CN113475311A - Agaricus blazei cultivation and planting method - Google Patents

Abstract

The invention discloses a cultivation and planting method of agaricus blazei murill, and belongs to the technical field of agricultural production. The method comprises the following steps: (1) composting the culture material; (2) feeding and carrying out secondary fermentation; (3) inoculating and culturing; (4) covering soil; (5) fruiting management; wherein, in the step (1), the culture material comprises: straw, cottonseed hull, dried cow dung, calcium superphosphate and urea; in the step (2), the compost after primary fermentation is moved into a mushroom house to be spread; in the step (3), after preparing an agaricus blazei stock and a culture seed strain from wheat, inoculating 1-3 bottles of agaricus blazei strain per square meter of culture medium, wherein 500g of agaricus blazei strain per bottle; in the step (4), after covering soil, maintaining the temperature at 25-32 ℃ and the humidity at 80-85% for culturing for 10-15 days; and (5) carrying out fruiting management by combining mushroom spraying water, mushroom spraying water and moisture transferring management. The cultivation and planting method disclosed by the invention can obviously improve the yield and quality of the agaricus blazei.

Description

Agaricus blazei cultivation and planting method

Technical Field

The invention relates to the technical field of agricultural production, in particular to a cultivation and planting method of agaricus blazei.

Background

Agaricus blazei Murill is also called as Agaricus blazei Murill, Agaricus blazei Murill or Agaricus Blazei Murill, or ABM mushroom, belongs to the genus Agaricus (Heiguania) belonging to the order Agaricales of the class Basidiomycotina, and is native to Brazil and Peru. The agaricus blazei murill is tender in cover, crisp in stipe, excellent in taste and almond-flavored, hypha and sporocarp of the agaricus blazei murill contain rich polysaccharide and protein, and the agaricus blazei murill has higher nutritional value and medicinal value than most of other mushrooms, has a better effect of improving the immune function of a human body, and also has the effect of inhibiting tumor cells. The polysaccharide content is reported to be the first of edible fungi and is more than 2 times of that of the mushroom, and particularly, the contained mannan has magical effects on inhibiting tumors (especially ascites carcinoma), treating hemorrhoids and fistula, enhancing energy, preventing and treating cardiovascular diseases, resisting cancers, reducing blood sugar, reducing blood fat, preventing arteriosclerosis, resisting thrombus, improving human body immunity, enhancing physical strength, resisting aging, beautifying and the like. Because the agaricus blazei murill has unique flavor and good taste, the agaricus blazei murill has the functions of reducing blood fat and cholesterol after being eaten frequently, and the cultivation of the agaricus blazei murill is greatly popularized in many areas at present.

At present, the agaricus blazei murill does not have a uniform cultivation standard, most of the agaricus blazei murill is cultivated and planted by adopting a traditional method similar to other edible mushrooms, the problems of uneven fruiting, more deformed mushrooms and the like are caused, and the problems are caused by improper management on one hand and low strain quality on the other hand. Although many techniques for cultivation and planting of agaricus blazei murill appear at present, the problems of low yield and poor quality of agaricus blazei murill at present still exist due to the lack of unified management and planting standards. Therefore, it is important to solve the existing problems to find a cultivation method capable of improving the yield and quality of agaricus blazei murill.

Disclosure of Invention

The invention aims to provide an agaricus blazei murill cultivation and planting method, which aims to solve the problems in the prior art, adopts a mode of preparing strains from wheat and combines optimization of cultivation and planting conditions, and can obviously improve the quality and the yield of the agaricus blazei murill.

In order to achieve the purpose, the invention provides the following scheme:

the invention provides an agaricus blazei murill cultivation and planting method, which comprises the following steps:

(1) composting the culture material; (2) feeding and carrying out secondary fermentation; (3) inoculating and culturing; (4) covering soil; (5) fruiting management;

in the step (1), the culture material comprises the following raw materials: straw, cottonseed hull, dried cow dung, calcium superphosphate and urea;

in the step (2), the compost after primary fermentation is moved into a mushroom house to be spread;

in the step (3), after preparing an agaricus blazei stock and a culture seed strain from wheat, inoculating 1-3 bottles of the agaricus blazei strain according to the culture material per square meter, wherein each bottle of the agaricus blazei strain is 500 g;

in the step (4), selecting pollution-free vegetable garden soil or farming land soil without any mushroom waste, earthing up by adopting a one-time thick-soil mixed earthing mode, and culturing for 10-15 days at the temperature of 25-32 ℃ and the humidity of 80-85% after earthing up;

in the step (5), when hyphae grow to the surface of the soil layer, the surface soil is slightly stirred once by using a small rake, and then fruiting management is carried out by combining mushroom spraying water, mushroom spraying water and moisture transferring management.

Preferably, the culture material comprises the following raw materials in parts by weight: 15-20 parts of straw, 4.5-6.25 parts of cottonseed hull, 5-10 parts of dried cow dung, 0.1-05 parts of calcium superphosphate and 0.1-0.25 part of urea.

Preferably, the compost is pretreated according to the following method: pulverizing rice straw and cotton seed shell, sun drying for 1-2 days, soaking in 1% lime water for 1-2 hr, or spraying water thoroughly, pre-wetting, and stacking for 3-4 days.

Preferably, the primary fermentation comprises: piling the piled culture materials, paving a layer of forage with the thickness of 15-25cm at the bottom of the compost of 1.2-1.5 m, the height of 0.8-1.0 m and the length of 2-3 m, uniformly stirring the cow dung raw materials, uniformly spreading the mixture on the forage, adding water while paving the forage, wherein the water content is 60-70%, the water is less at the bottom, the water is more at the upper part, the pH is 7-pH7.5, paving 5 to 6 layers in total, and finally covering a film for fermentation; during the fermentation process, the pile is turned for 3-4 times with time intervals of 7d, calcium superphosphate and urea are added in the first pile turning, and lime and gypsum are added in the second pile turning.

Preferably, before inoculation culture, the method further comprises the step of inoculating an activation medium to the mother seeds for activation, wherein the activation medium comprises the following raw materials in parts by weight: 15-55 parts of wheat bran, 180-200 parts of potato, 15-25 parts of glucose, 1-3 parts of peptone, 15-25 parts of agar and 1000 parts of distilled water.

Preferably, the activation conditions are: dark culture is carried out for 2-3 days at 25-32 ℃ and the pH value is 6-7.

Preferably, the preparation of the agaricus blazei stock and the culture strain of the agaricus blazei comprises the following steps:

s1: soaking wheat in 2% stone charcoal water for 13-15h, taking out, and air drying;

s2: mixing the air-dried wheat with fermented cow dung, charcoal, gypsum and calcium carbonate, stirring, bagging (bottling), and sterilizing at 121 deg.C under 0.14-0.15 MPa for 3-5 hr to obtain stock and culture medium;

s3: inoculating the activated Agaricus blazei Murill strain into the stock and cultivar culture medium according to the inoculum size of 2-6% by mass, and culturing for 30-40 days.

Preferably, in S2, the weight ratio of wheat to fermented cow dung, stone charcoal, gypsum and calcium carbonate is 100 (3-8): 1-3): 1-5.

The invention discloses the following technical effects:

according to the cultivation and planting method of the agaricus blazei murill, the excellent mother seeds are obtained by optimizing the cultivation conditions and the culture medium, and then the yield and the quality of the agaricus blazei murill are obviously improved by combining the improvement and the optimization of the cultivation conditions. The method has the advantages of abundant and easily-obtained raw materials, simple process, contribution to large-scale production, increase of yield, stable and high yield, capability of obtaining better social and economic benefits and development of a feasible way for expanding the production scale of the artificial cultivation of the agaricus blazei.

Drawings

FIG. 1 shows the effect of Agaricus blazei on the growth rate of hyphae when cultured in different mother culture media.

Detailed Description

Reference will now be made in detail to various exemplary embodiments of the invention, the detailed description should not be construed as limiting the invention but as a more detailed description of certain aspects, features and embodiments of the invention.

It is to be understood that the terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particular embodiments only and is not intended to be limiting of the invention. Further, for numerical ranges in this disclosure, it is understood that each intervening value, between the upper and lower limit of that range, is also specifically disclosed. Every smaller range between any stated value or intervening value in a stated range and any other stated or intervening value in a stated range is encompassed within the invention. The upper and lower limits of these smaller ranges may independently be included or excluded in the range.

Unless defined otherwise, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which this invention belongs. Although only preferred methods and materials are described herein, any methods and materials similar or equivalent to those described herein can be used in the practice or testing of the present invention. All documents mentioned in this specification are incorporated by reference herein for the purpose of disclosing and describing the methods and/or materials associated with the documents. In case of conflict with any incorporated document, the present specification will control.

It will be apparent to those skilled in the art that various modifications and variations can be made in the specific embodiments of the present disclosure without departing from the scope or spirit of the disclosure. Other embodiments will be apparent to those skilled in the art from consideration of the specification. The specification and examples are exemplary only.

As used herein, the terms "comprising," "including," "having," "containing," and the like are open-ended terms that mean including, but not limited to.

In order to obtain excellent mother seeds, the present application optimizes the mother seed activation medium and culture conditions, specifically as follows:

1. experimental Material

Collecting 11 Agaricus blazei Murill strains introduced into provinces and interior and with good phenotype in planting bases, making Agaricus blazei Murill activation culture medium, inoculating test tube stock onto the upper plate of the activation culture medium (to the central position of the plate) in sterile environment, culturing at 25 deg.C, and activating for use.

TABLE 1 test strains and sources

2. Test method

2.1 mother culture Medium

PDA culture medium: 200g of potato, 20g of glucose, 2g of peptone, 20g of agar and 1L of distilled water, and sterilizing at 120 ℃ for 30 min.

Activating a culture medium: 50g of wheat bran (boiled water for 30min, 8 layers of gauze filtration), 200g of potatoes, 20g of glucose, 2g of peptone, 20g of agar and 1L of distilled water, and sterilizing at 120 ℃ for 30 min.

2.2 light test

The appropriate medium obtained in test 2.2 was used as experimental basal medium. The activated Agaricus blazei Murill strain and artificial climate box are used. A culture dish with the diameter of 9cm is adopted, 15mL (about 15mL of one culture dish) of sterilized basic culture medium is added into a super clean bench, after the culture dish is cooled, a sterile hole puncher with the diameter of 5mm is used for beating bacterial plate colonies into a wafer to be inoculated into the culture dish, and illumination and dark tests are carried out under the culture condition of 25 ℃, and the treatment is repeated for 3 times. And (3) measuring the growth speed of the hyphae by adopting a cross method, recording the germination time of the hyphae from the germination of the hyphae, and counting the average daily diameter growth quantity of the germinated colonies at the daily average growth speed of the hyphae. When hyphae are fully paved on the flat plate, the hyphae shape, the color, the colony shape, the hyphae growth and the edge characteristics of the colony are observed and recorded, the growth of the hyphae is represented by plus and minus, the more plus the hyphae grow better, the stronger and the more uniform, and the minus the hyphae do not grow.

2.3 temperature gradient test

The method comprises the steps of utilizing an activated agaricus blazei murill strain and an artificial climate box, adopting a culture dish with the diameter of 9cm, adding 15mL (about 15mL of one culture dish) of a sterilized basic culture medium into a super clean bench, beating a strain plate bacterial colony into a wafer by using an aseptic puncher with the diameter of 5mm after the culture medium is cooled, inoculating the wafer into the culture dish, culturing at different temperatures, respectively recording the diameters of the bacterial colonies every day (a cross method), and counting data. Temperature gradient: the treatment is repeated 3 times at 5 deg.C, 10 deg.C, 15 deg.C, 20 deg.C, 25 deg.C, 30 deg.C, 35 deg.C, 40 deg.C. Data statistics were as for 2.2.

2.4 different pH value test

The activated culture medium is used as an experimental basic culture medium, 0.2mol/L HCl and 0.2mol/L NaOH are used for preparing pH values according to different proportions, the pH values are respectively set to be 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 and 10 for 8 treatments, a sterile puncher with the diameter of 5mm is used for beating bacterial plate bacterial colonies into round pieces to be inoculated into a prepared culture dish, the treatment is repeated for 5 times, the round pieces are placed into a thermostat at 25 ℃ for dark culture, the growth condition of hyphae is observed and recorded, and the bacterial strains with the fastest growth vigor are cultured until the plates are paved. The conditions with the largest colony and the fastest growth are selected as the optimum pH.

3. Results

3.1 Effect of light on the growth of hyphae of Agaricus Blazei Murill

TABLE 2 Effect of light conditions on the growth of 11 Agaricus blazei Murill strains

As can be seen from Table 2, the No. 7 strain grew fastest and reached 3.29mm/d under 25 ℃ illumination culture, the No. 6 hyphae grew slowest, and the daily average growth rate was only 1.01 mm/d. Under dark culture without illumination, the strain No. 5 grows at the highest speed and reaches 4.65mm/d, the strain No. 11 grows at the lowest speed and is 2.46mm/d, the growth speed of the whole hyphae is 5>6>12>14>15>10>9>13>8>7>11 in sequence, and the growth vigor of the strains No. 5, 6, 14 and 15 is better.

In conclusion, whether the light culture is carried out at 25 ℃ or not has a great influence on the growth of the agaricus blazei murrill hyphae, the light obviously inhibits the growth of the hyphae, and the hyphae growth vigor is poor. And the indexes such as growth vigor and daily average growth speed of the bacterial colony are integrated, and the bacterial strain shows obvious advantages in dark culture and has No. 15 bacterial strains of 5, 6 and 14 grades.

3.2 Effect of different temperature gradients on the growth of Agaricus Blazei Murill hypha

As can be seen from Table 3, 11 different strains were cultured at different temperatures, and all strains did not germinate at 5 deg.C, 10 deg.C, and 40 deg.C; all strains only germinate at 35 ℃ and hyphae do not eat material; at 15 ℃ all strains required 6d, except 5d for germination for strains 6, 7 and 9. Germination is only required for 2 days at 20-35 ℃. Although all selected strains can normally germinate and grow at 15 ℃, after each strain plate is placed for 45 days at 15 ℃, the plate can not be fully paved, and the growth is almost stopped at the later stage.

The No. 5 strain can grow well at 25-32 ℃, and the growth speed is obviously higher than that of other temperatures (p is less than 0.05), wherein the optimal temperature is 32 ℃, and the daily average growth speed reaches 5.02 mm/d.

The No. 6 strain can grow well at 25-32 deg.c and has growth speed obviously higher than that at other temperature (p <0.05), optimal temperature of 25 deg.c and daily average growth speed of 4.08 mm/d.

The No. 7 strain can grow well at 30-32 ℃, the growth speed is obviously higher than that of other temperature (p is less than 0.05), the optimal temperature is 30 ℃, and the daily average growth speed reaches 3.58 mm/d.

The No. 8 strain grows normally under the selected temperature condition, but the growth speed of the No. 8 strain at 25-32 ℃ is obviously higher than that of the No. 8 strain at other temperatures (p is less than 0.05), the optimal temperature is 25 ℃, and the daily average growth speed reaches 2.57 mm/d.

The No. 9 strain grows better at 20-25 ℃, but the growth speed at 25 ℃ is obviously higher than that at other temperatures (p is less than 0.05), the daily average growth speed reaches 2.89mm/d, and therefore the optimum temperature is 25 ℃.

The No. 10 strain grows normally under the selected temperature condition, but the growth speed at 32 ℃ is obviously higher than that at other temperatures (p is less than 0.05), the optimal temperature is 32 ℃, and the daily average growth speed reaches 3.70 mm/d.

The No. 11 strain grows better at 25-30 ℃, but the growth speed at 30 ℃ is obviously higher than that at other temperatures (p is less than 0.05), the daily average growth speed reaches 3.04mm/d, so the optimum temperature is 30 ℃.

The No. 12 strain grows better at 30-32 ℃, but the growth speed at 32 ℃ is obviously higher than that at other temperatures (p is less than 0.05), and the daily average growth speed reaches 5.06mm/d, so the optimum temperature is 32 ℃.

The No. 13 strain grows better at 20-32 ℃, but the growth speed at 32 ℃ is obviously higher than that at other temperatures (p is less than 0.05), and the daily average growth speed reaches 4.67mm/d, so the optimum temperature is 32 ℃.

The No. 14 strain grows better at 20-32 ℃, but the growth speed at 32 ℃ is obviously higher than that at other temperatures (p is less than 0.05), and the daily average growth speed reaches 3.98mm/d, so the optimum temperature is 32 ℃.

The No. 15 strain grows better at 25-32 ℃, but the growth speed at 32 ℃ is obviously higher than that at other temperatures (p is less than 0.05), the daily average growth speed reaches 4.37mm/d, so the optimum temperature is 32 ℃.

In conclusion, the selected strains can normally germinate and grow within the range of 20-32 ℃, but most strains grow well between 25-32 ℃, and most strains grow at 30-32 ℃. And strains with hypha growth and better colony growth at all temperatures are mainly concentrated in strains No. 5, 6, 12, 14 and 15, and the obtained results are more consistent with the light experiment.

Growth of Table 311 Agaricus Blazei Murill strains cultured under different temperature conditions

Note: "-" indicates no germination.

3.3 Effect of growth of hyphae of Agaricus blazei with different pH values

TABLE 4 Germination of 11 Agaricus blazei Murill strains at different pH values

As can be seen from Table 4, when 11 different strains were subjected to differential pH culture, all strains failed to germinate at pH values of 3, 4, 5, 9 and 10, and only strains 9 and 11 germinated at pH value of 8, but at very low growth rates of 1.33mm/d and 0.21mm/d, respectively.

When the agaricus blazei murill strain is under the condition of pH6, the strains with better colony growth are No. 5, No. 6, No. 14 and No. 15, the growth speeds of the No. 14 and No. 15 strains are obviously superior to those of other strains, the growth speeds are respectively 6.76mm/d and 5.86mm/d, and the growth speeds of the No. 5 and No. 6 strains are only next to those of the No. 14 and No. 15 strains. Strain No. 13 grew faster than strain No. 6, but grew slightly less.

The agaricus blazei murill strain has the best growth vigor of 9 and 14 strains under the condition of pH7, wherein the daily average growth rate of the 14 strain is remarkably higher than that of other strains (p is less than 0.05) and is 3.48 mm/d.

As can be seen from the above, the 11 selected strains of Agaricus blazei Murill have obvious pH value response, the proper pH range is 6-7, and the Agaricus blazei Murill cannot grow normally in strong acid and strong alkali environments.

TABLE 5 growth of 11 Agaricus blazei Murill strains at different pH values

The results show that 11 selected strains of Agaricus blazei Murill are suitable for growth on a medium containing wheat bran, suitable for dark culture in hypha culture, suitable for temperature range of 25-32 deg.C, and suitable for acid-base environment of pH 6-7. And tests show that the strains which grow faster and grow better in 11 strains are No. 5, 6, 12, 14 and 15.

The agaricus blazei murill mother seeds are activated by using the optimized culture medium and culture conditions, and then are cultivated and planted by combining other cultivation conditions, which will be further described in a specific embodiment.

Example 1

1. Season of cultivation

Composting the culture material (about 35 days) in 2-3 months, loading the culture material in 4 months, performing secondary fermentation (about 5 days), sowing in the middle and last ten days of 4 months, covering soil (hypha growing in about 30-40 days) in 5 months, and fruiting in 6-11 months.

2. Bacterial strain

Strains No. 5, 6, 12, 14 and 15 used above were selected.

3. Culture material formula and preparation

Straw, cottonseed hulls, dry cow dung, calcium superphosphate and urea are used as raw materials to serve as compost after fermentation and decomposition.

The culture material comprises the following raw materials in parts by weight: 18kg of straw, 5.25kg of cottonseed hull, 6kg of dried cow dung, 0.3kg of calcium superphosphate and 0.15kg of urea.

4. Composting fermentation

4.1 one-shot fermentation

4.1.1 stock preparation

Pulverizing caulis et folium oryzae and cottonseed hull into granules, sun drying for 1-2 days, soaking in 1% lime water for 1-2 hr, or spraying water, pre-wetting, and stacking for 3-4 days.

4.1.2 piling

The width of the lower pile is 1.2-1.5 m, the height is 0.8-1.0 m, the length is based on the convenient operation (preferably 2m-3m), a layer of forage with the thickness of 20cm is paved, then the raw materials of cow dung and the like are uniformly mixed and uniformly spread on the forage, while paving, the domestic drinking water meeting the specification of NY5099 is added, the water content is 60-70%, the bottom is added with little water, the upper part is added with more water properly, the pH is 7-pH7.5, and the raw materials are paved into 5 to 6 layers in total, generally 2000kg-3000kg are used as a pile, and finally the pile is covered with a film for fermentation.

4.1.3 pile turning

Turning the materials, shaking to disperse, exchanging the inner and outer materials with the upper and lower materials, adjusting water content according to the water content of the materials during turning, and re-building the piles. And turning the material pile for 3-4 times according to the rotten degree of the material, wherein the time intervals are all 7 d. Calcium superphosphate and urea are added in the first pile turning, and lime and gypsum are added in the second pile turning.

4.1.4 Loading

The culture material after the primary fermentation is moved into a mushroom house and spread on a bed. The material moving and loading are finished on the same day, the material spreading thickness is 20cm-25cm, the materials are uniformly turned, mixed and loosened, large dung blocks are crushed, impurities such as blue-green dung blocks, soil blocks and the like are selected while spreading, and the vent holes are opened for exhausting. If the compost is too dry, the compost can be turned over, 5 percent of lime water is used for adjusting the humidity, and if the compost is too wet, lime powder can be uniformly scattered or the compost can be turned over for 1 time, and meanwhile, ventilation and moisture removal are enhanced.

4.1.5 Secondary fermentation

And (5) introducing steam into the sealed mushroom house for secondary fermentation. Heating to 58-62 deg.C for 10-12 h after the temperature of the material is raised to 40-45 deg.C (15-20 h), then cooling to 48-52 deg.C for 96-144 h, and ventilating to below 30 deg.C for seeding after the material has no ammonia smell.

5. Seeding

5.1 Strain preparation and selection

Mother seed activation, wherein a mother seed activation culture medium comprises the following components: 50g of wheat bran (boiled water for 30min, 8 layers of gauze filtration), 200g of potatoes, 20g of glucose, 2g of peptone, 20g of agar and 1L of distilled water, and sterilizing at 120 ℃ for 30 min. Inoculating Agaricus blazei Murill mother strain to the above activating culture medium, and activating culturing at 25 deg.C.

Preparing original and cultivated strains:

preparing the agaricus blazei stock and the cultivar strain by using the activated mother seeds and wheat grains according to the optimized culture medium and culture conditions, wherein the method comprises the following steps:

s1: soaking wheat in 2 wt% of stone charcoal water for 13-15h (preferably 14h), taking out, and air drying;

s2: mixing the dried wheat with fermented cow dung, charcoal, gypsum and calcium carbonate, stirring uniformly, bagging (bottling), and sterilizing at 121 deg.C under 0.14-0.15 MPa for 3-5h (preferably 4h) to obtain stock and culture medium; wherein the weight ratio of the aired wheat to the fermented cow dung, the lime, the gypsum and the calcium carbonate is 100 (3-8) to (1-3) to (1-5) (preferably 100: 5: 1: 2: 2).

S3: inoculating the activated Agaricus blazei Murill mother strain into the stock culture medium and the culture medium according to the inoculation amount of 5% by mass, and culturing for 35 days.

Selecting strains:

the last inspection is carried out on the strains one day before sowing, and strains without plant diseases and insect pests, strong hypha viability and white color are selected.

5.2 Sterilization of strains and utensils

Before seeding, the work of preventing the contamination of the mixed bacteria is done, the outer wall of a strain bottle, a small basin for holding the strains, an iron hook for digging the strains, a pair of tweezers and other objects and two hands are all cleaned by 0.1 percent sodium dichloroisocyanurate solution, and in the seeding process, clothes, shoes, caps and the like are clean and the operation is standard.

5.3 sowing method

Firstly, 75% of strains are uniformly scattered on the material, the strains are embedded into the culture material by shaking lightly with hands or a small rake, then 25% of the strains are scattered on the surface, and the surface of the material is lightly beaten. Strain 1.5 bottles (500 g/bottle) per square meter. After sowing, if the material surface is dry, the plastic film can be used for covering, and if the material surface is wet, the newspaper can be used for covering.

5.4 hypha culture

5.4.1 Sterilization of the Mushroom Room

Thoroughly cleaned and disinfected before feeding. The disinfectant comprises the following medicaments in part by weight: per m³Sterilizing with sodium dichloroisocyanurate 10-20mg, and sealing for 2 days.

5.4.2 cultivation method

Selecting bed frame cultivation or high ridge cultivation according to economic conditions. The bed frame cultivation can be provided with 5-6 layers, the frame width is 1.0-1.2 m, the layer spacing is 0.4-0.5 m, and the spacing of each frame is 0.6 m; the high ridge cultivation ridge is 0.1m high and 1.0m-1.2m wide. The length is determined according to the span of the cultivation facility, and the maximum length is not more than 30 m.

5.4.3 spawn running management

After sowing, the mushroom house is closed in the front 3d, moisture preservation is mainly performed, ventilation is performed slightly according to air conditions, and hyphae are promoted to germinate and eat materials. And after 3d, gradually increasing the ventilation rate of the mushroom house to promote the hyphae to be planted in the compost as soon as possible. Normally, seeding for 7d-10d, wherein hypha basically grows over the material surface, the mulching film is required to be uncovered for ventilation, and the ventilation opening of the mushroom shed is also required to be opened frequently to reduce air humidity, so that the material surface is slightly dry, and hypha is promoted to grow into the material with higher humidity. Growing hypha 25-30 days later, covering the bed with hypha, and covering soil when the hypha is near the bottom of the material.

5.5 covering soil

5.5.1 selection and Sterilization of casing soil

Selecting pollution-free vegetable garden soil or cultivated land soil without any mushroom waste, digging out surface soil with surface layer of about 4cm for abandoning, digging out soil with depth of 20cm in cultivated layer as covering soil, breaking the soil, solarizing for sterilizing, and killing insects, and using soil per m³10-20mg of sodium dichloroisocyanurate is sealed and disinfected.

5.5.2 earthing method

Adopting a one-off thick and thin soil mixing earthing mode, and disinfecting both tools and hands used for earthing by using 0.1% sodium dichloroisocyanurate; leveling the material surface 1-2 days before earthing, if the material surface is dry, spraying 3% lime water for humidifying, adjusting pH to about 7.5, and uniformly spraying lime water to the covering soil layer after earthing, wherein the thickness of the earthing soil is 2cm-2.5 cm.

5.5.3 fungus growth management after earthing

5.5.3.1

And (5) within 2-3 days of covering soil, regulating humidity by adopting a light spraying method and a frequent spraying method. Spraying for 3-4 times every day, wherein the water content of the soil layer is preferably that the soil is agglomerated, not hardened and not sticky by hand kneading, ventilation is carried out for about 1 hour in the morning and at night, and the indoor relative humidity is 80% -85%.

5.5.3.2

After covering soil, the temperature is preferably controlled to be about 25 ℃ and about 10d-15d, and when hyphae grow to the surface of a soil layer, a small rake is used for gently scratching the surface soil once (scratching the fungi). If hypha emerges from the ground, the ventilation can be increased to inhibit hypha overgrowth.

5.6 fruiting management

5.6.1 spray fruiting body liquid

When 2d-3d hyphae generally start to protrude out of the soil surface after fungus scratching, the ventilation volume is increased for 2-3d, the temperature is reduced to below 20 ℃, mushroom water is sprayed in time for 2-3 times a day until the soil mass can be kneaded to be flat and kneaded to be round, and large ventilation is performed after each water spraying.

5.6.2 spray mushroom water

When the sporocarp grows to the size of the soybean generally, the nozzle is upwards angled by 45 degrees, water is sprayed for 5 to 6 times every day, and mist water thinly falls on the mushroom buds and does not drip when water is present; after water is sprayed, the ventilation of the mushroom shed is gradually reduced, the air humidity is increased, and the relative humidity is kept between 85 and 90 percent.

5.6.3 diversion management

After each tide of mushrooms is harvested, old and dead mushrooms on the bed surface are removed, moist fine soil is supplemented, the water spraying amount is correspondingly reduced, meanwhile, the ventilation rate is increased, when mushroom buds are generated, the water spraying amount is gradually increased, and after 1-2 tides of mushroom picking, if soil layer hypha hardening phenomenon occurs on the bed surface, a cuttage soil layer should be timely dug to loosen.

5.7 harvesting

5.7.1 time to harvest

Collecting 5d-7d after budding, with mushroom cap size of 3-4 cm, and collecting 3-5 times per day according to temperature.

5.7.2 harvesting method

The mushroom cap is pinched by hand, the mushroom cap is gently rotated to harvest the mushroom without damaging surrounding small mushrooms and clustered dense mushrooms, the large mushroom is cut by a small knife, and the small mushroom is left and cannot be pulled in a whole cluster.

5.7.3 post-harvest treatment

After harvesting, removing the culture material and impurities remained on the mushroom stem and the stem base yellowing part, removing the culture material and impurities remained on the mushroom stem, leaving the stem length to be 2cm-5cm, classifying according to the size, putting into a clean and special container, refrigerating and storing at the temperature of 0-5 ℃ for 8h-10h, and selling, wherein a dewatering dryer is preferably adopted for drying.

In addition, management is performed during cultivation in combination with a conventional pest control method.

Comparative example 1

Replacing the culture material in the step 3 and culture material culture and preparation with the following culture material, wherein the culture material comprises the following components: 20kg of bagasse and corn straw, 6kg of dry cow dung, 0.3kg of calcium superphosphate, 0.3kg of urea, 0.3kg of gypsum and 0.3kg of lime. The other steps are unchanged.

Comparative example 2

Replacing the culture material in the step 3 and culture material culture and preparation with the following culture material, wherein the culture material comprises the following components: 18kg of corn straws, 11.6kg of dry cow dung, 0.3kg of urea and 0.3kg of gypsum. The other steps are unchanged.

Comparative example 3

The room relative humidity in 5.5.3.1 above was set to 90%, the temperature in 5.5.3.2 was set at 23 ℃, and the other steps were unchanged.

By harvesting the agaricus blazei murrill in the example 1 and the agaricus blazei murrills in the comparative examples 1 to 3, the agaricus blazei murrill yield in the example 1 is found to be regular, and the abnormal agaricus blazei murrill hardly appears, while the agaricus blazei murrill in the comparative examples 1 to 3 has obvious irregular agaricus blazei murrill and abnormal agaricus blazei murrill, and compared with the comparative examples 1 to 3, the agaricus blazei murrill yield obtained by the cultivation and planting method is respectively improved by 10.23%, 9.12% and 8.94%.

Comparative example 4

The mother culture activation medium in the step 5.1 strain preparation and selection is replaced by the following steps: the agaricus blazei murill mother culture medium comprises the following components: 50g of wheat grains (boiled in water for 30min, filtered by 8 layers of gauze), 200g of potatoes, 20g of glucose, 20g of agar and 1L of distilled water, and sterilizing at 120 ℃ for 30 min. The other steps are unchanged.

Comparative example 5

The mother culture activation medium in the step 5.1 strain preparation and selection is replaced by the following steps: the agaricus blazei murill mother culture medium comprises the following components: 30g of straw (boiled in water for 30min, filtered by 8 layers of gauze), 200g of potato, 20g of glucose, 20g of agar and 1L of distilled water, and sterilized at 120 ℃ for 30 min. The other steps are unchanged.

Adopting a culture dish with the diameter of 9cm, adding 3 sterilized basic culture mediums into a super clean bench, after the basic culture mediums are cooled, using a sterile hole puncher with the diameter of 5mm to punch bacterial colonies of a strain plate for standby activation into a wafer to be connected into the culture dish, carrying out dark culture at 25 ℃, dotting and scribing after germination, continuing to culture for 7d, recording the growth speed, continuing to culture until the plate is fully paved, observing the morphology of the bacterial colonies, and repeating for 3 times every treatment. And (3) measuring the growth speed of the hyphae by adopting a cross method, recording the germination time of the hyphae from the germination of the hyphae, and counting the average daily diameter growth quantity of the germinated colonies at the daily average growth speed of the hyphae. The results of the experiment are shown in table 6 and fig. 1.

TABLE 6 growth Rate of different Agaricus Blazei Murill strains under different culture Medium conditions

The test results of the above example 1 and comparative examples 1 to 5 show that the screening of the mother culture medium has a very significant effect on the growth rate of hyphae, and the wheat bran culture medium adopted by the invention can significantly promote the growth of the hyphae of the mother culture medium relative to the wheat grain or straw culture medium, thereby facilitating the improvement of the yield of the agaricus blazei murrill. In addition, the selection of the components and the dosage of the culture material and the control of the temperature and the humidity in the hypha growth stage obviously influence the yield and the fruiting character of the agaricus blazei murrill, and the selection of the culture material and the culture conditions adopted by the invention is obviously more beneficial to the regular fruiting and the yield improvement of the agaricus blazei murrill.

The above-described embodiments are merely illustrative of the preferred embodiments of the present invention, and do not limit the scope of the present invention, and various modifications and improvements of the technical solutions of the present invention can be made by those skilled in the art without departing from the spirit of the present invention, and the technical solutions of the present invention are within the scope of the present invention defined by the claims.

Claims (8)

1. The method for cultivating and planting the agaricus blazei murill is characterized by comprising the following steps of:

(1) composting the culture material; (2) feeding and carrying out secondary fermentation; (3) inoculating and culturing; (4) covering soil; (5) fruiting management;

in the step (1), the culture material comprises the following raw materials: straw, cottonseed hull, dried cow dung, calcium superphosphate and urea;

in the step (2), the compost after primary fermentation is moved into a mushroom house to be spread;

in the step (3), after preparing an agaricus blazei stock and a culture seed strain from wheat, inoculating 1-3 bottles of the agaricus blazei strain according to the culture material per square meter, wherein each bottle of the agaricus blazei strain is 500 g;

in the step (4), selecting pollution-free vegetable garden soil or farming land soil without any mushroom waste, earthing up by adopting a one-time thick-soil mixed earthing mode, and culturing for 10-15 days at the temperature of 25-32 ℃ and the humidity of 80-85% after earthing up;

in the step (5), when hyphae grow to the surface of the soil layer, the surface soil is slightly stirred once by using a small rake, and then fruiting management is carried out by combining mushroom spraying water, mushroom spraying water and moisture transferring management.

2. The method for cultivating and planting agaricus blazei murill as claimed in claim 1, wherein the culture material comprises the following raw materials in parts by weight: 15-20 parts of straw, 4.5-6.25 parts of cottonseed hull, 5-10 parts of dried cow dung, 0.1-05 parts of calcium superphosphate and 0.1-0.25 part of urea.

3. The method for cultivating and planting agaricus blazei murill as defined in claim 2, wherein the compost is pretreated according to the following method: pulverizing rice straw and cotton seed shell, sun drying for 1-2 days, soaking in 1% lime water for 1-2 hr, or spraying water thoroughly, pre-wetting, and stacking for 3-4 days.

4. The method for cultivating and planting agaricus blazei murill according to claim 1, wherein the primary fermentation comprises: piling the piled culture materials, paving a layer of forage with the thickness of 15-25cm at the bottom of the compost of 1.2-1.5 m, the height of 0.8-1.0 m and the length of 2-3 m, uniformly stirring the cow dung raw materials, uniformly spreading the mixture on the forage, adding water while paving the forage, wherein the water content is 60-70%, the water is less at the bottom, the water is more at the upper part, the pH is 7-pH7.5, paving 5 to 6 layers in total, and finally covering a film for fermentation; during the fermentation process, the pile is turned for 3-4 times with time intervals of 7d, calcium superphosphate and urea are added in the first pile turning, and lime and gypsum are added in the second pile turning.

5. The method for cultivating and planting Agaricus blazei Murill according to claim 1, further comprising the step of inoculating an activation medium to the mother seeds for activation before inoculation, wherein the activation medium comprises the following raw materials in parts by weight: 15-55 parts of wheat bran, 180-200 parts of potato, 15-25 parts of glucose, 1-3 parts of peptone, 15-25 parts of agar and 1000 parts of distilled water.

6. The method for cultivating and planting Agaricus blazei according to claim 5, wherein the activation conditions are: dark culture is carried out for 2-3 days at 25-32 ℃ and the pH value is 6-7.

7. The method for cultivating agaricus blazei murill according to claim 1, wherein the step of preparing the agaricus blazei murill stock and the cultivar strain from wheat comprises the steps of:

s1: soaking wheat in 2% stone charcoal water for 13-15h, taking out, and air drying;

s2: mixing the air-dried wheat with fermented cow dung, charcoal, gypsum and calcium carbonate, stirring, bagging or bottling, and sterilizing at 121 deg.C under high pressure of 0.14-0.15 MPa for 3-5 hr to obtain stock and culture medium;

s3: inoculating the activated Agaricus blazei Murill strain into the stock and cultivar culture medium according to the inoculum size of 2-6% by mass, and culturing for 30-40 days.

8. The method for cultivating Agaricus blazei according to claim 7, wherein in S2, the weight ratio of wheat to the fermented cow dung, the stone charcoal, the gypsum and the calcium carbonate is 100 (3-8) (1-3) (1-5).

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