CN108703011B - Method for reducing trichoderma generation and improving yield in agaricus bisporus cultivation - Google Patents
Method for reducing trichoderma generation and improving yield in agaricus bisporus cultivation Download PDFInfo
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- CN108703011B CN108703011B CN201810524921.6A CN201810524921A CN108703011B CN 108703011 B CN108703011 B CN 108703011B CN 201810524921 A CN201810524921 A CN 201810524921A CN 108703011 B CN108703011 B CN 108703011B
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- 235000001674 Agaricus brunnescens Nutrition 0.000 title claims abstract description 39
- 241000223259 Trichoderma Species 0.000 title claims abstract description 21
- 241000222519 Agaricus bisporus Species 0.000 title claims abstract 9
- 239000001963 growth media Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 39
- 238000000855 fermentation Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 31
- 230000004151 fermentation Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 31
- 241000894007 species Species 0.000 claims abstract description 18
- 238000009264 composting Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 17
- 230000001954 sterilising Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 14
- 238000004659 sterilization and disinfection Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 13
- 238000003306 harvesting Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 11
- 238000011081 inoculation Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 10
- 238000009331 sowing Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims description 49
- 239000002361 compost Substances 0.000 claims description 45
- XSQUKJJJFZCRTK-UHFFFAOYSA-N urea Chemical compound NC(N)=O XSQUKJJJFZCRTK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 26
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 26
- 241000209140 Triticum Species 0.000 claims description 16
- 235000021307 wheat Nutrition 0.000 claims description 16
- 235000008733 Citrus aurantifolia Nutrition 0.000 claims description 14
- 235000015450 Tilia cordata Nutrition 0.000 claims description 14
- 235000011941 Tilia x europaea Nutrition 0.000 claims description 14
- 229910052602 gypsum Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 14
- 239000010440 gypsum Substances 0.000 claims description 14
- 239000004571 lime Substances 0.000 claims description 14
- 239000004202 carbamide Substances 0.000 claims description 13
- 239000004033 plastic Substances 0.000 claims description 12
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 claims description 11
- 239000010902 straw Substances 0.000 claims description 10
- 239000002689 soil Substances 0.000 claims description 9
- 238000004140 cleaning Methods 0.000 claims description 8
- 235000013312 flour Nutrition 0.000 claims description 8
- 230000001502 supplementation Effects 0.000 claims description 8
- 235000012970 cakes Nutrition 0.000 claims description 7
- 235000012343 cottonseed oil Nutrition 0.000 claims description 7
- 235000016068 Berberis vulgaris Nutrition 0.000 claims description 6
- 241000335053 Beta vulgaris Species 0.000 claims description 6
- 240000002791 Brassica napus Species 0.000 claims description 6
- 235000004977 Brassica sinapistrum Nutrition 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000002609 media Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 claims description 5
- 241001465382 Physalis alkekengi Species 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000004743 Polypropylene Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000005520 cutting process Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000009928 pasteurization Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- -1 polypropylene Polymers 0.000 claims description 4
- 229920001155 polypropylene Polymers 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 229920000742 Cotton Polymers 0.000 claims description 2
- 241000499912 Trichoderma reesei Species 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000003825 pressing Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 241001460073 Trichoderma asperellum Species 0.000 claims 1
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 abstract description 5
- 244000251953 Agaricus brunnescens Species 0.000 description 30
- 235000013339 cereals Nutrition 0.000 description 9
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 5
- 241000233866 Fungi Species 0.000 description 4
- 201000009910 diseases by infectious agent Diseases 0.000 description 4
- 240000007594 Oryza sativa Species 0.000 description 2
- 235000007164 Oryza sativa Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 235000007685 Pleurotus columbinus Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 240000001462 Pleurotus ostreatus Species 0.000 description 2
- 235000001603 Pleurotus ostreatus Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 240000006394 Sorghum bicolor Species 0.000 description 2
- 230000000052 comparative effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 2
- 235000019713 millet Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 235000009566 rice Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 238000005507 spraying Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000009423 ventilation Methods 0.000 description 2
- BFNBIHQBYMNNAN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ammonium sulfate Chemical compound N.N.OS(O)(=O)=O BFNBIHQBYMNNAN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 210000003608 Feces Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 240000005979 Hordeum vulgare Species 0.000 description 1
- 235000007340 Hordeum vulgare Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229910052921 ammonium sulfate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 235000011130 ammonium sulphate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 230000003712 anti-aging Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910000389 calcium phosphate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- ZBZJARSYCHAEND-UHFFFAOYSA-L calcium;dihydrogen phosphate;hydrate Chemical compound O.[Ca+2].OP(O)([O-])=O.OP(O)([O-])=O ZBZJARSYCHAEND-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
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Classifications
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G18/00—Cultivation of mushrooms
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G18/00—Cultivation of mushrooms
- A01G18/20—Culture media, e.g. compost
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G18/00—Cultivation of mushrooms
- A01G18/20—Culture media, e.g. compost
- A01G18/22—Apparatus for the preparation of culture media, e.g. bottling devices
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G18/00—Cultivation of mushrooms
- A01G18/30—Accessories for use before inoculation of spawn, e.g. sterilisers
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G18/00—Cultivation of mushrooms
- A01G18/50—Inoculation of spawn
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G18/00—Cultivation of mushrooms
- A01G18/70—Harvesting
Abstract
The invention relates to a method for reducing trichoderma cultivation of agaricus bisporus and improving yield, which comprises the following steps: 1) preparation of a culture medium of a cultivated species, 2) composting fermentation, 3) bagging, 4) sterilization, 5) inoculation and culture of the culture medium of the cultivated species, 6) preparation of a culture medium for fruiting, 7) tunnel fermentation, 8) secondary fermentation, 9) sowing, 10) spawn running, 11) earthing, 12) inducement of buds, 13) harvesting and 14) moisture transfer management. The method is simple, convenient and quick to operate, convenient to popularize and capable of reducing the problem of trichoderma.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to a technology for reducing the occurrence of edible mushroom cultivation trichoderma and improving the yield, in particular to a method for reducing the occurrence of agaricus bisporus cultivation trichoderma and improving the yield.
Background
The agaricus bisporus is the edible fungus which is most widely cultivated, has the highest yield and the largest consumption in the world, and has important economic value. Since the introduction of cultivation in the 30 th century in China, the cultivation has been promoted all over the country, wherein more cultivated areas are Fujian, Shandong, Henan and Zhejiang provinces, and the agaricus bisporus fungus has thick flesh, rich nutrition and large domestic consumption and export demand. The artificial cultivation generally adopts the growth on the substrate of full-granular grains such as wheat grains, rice, millet and the like, the pollution rate of strains is high, and the trichoderma infection is easy to occur after the sowing; after 1 tide of cultivation under an industrial condition, a large amount of trichoderma appears on the surface of the covering soil, which causes the yield reduction of mushroom farmers, and the production of industrial agaricus bisporus is greatly limited due to unstable cultivation yield and quality. Therefore, in order to improve the cultivation amount of the agaricus bisporus, adapt to the requirement of industrial planting and improve the biological efficiency, the method has important significance for the research of the agaricus bisporus on the technology of reducing the occurrence of the edible fungus cultivation trichoderma and improving the yield.
The key points of reducing trichoderma production in agaricus bisporus cultivation and improving yield are a strain culture medium formula, a cultivation material formula and a preparation method, and the methods for obtaining the strain culture medium formula are various, such as a wheat grain culture medium formula, a rice culture medium formula, a millet culture medium formula and a combination method. The specific production process flow is as follows: stock preparation → culture medium preparation → bagging → sterilization → cooling → inoculation → culture. There are many patents on the related art. For example, the invention name of CN104823712A is "an anti-aging agaricus bisporus kernel strain and a preparation method thereof" which discloses a method for preparing the strain by culturing a raw material consisting of barley or wheat, feces and river mud. No. CN103387471A discloses a method for cultivating agaricus bisporus by using cornstalks.
However, this cultivation method has problems: the strain pollution rate is high, and trichoderma infection is easy to occur after the sowing; the first tide has low biological efficiency and unstable cultivation yield and quality. Therefore, there is a need for a better method for reducing trichoderma reesei formation and increasing yield in agaricus bisporus cultivation.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to overcome the defects and provides a method for reducing trichoderma generated in agaricus bisporus cultivation and improving yield.
The purpose of the invention is realized by the following technical scheme:
a method for reducing trichoderma generated by agaricus bisporus cultivation and improving yield comprises the following steps:
1) preparing a culture medium of the cultivar: uniformly mixing 31-43% of cottonseed hulls, 3-15% of wheat flour, 1% of urea, 0.5% of lime, 0.5% of gypsum and 52% of water for matching;
2) composting and fermenting: composting and fermenting the culture medium of the cultivar in the step 1), raking the compost after 6d, loosening the compost, supplementing water, and composting and fermenting again; turning over after 4 days, supplementing water, and composting again for fermentation; raking the pile for later use after 3 d;
3) bagging: putting the fermentation medium obtained in the step 2) into a polypropylene plastic bag with a diagonal angle of 17cm multiplied by 36cm multiplied by 0.005cm till the position of 2 minutes of the bag height is reached, closing the bag, and sleeving a plastic lantern ring and a cover for matching;
4) and (3) sterilization: placing the culture medium of the cultivar in the step 3) into a basket and sterilizing in a pot, adopting high-pressure sterilization, firstly exhausting cold air in the pot, and raising the steam pressure to 0.14MPa (the temperature is 123-126 ℃) and keeping for 2-3 h;
5) inoculating and culturing a culture medium of the cultivar: taking out the culture medium of the cultivated species in the step 4), cooling, transferring into an inoculation chamber, inoculating according to aseptic operation, inoculating agaricus bisporus seeds, putting into a spawn running chamber after inoculation, setting the room temperature to be about 23 ℃, setting the air humidity to be 60%, culturing in the dark, and culturing for 30 days to obtain the agaricus bisporus cultivated species;
6) preparing a fruiting culture material: 15-20 percent of corncobs screened by a 4-mesh sieve, 11-16 percent of straws with the length of 5-10 cm, 1.5 percent of beet pulp, 1 percent of rapeseed cakes, 0.5 percent of urea, 0.5 percent of lime, 0.5 percent of gypsum and 65 percent of water are evenly mixed and matched;
7) tunnel fermentation: and (3) feeding the fruiting culture materials obtained in the step 6) into a tunnel by using a charging machine in combination with a throwing machine for primary fermentation, so that the temperature of the materials reaches and is kept at 70-80 ℃. The switching time is respectively the 4d th, 8d th and 11d th, and the switching is carried out for 3 times. Removing the compost 14d after the third transfer;
8) and (3) secondary fermentation: after the compost in the step 7) is put into a bin, increasing the wind speed to balance the material temperature, and maintaining for 6 hours after the material temperature reaches 45-48 ℃; after the material layer temperature is stable and consistent, gradually raising the material temperature to 58-60 ℃ at the speed of raising the material temperature by 1 ℃ per hour, and keeping the temperature for 8 hours; after pasteurization is finished, the temperature of the compost is reduced to about 48 ℃ within 10-12 h, the air quantity is adjusted through a frequency converter, internal circulation is carried out, and the ventilation valve is adjusted to maintain the temperature of the compost at 48-52 ℃ for 4-5 days. The secondary fermentation takes about 6-7 days, and the agaricus bisporus compost is obtained after the secondary fermentation is finished;
9) sowing: inoculating the agaricus bisporus cultivated species in the step 5) into the compost in the step 8), wherein the amount of the used seeds is 0.5-0.7% by weight of the compost;
10) spawn running: covering a layer of film on the compost obtained in the step 9), keeping the temperature at 20-25 ℃, keeping the temperature of the compost at 24-26 ℃, keeping the relative humidity of a mushroom house at about 90%, and keeping the spawn running time at 13-15 d;
11) and (3) covering soil: covering soil on the spawn running compost in the step 10), wherein the thickness is 4-4.5 cm, the temperature is maintained at 23-25 ℃, the temperature of the compost is maintained at 25-27 ℃, and the temperature is maintained for 10-13 days;
12) bud forcing: uniformly reducing the temperature of the material to 20 ℃ at a speed of 1 ℃ per day, reducing the temperature to about 18 ℃, adding fresh air, uniformly reducing the concentration of CO2 in the mushroom house to about 1000ppm per day, spraying mushroom water, and keeping for 6-7 days;
13) harvesting: harvesting in time when the fruiting body has a diameter of 2-4.5 cm, a complete, full, elastic and unopened mushroom shape and is not thin-skinned, wearing clean gloves during picking, slightly pressing downwards, and slightly rotating to harvest to avoid driving surrounding small mushrooms; cutting off the mushrooms with a clean cutter when picking the mushrooms, and putting the picked mushrooms into a plastic turnover box with air holes;
14) and (3) tide change management: the fruiting bed surface is flat, the environmental sanitation is kept, the second and third tide mushrooms are managed in the same way as the first tide, and each tide is 4-6 days until the end.
Preferably, the weight ratio of the cotton seed hulls in the step 1) is 36-41%, and the weight ratio of the wheat flour is 5-10%.
Preferably, the weight ratio of the corncobs which are sieved by the 4-mesh sieve in the step 6) is 15-18 percent, and the weight ratio of the straws is 13-16 percent.
Preferably, the weight ratio of each component of the culture medium of the cultivated species in the step 1) is as follows: 36% of cottonseed hulls, 10% of wheat flour, 1% of urea, 0.5% of lime, 0.5% of gypsum and 52% of water.
Preferably, the fruiting culture material in the step 6) comprises the following components in parts by weight: 15 percent of corncob sieved by a 4-mesh sieve, 16 percent of straw with the length of 10cm, 1.5 percent of beet pulp, 1 percent of rapeseed cake, 0.5 percent of urea, 0.5 percent of lime, 0.5 percent of gypsum and 65 percent of water.
The invention has the beneficial effects that:
1. the operation is simple, convenient and quick, and the problem of trichoderma is reduced; the invention adopts mixed cultivated species, the inoculation success rate is more than 99 percent, and the pollution rate reaches 2 to 8 percent under most conditions of common culture medium inoculation; the trichoderma infection rate after sowing is below 2%, and the trichoderma infection of a wheat grain culture medium is up to more than 5%; the mixed cultivar uses 15% of wheat grains at most, and the wheat grain culture medium uses at least 40% of wheat grains, so that the grain is greatly saved, and the mixed cultivar is practical and easy to popularize.
2. The invention adopts corncob and straw to produce the mushroom culture material, improves the biological efficiency of the first tide of mushroom, can reach more than 20 percent, has about 10 to 15 percent of common culture material, effectively utilizes corncob, and has obvious economic benefit and ecological benefit.
3. According to the method, the occurrence of trichoderma in agaricus bisporus cultivation is reduced, infrastructure can be fully utilized, a large number of agaricus bisporus fruiting bodies can be quickly obtained, the method is suitable for industrial production, 4-6 batches of agaricus bisporus can be produced every year, and the method is also suitable for cultivation under natural conditions.
Detailed Description
The present invention will be described in further detail with reference to the following examples, but the present invention is not limited thereto.
Example 1
1) Preparing a culture medium of the cultivar: and under the natural climate condition, preparing a culture medium of the cultivar for 7-9 months. 41% of cottonseed hull, 5% of wheat flour, 1% of urea, 0.5% of lime, 0.5% of gypsum and 52% of water, and uniformly mixing and matching.
2) Composting and fermenting: composting and fermenting the culture medium of the cultivar in the step 1), raking the compost after 6d, loosening the compost, supplementing water, and composting and fermenting again; turning over after 4 days, supplementing water, and composting again for fermentation; and 3d, raking the pile, and loosening the pile for later use.
3) Bagging: filling the fermentation medium in the step 2) into a polypropylene plastic bag with the specification of 17cm multiplied by 36cm multiplied by 0.005cm diagonal angle to 2 minutes of the height of the bag, closing the bag, sleeving a plastic lantern ring and a cover on the bag, and matching.
4) And (3) sterilization: and (3) placing the culture medium of the cultivar in the step 3) into a basket and a pot for sterilization, adopting high-pressure sterilization, firstly exhausting cold air in the pot, and raising the steam pressure to 0.14MPa (the temperature is 123-126 ℃) and keeping for 2-3 h.
5) Inoculating and culturing a culture medium of the cultivar: taking out the culture medium of the cultivated species in the step 4), cooling, transferring into an inoculation chamber, and inoculating according to aseptic operation. Inoculating Agaricus bisporus seed, inoculating, placing into a bacteria-growing chamber, setting room temperature at about 23 deg.C, air humidity at 60%, and culturing in dark. And culturing for 30 days to obtain the agaricus bisporus cultivated species.
6) Preparing a fruiting culture material: 15 percent of corncob sieved by a 4-mesh sieve, 16 percent of straw with the length of 10cm, 1.5 percent of beet pulp, 1 percent of rapeseed cake, 0.5 percent of urea, 0.5 percent of lime, 0.5 percent of gypsum and 65 percent of water are mixed and matched.
7) Tunnel fermentation: and (3) carrying out primary fermentation on the fruiting culture materials in the step 6) to ensure that the material temperature reaches and is kept at 70-80 ℃. The pile turning time is respectively 4d, 8d and 11d, and the conversion is carried out for 3 times. The compost is removed at 14d after the third turn.
8) And (3) secondary fermentation: after the compost in the step 7) is put into a bin, increasing the wind speed to balance the material temperature, and maintaining for 6 hours after the material temperature reaches 45-48 ℃; after the material layer temperature is stable and consistent, gradually raising the material temperature to 58-60 ℃ at the speed of raising the material temperature by 1 ℃ per hour, and keeping the temperature for 8 hours; after pasteurization is finished, the temperature of the compost is reduced to about 48 ℃ within 10-12 hours, and the temperature of the compost is maintained for 4-5 days at 48-52 ℃. And (5) taking 6-7 days for secondary fermentation, and obtaining the agaricus bisporus culture material after finishing the secondary fermentation.
9) Sowing: inoculating the agaricus bisporus cultivated species obtained in the step 5) into the compost obtained in the step 8), wherein the amount of the agaricus bisporus cultivated species is 0.5-0.7% by weight of the compost.
10) Spawn running: covering a layer of film on the bed surface when the mushroom is cultured in the step 9), keeping the temperature at 20-25 ℃, keeping the material temperature at 24-26 ℃, keeping the relative humidity of the mushroom house at about 90%, and keeping the mushroom growing time at 13-15 days.
11) And (3) covering soil: covering soil on the spawn running compost in the step 10), wherein the thickness is 4-4.5 cm, the temperature is maintained at 23-25 ℃, the temperature of the compost is maintained at 25-27 ℃, and the temperature is maintained for 10-13 days.
12) Bud forcing: uniformly cooling the material temperature to 20 deg.C at a rate of 1 deg.C per day, cooling the air temperature to about 18 deg.C, adding fresh air, and introducing CO into mushroom house every day2The concentration is reduced evenly and finally reduced to about 1000ppmAnd (4) spraying mushroom water, and keeping for 6-7 days.
13) Harvesting: and harvesting timely when the fruiting bodies have the diameter of 2-4.5 cm, complete, full and elastic mushroom shapes and are not opened and thin-skinned mushrooms are not formed. When picking, the user wears clean gloves, presses downwards slightly and then rotates slightly to pick the mushrooms around, so that the mushrooms around are prevented from being driven; when picking the Pleurotus Ostreatus, cutting off with clean cutter. The picked mushrooms are put into a plastic turnover box with air holes.
14) And (3) tide change management: the bed surface after fruiting is smooth, and the environmental sanitation is kept. And performing mushroom fruiting management of the second and third tide mushrooms and the first tide, wherein each tide is 4-6 days until the end.
Example 2
1) Preparing a culture medium of the cultivar: the culture medium of the cultivar can be prepared according to the annual requirement in the industrial facility production. 36% of cottonseed hull, 10% of wheat flour, 1% of urea, 0.5% of lime, 0.5% of gypsum and 52% of water, and uniformly mixing for use.
2) Composting and fermenting: composting and fermenting the culture medium of the cultivar in the step 1), raking the compost after 6d, loosening the compost, supplementing water, and composting and fermenting again; turning over after 4 days, supplementing water, and composting again for fermentation; and 3d, raking the pile, and loosening the pile for later use.
3) Bagging: filling the fermentation medium in the step 2) into a polypropylene plastic bag with the specification of 17cm multiplied by 36cm multiplied by 0.005cm diagonal angle to 2 minutes of the height of the bag, closing the bag, sleeving a plastic lantern ring and a cover on the bag, and matching.
4) And (3) sterilization: and (3) placing the culture medium of the cultivar in the step 3) into a basket and a pot for sterilization, adopting high-pressure sterilization, firstly exhausting cold air in the pot, and raising the steam pressure to 0.14MPa (the temperature is 123-126 ℃) and keeping for 2-3 h.
5) Inoculating and culturing a culture medium of the cultivar: taking out the culture medium of the cultivated species in the step 4), cooling, transferring into an inoculation chamber, and inoculating according to aseptic operation. Inoculating Agaricus bisporus seed, inoculating, placing into a bacteria-growing chamber, setting room temperature at about 23 deg.C, air humidity at 60%, and culturing in dark. And culturing for 30 days to obtain the agaricus bisporus cultivated species.
6) Preparing a fruiting culture material: the mushroom culture material can be produced according to the annual requirement in factory production. 18 percent of corncobs screened by a 4-mesh sieve, 13 percent of straws with the length of 5cm, 1.5 percent of beet pulp, 1 percent of rapeseed cakes, 0.5 percent of urea, 0.5 percent of lime, 0.5 percent of gypsum and 65 percent of water are mixed and matched.
7) Tunnel fermentation: and (3) feeding the fruiting culture materials obtained in the step 6) into a tunnel by using a charging machine in combination with a throwing machine for primary fermentation, so that the temperature of the materials reaches and is kept at 70-80 ℃. The switching time is respectively the 4d th, 8d th and 11d th, and the switching is carried out for 3 times. The compost is removed 14d after the third transfer.
8) And (3) secondary fermentation: after the compost in the step 7) is put into a bin, increasing the wind speed to balance the material temperature, and maintaining for 6 hours after the material temperature reaches 45-48 ℃; after the material layer temperature is stable and consistent, gradually raising the material temperature to 58-60 ℃ at the speed of raising the material temperature by 1 ℃ per hour, and keeping the temperature for 8 hours; after pasteurization is finished, the temperature of the compost is reduced to about 48 ℃ within 10-12 h, the air quantity is adjusted through a frequency converter, internal circulation is carried out, and the ventilation valve is adjusted to maintain the temperature of the compost at 48-52 ℃ for 4-5 days. And (5) taking 6-7 days for secondary fermentation, and obtaining the agaricus bisporus culture material after finishing the secondary fermentation.
9) Sowing: inoculating the agaricus bisporus cultivated species obtained in the step 5) into the compost obtained in the step 8), wherein the amount of the agaricus bisporus cultivated species is 0.5-0.7% by weight of the compost.
10) Spawn running: covering a layer of film on the bed surface when the mushroom is cultured in the step 9), keeping the temperature at 20-25 ℃, keeping the material temperature at 24-26 ℃, keeping the relative humidity of the mushroom house at about 90%, and keeping the mushroom growing time at 13-15 days.
11) And (3) covering soil: covering soil on the spawn running compost in the step 10), wherein the thickness is 4-4.5 cm, the temperature is maintained at 23-25 ℃, the temperature of the compost is maintained at 25-27 ℃, and the temperature is maintained for 10-13 days.
12) Bud forcing: uniformly cooling the material temperature to 20 deg.C at a rate of 1 deg.C per day, cooling the air temperature to about 18 deg.C, adding fresh air, and introducing CO into mushroom house every day2The concentration is reduced evenly and finally reduced to about 1000ppm, and mushroom water is sprayed out and kept for 6-7 days.
13) Harvesting: and harvesting timely when the fruiting bodies have the diameter of 2-4.5 cm, complete, full and elastic mushroom shapes and are not opened and thin-skinned mushrooms are not formed. When picking, the user wears clean gloves, presses downwards slightly and then rotates slightly to pick the mushrooms around, so that the mushrooms around are prevented from being driven; when picking the Pleurotus Ostreatus, cutting off with clean cutter. The picked mushrooms are put into a plastic turnover box with air holes.
14) And (3) tide change management: the bed surface after fruiting is smooth, and the environmental sanitation is kept. And performing mushroom fruiting management of the second and third tide mushrooms and the first tide, wherein each tide is 4-6 days until the end.
Test example 3 (comparative test between the method of the present invention and conventional cultivation method)
Test site: test is established at Zhejiang province agricultural academy of sciences edible fungus laboratory
Test time: 2016-2017
And (3) experimental design:
1) repeating the culture medium for 3 times in 500 bags for each of two different cultivars;
2) the two different fruiting culture materials are 50m each2Repeating the steps for 3 times;
3) the invention was tested in the same manner as in example 2;
4) the conventional cultivation method adopts a culture medium formula of cultivars: mixing 5% of cottonseed hull, 42% of wheat grain, 0.5% of lime, 0.5% of gypsum and 52% of water, preparing into culture medium, bagging and autoclaving. The fruiting culture material formula comprises 30% of straw, 2% kg of vegetable cake, 0.5% of urea, 0.4% of ammonium sulfate, 0.7% of calcium superphosphate, 0.7% of gypsum, 0.7% of lime and 65% of water. The rest of the operation was the same as in example 2 above.
5) The results of the comparative tests of the method of the invention and the conventional cultivation method are shown in the following table:
Claims (5)
1. a method for reducing trichoderma generated by agaricus bisporus cultivation and improving yield is characterized by comprising the following steps:
1) preparing a culture medium of the cultivar: uniformly mixing 31-43% of cottonseed hulls, 3-15% of wheat flour, 1% of urea, 0.5% of lime, 0.5% of gypsum and 52% of water for matching;
2) composting and fermenting: composting and fermenting the culture medium of the cultivar in the step 1), raking the compost after 6d, loosening the compost, supplementing water, and composting and fermenting again; turning over after 4 days, supplementing water, and composting again for fermentation; raking the pile for later use after 3 d;
3) bagging: putting the fermentation medium obtained in the step 2) into a polypropylene plastic bag with a diagonal angle of 17cm multiplied by 36cm multiplied by 0.005cm till the position of 2 minutes of the bag height is reached, closing the bag, and sleeving a plastic lantern ring and a cover for matching;
4) and (3) sterilization: putting the culture medium of the cultivar in the step 3) into a basket and putting the culture medium into a pot for sterilization, adopting high-pressure sterilization, firstly exhausting cold air in the pot, raising the steam pressure to 0.14MPa, and keeping the temperature at 123-126 ℃ for 2-3 h;
5) inoculating and culturing a culture medium of the cultivar: taking out the culture medium of the cultivated species in the step 4), cooling, transferring into an inoculation chamber, inoculating according to aseptic operation, inoculating agaricus bisporus seeds, putting into a spawn running chamber after inoculation, setting the room temperature to be about 23 ℃, setting the air humidity to be 60%, culturing in the dark, and culturing for 30 days to obtain the agaricus bisporus cultivated species;
6) preparing a fruiting culture material: 15-20 percent of corncobs screened by a 4-mesh sieve, 11-16 percent of straws with the length of 5-10 cm, 1.5 percent of beet pulp, 1 percent of rapeseed cakes, 0.5 percent of urea, 0.5 percent of lime, 0.5 percent of gypsum and 65 percent of water are evenly mixed and matched;
7) tunnel fermentation: feeding the fruiting compost obtained in the step 6) into a tunnel by a charging machine in cooperation with a throwing machine for primary fermentation, enabling the temperature of the compost to reach and keep 70-80 ℃, respectively carrying out conversion for 3 times in the 4 th, 8 th and 11 th days, and removing the compost in the 14 th day after the third time of warehouse conversion;
8) and (3) secondary fermentation: after the compost in the step 7) is put into a bin, increasing the wind speed to balance the material temperature, and maintaining for 6 hours after the material temperature reaches 45-48 ℃; after the material layer temperature is stable and consistent, gradually raising the material temperature to 58-60 ℃ at the speed of raising the material temperature by 1 ℃ per hour, and keeping the temperature for 8 hours; after pasteurization is finished, the temperature of the materials is reduced to about 48 ℃ within 10-12 h, the air quantity is adjusted through a frequency converter, internal circulation is carried out, the temperature of the culture materials is maintained at 48-52 ℃ for 4-5 d by adjusting a vent valve, the time of secondary fermentation is about 6-7 d, and the culture materials of the agaricus bisporus are obtained after the secondary fermentation is finished;
9) sowing: inoculating the agaricus bisporus cultivated species in the step 5) into the compost in the step 8), wherein the amount of the used seeds is 0.5-0.7% by weight of the compost;
10) spawn running: covering a layer of film on the compost obtained in the step 9), keeping the temperature at 20-25 ℃, keeping the temperature of the compost at 24-26 ℃, keeping the relative humidity of a mushroom house at about 90%, and keeping the spawn running time at 13-15 d;
11) and (3) covering soil: covering soil on the spawn running compost in the step 10), wherein the thickness is 4-4.5 cm, the temperature is maintained at 23-25 ℃, the temperature of the compost is maintained at 25-27 ℃, and the temperature is maintained for 10-13 days;
12) bud forcing: uniformly cooling the material temperature to 20 deg.C at a rate of 1 deg.C per day, cooling the air temperature to about 18 deg.C, adding fresh air, and introducing CO into mushroom house every day2The concentration is reduced in a balanced manner, the concentration is finally reduced to about 1000ppm, and the mushroom water is sprayed out and kept for 6-7 d;
13) harvesting: harvesting in time when the fruiting body has a diameter of 2-4.5 cm, a complete, full, elastic and unopened mushroom shape and is not thin-skinned, wearing clean gloves during picking, slightly pressing downwards, and slightly rotating to harvest to avoid driving surrounding small mushrooms; cutting off the mushrooms with a clean cutter when picking the mushrooms, and putting the picked mushrooms into a plastic turnover box with air holes;
14) and (3) tide change management: the fruiting bed surface is flat, the environmental sanitation is kept, the second and third tide mushrooms are managed in the same way as the first tide, and each tide is 4-6 days until the end.
2. The method for reducing the occurrence of trichoderma reesei cultivated by agaricus bisporus and improving the yield according to claim 1, wherein the weight ratio of the cotton seed hulls in the step 1) is 36-41%, and the weight ratio of the wheat flour is 5-10%.
3. The method for reducing the occurrence of trichoderma bisporus cultivation and improving the yield of the trichoderma bisporus according to claim 1, wherein the weight ratio of the corncobs which are sieved by the 4-mesh sieve in the step 6) is 15-18%, and the weight ratio of the straws is 13-16%.
4. The method for reducing trichoderma bisporus cultivation occurrence and improving yield according to claim 1, wherein the weight ratio of each component of the cultivation medium in the step 1) is as follows: 36% of cottonseed hulls, 10% of wheat flour, 1% of urea, 0.5% of lime, 0.5% of gypsum and 52% of water.
5. The method for reducing trichoderma asperellum cultivation occurrence and improving yield of agaricus bisporus according to claim 1, wherein the weight ratio of each component of the fruiting culture material in the step 6) is as follows: 15 percent of corncob sieved by a 4-mesh sieve, 16 percent of straw with the length of 10cm, 1.5 percent of beet pulp, 1 percent of rapeseed cake, 0.5 percent of urea, 0.5 percent of lime, 0.5 percent of gypsum and 65 percent of water.
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| CN110268918A (en) * | 2019-06-05 | 2019-09-24 | 凤台县香玉园食用菌种植专业合作社 | Culture medium is used in a kind of growth of agaricus bisporus |
| CN111328633B (en) * | 2020-03-11 | 2022-06-21 | 杭州市农业科学研究院 | Agaricus bisporus casing material and preparation method thereof |
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