CN1111849A - 发电机/电动机的组合机 - Google Patents

发电机/电动机的组合机 Download PDF

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CN1111849A
CN1111849A CN95103113A CN95103113A CN1111849A CN 1111849 A CN1111849 A CN 1111849A CN 95103113 A CN95103113 A CN 95103113A CN 95103113 A CN95103113 A CN 95103113A CN 1111849 A CN1111849 A CN 1111849A
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stator
rotor
motor
permanent magnet
generator
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CN1070656C (zh
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B·G·舒尔茨
A·迪特纳
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Volkswagen AG
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    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60K—ARRANGEMENT OR MOUNTING OF PROPULSION UNITS OR OF TRANSMISSIONS IN VEHICLES; ARRANGEMENT OR MOUNTING OF PLURAL DIVERSE PRIME-MOVERS IN VEHICLES; AUXILIARY DRIVES FOR VEHICLES; INSTRUMENTATION OR DASHBOARDS FOR VEHICLES; ARRANGEMENTS IN CONNECTION WITH COOLING, AIR INTAKE, GAS EXHAUST OR FUEL SUPPLY OF PROPULSION UNITS IN VEHICLES
    • B60K6/00—Arrangement or mounting of plural diverse prime-movers for mutual or common propulsion, e.g. hybrid propulsion systems comprising electric motors and internal combustion engines ; Control systems therefor, i.e. systems controlling two or more prime movers, or controlling one of these prime movers and any of the transmission, drive or drive units Informative references: mechanical gearings with secondary electric drive F16H3/72; arrangements for handling mechanical energy structurally associated with the dynamo-electric machine H02K7/00; machines comprising structurally interrelated motor and generator parts H02K51/00; dynamo-electric machines not otherwise provided for in H02K see H02K99/00
    • B60K6/20—Arrangement or mounting of plural diverse prime-movers for mutual or common propulsion, e.g. hybrid propulsion systems comprising electric motors and internal combustion engines ; Control systems therefor, i.e. systems controlling two or more prime movers, or controlling one of these prime movers and any of the transmission, drive or drive units Informative references: mechanical gearings with secondary electric drive F16H3/72; arrangements for handling mechanical energy structurally associated with the dynamo-electric machine H02K7/00; machines comprising structurally interrelated motor and generator parts H02K51/00; dynamo-electric machines not otherwise provided for in H02K see H02K99/00 the prime-movers consisting of electric motors and internal combustion engines, e.g. HEVs
    • B60K6/22—Arrangement or mounting of plural diverse prime-movers for mutual or common propulsion, e.g. hybrid propulsion systems comprising electric motors and internal combustion engines ; Control systems therefor, i.e. systems controlling two or more prime movers, or controlling one of these prime movers and any of the transmission, drive or drive units Informative references: mechanical gearings with secondary electric drive F16H3/72; arrangements for handling mechanical energy structurally associated with the dynamo-electric machine H02K7/00; machines comprising structurally interrelated motor and generator parts H02K51/00; dynamo-electric machines not otherwise provided for in H02K see H02K99/00 the prime-movers consisting of electric motors and internal combustion engines, e.g. HEVs characterised by apparatus, components or means specially adapted for HEVs
    • B60K6/26—Arrangement or mounting of plural diverse prime-movers for mutual or common propulsion, e.g. hybrid propulsion systems comprising electric motors and internal combustion engines ; Control systems therefor, i.e. systems controlling two or more prime movers, or controlling one of these prime movers and any of the transmission, drive or drive units Informative references: mechanical gearings with secondary electric drive F16H3/72; arrangements for handling mechanical energy structurally associated with the dynamo-electric machine H02K7/00; machines comprising structurally interrelated motor and generator parts H02K51/00; dynamo-electric machines not otherwise provided for in H02K see H02K99/00 the prime-movers consisting of electric motors and internal combustion engines, e.g. HEVs characterised by apparatus, components or means specially adapted for HEVs characterised by the motors or the generators
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60K—ARRANGEMENT OR MOUNTING OF PROPULSION UNITS OR OF TRANSMISSIONS IN VEHICLES; ARRANGEMENT OR MOUNTING OF PLURAL DIVERSE PRIME-MOVERS IN VEHICLES; AUXILIARY DRIVES FOR VEHICLES; INSTRUMENTATION OR DASHBOARDS FOR VEHICLES; ARRANGEMENTS IN CONNECTION WITH COOLING, AIR INTAKE, GAS EXHAUST OR FUEL SUPPLY OF PROPULSION UNITS IN VEHICLES
    • B60K17/00—Arrangement or mounting of transmissions in vehicles
    • B60K17/04—Arrangement or mounting of transmissions in vehicles characterised by arrangement, location, or kind of gearing
    • B60K17/12—Arrangement or mounting of transmissions in vehicles characterised by arrangement, location, or kind of gearing of electric gearing
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60K—ARRANGEMENT OR MOUNTING OF PROPULSION UNITS OR OF TRANSMISSIONS IN VEHICLES; ARRANGEMENT OR MOUNTING OF PLURAL DIVERSE PRIME-MOVERS IN VEHICLES; AUXILIARY DRIVES FOR VEHICLES; INSTRUMENTATION OR DASHBOARDS FOR VEHICLES; ARRANGEMENTS IN CONNECTION WITH COOLING, AIR INTAKE, GAS EXHAUST OR FUEL SUPPLY OF PROPULSION UNITS IN VEHICLES
    • B60K6/00—Arrangement or mounting of plural diverse prime-movers for mutual or common propulsion, e.g. hybrid propulsion systems comprising electric motors and internal combustion engines ; Control systems therefor, i.e. systems controlling two or more prime movers, or controlling one of these prime movers and any of the transmission, drive or drive units Informative references: mechanical gearings with secondary electric drive F16H3/72; arrangements for handling mechanical energy structurally associated with the dynamo-electric machine H02K7/00; machines comprising structurally interrelated motor and generator parts H02K51/00; dynamo-electric machines not otherwise provided for in H02K see H02K99/00
    • B60K6/20—Arrangement or mounting of plural diverse prime-movers for mutual or common propulsion, e.g. hybrid propulsion systems comprising electric motors and internal combustion engines ; Control systems therefor, i.e. systems controlling two or more prime movers, or controlling one of these prime movers and any of the transmission, drive or drive units Informative references: mechanical gearings with secondary electric drive F16H3/72; arrangements for handling mechanical energy structurally associated with the dynamo-electric machine H02K7/00; machines comprising structurally interrelated motor and generator parts H02K51/00; dynamo-electric machines not otherwise provided for in H02K see H02K99/00 the prime-movers consisting of electric motors and internal combustion engines, e.g. HEVs
    • B60K6/22—Arrangement or mounting of plural diverse prime-movers for mutual or common propulsion, e.g. hybrid propulsion systems comprising electric motors and internal combustion engines ; Control systems therefor, i.e. systems controlling two or more prime movers, or controlling one of these prime movers and any of the transmission, drive or drive units Informative references: mechanical gearings with secondary electric drive F16H3/72; arrangements for handling mechanical energy structurally associated with the dynamo-electric machine H02K7/00; machines comprising structurally interrelated motor and generator parts H02K51/00; dynamo-electric machines not otherwise provided for in H02K see H02K99/00 the prime-movers consisting of electric motors and internal combustion engines, e.g. HEVs characterised by apparatus, components or means specially adapted for HEVs
    • B60K6/40—Arrangement or mounting of plural diverse prime-movers for mutual or common propulsion, e.g. hybrid propulsion systems comprising electric motors and internal combustion engines ; Control systems therefor, i.e. systems controlling two or more prime movers, or controlling one of these prime movers and any of the transmission, drive or drive units Informative references: mechanical gearings with secondary electric drive F16H3/72; arrangements for handling mechanical energy structurally associated with the dynamo-electric machine H02K7/00; machines comprising structurally interrelated motor and generator parts H02K51/00; dynamo-electric machines not otherwise provided for in H02K see H02K99/00 the prime-movers consisting of electric motors and internal combustion engines, e.g. HEVs characterised by apparatus, components or means specially adapted for HEVs characterised by the assembly or relative disposition of components
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60K—ARRANGEMENT OR MOUNTING OF PROPULSION UNITS OR OF TRANSMISSIONS IN VEHICLES; ARRANGEMENT OR MOUNTING OF PLURAL DIVERSE PRIME-MOVERS IN VEHICLES; AUXILIARY DRIVES FOR VEHICLES; INSTRUMENTATION OR DASHBOARDS FOR VEHICLES; ARRANGEMENTS IN CONNECTION WITH COOLING, AIR INTAKE, GAS EXHAUST OR FUEL SUPPLY OF PROPULSION UNITS IN VEHICLES
    • B60K6/00—Arrangement or mounting of plural diverse prime-movers for mutual or common propulsion, e.g. hybrid propulsion systems comprising electric motors and internal combustion engines ; Control systems therefor, i.e. systems controlling two or more prime movers, or controlling one of these prime movers and any of the transmission, drive or drive units Informative references: mechanical gearings with secondary electric drive F16H3/72; arrangements for handling mechanical energy structurally associated with the dynamo-electric machine H02K7/00; machines comprising structurally interrelated motor and generator parts H02K51/00; dynamo-electric machines not otherwise provided for in H02K see H02K99/00
    • B60K6/20—Arrangement or mounting of plural diverse prime-movers for mutual or common propulsion, e.g. hybrid propulsion systems comprising electric motors and internal combustion engines ; Control systems therefor, i.e. systems controlling two or more prime movers, or controlling one of these prime movers and any of the transmission, drive or drive units Informative references: mechanical gearings with secondary electric drive F16H3/72; arrangements for handling mechanical energy structurally associated with the dynamo-electric machine H02K7/00; machines comprising structurally interrelated motor and generator parts H02K51/00; dynamo-electric machines not otherwise provided for in H02K see H02K99/00 the prime-movers consisting of electric motors and internal combustion engines, e.g. HEVs
    • B60K6/42—Arrangement or mounting of plural diverse prime-movers for mutual or common propulsion, e.g. hybrid propulsion systems comprising electric motors and internal combustion engines ; Control systems therefor, i.e. systems controlling two or more prime movers, or controlling one of these prime movers and any of the transmission, drive or drive units Informative references: mechanical gearings with secondary electric drive F16H3/72; arrangements for handling mechanical energy structurally associated with the dynamo-electric machine H02K7/00; machines comprising structurally interrelated motor and generator parts H02K51/00; dynamo-electric machines not otherwise provided for in H02K see H02K99/00 the prime-movers consisting of electric motors and internal combustion engines, e.g. HEVs characterised by the architecture of the hybrid electric vehicle
    • B60K6/46—Series type
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60L—PROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
    • B60L15/00—Methods, circuits, or devices for controlling the traction-motor speed of electrically-propelled vehicles
    • B60L15/20—Methods, circuits, or devices for controlling the traction-motor speed of electrically-propelled vehicles for control of the vehicle or its driving motor to achieve a desired performance, e.g. speed, torque, programmed variation of speed
    • B60L15/2036—Electric differentials, e.g. for supporting steering vehicles
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60L—PROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
    • B60L15/00—Methods, circuits, or devices for controlling the traction-motor speed of electrically-propelled vehicles
    • B60L15/20—Methods, circuits, or devices for controlling the traction-motor speed of electrically-propelled vehicles for control of the vehicle or its driving motor to achieve a desired performance, e.g. speed, torque, programmed variation of speed
    • B60L15/2054—Methods, circuits, or devices for controlling the traction-motor speed of electrically-propelled vehicles for control of the vehicle or its driving motor to achieve a desired performance, e.g. speed, torque, programmed variation of speed by controlling transmissions or clutches
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60L—PROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
    • B60L50/00—Electric propulsion with power supplied within the vehicle
    • B60L50/10—Electric propulsion with power supplied within the vehicle using propulsion power supplied by engine-driven generators, e.g. generators driven by combustion engines
    • B60L50/15—Electric propulsion with power supplied within the vehicle using propulsion power supplied by engine-driven generators, e.g. generators driven by combustion engines with additional electric power supply
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02K—DYNAMO-ELECTRIC MACHINES
    • H02K51/00—Dynamo-electric gears, i.e. dynamo-electric means for transmitting mechanical power from a driving shaft to a driven shaft and comprising structurally interrelated motor and generator parts
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60K—ARRANGEMENT OR MOUNTING OF PROPULSION UNITS OR OF TRANSMISSIONS IN VEHICLES; ARRANGEMENT OR MOUNTING OF PLURAL DIVERSE PRIME-MOVERS IN VEHICLES; AUXILIARY DRIVES FOR VEHICLES; INSTRUMENTATION OR DASHBOARDS FOR VEHICLES; ARRANGEMENTS IN CONNECTION WITH COOLING, AIR INTAKE, GAS EXHAUST OR FUEL SUPPLY OF PROPULSION UNITS IN VEHICLES
    • B60K6/00—Arrangement or mounting of plural diverse prime-movers for mutual or common propulsion, e.g. hybrid propulsion systems comprising electric motors and internal combustion engines ; Control systems therefor, i.e. systems controlling two or more prime movers, or controlling one of these prime movers and any of the transmission, drive or drive units Informative references: mechanical gearings with secondary electric drive F16H3/72; arrangements for handling mechanical energy structurally associated with the dynamo-electric machine H02K7/00; machines comprising structurally interrelated motor and generator parts H02K51/00; dynamo-electric machines not otherwise provided for in H02K see H02K99/00
    • B60K6/20—Arrangement or mounting of plural diverse prime-movers for mutual or common propulsion, e.g. hybrid propulsion systems comprising electric motors and internal combustion engines ; Control systems therefor, i.e. systems controlling two or more prime movers, or controlling one of these prime movers and any of the transmission, drive or drive units Informative references: mechanical gearings with secondary electric drive F16H3/72; arrangements for handling mechanical energy structurally associated with the dynamo-electric machine H02K7/00; machines comprising structurally interrelated motor and generator parts H02K51/00; dynamo-electric machines not otherwise provided for in H02K see H02K99/00 the prime-movers consisting of electric motors and internal combustion engines, e.g. HEVs
    • B60K6/22—Arrangement or mounting of plural diverse prime-movers for mutual or common propulsion, e.g. hybrid propulsion systems comprising electric motors and internal combustion engines ; Control systems therefor, i.e. systems controlling two or more prime movers, or controlling one of these prime movers and any of the transmission, drive or drive units Informative references: mechanical gearings with secondary electric drive F16H3/72; arrangements for handling mechanical energy structurally associated with the dynamo-electric machine H02K7/00; machines comprising structurally interrelated motor and generator parts H02K51/00; dynamo-electric machines not otherwise provided for in H02K see H02K99/00 the prime-movers consisting of electric motors and internal combustion engines, e.g. HEVs characterised by apparatus, components or means specially adapted for HEVs
    • B60K6/26—Arrangement or mounting of plural diverse prime-movers for mutual or common propulsion, e.g. hybrid propulsion systems comprising electric motors and internal combustion engines ; Control systems therefor, i.e. systems controlling two or more prime movers, or controlling one of these prime movers and any of the transmission, drive or drive units Informative references: mechanical gearings with secondary electric drive F16H3/72; arrangements for handling mechanical energy structurally associated with the dynamo-electric machine H02K7/00; machines comprising structurally interrelated motor and generator parts H02K51/00; dynamo-electric machines not otherwise provided for in H02K see H02K99/00 the prime-movers consisting of electric motors and internal combustion engines, e.g. HEVs characterised by apparatus, components or means specially adapted for HEVs characterised by the motors or the generators
    • B60K2006/262—Arrangement or mounting of plural diverse prime-movers for mutual or common propulsion, e.g. hybrid propulsion systems comprising electric motors and internal combustion engines ; Control systems therefor, i.e. systems controlling two or more prime movers, or controlling one of these prime movers and any of the transmission, drive or drive units Informative references: mechanical gearings with secondary electric drive F16H3/72; arrangements for handling mechanical energy structurally associated with the dynamo-electric machine H02K7/00; machines comprising structurally interrelated motor and generator parts H02K51/00; dynamo-electric machines not otherwise provided for in H02K see H02K99/00 the prime-movers consisting of electric motors and internal combustion engines, e.g. HEVs characterised by apparatus, components or means specially adapted for HEVs characterised by the motors or the generators the motor or generator are used as clutch, e.g. between engine and driveshaft
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60L—PROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
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    • B60L2220/50—Structural details of electrical machines
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    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
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    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
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    • Y10S903/903—Prime movers comprising electrical and internal combustion motors having energy storing means, e.g. battery, capacitor
    • Y10S903/904—Component specially adapted for hev
    • Y10S903/906—Motor or generator
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
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    • Y10S903/00—Hybrid electric vehicles, HEVS
    • Y10S903/902—Prime movers comprising electrical and internal combustion motors
    • Y10S903/903—Prime movers comprising electrical and internal combustion motors having energy storing means, e.g. battery, capacitor
    • Y10S903/951—Assembly or relative location of components

Abstract

一种如用在双动力驱动结构的电动车辆中的发 电/电动组合机，包括：安置转子和定子的外壳(1)， 安装在一输入轴(2)上的中空圆筒形发电机转子(6)， 安装在输出轴(3)上的圆筒形电动机转子(7)，两转子 彼此轴向邻近定位并在其内侧有沿圆周方向分布的 带交变极性的永久磁铁(8，9)，一圆筒形定子(10)，以 轴向可位移的方式安置在圆筒形转子(6，7)的内侧面 并有至少一个短路绕组(11)，随彼此间相对的两转子 的永久磁铁位置的变化而被开关转换。

Description

本发明涉及按权利要求1前序部分的一种发电机/电动机的组合机。
德国公开说明书DE-A  3041867揭示了电动车辆驱动装置，其中一台内燃机驱动一台能随意选择用于电动机或发电机方式的电机。在该电机的输出侧安置了一个机械传动系，该传动系可构成一手动齿轮箱或自动齿轮箱。该传动系又驱动一差动齿轮，由此启动电动车辆的从动轮的驱动轴。
另一电动机/发电机组合揭示于US2，790，917中，它的公共定子包裹轴向位于它附近的电动机转子和发电机转子。
此外，GB457，972提出一种带有两台D.C.电机和一个公共激励绕组的电动机/发电机组合，该公共励磁机绕组包围两台电机的转子被设置成借助一用于设定变速器传动比的调节装置轴向可相对转子同轴移动。
US4，532，447揭示了一种带有三个彼此同心地叠放的有源元件的电动机/发电机组合。中心元件RT支承由磁场检测器以交变磁场的节奏被接通和断开的绕组。
再者，人们已知：当采用无级变速的传动系时，内燃机的扭矩和功率特性可按需要在一广阔范围内与运行电阻（running  resistances）匹配。因此，就车辆上的动力传动装置而言，最好为机械或自动多级传动系。该已知多级传动系的缺点是极低的分布系数（spread  factor）和，特别是相当差的效率。再加，由于要容纳该电机，增大了驱动组件的总长度，特别在将驱动组件的前部（front）横向安装的情况下，往往会产生空间等问题。
因此，本发明的目的是提供一种能显着缩短这种驱动组件总长度的电机。
该目的的解决方案由权利要求1的诸特点体现。本发明的有利改进和诸实施例描述于从属权利要求中。此外，按本发明的发电机/电动机组合体作为电磁扭矩变换器的使用和操作描述于权利要求9至10。
本发明是基于认识到：在电动机与发电机组合时，将一个定子如此设置于一个外壳中，使得在具备交替极性的永久磁铁的发电机和电动机转子下可轴向位移，并给该定子配置一个或多个短路绕组，使其足以提供无级变速控制的电传动。这样，发电机转子和电动机转子两者与该定子的同一固定绕组相互作用。所以，这种D.C.电机的基本特点在于在发电机部件和电动机部件中流动着相同电流。
鉴于该定子因其短路绕组而具有的轴向可移动性，故可改变发电机部件和电动机部件中的有效导体的长度。而由于发电机转子和电动机转子的磁场中导体长度的这种可变性，便使按本发明的发电机/电动机组合体的转速和扭矩传动比的开环与闭环可控性作为无级变速控制的电传动成为可能。因此，可通过位移该定子在宽广范围内设定传动系的任何所需扭矩传动比（即，节距spread）。
这种电机能发送的一般脉动转矩可利用多个安装在转子上的辅助电动机（submotors）来均衡。为此，将多个导体长度偏置于该定子上以使转矩波动降至最小。
对于按本发明的D.C.电机结构设计特别重要的一点是：带有其短路绕组的定子被安装在一个滑动套筒上，该套筒可通过贯穿外壳一开口而伸出的棒作轴向位移。为此目的，该定子被装在一中空园筒形滑套上，该滑套本身能在连接到外壳内侧面一中空园筒形定子载体（carrier）上相对于发电机/电动机组合体输入轴与输出轴的旋转轴同轴地移动。
按本发明的电机的另一结构设计特点是：发电机转子以这样一种方式围绕电动机转子，以使电动机转子的永久磁铁沿输出轴方向上排列在发电机转子的永久磁铁的后面。这样，获得一种特别节省空间的设计。另外，这使得发电机转子的永久磁铁和电动机部件的永久磁铁有可能以离开定子绕组的等距方式排列。
被连接到驱动机，即通常所述的内燃机的输入轴仅通过一个轴承支承在电机外壳上。为支承输出轴，该输入轴被深度导入电机外壳并为位于输出轴上的电动机转子带有两个轴承。该输出轴又借助另一轴承被支承在电机外壳内。
最后，该发电机/电动机组合结构包括至少两个磁场检测器，每个检测器安置在电动机转子和发电机转子的永久磁铁之间。借助每个转子中的这些磁场检测器，可测定转子旋转期间转子中相邻永久磁铁的极性。作为可这样来确定的磁场检测器信号的一个函数，定子的短路绕组可被转接从而可控制连接到输出轴的转子的旋转方向。这样，按本发明的D.C.电机可在定子绕组被位移时用作电磁转矩传感器（或电磁传输-electro-magnetic  transmission）。在所谓双动力驱动的电动车辆中采用这种发电机/电动机组合是特别重要的。
借助例举的一个实施例可阐明按本发明的发电机/电动机组合的结构设计。
图1表示通过该发电机/电动机组合体所作的简要横截面视图;
图2表示按图1发电机和电动机的转子永久磁铁上重叠定子绕组的示意图;
图3表示按图1一个定子沿输出轴方向被位移的视图;
图4表示与根据图3该定子绕组位置有关的按图2的视图;
图5表示根据图1该定子沿输出轴方向位移的视图;
图6表示根据图2但定子绕组按图5位移时的视图;
图7表示用于激励定子绕组的一个电路断路器的电路图;
图8表示该发电机和电动机转子上的磁场检测器装置的示意图。
在图1中，以简略视图方式示出了按本发明的发电机/电动机组合举例性实施例的一个横截面。一个被连接到驱动机（未示出）的输入轴2导入由1表示的外壳。该输入轴2通过轴承5支承在外壳1内并支承一发电机转子6。该发电机转子是中空园筒式设计并在其纵向外端面上有向内指向的永久磁铁9，该永久磁铁9沿发电机转子的园周安装并有交变极性。
在轴承5相对的外壳1的侧面上，输出轴3从外壳1伸出。该输出轴3通过轴承4支承在外壳1内并被连接到一基本为中空园筒式设计的电动机转子7。该转子7依靠轴承16，17安装在被深度导入外壳的输入轴2上。象发电机转子6一样，电动机转子7也在其中空园筒形纵向范围的末端支承带交变极性的向内指向的永久磁铁。
对该发电机/电动机组合的短设计有特殊意义的是发电机转子以这样一种方式围绕电动机转子7以使转子7的永久磁铁9沿输出轴3的方向设置在转子7的永久磁铁8的后面。
也为中空园筒式设计并围绕输入和输出轴2，3的定子载体12从外壳1的内侧延伸到发电机和电动机转子的中空园筒形空间内。一个支承电机定子10的滑动套筒13被安置在该定子载体12上。
至少一个可开关（switchable）的短路绕组11被安装在定子10上，所述短路绕组11可操作地连接到该发电机部件和电动机部件的转子6，7的永久磁铁8，9上。
定子10可依靠一棒15与滑动套筒13一起相对于输入和输出轴2，3同轴地位移，棒15通过开口25伸入外壳1中。
定子10之绕组11的轴向可位移性使发电机部件和电动机部件中的有效导体长度可变。由于电动机部件和发电机部件之磁场中导体长度的这种变化使得按本发明D.C.电机的转速和转矩传输比的可控性成为可能。
在图2中，简要示出了在发电机转子和电动机转子6，7上永久磁铁8，9的布置。箭头标示了转子的旋转方向，并示出仅仅部分示出的短路绕组11处于与图1定子位置相对应的定子位置上。短路绕组11中的开关18表示短路绕组（例如）可依靠双极性晶体管来短路。
若发电机磁铁装置（magnet  set）是由带转子6的内燃机在绕组短路（开关18闭合）情况下被驱动，则由于永久磁铁9的运动在绕组11中感应出一个电压，该电压导致该导体回路中的电流流动。只要在转子6，7上有相反极性的永久磁铁，该电流便会对电动机转子7产生具有与驱动装置（发电机转子6）的旋转运动相同方向的一作用力。若同一符号的两极彼此相对安置，则该力沿相反方向起作用。
若绕组是永久性短路的，则当发电机侧旋转时，对输出的作用力具有继续不断变化的方向。因此，即使在输出侧空载也不产生旋转运动。视乎输出端也就是说在电动机转子处所需力的方向而定，因此对彼此相对的两组永久磁铁总是存在一个“正确”和一个“不正确”位置。
所以本文所提出的本发明的一个基本特点是对磁铁的“正确”位置（图2中的开关18闭合）而言允许该电流流动并避免在永久磁铁的“不正确位置”时流过电流（开关18打开）。若始终贯彻该功能性原理，则能将一种脉动扭矩用作对输出侧的车辆推进动作。该脉冲频率由绕组的激励和去激励（deactivation）的周期给定。从理论上讲，当输出侧处于恒定而驱动侧处于其最大转速时，出现最大频率。一台汽油机的最大转速在任何情况下为6000rpm，对应于100Hz。这对一台28极电机中所加电压而言，产生近似1.4KHz的频率现代半导体元件能完美地适应这些值。
当输出轴3的输出端被加载时，绕组11中将得到一个其有效值正比于输出侧负载转矩的电流。若发电机部件和电动机部件（图1，图2）中的有效导体长度相同，则得到对于输出侧空载时的输出速度，该速度等于输入速度。这理论极限情况的电流为零。当加载发生时，转速根据该负载下降，也就是说，该输出侧具有一D.C.并激电动机或一外激励D.C.电机的特性。在此情况下，两转子的可传输转矩相同，对应于1∶1的变速器传动比。
在图3中，示出了根据本发明的发电机/电动机组合，其定子10沿电动机转子的永久磁铁方向被位移，棒15的位移方向由19表示。在此情况下，短路绕组11按图4在其电动机转子7的永久磁铁8区域内的有效导体长度比在发电机转子6的永久磁铁9区域内中更深的情况下定位，以使输出侧转矩增大而输出速度减小。
当短路绕组11按图5，6沿箭头20的方向位移时，即产生相反效果;输出轴3的输出速度增大而输出扭矩减小。
当短路绕组11随定子10沿发电机转子方向位移时，驱动部件中的有效导体长度变得较长而，相反，输出部件中的有效导体长度变得较短。由于电流有效值大致仅取决于负载转矩，故此处可将其看作常数。输出部件中导体长度的减小使得可传输转矩减小。相反，发电机部件中的再生转矩增大。由于不考虑损耗时，所施加功率必须与输出功率相同，其结果是输出侧的转速增大，驱动侧的转速减小。
因此显然作为定子位移的结果;有可能构造一种很大范围内无级变速的电传动系（electric  transmission）。这样，该发电机/电动机组合可用于取代一种，例如包括象本文开始描述的那种驱动结构的变换器的行星齿轮等，传统式传动系。此外，由于该定子的适当位移，按本发明的D.C电机也能用作电动车辆的启动器或直流电机（dynamo）。
如已解释过和已在诸附图中以开关符号18所表示的，定子绕组必须随彼此相对的磁铁8，9的各极位置不同而被接通和断开。如图7所示，半导体开关，例如廉价的开关晶体管21，22可有利地用作电路断路器。
如前已述并示于图8中的，在发电机和电动机转子6，7上永久磁铁8，9之间的每一情况下安置有磁场检测器23，24，用于启动这些开关18。这些磁场检测器检测与它们相对的永久磁铁的磁场极性并因此使开关18能被致动。借助于绕组的开关-开和开关-关的时间随彼此相对的磁极位置的变化，有可能按要求获得这种电磁转矩变换器的旋转两种方向。以简化形式应用于这方面的一个规则是：若两检测器23，24感测不同的磁场极性同时开关18为接通时，则两转子在同一方向旋转，而若检测器23，24感测同一磁场极性并开关18被接通时，则使转子6，7以相反方向旋转。这样，就可能在评定来自磁场检测器23，24的信息之后，去以使输出转子（电动机转子7）的旋转方向相对输入转子（发电机转子6）能按需要被选择的方式，借助电路断路器21，22去转换定子10的短路绕组11的开关。

Claims (10)

1、发电机/电动机组合机，包括：
其内安置发电机和电动机两者的转子和定子的外壳(1)，
安装在一输入轴(2)上的中空园筒形发电机转子(6)，
安装在输出轴(3)上的中空园筒形电动机转子(7)，这两种转子(6，7)彼此轴向邻近定位并在其内侧有沿园周方向分布的带交变极性的永久磁铁(8，9)，
一中空园筒形定子(10)，该定子以轴向可位移的方式安置在中空园筒形转子(6，7)的内侧面并有至少一个短路绕组(11)，该绕组随彼此间相对的两转子的永久磁铁位置的变化而被开关转换。
2、根据权利要求1的组合机，其特征在于：所述定子（10）安装在一滑套（13）上，借助于一根穿过一开口（25）伸入外壳并结合在滑套（13）上的棒（15），可在连接到外壳（1）内侧面的中空圆筒形定子载体（12）上相对于轴（2，3）的旋转轴线作同轴位移。
3、根据权利要求1和2的组合机，其特征在于：所述发电机转子（6）围绕电动机转子（7）以使电动机转子（7）的永久磁铁（9）在输出轴（3）方向上安置在转子（7）的永久磁铁（8）的后面。
4、根据1至3任一权利要求的组合机，其特征在于：所述转子（6，7）的永久磁铁（8，9）安置在离开定子绕组（11）的等距处。
5、根据1至4任一权利要求的组合机，其特征在于：所述转子（7）被连接到输出轴（3），借助轴承（16，17）支承在输入轴（2）上。
6、根据1至4任一权利要求的组合机，其特征在于：磁场检测器（23，24）被设置在转子（6，7）上永久磁铁（8，9）之间。
7、根据权利要求1和2的组合机，其特征在于：所述定子（10）配置有多个独立短路绕组（11）。
8、根据权利要求1至7任一组合机用作一电磁转矩变换器。
9、用于控制具有权利要求8特性的电动转矩变换器的方法，其特征在于：连接到输出轴（3）的定子（7）的旋转方向是通过随磁场检测器（23，24）的信号变化转接定子（10）的绕组（11）来控制的。
10、用于控制具有权利要求8特性的电磁转矩变换器的方法，其特征在于：输出轴（3）的转速和输出转矩是通过沿电动机和发电机转子（6，7）的永久磁铁（8，9）位移定子绕组来控制的。
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US5675203A (en) 1997-10-07
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