CN111543253A - Fermented material for stropharia rugoso-annulata, preparation method and interplanting method thereof - Google Patents
Fermented material for stropharia rugoso-annulata, preparation method and interplanting method thereof Download PDFInfo
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- CN111543253A CN111543253A CN202010412361.2A CN202010412361A CN111543253A CN 111543253 A CN111543253 A CN 111543253A CN 202010412361 A CN202010412361 A CN 202010412361A CN 111543253 A CN111543253 A CN 111543253A
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G18/00—Cultivation of mushrooms
- A01G18/20—Culture media, e.g. compost
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G17/00—Cultivation of hops, vines, fruit trees, or like trees
- A01G17/005—Cultivation methods
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G18/00—Cultivation of mushrooms
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G18/00—Cultivation of mushrooms
- A01G18/40—Cultivation of spawn
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Abstract
The invention discloses a fermentation material for stropharia rugoso-annulata, a preparation method and an interplanting method thereof. The fermentation material comprises rice straw, wheat straw and corn straw. The preparation method of the fermentation material comprises the following steps: preparing raw materials: cutting rice straw into 8-10cm, and pulverizing straw such as wheat straw, corn stalk, etc. into 1-2 cm; soaking the raw materials in 0.2% lime water for 36-48 h; washing the soaked raw materials with clear water, and draining to thoroughly wet the straws and keep the water content between 65 and 70 percent; adjusting the pH value to 7.5-8.0 by using calcium superphosphate. The method has the advantages of quick hypha germination, regular fruiting, high commodity rate and the like by fermenting the rice straws, the corn straws and the wheat straws, and the cultivated stropharia rugoso-annulata is green and pollution-free and has stronger ecological benefit and economic benefit because the used raw materials are crop byproducts and no chemical medicine is added in the whole process.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of edible mushroom cultivation, and particularly relates to a fermentation material for stropharia rugoso-annulata, a preparation method and an interplanting method thereof.
Background
Stropharia rugoso-annulata Farlow also called Fritillaria rugoso-annulata, Fritillaria rugoso, Fritillaria vinifera, Fritillaria pomoeae, Pseudoblack panoso pellucida, which belong to the genera of Basidiomycota (Basidomyces), Hymenomycetes (Hymenomycetes), Agaricales (Agaricales), Strophariaceae (Strophariaceae), Stropharia (Stropharia). The stropharia rugoso-annulata is rich in nutrition and fresh and tender in taste, is one of famous edible fungi artificially cultured in European and American countries, is also one of edible fungi recommended to developing countries by the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United nations, is wide in exchange on the international edible fungus market, and increases the domestic culture range and scale year by year.
For example, chinese patent 2017108652914 provides a stropharia rugoso-annulata culture medium with high fruiting rate and a stropharia rugoso-annulata cultivation method, wherein the culture medium in the method comprises: 80-90 parts of sunflower seed hull, 30-40 parts of sunflower stem, 8-15 parts of miscellaneous wood chips, 3-8 parts of quicklime, 10.5-1 parts of vitamin B, 0.5-1 part of folic acid, 0.5-1 part of nicotinic acid, 10-15 parts of glucose and 3-8 parts of calcium carbonate. The culture medium aims to improve the fruiting rate of the original seeds, but the slow growth of the stropharia rugoso-annulata is still not solved, and the preparation steps of the culture medium are complicated, so that the culture medium cannot be applied to a large-scale planting technology.
Disclosure of Invention
The purpose of the invention is as follows: the invention provides a fermentation material for stropharia rugoso-annulata, which utilizes agricultural crop leftovers, and processes of raw material pre-wetting, pile-up fermentation, sowing, covering soil (film covering), spawn running management, fruiting management, harvesting, moisture transfer management and the like to realize efficient circulation of agricultural byproducts and obtain higher economic value. The invention also provides an interplanting method of stropharia rugoso-annulata, the cultivated compost can be used for cultivating grapes and kiwi fruits, and the compost has the functions of water retention and fertilizer storage.
The technical scheme is as follows: the fermentation material for stropharia rugoso-annulata comprises rice straw, wheat straw and corn straw.
Preferably, the wheat straw composite material comprises 5-10% of wheat straw, 5-10% of corn straw and the balance of straw by mass percentage.
The preparation method of the fermentation material for stropharia rugoso-annulata comprises the following steps:
(1a) preparing raw materials: cutting rice straw into 8-10cm, and pulverizing straw such as wheat straw, corn stalk, etc. into 1-2 cm;
(1b) immersing the raw material obtained in the step (1a) in 0.2% lime water for 36-48 h;
(1c) washing the raw materials soaked in the step (1b) with clear water, and draining to thoroughly wet the straws and keep the water content at 65-70%;
(4) adjusting the pH value to 7.5-8.0 by using calcium superphosphate.
The invention relates to a culture material for stropharia rugoso-annulata, which is prepared by the following method:
(2a) building a fermentation pile from the fermentation materials, and keeping the fermentation pile for 24-36 hours when the temperature of the pile is 55-60 ℃;
(2b) turning the fermentation pile fermented in the step (2a), building the pile again, punching air holes, and raising the temperature to 55-60 ℃ again for fermentation;
(2c) and (3) performing secondary turning on the fermented material fermented in the step (2b), and checking that the culture material has no acid odor and is soft, thus obtaining the culture material.
The preparation method of the compost for the stropharia rugoso-annulata comprises the following steps:
(3a) building a fermentation pile from the fermentation material as claimed in claim 1 or 2, and keeping the fermentation pile for 24-36h when the temperature of the pile is 55-60 ℃;
(3b) turning the fermentation pile fermented in the step (3a), building the pile again, punching air holes, and raising the temperature to 55-60 ℃ again for fermentation;
(3c) and (4) performing secondary turning on the fermented material fermented in the step (3b), and checking that the culture material has no acid odor and is soft, thus obtaining the culture material.
The interplanting method of stropharia rugoso-annulata comprises the following steps:
(4a) laying the culture material below a grape trellis or a kiwi trellis to prepare a material bed;
(4b) breaking the growing stropharia rugoso-annulata cultivation fungus bags into broad bean-sized fungus blocks after removing outer skin plastic bags, wherein the broad bean-sized fungus blocks are 0.8-1kg/m2The dosage of the seed is the quincunx seed for dibbling.
And (4) sowing the stropharia rugoso-annulata in multiple layers.
The multi-layer sowing is to spread the bottom layer of the stropharia rugoso-annulata with the thickness of 8-10cm and the sowing depth of 4-5 cm; spreading the middle layer with 10-12cm of material, and sowing a layer of stropharia rugoso-annulata strain with a sowing depth of 4-5 cm; the thickness of the upper layer material is 4-5 cm.
After the stropharia rugoso-annulata is sowed, the material bed is compacted, and a wooden stick with the diameter of 3-4cm is used for vertically punching from the material surface to the material bottom, wherein the hole distance is about 10-15 cm.
Preferably, the black mulching film covered on the upper layer of the material bed is torn by hands at intervals of 50-60cm from two sides to form holes with the diameter of about 8-10 cm.
And further, after 7-10 days, removing the black mulching film, covering soil, wherein the soil is free of weeds, stones, soil or clay soil with a granular structure, good permeability, strong moisture retention and no diseases and insects, the thickness of the covering soil is 3-5cm, 20-25 days, hyphae can gradually fill, and attention is paid to the temperature and the humidity of the environment and the ventilation is kept.
As a preferred interplanting method:
step 1: inoculating stropharia rugoso-annulata strains to a slant culture medium, carrying out slant culture, carrying out dark culture on the slant culture medium at the temperature of 18-22 ℃ for 5-8 days, and using after the slant is full of mycelia; the mother culture medium (test tube slant culture medium) of stropharia rugoso-annulata is as follows: 200g of potato, 20g of cane sugar, 20g of agar, 3g of peptone, 2g of yeast extract, 10g of corn flour and KH2PO43g，MgSO42g, 1000mL of water, natural pH.
Step 2: preparing stock seeds and cultivated seeds.
The preparation method comprises controlling the ratio of cultivation material to original seed material to 1.3, placing 0.6-0.8kg of polypropylene plastic bags with 17cm × 36cm × 0.005.005 cm in each bag, and punching holes on the bags with diameter of 20mm and sharpened endThen, a plastic lantern ring and a breathable edible mushroom cap are sleeved on the bag, and the bag is sterilized for 2 hours under the pressure of 0.13MPa during autoclaving. Inoculating 1.5-2cm stropharia rugoso-annulata strain cultured by inclined plane to the original bag2. After the hypha of the original strain bag grows for 15-25 days, the hypha is inoculated into the cultivation bag after the hypha grows full, each bag of inoculated strains is inoculated with the strain in blocks as much as possible, the finely-divided strains are reduced to accelerate germination, the hypha covers the material surface as soon as possible, the pollution is reduced to the maximum extent, and the spawn running success rate is improved.
The original seed formula comprises: 60% of wheat, 36% of sawdust, 2% of sugar, 2% of gypsum and 65% -70% of water content;
the formula of the cultivation bag is as follows: 80% of sawdust, 20% of bran and 60% of water content.
And step 3: selecting fresh and mildew-free straws, rice straws, wheat straws, corn straws and other straws as a fermentation material, crushing, immersing the crushed straws in 0.2 percent of lime water for soaking, and draining water after the soaking with clean water;
the method specifically comprises the following steps: the method comprises the steps of cutting rice straws into 8-10cm, crushing wheat straws, corn straws and other straws into 1-2cm, immersing the rice straws (80% of the rice straws, 10% of the wheat straws and 10% of the corn straws) in 0.2% of lime water for 36-48h, draining the water after the soaking with clear water, keeping the water content of the rice straws between 65% and 70%, and adjusting the pH value to be 7.5-8.0 by calcium superphosphate.
And 4, step 4: building a suitable fermentation pile, wherein the surface of the fermentation pile can be covered with a plastic film to facilitate heat preservation; turning, keeping the temperature in the material pile to be 55-60 ℃ for more than 24-36h, and turning; and (3) building the pile again, then punching air holes, keeping for 24 hours when the temperature of the compost rises to 55-60 ℃ again, turning the pile again, checking that the compost is dark brown after the temperature rises, has no acid odor and is soft in texture, and ending the fermentation. The water content of the raw materials is ensured to reach about 75 percent (water can be properly sprayed), and the materials can be paved and sown when the temperature of the materials is reduced to below 25 ℃.
The method specifically comprises the following steps: and (3) building the fermentation material prepared in the step (3) into a fermentation pile with the bottom width of 1-2.5 m, the top width of 0.8-1.5 m, the height of 1-2 m and the proper length, building a small pile when the temperature is higher, building a large pile when the temperature is lower and difficult to rise, and covering the surface with a plastic film. And (3) when the stacking temperature reaches 55-60 ℃, keeping for more than 24-36h, turning the stacks for the first time, building the stacks again, punching air holes, fermenting for 24h when the temperature rises to 55-60 ℃ again, turning the stacks for the second time, and checking that the culture materials are free of acid odor and have soft texture.
And 5: removing weeds under a grape trellis (or a kiwi fruit trellis), sowing a layer of lime to prevent pollution of other mixed bacteria, and paving the compost under the grape trellis or the kiwi fruit trellis after fermentation, wherein the thickness of the compost is 20-25 cm; breaking the stropharia rugoso-annulata cultivation fungus bags with the grown hyphae into broad bean-sized fungus blocks after removing outer skin plastic bags, dibbling in a quincunx shape, paving a layer of strain on the middle layer again, and paving a layer of culture material on the upper layer; after the material bed is tightly pressed, a wood stick is used for punching from the material surface to the material bottom, and holes with the diameter of about 8-10cm are torn by hands at intervals of 50-60cm at two sides of the black mulching film covered on the upper layer;
in the step (5), the grape trellis or the kiwi fruit trellis is paved with the culture material with the thickness of 20-25 cm. Breaking the growing stropharia rugoso-annulata cultivation fungus bags into broad bean-sized fungus blocks after removing outer skin plastic bags, wherein the broad bean-sized fungus blocks are 0.8-1kg/m2The dosage of the seed is the quincunx seed for dibbling, and the sowing depth is 4-5 cm. Spreading 10-12cm in the middle layer, sowing a layer of strain, and making the upper layer material have a thickness of 4-5 cm. Compacting the material bed, and vertically punching holes from the material surface to the material bottom by using wood rods with the diameter of 3-4cm, wherein the hole distance is about 10-15 cm. Holes with the diameter of about 8-10cm are torn by hands at the interval of 50-60cm at two sides of the black mulching film covered on the upper layer.
Step 6: managing in the spawn running period, observing whether hyphae grow normally after 7-10 days, removing black films, and covering soil. The hyphae can gradually overgrow within 20-25 days, and the temperature and humidity of the environment are paid attention to and the ventilation is kept;
the method specifically comprises the following steps: and 7-10 days later, removing the black mulching film, and covering soil with thickness of 3-5cm, wherein the soil is free of weed, stone and disease and insect, and has granular structure, good permeability, strong moisture retention and no soil or clay soil. And (4) for 20-25 days, the hyphae can gradually overgrow, and the temperature and humidity of the environment are paid attention to and the ventilation is kept.
And 7: spraying water to the mushroom bed in the morning and evening every day when white fungus buds appear on the surface of the soil layer after the hyphae are full, keeping the relative humidity of air at 80-95% according to the principle of less spraying and frequent spraying, increasing ventilation, controlling 50-80% of canopy density (shading degree) and controlling the temperature at 10-25 ℃. Spraying atomized heavy water to the fungus bed after hypha on the soil layer falls down, keeping the air humidity at 80-90%, allowing a large amount of fruiting bodies to come out after 5-7d, and harvesting when the mushroom bodies grow to 5 cm;
and 8: harvesting and moisture transferring management, grasping mushroom feet with fingers during harvesting, slightly twisting the mushroom feet, pressing a substrate with the other hand after loosening, pulling upwards, filling soil in a hole reserved on a mushroom bed after harvesting, culturing the mushroom in a water-cut mode for 15-20d after the mushroom is harvested, spraying water on the surface of the culture bed for 3-5d after the mushroom is harvested, keeping the air humidity at 80-85%, and culturing the mushroom in a second moisture mode after 7-10d, and repeating the management method after the first moisture is finished to obtain 5-6 moisture mushrooms.
In the present invention, "%" is a mass percentage unless otherwise specified.
Has the advantages that: (1) the method has the advantages of quick hypha germination, regular fruiting, high commodity rate and the like by fermenting the rice straws, the corn straws and the wheat straws, and the cultivated stropharia rugoso-annulata is green and pollution-free and has stronger ecological benefit and economic benefit because the used raw materials are crop byproducts and no chemical medicine is added in the whole process. (2) The method for interplanting, cultivating and planting the stropharia rugoso-annulata has the advantages of easy operation and high production efficiency, and improves the space utilization rate by utilizing the grape trellis and the empty period (autumn and winter period) of cultivation and planting of the kiwi fruits. (3) According to the method, on the basis of the traditional cultivation of the stropharia rugoso-annulata, a cultivation mode is innovatively used, operations such as cultivation material fermentation and the like are performed, and the fermented cultivation material is adopted, so that the stropharia rugoso-annulata hypha can quickly germinate, the fruiting is neat, and the commodity rate is high.
Detailed Description
Example 1: preparing a fermentation material:
selecting fresh mildew-free straws, crushing the straws into 8-10cm, crushing wheat straw and corn straw into 1-2cm, mixing 80% of straws, 10% of wheat straw and 10% of corn straw according to the mass percentage, immersing the mixture in 0.2% of lime water for 48h, washing the mixture with clean water, draining the water, and adjusting the pH value to 7.5 by using calcium superphosphate.
Example 2: and (3) establishing a fermentation pile with the fermentation material prepared in the example 1, keeping the pile temperature for 30 hours when the pile temperature is 55-60 ℃, turning the pile for the first time, building the pile again, then punching air holes, keeping the pile for 24 hours when the temperature is raised to 55-60 ℃ again, turning the pile for the second time, checking that the compost has no acid and odor and is soft in texture, and preparing the compost.
Example 3: a method for planting stropharia rugoso-annulata by interplanting cultivation comprises the following steps:
(1) activating the parent strain: preparation of mother culture medium (test tube slant culture medium) for stropharia rugoso-annulata: 200g of potato, 20g of cane sugar, 20g of agar, 3g of peptone, 2g of yeast extract, 10g of corn flour and KH2PO43g，MgSO42g, 1000mL of water, natural pH. And cooling the sterilized culture medium, and placing the cooled culture medium in a super-clean workbench. Inoculating stropharia rugoso-annulata strains on a slant culture medium, carrying out slant culture, carrying out dark culture on the slant culture medium at the temperature of 18-22 ℃ for 7d, and waiting until the slant is full of mycelia.
(2) Selecting raw materials: preparing stock seeds and cultivated seeds. Controlling the ratio of cultivation material to original seed material to water (water content 65-70%) to be 1.3, using 17cm x 36cm x 0.005cm polypropylene plastic bags, each bag being 0.8kg, the tightness of the bag filling is moderate, punching the bag filling with a wooden stick with 20mm diameter and sharpened end, then covering with plastic lantern ring and air-permeable edible mushroom cover, and sterilizing for 2h under 0.13MPa during autoclaving.
Inoculating the cooled stock seed bag with slant cultured stropharia rugoso-annulata strain 1.5-2cm2. After the hyphae in the original seed bags grow for 20 days, the hyphae are inoculated into the cultivation bags after the hyphae are overgrown, and each bag of inoculated strains needs to be inoculated in a block manner as much as possible, so that the pollution is reduced to the maximum extent, and the spawn running success rate is improved.
The original seed formula comprises: 60% of wheat, 36% of sawdust, 2% of sugar and 2% of gypsum;
the formula of the cultivation bag is as follows: 80% of sawdust, 20% of bran and 60% of water content.
(3) Putting on a shelf and paving: and (5) paving the whole thickness of the culture material 20-25cm under the grape trellis. Breaking the growing stropharia rugoso-annulata cultivation fungus bags into broad bean-sized fungus blocks after removing outer skin plastic bags, wherein the broad bean-sized fungus blocks are 0.9kg/m2The dosage of the fertilizer is that the seed sowing is carried out in a quincunx shape, the bottom layer is paved with 8-10cm, and the sowing depth is 4-5cm, spreading 10-12cm in the middle layer, sowing a layer of strain, and making the upper layer material have a thickness of 4-5 cm. The material bed is compacted, and a wood rod with the diameter of 4cm is used for punching from the material surface to the material bottom, and the hole distance is about 12 cm.
(4) And (3) earthing and spawn running management: during the growth process of stropharia rugoso-annulata hypha, attention is paid to ventilation and the humidity of the culture material is kept. And 7-10 days later, removing the black mulching film, and covering soil. Selecting soil or clay soil without weed, stone, or disease and insect, and covering soil to 3-5 cm. At 20d, the hyphae gradually become full.
(5) And (3) fruiting management: spraying water to the material layer at an interval of 12-24h when white fungus buds appear on the surface of the soil layer after the hyphae fully grow, so that the relative humidity of air is kept at 80% -95%. Spraying atomized heavy water to the fungus bed after the hypha on the soil layer falls down, keeping the air humidity at 80-90%, allowing a large amount of fruiting bodies to come out after 5-7d, and harvesting when the mushroom grows to 5cm high.
(6) Harvesting and tide-changing management: harvesting and moisture transferring management, grasping mushroom feet with fingers and slightly twisting, loosening and then pressing the substrate with the other hand and pulling upwards. And (4) filling the hole left on the fungus bed with soil after harvesting. The stropharia rugoso-annulata fruiting is carried out for 15-20 days as a first tide of mushrooms, water is stopped for cultivating the mushrooms for 3-5 days after the picking of the mushrooms is finished, water in a shape of mist is sprayed on the cultivation bed surface, the air humidity is kept to be 80-85%, the second tide of mushrooms are fruiting after 7-10 days, the management of the method is repeated after the first tide is finished, and the method disclosed by the invention is adopted to realize continuous fruiting of 5-6 tides.
Claims (9)
1. A fermentation material for stropharia rugoso-annulata is characterized by comprising rice straws, wheat straws and corn straws.
2. The fermentation material for stropharia rugoso-annulata according to claim 1, characterized by comprising 5-10% of wheat straw, 5-10% of corn straw and the balance of straw by mass percentage.
3. A method for preparing a fermented material for stropharia rugoso-annulata according to claim 1 or 2, comprising the steps of:
(1a) preparing raw materials: cutting rice straw into 8-10cm, and pulverizing straw such as wheat straw, corn stalk, etc. into 1-2 cm;
(1b) immersing the raw material obtained in the step (1a) in 0.2% lime water for 36-48 h;
(1c) washing the raw materials soaked in the step (1b) with clear water, and draining to thoroughly wet the straws and keep the water content at 65-70%;
(4) adjusting the pH value to 7.5-8.0 by using calcium superphosphate.
4. A culture material for stropharia rugoso-annulata is prepared by the following method:
(2a) building a fermentation pile from the fermentation material as claimed in claim 1 or 2, and keeping the fermentation pile for 24-36h when the temperature of the pile is 55-60 ℃;
(2b) turning the fermentation pile fermented in the step (2a), building the pile again, punching air holes, and raising the temperature to 55-60 ℃ again for fermentation;
(2c) and (3) performing secondary turning on the fermented material fermented in the step (2b), and checking that the culture material has no acid odor and is soft, thus obtaining the culture material.
5. A preparation method of a compost for stropharia rugoso-annulata is characterized by comprising the following steps:
(3a) building a fermentation pile from the fermentation material as claimed in claim 1 or 2, and keeping the fermentation pile for 24-36h when the temperature of the pile is 55-60 ℃;
(3b) turning the fermentation pile fermented in the step (3a), building the pile again, punching air holes, and raising the temperature to 55-60 ℃ again for fermentation;
(3c) and (4) performing secondary turning on the fermented material fermented in the step (3b), and checking that the culture material has no acid odor and is soft, thus obtaining the culture material.
6. The interplanting method of the stropharia rugoso-annulata is characterized by comprising the following steps of:
(4a) laying the compost of claim 4 under a grape trellis or kiwi trellis;
(4b) breaking the growing stropharia rugoso-annulata cultivation fungus bags into broad bean-sized fungus blocks after removing outer skin plastic bags, wherein the broad bean-sized fungus blocks are 0.8-1kg/m2The dosage of the seed is the quincunx seed for dibbling.
7. The method for interplanting stropharia rugoso-annulata according to claim 6, wherein in step (4b), the stropharia rugoso-annulata is sown in multiple layers.
8. The interplanting method of stropharia rugoso-annulata according to claim 7, wherein the multi-layer sowing is that the thickness of the bottom layer spreading material of the stropharia rugoso-annulata is 8-10cm, and the sowing depth is 4-5 cm; spreading the middle layer with 10-12cm of material, and sowing a layer of stropharia rugoso-annulata strain with a sowing depth of 4-5 cm; the thickness of the upper layer material is 4-5 cm.
9. The method for interplanting stropharia rugoso-annulata according to claim 8, wherein after the stropharia rugoso-annulata is sowed, the material bed is compacted, and a wooden stick with a diameter of 3-4cm is used to perforate from the material surface to the material bottom, and the hole distance is about 10-15 cm.
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| CN113383669A (en) * | 2021-08-03 | 2021-09-14 | 十堰市农业科学院 | Kiwi fruit and reed mushroom interplanting method |
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