more than 70% each time; seedlings emerge 4 months in the year after sowing.
(2) Marsdenia tenacissima seedling transplanting
And (3) digging 450 marsdenia tenacissima seedlings grown in the step (1) and having annual growth and seedling height of 15-20 cm in 4 months in 2015, transplanting the marsdenia tenacissima seedlings into planting holes with compound fertilizer as base fertilizer (application amount is 10 kg/mu), and watering until water permeates through the cultivation layer. Digging holes according to the transplanting density of 2 multiplied by 2 meters (about 170 plants per mu) of the row spacing. The planting hole specification length, width, depth are: 25cm × 25cm × 20 cm. The content of N in the compound fertilizer (base fertilizer) is 15 percent by mass, and P is2O5Content 15%, K2The O content was 15%.
(3) Physiological drought stress treatment
And (5) in 2015, the seedlings grow stably for 3 months after being transplanted in the step (2). Uniformly and circularly applying 100-150 g/plant of mixed crystals formed by mixing salt and potassium chloride (KCl) according to the mass ratio of 8:2 at the position of 4-6cm along the root of the marsdenia tenacissima, and watering 1.5-2.5 liters/plant.
(4) Mechanical injury stress treatment
And (5) performing mechanical injury stress treatment on the seeds 2 months after the treatment in the step (3) in 9 months in 2015. The mechanical injury stress comprises two links of root breaking and peeling (namely root breaking and peeling). The root cutting and peeling treatment method comprises the following steps: digging soil on one side of a marsdenia tenacissima plant to expose a root system on one side of the marsdenia tenacissima plant, cutting off lateral roots with the diameter of less than 3mm from the base of the marsdenia tenacissima plant by using a pruning shear, stripping single-side phloem with the length of 1-1.5 cm and the width of 0.5-0.8 cm from the main root of the marsdenia tenacissima plant by using a knife, backfilling the soil, and watering and compacting the soil.
(5) Weeding and water and fertilizer management
① used for killing weeds
Artificial weeding is carried out occasionally according to growth conditions after transplanting, seedlings are weak in the initial stage, and weeding is not carried out by using herbicides. During the period from transplanting in the step (2) to mechanical injury stress treatment in the step (4), weeding is carried out in an artificial weeding mode, and during the later growth period of the marsdenia tenacissima, the weeding is carried out by adopting artificial weeding or weeding by using a herbicide according to the convention.
② management of water and fertilizer
A. Irrigating in a manual spraying mode, reasonably controlling water within one week after drought stress treatment and one week after mechanical damage stress treatment, and maintaining the relative water content of the soil to be 40-50%; except the two time periods (namely two time periods within one week after drought stress treatment and within one week after mechanical damage stress treatment), in the growth period after the marsdenia tenacissima seedlings are transplanted, the manual spraying mode is adopted for carrying out irrigation once every 5-7 days, and each irrigation enables a plough layer with the ground length of 10-15 cm to be wet.
B. Topdressing fertilizer for 7 months, 8 months and 9 months of the transplanting of the marsdenia tenacissima seedlings in the current year and the dosage are as follows: applying 25g of high-phosphorus potassium compound fertilizer I per plant once in 7 months; applying 20g of urea with the N content of 46% w/w once per plant for 8 months; applying 25g of high-phosphorus potassium compound fertilizer II per plant once in 9 months; in the high phosphorus potassium compound fertilizer I, the content of N is 8 percent and P is calculated by mass fraction2O5Content 15%, K2The O content is 15 percent; in the high phosphorus potassium compound fertilizer II, the content of N is 10 percent and P is calculated by mass fraction2O5Content 18%, K2The O content was 16%.
C. The topdressing fertilizer for the next 3 months of the transplantation of the marsdenia tenacissima seedlings and the using amount are as follows: applying 25g of high-phosphorus potassium compound fertilizer II per plant at one time in 3 months, wherein the content of N in the high-phosphorus potassium compound fertilizer II is 10 percent, and P is2O5Content 18%, K2The O content was 16%.
The topdressing described in steps (5) ② B and C above is performed simultaneously with intertillage weeding or watering, and topdressing before and during rain should be avoided.
The marsdenia tenacissima seedlings are transplanted in the year 2015 at 4 months, topdressing is respectively carried out in the years 2015 (the current year) at 7 months, 8 months and 9 months, topdressing is carried out in the year 2016 (the next year of transplantation), topdressing is carried out in the year 2016 (the month before flowering), flowering is carried out in the first time in the year 2016 at 4 months, flowering is carried out in 12 months, namely the year after transplantation, because the flower age of the marsdenia tenacissima is counted from seedling emergence, the marsdenia tenacissima seed seedling is generally sown in 3 months, seedlings emerge in the current year at 4 months, and are transplanted in one year and the next year at 4 months, therefore, the flower age of the marsdenia tenacissima tested by the method is 2 years, namely 4 months to 2016 from 2014.
In the test, root cutting, peeling and physiological drought stress are treated independently and used as a control group, and a blank (CK: without any stress treatment) control group is also arranged. The other measures are the same as the embodiment 1 except that the physiological drought stress treatment, the root breaking treatment or the peeling treatment is respectively and independently carried out on 3 control groups subjected to independent treatment of root breaking, peeling and physiological drought according to the embodiment 1, and the other measures are the same as the embodiment 1 except that the physiological drought stress treatment and the mechanical damage stress treatment are not carried out on the blank group.
The sowing and emergence times of the marsdenia tenacissima of the 3 controls treated alone with root cutting, peeling and physiological drought and the blank control are the same as those of the example 1, namely sowing in 3 months in 2014, emergence in 4 months in 2014, and the first flowering time of the blank control is 4 months in 2017 (emergence to first flowering, and the period is 36 months), so that the flower age of the blank control is 3 years, namely 4 months in 2014 to 4 months in 2017. The flower ages of 3 controls treated alone with root cutting, peeling and physiological drought were 2 years, i.e., from 4 months 2014 to 4 months 2016.
The investigation results of the age and flowering rate of marsdenia tenacissima are shown in the following table I.
TABLE-investigation and comparison table for the age and flowering rate of marsdenia tenacissima
The flowering age of marsdenia tenacissima is usually more than 3 years, and the phenomena of more flowers, less fruits and lower maturing rate exist obviously. The method has the advantages of long production and breeding period of the marsdenia tenacissima seeds, low breeding efficiency, incapability of ensuring the quality and quantity of progeny plants, and obstruction of the rapid propagation and efficient production of the high-quality marsdenia tenacissima strains.
According to the method, through artificial stress manufacturing and reasonable water and fertilizer management by adding the high-phosphorus potassium compound fertilizer, the flowering age is effectively shortened, the flowering rate is increased, the fruiting rate is increased, the flowering age of the marsdenia tenacissima is shortened by 1 year compared with that of a blank control, the flowering rate is increased by 352.84% compared with that of the blank control, and an unexpected technical effect is achieved. Compared with 3 controls which are independently subjected to physiological drought, root breaking or peeling treatment, although the shortened flowering age is the same, the flowering rate of the control is respectively improved by 16.21%, 48.28% and 14.66% compared with the 3 controls which are independently subjected to physiological drought, root breaking or peeling treatment, and unexpected technical effects are also generated.
Claims (2)
1. A method for shortening the flower age of marsdenia tenacissima and improving the flowering rate is characterized by comprising the following steps:
(1) transplanting the marsdenia tenacissima seedlings: digging annual Marsdenia tenacissima seedlings and transplanting the annual Marsdenia tenacissima seedlings into planting holes with base fertilizer, and watering thoroughly after transplanting; in the transplanting of the Marsdenia tenacissima seedlings, the Marsdenia tenacissima seedlings are 15-20 cm high, the transplanting density is adopted to dig holes according to the row spacing of 2 multiplied by 2 m, and the planting holes are long, wide and deep in specification: 25cm × 25cm × 20 cm; the base fertilizer is a compound fertilizer or a decomposed farmyard manure, the application amount of the compound fertilizer is 10 kg/mu, and the decomposed farmyard manureThe application amount of the household fertilizer is 50 kg/mu; the content of N in the compound fertilizer is 15 percent and P is calculated by mass fraction2O5Content 15%, K2The O content is 15 percent;
(2) physiological drought stress treatment: in 3-5 months after the marsdenia tenacissima seedlings are transplanted, circularly applying 100-150g of mixed crystals per plant at a position 4-6cm away from the root radius of the marsdenia tenacissima, watering 1.5-2.5L per plant, wherein the mixed crystals are formed by mixing salt and KCl according to the mass ratio of 8: 2;
(3) mechanical damage stress treatment: in the 2 nd month after the physiological drought stress treatment, digging soil on one side of the marsdenia tenacissima plant, cutting off lateral roots with the diameter of less than 3mm from the base of the marsdenia tenacissima plant by using a pruning shear, stripping single-side phloem with the length of 1-1.5 cm and the width of 0.5-0.8 cm from the soil of the main root by using a knife, backfilling the soil, watering and compacting the soil;
(4) weeding and water and fertilizer management:
① weeding, wherein artificial weeding is adopted during transplanting the Marsdenia tenacissima seedlings to mechanical injury stress treatment, and artificial weeding or conventional weeding is adopted during the later Marsdenia tenacissima growing period;
② management of water and fertilizer
A. Irrigating in a manual spraying mode, controlling water within one week after drought stress treatment and one week after mechanical damage stress treatment, and maintaining the relative water content of the soil at 40-50%; except for the two time periods, in the growth period after the marsdenia tenacissima seedlings are transplanted, irrigating once every 5-7 days, wherein each time of irrigation makes a 10-15 cm plough layer on the ground wet;
B. topdressing and using amount of the marsdenia tenacissima seedlings in the current year after transplanting are as follows: applying 25g of high-phosphorus potassium compound fertilizer I per plant once in 7 months; applying 20g of urea with the N content of 46% once per plant in 8 months; applying 25g of high-phosphorus potassium compound fertilizer II per plant once in 9 months; in the high phosphorus potassium compound fertilizer I, the content of N is 8 percent and P is calculated by mass fraction2O5Content 15%, K2The O content is 15 percent; in the high phosphorus potassium compound fertilizer II, the content of N is 10 percent and P is calculated by mass fraction2O5Content 18%, K2The O content is 16 percent;
C. the next year of transplanting the marsdenia tenacissima seedlings is topdressing, and the using amount of the topdressing is that 25 g/plant of the high-phosphorus potassium compound fertilizer II which is the same as that in the step (4) ② B is applied in 3 months.
2. The method for shortening the flower age and increasing the flowering rate of Marsdenia tenacissima according to claim 1, wherein the topdressing in the step (4) of weeding and water and fertilizer management ② B and C is performed simultaneously with intertillage weeding or watering, and air topdressing before and during rain is avoided.
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