Hemp stalk core cultivation medium and process for cultivating black fungus by using same
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of black fungus cultivation, and particularly relates to a hemp stalk core cultivation medium and a process for cultivating black fungus by using the same.
Background
Black fungus (Auricularia auricula-judae) is a famous edible and medicinal fungus in China, has smooth and tender texture, is crisp and delicious, is rich in nutrition, and has the reputation of meat in vegetables. Black fungus has higher medicinal value, is a currently accepted natural health food and is more and more favored by the market.
Black fungus is a typical wood-rot fungus, and the main cultivation raw material is wood dust. The state applies the weather protection engineering and the cutting forbidding to the forestry system in parallel, so that the wood chip resource supply is short, and the healthy development of the black fungus industry is influenced. The substitute raw material effectively supplements the shortage of wood chip resources. At present, the substitute raw materials for cultivating black fungus are more widely applied and are mature, such as corncobs, straws, fruit branches and the like. Researches find that when substitute raw materials are used for partially replacing black fungus for cultivation, the yield and quality of the produced black fungus have no significant difference compared with wood dust, but the substitute raw materials for the crop straw cores often have a large amount of mixed bacteria and insect pests, and the phenomenon of mixed bacteria or insect pest pollution is easily produced in the process of cultivating the black fungus, so that the yield of the black fungus is influenced, and even the dead yield is caused. A large amount of pesticides are usually used in the planting process of the crop straw cores with few infectious microbes and insect pests, the pesticides are remained in the crop straw cores, and black fungus produced by taking the pesticides as a substitute raw material is easy to transfer the pesticides to the black fungus, so that the quality of the black fungus is influenced.
The hemp is a hemp whose tetrahydrocannabinol content is less than 0.3%, namely a so-called industrial hemp, and is an annual herb plant with toughness and cold resistance. China hemp is a common economic crop and has been planted for thousands of years. Hemp contains various specific chemical components, has natural antitoxic and bactericidal effects, has stronger functions of inhibiting grass and insect pests for plants in a growth period, and does not need to use pesticides and herbicides in the whole growth process. Hemp contains various metal elements, phenolic substances and derivatives thereof, organic acids and inorganic salts, and the substances can destroy the structure of bacterial thallus, wherein the phenolic substances can block the metabolism and physiological activities of mould microorganisms, and finally the growth and the propagation of the microorganisms are inhibited. The hemp fiber is a hollow structure, contains a large number of gaps and holes, and the holes are mutually crossed, so that the hollow microporous structure can adsorb a large number of oxygen, and anaerobic bacteria are difficult to survive, thereby having the function of inhibiting the anaerobic bacteria.
The hemp full stem consists of a bast part, a stem core part and a medulla part, after the bast is stripped in the primary processing stage of hemp, the rest part is the stem core of the hemp, and the nutrient contents such as cellulose, lignin and the like in the stem core of the hemp are higher. The hemp stalk cores account for about 75% of the whole hemp stalk weight, can produce 550 kg of stalks per mu of hemp, and can process about 400 kg of stalk cores. China hemp is planted in Heilongjiang province for 35 ten thousand mu each year, and 140000 tons of straw cores can be produced each year. The hemp stalk core is generally treated as waste material by burning, which wastes resources and pollutes the environment.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention provides a hemp stem core culture medium and a process for culturing black fungus by using the same, aiming at solving the defects of the prior art. The method applies the hemp stalk core resources to the technical field of black fungus cultivation, reasonably utilizes the hemp stalk core resources, avoids waste and environmental pollution, fully utilizes rich cellulose and lignin of the hemp stalk cores as nutrient components, reduces the pollution rate in the black fungus cultivation process by the special natural antibacterial and disease-preventing effects, and improves the yield and quality of the black fungus.
The invention is realized by the following technical scheme:
a hemp stem core cultivation medium is prepared by crushing, weighing, mixing, stewing, stacking, bagging and sterilizing raw materials, wherein the cultivation medium comprises the following raw materials in parts by weight: 50-82 parts of hemp stalk core, 0-32 parts of miscellaneous sawdust, 0-15 parts of wheat bran, 0-15 parts of rice bran, 1.5-3 parts of bean flour, 0-1.5 parts of lime and 1 part of gypsum.
Furthermore, the hemp stalk cores are crushed by a crusher with a sieve piece mesh diameter of 0.5cm, and the length of the crushed hemp stalk cores is 0.2-0.4 cm.
Further, the material stirring is to mix the weighed raw materials, add water and stir the mixture evenly to enable the water content of the mixture to reach 60%, and the stewing is to naturally ferment the stirred raw materials for 2 hours at room temperature and humidity of 55-60% to obtain wet materials.
Further, the step of bagging is to fill the wet materials into high-temperature-resistant polypropylene or polyethylene cultivation bags with the length of 35-37 cm by using a bagging machine, and seal the bags by using a socket stick inserting method.
Further, the sterilization is carried out for 3-5 h at 118 ℃ or 2h at 121 ℃.
A process for cultivating black fungus by using a hemp stalk core cultivation medium comprises the following steps:
firstly, inoculation: inoculating the black fungus stock seeds into the hemp stalk core culture medium according to aseptic operation conditions;
secondly, hypha culture and after-ripening: placing the culture medium inoculated in the step one into a culture room, culturing under a certain condition, and continuing to perform after-ripening culture at a certain temperature after hyphae grow fully in the culture bag;
thirdly, cutting the cultivation bag: puncturing the cultivation bag full of hyphae obtained in the step two by using a mouth gag;
fourthly, accelerating germination: accelerating germination of the punctured cultivation bags obtained in the step three to obtain black fungus cultivated species;
fifthly, ear outgoing management; separating the cultivated species of the black fungus into beds, exposing the black fungus out of the ground in all outdoor light, and performing dry-wet alternate management during the ear emergence period to ensure that the black fungus is mature;
sixthly, harvesting and airing; harvesting when black fungus ears are fully stretched, roots are shrunk, the color of the black fungus ears is slightly changed to be eight minutes of maturity, and the size of the ears is 3.5-4.0 cm; and (4) placing the picked black fungus on a gauze, naturally airing in the sun, and bagging for storage.
Further, in the second step, the culture conditions are that the temperature is controlled to be 20-22 ℃, the relative humidity of air is 40-50%, the indoor light is kept away, and ventilation is good; the post-maturation culture is carried out for 15 days at the temperature of 18-20 ℃.
Furthermore, in the third step, the puncture hole type is circular, the aperture is 0.3cm, the hole depth is 0.8-1.0 cm, and 240 puncture holes are punctured in each bag.
Further, the germination accelerating treatment in the fourth step is that the punctured cultivation bag obtained in the third step is placed under the condition of scattered light for irradiation, the temperature is controlled at 20 ℃, and the humidity is controlled at 85%.
Further, in the fifth step, the black fungus cultivation seed bed is divided after the ear buds grow to be uniform and grow to 1cm, and the black fungus cultivation bags are placed on the fungus bed at a distance of 10 cm; the dry-wet alternative management is to adopt micro-spray water supply, the relative air humidity is 95% when watering is carried out, the relative air humidity is kept natural when not watering is carried out, water is supplied for 3-5 times every day for 20-35 days when the ambient temperature is 20-25 ℃, and the black fungus is mature.
The invention has the following advantages:
1. the culture medium is prepared by using the hemp stalk cores and is applied to the technical field of black fungus culture, resources of hemp stalk core cellulose and lignin are fully utilized, the problems of resource waste and environmental pollution caused by burning the hemp stalk cores are avoided, and the problem of wood chip resource shortage in black fungus culture is solved.
2. The invention makes full use of the natural antibacterial property of the hemp stalk core, particularly the inhibition effect of the specific phenolic substances on the growth and reproduction of mould, and reduces the rate of mixed bacteria pollution in the cultivation process of black fungus. Antibacterial drugs are not required to be added in the process of cultivating the black fungus by utilizing the hemp stalk cores, the whole cultivation process is green and pollution-free, and the yield, the quality and the planting benefit of the black fungus are improved.
3. The invention fully utilizes the special hollow microporous fiber structure characteristic of the hemp stalk core, namely good air permeability, and the characteristic not only meets the strict requirement on oxygen in the growth process of the black fungus, but also improves the yield of the black fungus; but also inhibits the reproduction of anaerobic bacteria and reduces the pollution of mixed bacteria. Meanwhile, the hemp stalk core fiber has good water-retaining property, and is beneficial to maintaining the humidity required by the black fungus in the cultivation process.
4. According to the invention, when the hemp stalk core cultivation substrate is prepared, the raw materials are subjected to stewing and stacking treatment, and in the stewing and stacking process, the material temperature is increased, the activity of microorganisms is enhanced, and nutrient substances in the raw materials are degraded. The stewing process is equivalent to one-time short-time fermentation, so that part of macromolecular nutrient substances are degraded into micromolecular nutrient substances, and the absorption and utilization of the black fungus hypha are facilitated.
5. According to the invention, high-pressure sterilization is adopted when the hemp stalk core cultivation medium is prepared, so that the sterilization effect is ensured, the sterilization time is saved, and the sterilization cost is reduced.
6. According to the method, low-temperature culture is adopted in a hypha culture stage, although the hypha growing time is 3-8 d longer than that of a conventional method, coal resources are saved during the hypha growing period, the culture cost is reduced, meanwhile, the hypha can absorb more nutrients due to low-temperature hypha growing, more nutrients are accumulated, the hypha growing in the culture bag is dense, the quantity of the hypha is large, the later-period ear bud forming is facilitated to be regular, and the yield of black fungus is improved.
7. The process for cultivating the black fungus by using the hemp stalk core cultivation medium is suitable for the black fungus varieties which are widely cultivated at present, has wide application region range, produces the black fungus with high yield, good ear shape, black color, good quality and rich nutrient components, does not detect cannabidiol and tetrahydrocannabinol, and is green, safe and high-quality black fungus.
Detailed Description
The technical solutions of the present invention are further described below with reference to the following examples, but the present invention is not limited thereto, and any modifications or equivalent substitutions may be made to the technical solutions of the present invention without departing from the spirit and scope of the technical solutions of the present invention.
Example 1: the invention relates to a hemp stalk core cultivation medium and a process for cultivating black fungus by using the same, wherein the process comprises the following steps:
a hemp stalk core cultivation medium is prepared by crushing, weighing, mixing, stewing, stacking, bagging and sterilizing raw materials, and specifically comprises the following steps:
(1) crushing: the hemp stalk core is crushed by a crusher with a sieve sheet mesh diameter of 0.5cm, and the length of the crushed hemp stalk core is 0.2-0.4 cm.
(2) Weighing: weighing the raw materials of the culture medium according to the following parts by weight: 50-82 parts of hemp stalk core, 0-32 parts of miscellaneous sawdust, 0-15 parts of wheat bran, 0-15 parts of rice bran, 1.5-3 parts of bean flour, 0-1.5 parts of lime and 1 part of gypsum.
(3) Stirring and stacking: mixing the weighed raw materials, adding water, turning over for 4 times, uniformly stirring to enable the water content of the raw materials to reach 60%, and naturally fermenting the mixed raw materials for 2 hours at room temperature and humidity of 55-60% to obtain a wet material.
(5) Bagging: and (3) filling the wet materials into high-temperature-resistant polyethylene cultivation bags with the specification of 16.5cm multiplied by 36cm by a bagging machine, wherein the tightness of the wet materials is proper when the bags are bagged, 1.2Kg of wet materials are filled in each cultivation bag, the bag height is 21cm, and the bags are sealed by adopting a socket stick inserting method.
(6) And (3) sterilization: sterilizing the sealed cultivation bag at 121 deg.C under high pressure of 15kg/cm under high pressure and moist heat for 2 hr2Sterilizing, and cooling to 30 deg.C.
Secondly, preparing the black fungus breeder seeds:
the black fungus strain selected in the embodiment is black fungus No. 15 Heiwei which is deposited in the institute of microbiology of academy of sciences of Heilongjiang province. The preparation method of the black fungus breeder seeds comprises the following steps:
(1) preparing a mother culture medium: peeling and chopping 200g of potato, boiling to obtain potato juice, adding 20g of glucose, 15g of agar and H2O is constant volume to 1000 mL; heating the mother culture medium, and subpackaging the mother culture medium into test tubes of 20 × 180mm after agar is completely dissolved, wherein each test tube is subpackaged with 10 mL; sterilizing the subpackaged mother culture medium at 121 deg.C for 30min under high pressure and moist heat, placing the test tube after sterilizationCooling on a slope for later use.
(2) And (3) black fungus mother strain activation: inoculating black fungus strains into a test tube inclined plane in a super-clean workbench, and placing the inoculated test tube in a constant-temperature dark incubator at 25 ℃ for culturing for 15d to obtain an activated black fungus mother strain.
(3) Preparation of stock culture medium: weighing 78 parts of hardwood chips, 20 parts of bran, 1 part of lime and 1 part of gypsum according to parts by weight, uniformly mixing the weighed substances, adding water, turning over for 4 times, uniformly stirring, measuring the water content to reach 60%, and filling into a cultivation bag; sterilizing the stock culture medium cultivation bag under high pressure and moist heat at 121 deg.C for 2h, cooling to 30 deg.C after sterilization;
(4) inoculation: inoculating the activated black fungus mother seeds into cultivation bags according to aseptic operation conditions, and inoculating 6 cultivation bags for each test tube black fungus mother seed;
(5) culturing the black fungus stock: and culturing the inoculated culture bags for 35d under the constant-temperature and light-resistant culture condition of 25 ℃ to obtain the black fungus protospecies.
Thirdly, the process steps of the hemp stalk core cultivation substrate prepared by the embodiment for cultivating black fungus are as follows:
(1) inoculation: inoculating the black fungus stock seeds into the hemp stalk core culture medium according to aseptic operation conditions, and inoculating 50 culture bags for each bag of black fungus stock seeds.
(2) Hypha culture and after-ripening: and placing the inoculated culture medium in a culture room for culture, controlling the temperature to be 20-22 ℃ and the relative humidity of air to be 40-50%, keeping the room in a dark place, ventilating well, growing hypha in the culture bag after 50 days of culture, continuing to perform after-ripening culture in the culture room, controlling the temperature of the culture room to be 18-20 ℃, and culturing for 15 days. The post-maturation culture is a stage in which the hyphae continue to absorb and accumulate nutrients, and can further improve the late-stage ear emergence rate.
(3) Cutting the cultivation bag: and (3) pricking cultivation bags full of hyphae with an opener, wherein the hole type of the pricked cultivation bags is circular, the hole diameter is 0.3cm, the hole depth is 0.8-1.0 cm, and 240 pricks are formed in each bag.
(4) Accelerating germination: the cultivation bag is covered by the straw curtain after the puncture holes are covered, light rays enter the cultivation medium through the gaps of the straw curtain, the requirement of accelerating germination and scattering light irradiation can be met, and hyphae can be twisted to form earbuds. Controlling the temperature at 20 ℃ and the humidity at 85% during the germination accelerating period to obtain the black fungus cultivar.
(5) Ear emergence management; dividing the black fungus cultivation bags into beds after the black fungus buds grow to be uniform and grow to be 1cm, placing the black fungus cultivation bags on the fungus beds at a mutual distance of 10cm, exposing the black fungus outdoor to the ground, and watering by adopting micro-spraying water, wherein the relative humidity of air is 95% when watering is carried out, and the relative humidity of air is kept natural when no watering is carried out; the dry and wet growth of the fungus is alternatively beneficial to the growth of the fungus hypha and the fungus ear. And (3) supplying water for 3-5 times every day for 20-35 days when the ambient temperature is 20-25 ℃, so that the black fungus is mature. The water supply frequency and the water supply time are properly adjusted according to the weather.
(6) Harvesting and airing; harvesting when black fungus ears are fully stretched, roots are shrunk, the color of the black fungus ears is slightly changed to be eight minutes of maturity, and the size of the ears is 3.5-4.0 cm; placing the picked black fungus on a gauze, naturally airing the black fungus in the sun, controlling the airing thickness of the black fungus within 4cm when water on the surfaces of the ear pieces is evaporated and the ear pieces keep certain toughness, airing the black fungus for 2d, and bagging and storing the dried black fungus.
Example 2: the difference between the embodiment and the embodiment 1 is only that the raw materials and the parts by weight of the hemp stalk core cultivation medium in the embodiment are as follows: 82 parts of hemp stalk core, 8 parts of wheat bran, 5 parts of rice bran, 3 parts of bean flour, 1 part of lime and 1 part of gypsum.
Example 3: the difference between the embodiment and the embodiment 1 is only that the raw materials and the parts by weight of the hemp stalk core cultivation medium in the embodiment are as follows: 65 parts of hemp stalk core, 17 parts of wood dust, 8 parts of wheat bran, 5 parts of rice bran, 3 parts of bean flour, 1 part of lime and 1 part of gypsum.
Comparative example 1: the difference between the comparative example 1 and the example 1 is only that the black fungus culture medium in the comparative example 1 comprises the following raw materials in parts by weight: 78 parts of miscellaneous wood chips mainly comprising oak and birch, 20 parts of wheat bran, 1 part of lime and 1 part of gypsum.
The results of statistics of the pollution rate of the cultivation bags in the black fungus cultivation processes of the above example 2, example 3 and comparative example 1 show that the pollution rate of the black fungus cultivation bags cultivated by using the hemp stalk cores is 0.7%, the pollution rate of the black fungus cultivation bags cultivated by using the miscellaneous wood chips is 5.8%, and the pollution rate of the black fungus cultivated by using the hemp stalk cores is reduced by 5.1% compared with the pollution rate of the miscellaneous wood chips. The data fully indicate that the hemp stalk core culture medium has natural antibacterial property, and the special phenolic substances of the hemp stalk core have the inhibition effect on the growth and reproduction of mould, so that the mixed bacteria pollution rate in the black fungus culture process is reduced; the specific hollow microporous fiber structure of the hemp stem core can adsorb a large amount of oxygen, so that anaerobic bacteria are difficult to survive, and the hemp stem core also has the effect of inhibiting the anaerobic bacteria. Antibacterial drugs are not required to be added in the process of cultivating the black fungus by utilizing the hemp stalk cores, the whole cultivation process is green and pollution-free, and the yield, the quality and the planting benefit of the black fungus are improved.
The single-bag yield of black fungus in example 2 is 63.5 +/-3.4 g, the single-bag yield of example 3 is 62.1 +/-3.5 g, and the single-bag yield of comparative example 1 is 60.1 +/-2.8 g. According to the comparison of the output of the black fungus cultivated by the cultivation substrates with the three formulas, the hemp stalk core can replace all or part of the sawdust to be used as a cultivation raw material for cultivating the black fungus. Compared with the comparative example 1, the yield of the black fungus is slightly higher in the examples 2 and 3, which shows that the invention makes full use of the cellulose and lignin nutrition contained in the hemp stalk core, generates more micromolecule nutrient substances which are easy to be absorbed and utilized by the black fungus hypha in the stewing and stacking process, and the special hollow microporous fiber structure of the hemp stalk core has good air permeability, meets the strict requirement on oxygen in the black fungus growth process, and improves the yield of the black fungus.
The nutrient contents of the black fungus cultivated in example 2, example 3 and comparative example 1 were analyzed and compared, and the results are shown in table 1.
Table 1:
as can be seen from the table 1, the nutrient content of the black fungus prepared by the culture medium prepared by the hemp stalk cores and the process is higher than that of the mixed wood chip culture medium, and no cannabidiol or tetrahydrocannabinol is detected, so that the black fungus produced by the hemp stalk cores has higher nutrient value, is safe and nontoxic.