CN111788989A - Method for interplanting stropharia rugoso-annulata under apple forest - Google Patents
Method for interplanting stropharia rugoso-annulata under apple forest Download PDFInfo
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
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Abstract
The method for interplanting stropharia rugoso-annulata under apple trees comprises the following steps: preparing a cultivation material and pre-wetting the mixed material, wherein the cultivation material comprises corn cob, apple branch scraps, wheat bran, rice hull, straw and quicklime, preparing the cultivation material according to a formula, transferring the prepared cultivation material to a material mixing field, dissolving the quicklime in a water tank, uniformly spraying dissolved quicklime water on a built material pile to pre-wet the material pile, uniformly stirring without dry materials, and tightly piling; stacking and prewetting straws; building a pile, after piling and sealing, scattering bran on the surface of the pile, uniformly stirring, performing whole pile forming, and covering a plastic film after the whole pile forming; fermenting, namely, after stacking, turning the stacks inside and outside for fermentation; and (3) interplanting stropharia rugoso-annulata in the apple forest by adopting the fermented cultivation nutrient material. The method takes the collected waste materials for cultivating the stropharia rugoso-annulata as the organic fertilizer source of the orchard to deeply turn back to the field on the spot, and realizes a virtuous circle mode of 'cultivating the fungi by the fruits and promoting the fruits by the fungi'; perfects the high-efficiency matching cultivation technology for interplanting stropharia rugoso-annulata in apple trees.
Description
The technical field is as follows:
the invention relates to the technical field of mushroom planting, in particular to a method for interplanting stropharia rugoso-annulata under an apple forest.
Background art:
stropharia rugoso-annulata, also known as Stropharia rugoso-annulata, Stropharia rugoso-annulata are one of ten mushroom species in the international edible mushroom market and are also the mushroom species recommended to be planted to developing countries by the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United nations. Stropharia rugosoannulata belongs to the field of straw rotting fungi, and is a novel rare and rare edible fungus variety. The fresh mushrooms are bright in color, crisp, tender and smooth in meat quality, fragrant in dried product smell, delicious in taste, rich in nutrition and high in economic value, and contain various amino acids. Because of the characteristics of extensive growth factors, strong adaptability, rich sources of cultivation raw materials, simple cultivation technology, short production period, low production cost, high added value and the like, the cultivation method has large-area cultivation in Fujian, Zhejiang, Jiangxi, Shaanxi, Liaoning places and the like in China, and is often interplanted among other crops to form a three-dimensional cultivation structure, thereby generating better economic benefit. Therefore, the introduction adaptability test of the stropharia rugoso-annulata has important significance for enriching the edible fungus species.
Meanwhile, the fruit tree is one of important post industries in Ningxia, and plays a great role in adjusting agricultural industrial structures and increasing income of farmers in our area. The natural conditions for developing the apple production in Ningxia yellow irrigation areas are extremely unique, the photo-thermal resources are rich, and the produced fruits are bright in color, high in sugar content, strong in taste, storage-resistant and light in pollution. Since the liberation, apples in our area have developed from the inexistence, especially through the rapid development of the last 80, 90 and recent years, the production of apples has been on an initial scale, and the area reaches more than 76 mu of ten thousand. According to the growth characteristics of apple trees and stropharia rugoso-annulata, forest land resource development and utilization are combined, forest economy is developed, and the method has important significance for promoting healthy and sustainable development of apple industry and edible mushroom industry in our area. The cultivation of the edible fungi under the forest is one of the understory economy, and the forest land and the edible fungi mutually benefit and supplement each other. On one hand, the forest land is a good place for edible fungus propagation, the forest land provides conditions such as sun shading, oxygen, proper temperature and humidity, soil nutrients and the like for the edible fungi, and waste branches and the like trimmed by fruit trees can be used as cultivation raw materials of the edible fungi; on the other hand, the fungus dregs generated by planting the edible fungi and the like can be used as sources of orchard fertilizers; the edible fungi can reduce environmental pollution by utilizing fruit tree wastes; meanwhile, after the edible fungi are planted, the soil on the ground surface under the forest can be protected, the water can be favorably stored, and the problems of water loss, soil erosion and the like can be reduced. Edible fungi are used as traditional forest by-products, and compared with other artificial cultivation methods, the cultivation method under trees has the characteristics of low cost and simple management, so that the three-dimensional cultivation mode for cultivating the mushrooms under the trees is developed vigorously in our area, the land utilization rate is improved, good ecological benefit and economic benefit can be realized, and the method is a practice of circular agriculture in the aspect of fruit trees.
The invention content is as follows:
in view of the above, there is a need for a method for interplanting stropharia rugoso-annulata under apple trees.
A method for interplanting stropharia rugoso-annulata under apple trees comprises the following steps:
preparing a cultivation material and pre-wetting the mixed material, wherein the cultivation material contains quicklime, transferring the cultivation material to a material mixing field after the cultivation material is prepared, dissolving the quicklime in the cultivation material into a water tank, uniformly spraying dissolved quicklime water on a built material pile to pre-wet the material pile, and piling the material pile without dry materials, so that the material pile is stuffy, and piling and pre-wetting the straws, and turning the material pile if the straws are heated;
building a pile, spreading bran in the cultivation material on the surface of the pile for stacking after piling is tight, and covering a plastic film after the whole pile is formed;
fermenting, namely, after stacking, turning the stacks inside and outside for fermentation;
and (3) interplanting stropharia rugoso-annulata in the apple forest by adopting the fermented cultivation nutrient material.
Preferably, the cultivation material used in the method for interplanting stropharia rugoso-annulata under apple trees is one or more of cultivation material S1, cultivation material S2, cultivation material S3 and cultivation material S4;
the cultivation material S1 comprises the following raw materials in percentage by weight: 40% of corncobs, 40% of rice hulls, 9% of wheat bran, 10% of straws and 1% of quicklime;
the cultivation material S2 comprises the following raw materials in percentage by weight: 30% of corncobs, 50% of rice hulls, 9% of wheat bran, 10% of straws and 1% of quicklime;
the cultivation material S3 comprises the following raw materials in percentage by weight: 35% of corncobs, 35% of rice hulls, 9% of wheat bran, 10% of straws, 10% of apple branch scraps and 1% of quicklime;
the cultivation material S4 comprises the following raw materials in percentage by weight: 45% of corncobs, 44% of rice hulls, 10% of straws and 1% of quick lime.
Preferably, the dry and pollution-free cultivation material is firstly transferred to a material mixing field, then the cultivation material is piled into a material pile with the bottom width of 1.5m, the top width of 1.2m, the height of 1m and the length of no limitation, the weight ratio of the cultivation material to water is 1: 1.6-1.7, then quicklime is dissolved in a water tank, the usage amount of the quicklime is 1% of that of the cultivation material, the quicklime is fully stirred and dissolved, ash and slag are not filtered out and are uniformly sprayed on the built material pile, all raw materials are thoroughly pre-wetted, no dry material exists, the water content of the cultivation material reaches 60% -70%, the straw is piled and pre-wetted, and the straw is fully watered with water every day, if the straw is heated, the straw is turned over and piled. Preferably, during pile building, bran is scattered on the surface of a pile, then the perforated ventilation long pipes are buried in the center of the pile 20cm away from the ground along the pile length direction of the pile, the perforated ventilation vertical pipes are arranged every 50-80 cm while the pile is turned over, the bottoms of the ventilation vertical pipes are close to the ventilation long pipes, pipe heads on the upper portions of the vertical pipes are exposed out of the top of the pile, after the pile building is completed, pointed wooden sticks with the diameter of 4.5-5.5 cm are used for perforating holes on side slopes of the pile to the bottom at intervals of 0.45-0.55 m, and the whole pile is formed.
Preferably, 1 d-2 d of materials after pile building are heated to 66-70 ℃ for internal and external pile turning, then the temperature reaches 66-70 ℃ for pile turning again, when pile turning is carried out, the clinker and hot materials in a high-temperature area and the cold materials in a ground corner cold area are exchanged, meanwhile, the surface materials with the thickness of 4.5-5.5 cm on the surface of the high-temperature area on the top of the pile are scraped into the hot material area after pile turning, the pile turning process is carried out in sections, each section is 50-60 cm long, after each section is scraped and ground corner cold materials are cleaned, cold material fine foam on the ground is cleaned by sweeping, then hot material edge sealing is carried out, in this way, circulation is repeated, the ventilation vertical pipe is continuously clamped in the center of the pile, the whole pile is swept after pile turning is finished, side slope punching and film covering are carried out; turning over the pile once for 24-48 h according to the method, turning over for 2-3 times in total, adjusting the pH value to 6-7, fermenting for 7-10 d, accumulating the material temperature at 66-70 ℃ for 96-120 h, and finishing the fermentation.
Preferably, the fermented cultivation nutrient material is adopted, and the interplanting of the stropharia rugoso-annulata in the apple forest is divided into the interplanting of the stropharia rugoso-annulata in the apple forest in spring and the interplanting of the stropharia rugoso-annulata in the apple forest in autumn.
Preferably, the method for interplanting stropharia rugoso-annulata under the apple forest in spring comprises the following steps:
preparing a cultivation material at 3-4 months;
firstly, weeding, soil preparation and irrigation are carried out on apple forest lands, planting cells are arranged, a position 1m to 1.2m away from a trunk is provided with two rows of ditches, pedestrian passageways of 45cm to 55cm are reserved among the ditches, each ditch is 10cm to 15cm deep, 65cm to 75cm wide and land length is long, pesticides are uniformly scattered on the ground surface, then 3.5cm to 4.5cm of soil is covered, and quicklime is uniformly scattered on the surface to prepare for cultivating stropharia rugoso-annulata;
inoculating, namely spreading the fermented cultivation material in a ditch among the rows of the treated apple trees, then removing bags from the cultivation seeds, breaking the cultivation seeds into blocks, and inoculating by a dibbling method;
covering soil, beating and compacting the cultivation material after inoculation, and then covering soil on two sides of a ditch between rows of the apple trees;
covering grass, after covering soil, spreading the treated rice grass on the grass, and then carrying out hypha culture;
laying a drip irrigation tape; and (3) mycelium stage management, shading culture, moisture preservation and ventilation are carried out, and 28-32 days are required from soil covering to fruiting in spring.
Managing fruiting stage, and strengthening moisture-keeping and ventilation measures.
Harvesting, namely continuously harvesting 3-4 batches of mushrooms;
processing, drying stropharia rugoso-annulata in the shade or drying naturally, and making into a dry product for sale;
and (3) pest control, namely selecting fresh and dried raw materials in the cultivation of raw materials of stropharia rugoso-annulata, and solarizing for disinfection before cultivation.
Preferably, in the method for interplanting stropharia rugoso-annulata under apple forest in spring, a layer of cultivation material with the thickness of 10cm is paved firstly, a quincunx dibbling method is adopted for inoculation, the distance between every two holes is 10 cm-12 cm, then a layer of cultivation material is covered, a layer of strain is inoculated, finally a layer of cultivation material is covered, namely two layers of strains are arranged on the three layers of cultivation material, and the height of the total material pile (strain bed) after inoculation is not more than 30 cm;
covering soil, beating and compacting the cultivation material after inoculation, wherein the material pile is in a ladder shape, then covering soil on two sides of a ditch between apple tree rows, the thickness of the soil is 3-5 cm, and beating and compacting;
covering grass, after covering soil, spreading the treated rice grass on the surface, wherein the thickness of the rice grass is 3-5 cm, and then performing hypha culture;
laying drip irrigation belts, using pollution-free underground water or tap water, wherein the water quality is the drinking water standard, laying a micro-spray drip irrigation belt on each bacteria bed, inserting a spray head every 1-1.5 m, and the length of the drip irrigation belt is consistent with that of the bacteria bed;
performing mycelium stage management, performing shading culture, inserting a bamboo pole into the ground, and tying shading nets with the width of 6m and the length of 45 m-55 m on the bamboo pole 55 cm-65 cm away from the ground in sequence; the temperature of the reactor in the spawn running period is required to be within the range of 20-30 ℃, and the most suitable temperature is 23-27 ℃; turning the upper half part of the grass pile for 2-3 days after pile building, if the pile temperature exceeds 32 ℃, sprinkling water, and after 2-3 days, rearranging the grass pile, preferably reseeding strains; keeping the covering straw curtain wet for the first 20 days, and spraying water when the hypha amount on the mushroom bed occupies above 1/2 of the culture material, such as the straw on the mushroom bed surface is dry and white;
managing fruiting stage, strengthening moisture preservation and ventilation measures, and keeping the covering and soil layer in a moist state, wherein water spraying time is generally before 11 am and 4 pm. Fine-fog spray irrigation is carried out in fine sunny days, and the relative humidity of the ridge surface is controlled to be 80% -90%; water is not sprayed in rainy days. The fruiting suitable temperature of the stropharia rugoso-annulata is 14-25 ℃. When the temperature is lower than 14 ℃, the covering should be thickened and the water spraying reduced to increase the material temperature. When water spraying, ventilation, mushroom picking and other works are carried out in the fruiting period, the covering is often turned over, and the covering is lightly taken and lightly placed in the management process to prevent small mushroom buds from being damaged.
Harvesting, wherein the mushroom cap is in a harvesting period when the mushroom cap is not opened and is bell-shaped, when the mushroom cap is harvested, the mushroom stem is grasped by fingers to rotate, the other hand is used for pressing the substrate to be pulled upwards, and mycorrhiza with soil is removed;
performing post-harvest management, namely after a batch of mushrooms are harvested, supplementing the water content of the culture materials, cultivating the mushrooms and producing the mushrooms, and starting producing a second batch of mushrooms after 10-12 days, wherein 3-4 batches of mushrooms can be continuously harvested by the same management method as the first batch of mushrooms;
processing, drying stropharia rugoso-annulata in the shade or drying naturally, and making into a dry product for sale;
pest control, selecting fresh and dried raw material in the cultivation of raw material of stropharia rugoso-annulata, and sterilizing by solarization before cultivation; if the coprinus comatus is found during cultivation, the coprinus comatus needs to be removed and burnt or buried deeply in time to prevent the nutrients in the materials from being consumed and spread.
Preferably, the method for interplanting stropharia rugoso-annulata under autumn apple trees comprises the following steps:
starting to prepare materials in the last ten days of 9 months to the last ten days of 10 months;
inoculating, covering soil and covering grass, wherein the method for inoculating, covering soil and covering grass by interplanting stropharia rugoso-annulata in autumn apple forests is the same as the method for inoculating, covering soil and covering grass by interplanting stropharia rugoso-annulata in spring apple forests;
after the soil covering is finished, laying the well-processed rice straw on the soil, and then carrying out overwintering management;
laying micro-spray drip irrigation tapes, and using pollution-free underground water or tap water;
managing in winter, namely, when planting in autumn and the temperature is lower than zero, managing in winter, laminating, and stopping spraying water;
covering the material pile completely during film covering, and sealing the two sides with soil;
secondary inoculation, wherein the autumn cultivation needs the secondary inoculation, the mulching film, the straws, the soil and the cultivation material are sequentially placed at two sides in 4 months in the next year, the cultivated seeds are separated from bags and broken into blocks, and the dibbling method is adopted for inoculation. 10. The method for interplanting stropharia rugoso-annulata under an apple forest as claimed in claim 9, wherein: in the method for interplanting stropharia rugoso-annulata under apple trees in autumn, after covering soil, well treated rice straws are laid on the soil, the thickness of the rice straws is 3 cm-5 cm, and then overwintering management is carried out;
laying micro-spraying drip irrigation belts, using pollution-free underground water or tap water, wherein the water quality is the drinking water standard, laying a micro-spraying drip irrigation belt on each bacteria bed, inserting a spray head every 1.0-1.5 m ampere, and the length of the micro-spraying drip irrigation belt is consistent with that of the bacteria bed;
managing in winter, namely, when planting in autumn and the temperature is lower than zero, managing in winter, laminating, and stopping spraying water;
covering the material pile completely during film covering, sealing the two sides with soil, and pressing the soil on the material pile every 2.5-3 m;
secondary inoculation, wherein the autumn cultivation needs the secondary inoculation, mulching films, straws, soil and cultivation materials are sequentially placed on two sides in 4 months in the next year, the cultivation seeds are separated from bags and broken into blocks, the plum blossom shaped dibbling method is adopted for inoculation, the distance between the holes is 10 cm-12 cm, the cultivation materials, the soil, the straws and the mulching films on the two sides are sequentially covered on the planting seeds, water is sprayed before covering, the straws, the soil and the cultivation materials are sprayed with moisture, and the moisture content reaches 55% -65%. When the hypha grows to two thirds of the cultivation material, the mulching film is uncovered for about 10-15 days, and management of hypha stage and fruiting stage is carried out.
The method takes the collected waste materials for cultivating the stropharia rugoso-annulata as the organic fertilizer source of the orchard to deeply turn back to the field on the spot, and realizes a virtuous circle mode of 'cultivating the fungi by the fruits and promoting the fruits by the fungi'; perfects the high-efficiency matching cultivation technology for interplanting stropharia rugoso-annulata in apple trees. Under the environmental condition of apple forests, agricultural and forestry byproducts such as apple branch scraps, rice hulls, corncobs, wheat bran, straws and the like are fully utilized as cultivation raw materials to produce stropharia rugosoannulata, an optimal formula is screened out, and the yield of the stropharia rugosoannulata is effectively improved.
Description of the drawings:
FIG. 1 is a comparative schematic diagram of the four formula yields of Stropharia rugoso-annulata 1 cultivated in autumn in 2017;
FIG. 2 is a comparative graph showing the yields of four formulas for cultivation of Stropharia rugosoannulata 2 in autumn of 2017;
FIG. 3 is a comparative graph of the four formula yields of Stropharia rugoso-annulata 1 cultivated in spring of 2018;
FIG. 4 is a comparative graph of four formula yields for Stropharia rugoso-annulata 2 cultivated in spring of 2018;
FIG. 5 is a comparison graph of biological conversion rates of four formulas for cultivation of Stropharia rugosoannulata 1 in autumn of 2017;
FIG. 6 is a comparison graph of biological conversion rates of four formulas for cultivation of Stropharia rugosoannulata 2 in autumn of 2017;
FIG. 7 is a comparative graph showing the biological conversion rates of four formulas for the cultivation of Stropharia rugoso-annulata 1 in spring of 2018;
FIG. 8 is a comparative graph showing the biological conversion rates of four formulations for the cultivation of Stropharia rugosoannulata 2 in spring of 2018;
in the figure: formula 1 is compost S1, formula 2 is compost S2, formula 3 is compost S3, and formula 4 is compost S4.
The specific implementation mode is as follows:
the method for interplanting stropharia rugoso-annulata under apple trees comprises the following steps:
preparing a cultivation material, wherein the cultivation material used in the method for interplanting stropharia rugoso-annulata under apple trees is one or more of cultivation material S1, cultivation material S2, cultivation material S3 and cultivation material S4;
the cultivation material S1 comprises the following raw materials in percentage by weight: 40% of corncobs, 40% of rice hulls, 9% of wheat bran, 10% of straws and 1% of quicklime;
the cultivation material S2 comprises the following raw materials in percentage by weight: 30% of corncobs, 50% of rice hulls, 9% of wheat bran, 10% of straws and 1% of quicklime;
the cultivation material S3 comprises the following raw materials in percentage by weight: 35% of corncobs, 35% of rice hulls, 9% of wheat bran, 10% of straws, 10% of apple branch scraps and 1% of quicklime;
the cultivation material S4 comprises the following raw materials in percentage by weight: 45% of corncobs, 44% of rice hulls, 10% of straws and 1% of quicklime;
preparing raw materials and pre-wetting and stirring the materials, transferring the prepared cultivation materials to a mixing field, piling the cultivation materials into a material pile, dissolving lime in a water tank, uniformly spraying dissolved lime water on the built material pile to pre-wet the material pile without dry materials, piling the material pile tightly, and piling the straws for pre-wetting, if the straws are heated, turning the pile;
building a pile, after tight piling, scattering bran on the surface of the pile, arranging perforated ventilation long pipes along the pile length direction of the pile and buried in the center of the pile 20cm high from the ground, turning the pile while arranging the perforated ventilation vertical pipes every 50-80 cm, enabling the bottoms of the ventilation vertical pipes to be close to the ventilation long pipes, exposing the pipe heads at the upper parts of the vertical pipes out of the top of the pile, after the pile is built, drilling holes to the bottom of the side slope of the pile every 0.45-0.55 m by using pointed wooden sticks with the diameter of 4.5-5.5 cm, and forming the whole pile;
fermenting, rising the temperature of 1 d-2 d materials after building the pile to 66-70 ℃ for internal and external pile turning, then turning the pile again when the temperature reaches 66-70 ℃, during pile turning, exchanging the clinker and hot materials of a high-temperature area with the cold materials of a ground corner cold area, simultaneously scraping the surface materials with the thickness of 4.5-5.5 cm on the surface of the high-temperature area on the top of the pile into the hot material area after pile turning, performing the pile turning process in sections, wherein each section is 50-60 cm long, after scraping the surface and cleaning the cold materials of the ground corner, sweeping the cold material fine foam on the ground by a broom, then performing hot material edge sealing, repeating the circulation, continuously clamping a ventilation vertical pipe at the center of the pile, sweeping the whole pile after turning, drilling holes on a side slope, and covering a film; turning over the pile once for 24-48 h according to the method, turning over for 2-3 times in total, adjusting the pH value to 6-7, fermenting for 7-10 d, accumulating the material temperature at 66-70 ℃ to 96-120 h, and finishing the fermentation;
inoculating, namely paving fermented cultivation nutrient materials in a ditch among rows of the treated apple trees, wherein the depth of the ditch is 10-12 cm, paving a layer of cultivation material with the thickness of 10cm, then bagging the cultivation seeds, breaking the cultivation seeds into blocks with the size of chicken eggs, inoculating by adopting a quincunx dibbling method, covering a layer of cultivation material, inoculating a layer of strain, and covering a layer of cultivation material, namely two layers of strains of three layers of cultivation materials, wherein the total material pile (strain bed) height after inoculation is not more than 30 cm;
covering soil, after inoculating, lightly patting and compacting the cultivation nutrient materials by using a shovel, wherein the material pile is in a ladder shape, then covering soil on two sides of the ditch with the thickness of 3-5 cm, and lightly patting and compacting by using the shovel;
covering grass, after covering soil, spreading the treated rice grass on the surface, wherein the thickness of the rice grass is 3-5 cm, and then performing hypha culture;
laying drip irrigation belts, using pollution-free underground water or tap water, paving a micro-spray drip irrigation belt on each bacteria bed when the water quality reaches the national drinking water standard, inserting a spray head every 1-1.5 m ampere, and ensuring that the length of the spray head is consistent with that of the bacteria bed;
performing mycelium stage management, performing shading culture, inserting a bamboo pole into the ground, and tying a shading net with the width of 6m and the length of 45 m-55 m on the bamboo pole with the shading density of 80-85% in sequence about 60cm away from the ground; the temperature of the reactor in the spawn running period is required to be within the range of 20-30 ℃, the most suitable temperature is 23-27 ℃, and therefore hyphae grow fast and robust; after the heap is built and sowed, regularly observing the heap temperature every morning and afternoon so as to take heat preservation or ventilation measures in time and prevent the abnormal phenomenon of the heap temperature; after 2-3 days of pile building, obviously raising the pile temperature, if the temperature exceeds 32 ℃, turning the upper half part of the grass pile, spraying water, after 2-3 days, rearranging the grass pile, and preferably replanting a part of strains; the front 20d does not spray water or sprays little water generally, and the covering straw curtain is kept wet; when the amount of the mycelium on the mushroom bed is obviously increased and occupies more than 1/2 of the culture material, if the straw on the surface of the mushroom bed is dried and becomes white, water is properly sprayed;
and (3) fruiting stage management, wherein about 30 days are needed from soil covering to fruiting in spring, the management of the stage is mainly used for moisturizing and strengthening ventilation, the covering and soil layer are kept in a moist state, and water spraying time is generally before 11 am and after 4 pm. The fine fog is frequently sprayed in sunny days, excessive water is avoided, and water is particularly prevented from flowing into a material layer; controlling the relative humidity of the ridge surface to be 80% -90% so as to promote fruiting; when a large amount of fruiting bodies are generated on the ridge surface, the ventilation quantity needs to be increased; the fruiting suitable temperature of the stropharia rugoso-annulata is 14-25 ℃, and the stropharia rugoso-annulata cannot grow if the temperature is lower than 4 ℃. In order to increase the yield of mushrooms and produce good mushrooms, when the temperature is lower than 14 ℃, the covering should be thickened and the water spraying should be reduced so as to increase the temperature of the material. When water spraying, ventilation, mushroom picking and other works are carried out in the fruiting period, the covering is often turned over, and the covering is lightly taken and lightly placed in the management process to prevent small mushroom buds from being damaged;
harvesting, wherein the period of harvesting is proper when the pileus is coiled inwards and is not unfolded and the pileus is bell-shaped. When picking up mushroom, grasping the stipe with fingers and slightly rotating for several times, pressing the substrate with the other hand and pulling up, removing the mycorrhiza with soil and then marketing;
performing post-harvest management, namely after a batch of mushrooms are harvested, supplementing the water content of the culture materials, cultivating the mushrooms and producing the mushrooms, and starting producing a second batch of mushrooms after 10-12 days, wherein 3-4 batches of mushrooms can be continuously harvested by the same management method as the first batch of mushrooms;
processing, drying stropharia rugoso-annulata in the shade or drying naturally, and making into dry product for sale;
pest control, wherein the main competitive mixed bacteria in the cultivation of the stropharia rugoso-annulata raw material are coprinus comatus and excrement bowls, and are mainly brought into propagation by poor forage, so the selected forage is fresh and dry, and is subjected to solarization and disinfection before cultivation; if the coprinus comatus is found during cultivation, the coprinus comatus needs to be removed and burnt or buried deeply in time to prevent the nutrients in the materials from being consumed and spread; the stropharia rugoso-annulata has strong resistance, and the breeding of other mixed bacteria can be inhibited only by carefully controlling the temperature and the water in the early stage of cultivation, so that the hyphae grow vigorously and vigorously.
The method for interplanting stropharia rugoso-annulata under apple trees comprises a spring interplanting method and an autumn interplanting method, wherein the spring interplanting method comprises the following steps: preparing materials at 3-4 months, and fruiting at the bottom of 5 months;
the method is implemented by various technologies such as sterilization treatment of the forest cultivation land, selection of strains, preparation of the culture material, fermentation of the culture material, indexes such as water content, pH value, fermentation temperature and fermentation time, material paving and inoculation of the forest land, earthing, grass covering, micro-spraying drip irrigation tape laying, mycelium stage management, fruiting body stage management, harvesting, pest control and the like; taking a four-year-old Fuji tree as an example, the plant row spacing is 2m multiplied by 4 m; firstly, carrying out field management work such as weeding, soil preparation, irrigation and the like on apple forest lands, arranging planting cells when water is irrigated to land, arranging two rows of ditches 1-1.2 m away from a trunk, leaving pedestrian passageways 45-55 cm between the ditches, uniformly scattering pesticide on the ground surface, covering 3.5-4.5 cm of soil, uniformly scattering quick lime on the surface, and preparing to cultivate stropharia rugosoannulata, wherein each ditch is 10-15 cm deep, 65-75 cm wide and 10-15 cm long and is the length of a land parcel;
the method for interplanting in autumn comprises the following steps: preparing materials at the bottom of 9 months to the beginning of 10 months, and fruiting in the beginning of 5 months in the next year; performing demonstration work on various technologies such as sterilization treatment of a forest land, selection of strains, preparation of a culture material or a culture substrate, fermentation of the culture material, indexes such as water content, pH value, fermentation temperature and fermentation time, spreading and inoculation of the forest land, earthing, grass covering, overwintering management, secondary inoculation, mycelium stage management, fruiting body stage management, harvesting, pest control and the like;
the land preparation and sterilization technology of the apple forest land is the same as the interplanting method in spring;
the selection technology of the cultivated species is the same as the method of spring interplanting;
the method of inoculation, soil covering and grass covering is the same as the method of interplanting in spring;
laying micro-spraying drip irrigation belts, using pollution-free underground water or tap water, wherein the water quality reaches the national drinking water standard, laying a micro-spraying drip irrigation belt on each bacteria bed, inserting a spray head every 1-1.5 m, and the length of each spray head is consistent with that of each bacteria bed;
overwintering management, namely performing winter management when the temperature is lower than zero during autumn planting, mainly performing film covering, and stopping water spraying; covering the material pile (bacterial bed) completely during film covering, sealing the two sides with soil, and slightly pressing a spade soil on the material pile every 2.5-3 m;
secondary inoculation, wherein the autumn cultivation needs the secondary inoculation, mulching films, straws, soil and cultivation materials are sequentially placed on two sides in 4 months in the next year, the cultivation seeds are separated from bags and broken into blocks, the plum blossom shaped dibbling method is adopted for inoculation, the distance between the holes is 10 cm-12 cm, the cultivation materials, the soil, the straws and the mulching films on the two sides are sequentially covered on the planting seeds, water is sprayed before covering, the straws, the soil and the cultivation materials are sprayed with moisture, and the moisture content reaches 55% -65%. When the hypha grows to two thirds of the cultivation material, the mulching film is uncovered for about 10-15 days, and management of hypha stage and fruiting stage is carried out.
The method takes the collected waste materials for cultivating the stropharia rugoso-annulata as the organic fertilizer source of the orchard to deeply turn back to the field on the spot, and realizes a virtuous circle mode of 'cultivating the fungi by the fruits and promoting the fruits by the fungi'; perfects the high-efficiency matching cultivation technology for interplanting stropharia rugoso-annulata in apple trees.
The technology for proportioning the agricultural and forestry wastes as the nutrient material for cultivating the stropharia rugoso-annulata comprises the following steps: under the environmental condition of apple forests, agricultural and forestry byproducts such as apple branch scraps, rice hulls, corncobs, wheat bran, straws and the like are fully utilized as cultivation raw materials to produce stropharia rugosoannulata, and the optimal formula is selected to be 40% of corncobs, 40% of rice hulls, 9% of wheat bran, 1% of quicklime and 10% of straws.
In the embodiment of the invention, the stropharia rugoso-annulata mother seeds 4 of stropharia rugoso-annulata No. 1, stropharia rugoso-annulata No. 2, stropharia rugoso-annulata No. 3 and stropharia rugoso-annulata No. 4 are selected, and 2 varieties, namely stropharia rugoso-annulata No. 1 and stropharia rugoso-annulata No. 2, are screened out through propagation of the mother seeds and the stock seeds to demonstrate the excellent and new variety.
In the method for interplanting stropharia rugoso-annulata under apple trees, the method for interplanting stropharia rugoso-annulata under apple trees is mainly implemented in two different seasons, namely spring and autumn.
Cultivating in spring, preparing materials at 3-4 months, and fruiting at the bottom of 5 months; the method is implemented by various technologies such as sterilization treatment of the forest cultivation land, selection of strains, preparation of cultivation materials, fermentation of culture materials, indexes such as water content, pH value, fermentation temperature and fermentation time, material paving and inoculation of the forest land, soil covering, grass covering, micro-spray drip irrigation tape laying, mycelium stage management, fruiting body stage management, harvesting, pest control and the like.
Cultivating in autumn, preparing materials at the bottom of 9 months to 10 months, and fruiting in 5 months in the next year; overwintering management and secondary inoculation are required. The method is implemented mainly from the sterilization treatment of the cultivation forest land, the selection of strains, the preparation of cultivation materials or cultivation substrates, the fermentation of culture materials, the indexes of water content, pH value, fermentation temperature, fermentation time and the like, the spreading inoculation, soil covering, grass covering, overwintering management, secondary inoculation, mycelium stage management, fruiting body stage management, harvesting, pest control and the like of the forest land;
compared with other artificial cultivation methods, the under-tree cultivation method adopted by two technologies in different seasons has the characteristics of low cost and simple management, and not only can the land utilization rate be improved and the soil fertility be increased, but also the apple yield can be improved and the comprehensive economic benefit of the apple orchard can be increased.
The method for interplanting stropharia rugoso-annulata under apple trees provided by the invention is adopted for interplanting in autumn in 2017 and in spring in 2018, and the implementation effect of interplanting is as follows:
the test demonstration area in autumn in 2017 is 5 mu, the test demonstration area in spring in 2018 is 7 mu, and the cumulative test demonstration area in two years reaches 12 mu.
The growth conditions of the mycelia of stropharia rugoso-annulata cultivated in autumn with different formulas in 2017 are shown in tables 2 and 3:
TABLE 12017 autumn cultivation of Stropharia rugosoannulata 1 mycelium growth condition investigation
Note: + + + + + indicates vigorous growth of hyphae; + + + indicates a vigorous growth of hyphae; + indicates the general growth of hyphae; + indicates poor hyphal growth. Indicates strong disease resistance; indicates strong disease resistance; disease resistance is general; indicates weak disease resistance;
as can be seen from table 1: the pollution rates of 4 formulas for cultivating stropharia rugoso-annulata 1 in autumn in 2017 are all 0%, which indicates that the anti-pollution capacity of the stropharia rugoso-annulata is strong; 4 formula hyphae of the stropharia rugoso-annulata 1 grow vigorously and have strong disease resistance; the full-growth time of 4 formula hyphae of stropharia rugoso-annulata 1 is from fast to slow in sequence: formula 2, formula 4, formula 1 and formula 3; the budding time of 4 formulas of the stropharia rugoso-annulata 1 is from fast to slow in sequence: formulation 2> formulation 1, formulation 4> formulation 3.
TABLE 22017 survey of hypha growth of Stropharia rugosoannulata 2 cultured in autumn according to different formulas
Note: + + + + + indicates vigorous growth of hyphae; + + + indicates a vigorous growth of hyphae; + indicates the general growth of hyphae; + indicates poor hyphal growth. Indicates strong disease resistance; indicates strong disease resistance; disease resistance is general; indicates weak disease resistance;
from tables 1, 2, it can be derived: the pollution rates of 4 formulas for cultivating stropharia rugoso-annulata 1 in autumn and 4 formulas for cultivating stropharia rugoso-annulata 2 in 2017 are both 0%, which indicates that the anti-pollution capacity is strong; the hyphae grow vigorously and have strong disease resistance; the full growth time of the hyphae of the 4 formulas of the stropharia rugoso-annulata 1 and the hyphae of the 4 formulas of the stropharia rugoso-annulata 2 are in the following sequence from fast to slow: formula 2, formula 4, formula 1 and formula 3, but the full growth time of the hyphae of the formula 1 of the stropharia rugoso-annulata is lower than that of the formula 4 of the stropharia rugoso-annulata 2, which indicates that the hyphae growth speed of the stropharia rugoso-annulata 1 is higher than that of the stropharia rugoso-annulata 2 during the hypha growth period; the budding time of the 4 formulas of the stropharia rugoso-annulata 1 and the budding time of the 4 formulas of the stropharia rugoso-annulata 2 are in the following sequence from fast to slow: formula 2> formula 1, formula 4> formula 3, but the budding time of 4 formulas of stropharia rugoso-annulata 1 is lower than that of 4 formulas of stropharia rugoso-annulata 2, which indicates that the budding time of stropharia rugoso-annulata 1 is lower than that of stropharia rugoso-annulata 2 during the budding period.
The growth conditions of the mycelia of stropharia rugoso-annulata cultivated in spring of 2018 with different formulas are investigated, as shown in tables 3 and 4:
as can be seen from table 3: the pollution rates of 4 formulas for cultivating stropharia rugoso-annulata 1 in 2018 spring are all 0%, which indicates that the anti-pollution capacity is strong; 4 formula hyphae of the stropharia rugoso-annulata 1 grow vigorously and have strong disease resistance; the full-growth time of 4 formula hyphae of stropharia rugoso-annulata 1 is from fast to slow in sequence: formula 2, formula 4, formula 1 and formula 3; the budding time of 4 formulas of the stropharia rugoso-annulata 1 is from fast to slow in sequence: formulation 2> formulation 1, formulation 4> formulation 3.
Investigation of hypha growth of Stropharia rugosoannulata 1 with different formulas cultivated in spring of 32018 years
Note: + + + + + indicates vigorous growth of hyphae; + + + indicates a vigorous growth of hyphae; + indicates the general growth of hyphae; + indicates poor hyphal growth. Indicates strong disease resistance; indicates strong disease resistance; disease resistance is general; indicates weak disease resistance;
table 42018 years of investigation of hypha growth of Stropharia rugosoannulata 2 cultivated in spring with different formulations
Note: + + + + + indicates vigorous growth of hyphae; + + + indicates a vigorous growth of hyphae; + indicates the general growth of hyphae; + indicates poor hyphal growth. Indicates strong disease resistance; indicates strong disease resistance; disease resistance is general; indicates weak disease resistance;
from table 4, it can be derived: the pollution rates of 4 formulas for cultivating stropharia rugoso-annulata 2 in 2018 spring are all 0%, which indicates that the anti-pollution capacity is strong; 4 formula hyphae of the stropharia rugoso-annulata 2 grow vigorously and have strong disease resistance; the full-growth time of 4 formula hyphae of the stropharia rugoso-annulata 2 is in the sequence from fast to slow: formula 2, formula 4, formula 1 and formula 3; the budding time of 4 formulas of the stropharia rugoso-annulata 2 is from fast to slow in sequence: formulation 2> formulation 1, formulation 4> formulation 3.
From tables 3 and 4, it can be seen that: the pollution rates of 4 formulas for cultivating stropharia rugoso-annulata 1 in spring and 4 formulas for cultivating stropharia rugoso-annulata 2 in 2018 are both 0%, which indicates that the anti-pollution capacity is strong; the hyphae grow vigorously and have strong disease resistance; the full growth time of the hyphae of the 4 formulas of the stropharia rugoso-annulata 1 and the hyphae of the 4 formulas of the stropharia rugoso-annulata 2 are in the following sequence from fast to slow: formula 2, formula 4, formula 1 and formula 3, but the full growth time of the hyphae of the formula 1 of the stropharia rugoso-annulata is lower than that of the formula 4 of the stropharia rugoso-annulata 2, which indicates that the hyphae growth speed of the stropharia rugoso-annulata 1 is higher than that of the stropharia rugoso-annulata 2 during the hypha growth period; the budding time of the 4 formulas of the stropharia rugoso-annulata 1 and the budding time of the 4 formulas of the stropharia rugoso-annulata 2 are in the following sequence from fast to slow: formula 2> formula 1, formula 4> formula 3, but the budding time of 4 formulas of stropharia rugoso-annulata 1 is lower than that of 4 formulas of stropharia rugoso-annulata 2, which indicates that the budding time of stropharia rugoso-annulata 1 is lower than that of stropharia rugoso-annulata 2 during the budding period.
2017 investigation of yield of Stropharia rugosoannulata cultivated in autumn with different formulas
As can be seen in fig. 1: the four formula yields of the stropharia rugoso-annulata 1 cultivated in autumn in 2017 are in turn from high to low: formulation 1> formulation 2> formulation 3> formulation 4, the yield of formulation 1 was the highest.
From fig. 2, it follows that: the four formula yields of the stropharia rugoso-annulata 2 cultivated in autumn in 2017 are in turn from high to low: formulation 1> formulation 2> formulation 3> formulation 4, the yield of formulation 1 was the highest.
From fig. 1, fig. 2, it follows: the yield of 4 formulas of stropharia rugoso-annulata cultivated in autumn in 2017, namely 1 stropharia rugoso-annulata or 2 stropharia rugoso-annulata, is in the sequence from high to low: formula 1, formula 2, formula 3, formula 4, formula 1 is the highest; with the same formula, the yield of the stropharia rugoso-annulata 1 is higher than that of the stropharia rugoso-annulata 2, which indicates that the stropharia rugoso-annulata 1 is superior to the stropharia rugoso-annulata 2.
2018 yield survey of stropharia rugoso-annulata cultivated in spring with different formulas
From fig. 3, it follows: the four formula yields of the stropharia rugoso-annulata 1 cultivated in the spring of 2018 are in the following sequence from high to low: formulation 1> formulation 2> formulation 3> formulation 4, the yield of formulation 1 was the highest.
From fig. 4, it follows: the four formula yields of the stropharia rugoso-annulata 2 cultivated in the spring of 2018 are in the following sequence from high to low: formulation 1> formulation 2> formulation 3> formulation 4, the yield of formulation 1 was the highest.
As can be seen from fig. 3 and 4: the yield of 4 formulas of stropharia rugoso-annulata cultivated in 2018 spring, namely 1 stropharia rugoso-annulata or 2 stropharia rugoso-annulata, is from high to low: formula 1, formula 2, formula 3, formula 4, formula 1 is the highest; with the same formula, the yield of the stropharia rugoso-annulata 1 is higher than that of the stropharia rugoso-annulata 2, which indicates that the stropharia rugoso-annulata 1 is superior to the stropharia rugoso-annulata 2.
2017 investigation of biological efficiency of cultivating stropharia rugoso-annulata with different formulas in autumn:
from fig. 5, it follows: the biological conversion rates of the four formulas for cultivating stropharia rugoso-annulata 1 in autumn in 2017 are in sequence from high to low: formulation 1> formulation 2> formulation 3> formulation 4, the yield of formulation 1 was the highest.
From fig. 6, it follows: the biological conversion rates of the four formulas for cultivating stropharia rugoso-annulata 2 in autumn in 2017 are in sequence from high to low: formulation 1> formulation 2> formulation 3> formulation 4, the yield of formulation 1 was the highest.
As can be seen from fig. 5 and 6: the biological conversion rates of 4 formulas of stropharia rugoso-annulata cultivated in autumn in 2017, namely 1 stropharia rugoso-annulata or 2 stropharia rugoso-annulata are sequentially from high to low: formula 1, formula 2, formula 3, formula 4, formula 1 is the highest; with the same formula, the yield of the stropharia rugoso-annulata 1 is higher than that of the stropharia rugoso-annulata 2, which indicates that the stropharia rugoso-annulata 1 is superior to the stropharia rugoso-annulata 2.
2018 survey on biological efficiency of cultivating stropharia rugoso-annulata with different formulas in spring
From fig. 7, it follows: the biological conversion rates of the four formulas for cultivating stropharia rugoso-annulata 1 in spring of 2018 are in sequence from high to low: formulation 1> formulation 2> formulation 3> formulation 4, the yield of formulation 1 was the highest.
From fig. 8, it follows: the biological conversion rates of the four formulas for cultivating stropharia rugoso-annulata 2 in spring of 2018 are in sequence from high to low: formulation 1> formulation 2> formulation 3> formulation 4, the yield of formulation 1 was the highest.
As can be seen from fig. 7 and 8: the biological conversion rates of 4 formulas of stropharia rugoso-annulata cultivated in 2018 spring, namely 1 stropharia rugoso-annulata or 2 stropharia rugoso-annulata are sequentially from high to low: formula 1, formula 2, formula 3, formula 4, formula 1 is the highest; with the same formula, the yield of the stropharia rugoso-annulata 1 is higher than that of the stropharia rugoso-annulata 2, which indicates that the stropharia rugoso-annulata 1 is superior to the stropharia rugoso-annulata 2.
In conclusion, the yield and the biological conversion rate of the stropharia rugoso-annulata 1 are slightly higher than those of the stropharia rugoso-annulata 2, and the performances are equivalent. The yield and biological conversion rate of the formula 1 (40% of corncobs, 40% of rice husks, 9% of wheat bran, 1% of quicklime and 10% of straws) are higher than those of other formulas whether the cultivation is performed in autumn or spring.
Therefore, under the environmental condition of apple forests, agricultural and forestry byproducts such as apple branch scraps, rice hulls, corncobs, wheat bran, straws and the like are fully utilized as cultivation raw materials to produce the stropharia rugosoannulata, and the optimal formula is selected to be 40% of corncobs, 40% of rice hulls, 9% of wheat bran, 1% of quicklime and 10% of straws.
Claims (10)
1. A method for interplanting stropharia rugoso-annulata under apple trees is characterized by comprising the following steps: the method for interplanting stropharia rugoso-annulata under apple trees comprises the following steps:
preparing a cultivation material and pre-wetting the mixed material, wherein the cultivation material contains quicklime, transferring the cultivation material to a material mixing field after the cultivation material is prepared, dissolving the quicklime in the cultivation material into a water tank, uniformly spraying dissolved quicklime water on a built material pile to pre-wet the material pile, and piling the material pile without dry materials, so that the material pile is stuffy, and piling and pre-wetting the straws, and turning the material pile if the straws are heated;
building a pile, spreading bran in the cultivation material on the surface of the pile for stacking after piling is tight, and covering a plastic film after the whole pile is formed;
fermenting, namely, after stacking, turning the stacks inside and outside for fermentation;
and (3) interplanting stropharia rugoso-annulata in the apple forest by adopting the fermented cultivation nutrient material.
2. The method for interplanting stropharia rugoso-annulata under an apple forest as claimed in claim 1, wherein: the cultivation material used in the method for interplanting stropharia rugoso-annulata under apple trees is one or more of cultivation material S1, cultivation material S2, cultivation material S3 and cultivation material S4;
the cultivation material S1 comprises the following raw materials in percentage by weight: 40% of corncobs, 40% of rice hulls, 9% of wheat bran, 10% of straws and 1% of quicklime;
the cultivation material S2 comprises the following raw materials in percentage by weight: 30% of corncobs, 50% of rice hulls, 9% of wheat bran, 10% of straws and 1% of quicklime;
the cultivation material S3 comprises the following raw materials in percentage by weight: 35% of corncobs, 35% of rice hulls, 9% of wheat bran, 10% of straws, 10% of apple branch scraps and 1% of quicklime;
the cultivation material S4 comprises the following raw materials in percentage by weight: 45% of corncobs, 44% of rice hulls, 10% of straws and 1% of quick lime.
3. The method for interplanting stropharia rugoso-annulata under an apple forest as claimed in claim 2, wherein: firstly transferring the dried pollution-free cultivation material into a material mixing field, piling the cultivation material into a material pile with the bottom width of 1.5m, the top width of 1.2m, the height of 1m and the unlimited length, wherein the weight ratio of the cultivation material to water is 1: 1.6-1.7, then dissolving quicklime in a water tank, wherein the usage amount of the quicklime is 1% of the weight of the cultivation material, fully stirring and dissolving, filtering off ash residues, uniformly spraying the filtered ash residues on the built material pile to ensure that all raw materials are thoroughly pre-wetted without dry materials, so that the water content of the cultivation material reaches 60% -70%, piling, pre-wetting straw piles, thoroughly watering the straw piles by water, and turning over the piles if the water is heated every day.
4. The method for interplanting stropharia rugoso-annulata under an apple forest as claimed in claim 3, wherein: when building a pile, spreading bran on the surface of the pile, embedding the perforated ventilation long pipes into the center of the pile 20cm away from the ground along the pile length direction of the pile, arranging one perforated ventilation vertical pipe every 50-80 cm while turning the pile, enabling the bottom of the ventilation vertical pipe to be close to the ventilation long pipe, exposing the pipe head at the upper part of the vertical pipe out of the top of the pile, after building the pile, drilling holes to the bottom of the pile side slope at intervals of 0.45-0.55 m by using a pointed wooden stick with the diameter of 4.5-5.5 cm, and forming the whole pile.
5. The method for interplanting stropharia rugoso-annulata under an apple forest as claimed in claim 4, wherein: heating 1 d-2 d materials after building the pile to 66-70 ℃ for internal and external pile turning, then turning the pile again when the temperature reaches 66-70 ℃, during pile turning, exchanging the clinker and hot materials of a high-temperature area with the cold materials of a ground corner cold area, scraping the surface skin materials with the thickness of 4.5-5.5 cm on the surface skin of the high-temperature area on the top of the pile into the hot material area after pile turning, performing pile turning in sections, wherein each section is 50-60 cm long, after scraping the skin and cleaning the cold materials of the ground corner, sweeping the fine foam of the cold materials on the ground by using a broom, then performing edge sealing on the hot materials, repeating the circulation, continuously clamping a ventilation vertical pipe at the center of the pile, sweeping the whole pile after turning, punching holes on a side slope and coating a film; turning over the pile once for 24-48 h according to the method, turning over for 2-3 times in total, adjusting the pH value to 6-7, fermenting for 7-10 d, accumulating the material temperature at 66-70 ℃ for 96-120 h, and finishing the fermentation.
6. The method for interplanting stropharia rugoso-annulata under an apple forest as claimed in claim 5, wherein: the method for interplanting stropharia rugoso-annulata in apple forest by adopting fermented cultivation nutrient materials comprises the steps of interplanting stropharia rugoso-annulata in apple forest in spring and interplanting stropharia rugoso-annulata in apple forest in autumn.
7. The method for interplanting stropharia rugoso-annulata under an apple forest as claimed in claim 6, wherein: the method for interplanting stropharia rugoso-annulata under the apple forest in spring comprises the following steps:
preparing a cultivation material at 3-4 months;
firstly, weeding, soil preparation and irrigation are carried out on apple forest lands, planting cells are arranged, a position 1m to 1.2m away from a trunk is provided with two rows of ditches, pedestrian passageways of 45cm to 55cm are reserved among the ditches, each ditch is 10cm to 15cm deep, 65cm to 75cm wide and land length is long, pesticides are uniformly scattered on the ground surface, then 3.5cm to 4.5cm of soil is covered, and quicklime is uniformly scattered on the surface to prepare for cultivating stropharia rugoso-annulata;
inoculating, namely spreading the fermented cultivation material in a ditch among the rows of the treated apple trees, then removing bags from the cultivation seeds, breaking the cultivation seeds into blocks, and inoculating by a dibbling method;
covering soil, beating and compacting the cultivation material after inoculation, and then covering soil on two sides of a ditch between rows of the apple trees;
covering grass, after covering soil, spreading the treated rice grass on the grass, and then carrying out hypha culture;
laying a drip irrigation tape; performing mycelium stage management, performing shading culture, moisturizing and ventilating, wherein 28-32 days are required from soil covering to fruiting in spring;
managing fruiting stages, and strengthening moisture retention and ventilation measures;
harvesting, namely continuously harvesting 3-4 batches of mushrooms;
processing, drying stropharia rugoso-annulata in the shade or drying naturally, and making into a dry product for sale;
and (3) pest control, namely selecting fresh and dried raw materials in the cultivation of raw materials of stropharia rugoso-annulata, and solarizing for disinfection before cultivation.
8. The method for interplanting stropharia rugoso-annulata under an apple forest as claimed in claim 7, wherein: in the method for interplanting stropharia rugoso-annulata under apple forest in spring, a layer of cultivation material with the thickness of 10cm is paved, a quincunx dibbling method is adopted for inoculation, the distance between holes is 10 cm-12 cm, then a layer of cultivation material is covered, a layer of strain is connected, finally a layer of cultivation material is covered, namely two layers of strains of three layers of cultivation materials are covered, and the height of a fungus bed formed by piling the cultivation materials after inoculation is not more than 30 cm;
covering soil, beating and compacting the cultivation material after inoculation, wherein the material pile is in a ladder shape, then covering soil on two sides of a ditch between apple tree rows, the thickness of the soil is 3-5 cm, and beating and compacting;
covering grass, after covering soil, spreading the treated rice grass on the surface, wherein the thickness of the rice grass is 3-5 cm, and then performing hypha culture;
laying drip irrigation belts, using pollution-free underground water or tap water, wherein the water quality is the drinking water standard, laying a micro-spray drip irrigation belt on each bacteria bed, inserting a spray head every 1-1.5 m, and the length of the drip irrigation belt is consistent with that of the bacteria bed;
performing mycelium stage management, performing shading culture, inserting a bamboo pole into the ground, and tying shading nets with the width of 6m and the length of 45 m-55 m on the bamboo pole 55 cm-65 cm away from the ground in sequence; the temperature of the reactor in the spawn running period is required to be within the range of 20-30 ℃, and the optimal temperature is 23-27 ℃; turning the upper half part of the grass pile for 2-3 days after pile building, if the pile temperature exceeds 32 ℃, sprinkling water, and after 2-3 days, rearranging the grass pile, preferably reseeding strains; keeping the covering straw curtain wet for the first 20 days, and spraying water when the hypha amount on the mushroom bed occupies above 1/2 of the culture material, such as the straw on the mushroom bed surface is dry and white;
managing fruiting stage, strengthening moisture preservation and ventilation measures, keeping the covering and soil layer in a moist state, and setting water spraying time to be before 11 am and after 4 pm; fine-fog spray irrigation is carried out in fine sunny days, and the relative humidity of the ridge surface is controlled to be 80% -90%; water is not sprayed in rainy days; the optimal fruiting temperature of the stropharia rugoso-annulata is 14-25 ℃; when the temperature is lower than 14 ℃, the covering is thickened, and the water spraying is reduced, so that the material temperature is increased; when water spraying, ventilation and mushroom picking work are carried out in the fruiting period, the covering is turned over;
harvesting, wherein the mushroom cap is in a harvesting period when the mushroom cap is not opened and is bell-shaped, when the mushroom cap is harvested, the mushroom stem is grasped by fingers to rotate, the other hand is used for pressing the substrate to be pulled upwards, and mycorrhiza with soil is removed;
performing post-harvest management, namely after a batch of mushrooms are harvested, supplementing the water content of the culture materials, cultivating the mushrooms and producing the mushrooms, and starting producing a second batch of mushrooms after 10-12 days, wherein 3-4 batches of mushrooms can be continuously harvested by the same management method as the first batch of mushrooms;
processing, drying stropharia rugoso-annulata in the shade or drying naturally, and making into a dry product for sale;
pest control, selecting fresh and dried raw material in the cultivation of raw material of stropharia rugoso-annulata, and sterilizing by solarization before cultivation; if the coprinus comatus is found during cultivation, the coprinus comatus needs to be removed and burnt or buried deeply in time to prevent the nutrients in the materials from being consumed and spread.
9. The method for interplanting stropharia rugoso-annulata under an apple forest as claimed in claim 8, wherein: the method for interplanting stropharia rugoso-annulata under autumn apple trees comprises the following steps:
starting to prepare materials in the last ten days of 9 months to the last ten days of 10 months;
inoculating, covering soil and covering grass, wherein the method for inoculating, covering soil and covering grass by interplanting stropharia rugoso-annulata in autumn apple forests is the same as the method for inoculating, covering soil and covering grass by interplanting stropharia rugoso-annulata in spring apple forests;
after the soil covering is finished, laying the well-processed rice straw on the soil, and then carrying out overwintering management;
laying micro-spray drip irrigation tapes, and using pollution-free underground water or tap water;
managing in winter, namely, when planting in autumn and the temperature is lower than zero, managing in winter, laminating, and stopping spraying water;
covering the material pile completely during film covering, and sealing the two sides with soil;
secondary inoculation, wherein the autumn cultivation needs the secondary inoculation, the mulching film, the straws, the soil and the cultivation material are sequentially placed at two sides in 4 months in the next year, the cultivated seeds are separated from bags and broken into blocks, and the dibbling method is adopted for inoculation.
10. The method for interplanting stropharia rugoso-annulata under an apple forest as claimed in claim 9, wherein: in the method for interplanting stropharia rugoso-annulata under apple trees in autumn, after covering soil, well treated rice straws are laid on the soil, the thickness of the rice straws is 3 cm-5 cm, and then overwintering management is carried out;
laying micro-spraying drip irrigation belts, using pollution-free underground water or tap water, wherein the water quality is the drinking water standard, laying a micro-spraying drip irrigation belt on each bacteria bed, inserting a spray head every 1.0-1.5 m ampere, and the length of the micro-spraying drip irrigation belt is consistent with that of the bacteria bed;
managing in winter, namely, when planting in autumn and the temperature is lower than zero, managing in winter, laminating, and stopping spraying water;
covering the material pile completely during film covering, sealing the two sides with soil, and pressing the soil on the material pile every 2.5-3 m;
secondary inoculation, wherein the autumn cultivation needs the secondary inoculation, mulching films, straws, soil and cultivation materials are sequentially placed on two sides in 4 months in the next year, the cultivation seeds are separated from bags and broken into blocks, the plum blossom shaped dibbling method is adopted for inoculation, the distance between holes is 10 cm-12 cm, the cultivation materials, soil, straws and mulching films on the two sides are sequentially covered, water is sprayed before covering, the straws, the soil and the cultivation materials are sprayed with water, and the water content reaches 55% -65%; when the hypha grows to two thirds of the cultivation material, the mulching film is uncovered for about 10-15 days, and management of hypha stage and fruiting stage is carried out.
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