CN111149607A - Single-arm direct-walking horizontal trellis cultivation method for pear trees - Google Patents
Single-arm direct-walking horizontal trellis cultivation method for pear trees Download PDFInfo
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
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Abstract
The invention discloses a single-arm direct-running horizontal trellis cultivation method for pear trees, which overcomes the defect of inconsistent quality of main stem-shaped cultivation fruits and overcomes the defect that a horizontal trellis multi-main-branch cultivation technology is difficult to master, and has the advantages of short and small tree shape, high labor-saving degree, simple and easy learning of directly equipped fruiting branches, early fruiting, high yield, good quality, high mechanization degree and strong production competitiveness, thereby being very suitable for popularization and application in the whole province. In addition, the grafting link with relatively high technical requirements is omitted; labor saving and saving, and the operation efficiency is improved; the fruit yield and the quality are both obviously improved; the tree grows uniformly and is not weak, and the balanced production can be continuously maintained.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of pear tree cultivation management, and particularly relates to a single-arm direct-running horizontal trellis cultivation method for pear trees.
Background
The pear is the third largest fruit in China which is second to apples and oranges. According to the statistics of annual book of China countryside statistics (2018), the cultivation of pear in 2017 yearsArea 92.10 ten thousand hm2The fruit tree cultivation method has the advantages that the fruit tree cultivation method accounts for 8.3% of the total fruit area in China, the yield is 1641.0 ten thousand tons, the fruit tree cultivation method accounts for 9.7% of the total fruit yield in China, and the cultivation area and the yield both account for about 2/3% of the world. The area of the existing pear tree in Jiangsu province is 4 kilohm2The yield is 60 ten thousand tons, the area and the yield are at the head of fruit trees in the whole province, and the method is one of important post industries for increasing agricultural income and leading farmers to become rich in our province.
The pear tree cultivation mode in the province is that the cultivation is carried out in a trunk shape and horizontal shed frames. The main stem type cultivation mainly comprises slender spindle type and cylindrical cultivation, and the horizontal shed frame cultivation mainly comprises three main branches, multi-main branch cultivation and the like. However, the trunk-shaped cultivation has the defects of inconvenient operation and inconsistent quality, and the existing multi-main-branch horizontal shed frame cultivation has the defects of high technical requirement and difficulty in mastering.
With the acceleration of the pace of urbanization construction, on one hand, farmers age quickly, and on the other hand, the scale cultivation is increasing day by day. How to realize the quality improvement, labor saving and mechanized cultivation of the pear trees is the key point of the pear tree cultivation scale and whether the benefit can be further enlarged and improved.
In 2015, on the basis of summarizing the technical experience of horizontal trellis cultivation for many years, the inventor invents a method (ZL201410344352.9) for shaping and cultivating a single main branch conjoined of a horizontal trellis of a Chinese pear, namely, the main branches and the main branches of adjacent trees are horizontally and linearly connected into a whole by a grafting method, so that the purposes of labor saving and labor saving are achieved, and the production labor cost is saved by more than 30% compared with that of the traditional three-main-branch cultivation. However, as the cultivation period increases, the tree body cultivated by the conjoined comb-shaped shaping is easy to have the disadvantage of tree tendency decline, which is not beneficial to the improvement of fruit yield and quality in the later cultivation period, and the advanced grafting technology is needed in the initial cultivation of the tree shape, so that certain development limitation is provided.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to provide a single-arm direct-running horizontal trellis cultivation method for pears, which is used for solving the problems in the single-main-branch conjoined comb-shaped shaping cultivation method of a horizontal trellis of pears.
In order to achieve the purpose, the invention adopts the following technical scheme:
a single-arm direct-running horizontal trellis cultivation method for pear trees comprises the following steps:
(1) garden selection: selecting flat land or hilly slope land with deep soil layer and good drainage, wherein the underground water level is less than 0.8m, and the soil pH is 6.0-7.5;
(2) digging a planting ditch: digging planting ditches with the depth of 0.5m and the width of 0.8-1.2 m, wherein the ditches are downslope and communicated with peripheral ditches;
(3) building a shed frame: a transverse and longitudinal iron wire is pulled above the shed frame;
(4) planting: planting in autumn in late 11-12 th ten days or planting in late 2-4.0 m, 3.5-4.0 m, 667m242-64 plants;
(5) main branch culture: for a flat pear garden, uniformly directing the tips of the planted seedlings to a certain direction of the row, and horizontally binding the seedling trunks to iron wires after bending the seedling trunks under the iron wires for fixing main branches; uniformly reserving 3-5 leaf pinching parts for the upper back buds and the upper side buds of the main branches in 5 months, uniformly pruning new shoots sprouting on the trunk, inducing the crossed main branches to the positions with the elevation angle of 30 degrees with the horizontal included angle for continuously culturing for 60-80 cm after the main branches grow to be crossed with the main branches of the adjacent field planted seedlings, pruning redundant parts, and reserving buds for fixed pruning every year in winter;
(6) and (3) culturing fruiting branches: lateral side buds and lateral lower buds on two sides of the main branch are remained to germinate into branches, when the germinated young shoots grow to the late 6 th month, the young shoots are attracted to the position forming an elevation angle of 30 degrees with the horizontal angle by using iron wires for fixing the lateral branches, flower bud differentiation is promoted, and annual long fruit branches are bred.
Preferably, for the sloping pear orchard, tips of the fixedly planted seedlings are uniformly oriented to the ascending direction or the contour line direction of the row, and under the iron wire of the fixed main branch, the seedling trunk is bound to the iron wire of the fixed main branch after being bent along the trend.
Preferably, when pruning is carried out in winter, a bearing branch or a preparation branch is arranged at the same side of the main branch at an interval of 30-40 cm, the excessive bearing branch or the preparation branch is pruned, and a small section of pile or a base bud is left when pruning is carried out; when the density of the bearing branches is insufficient, the bearing branches germinate into branches by using short bearing branches or hidden buds on two sides of the main branch in the next year.
Further, the pruning also comprises pruning of fruiting branches, and for axillary bud fruiting varieties, 1-2 buds at the tip of a new shoot with good differentiation of the current-year axillary bud are pruned or not pruned, and the new shoot is horizontally bound to bear fruits; in the next year, an extension branch is continuously selected and remained at the tip of the bearing branch, 1/2 at the tip is cut off, and after horizontal binding, bearing is continuously performed by utilizing part of biennial short bearing branches and part of annual axillary flower buds. For pruning the bearing varieties of the short fruit branches, cutting off tips 1/3-1/4 of the young shoots in winter in the current year; in the second year, selecting a robustly growing extension branch at the tip of the bearing branch, and cutting 1/2 at the tip; in the third year, a robustly growing extension branch is continuously selected from the tip of the bearing branch, and 2/3 at the tip is cut off. Only 1-2 strong short fruit branches are reserved in each fruit moss, and over-dense short fruit branches, thin and weak short fruit branches and secondary-growth short fruit branches are removed.
The invention has the following advantages:
the inventor discovers in the production practice that after the horizontal trellis single main branch conjoined comb-shaped shaping cultivation method for the Chinese pears is cultivated for five years, the tree vigor is reduced, and the fruit quality and the fruit yield are reduced; aiming at the problems, the inventor of the invention finds that the tree form without grafting is better than the conjoined comb-shaped shaping cultivation method in the early growth period and does not have the phenomenon of tree decline after five years by accident, and then verifies the conclusion through a large number of experiments, thereby obtaining unexpected technical effects.
The invention overcomes the defect of inconsistent quality of the trunk-shaped cultivated fruits, overcomes the defect that the horizontal shed frame multi-main-branch cultivation technology is difficult to master, has short tree shape (equal to row spacing), high labor-saving degree, simple and easy learning of directly matching fruiting branches, early fruiting, high yield, good quality, high mechanization degree and strong production competitiveness, and is very suitable for popularization and application in the whole province. In addition, the grafting link with relatively high technical requirements is omitted; labor saving and saving, and the operation efficiency is improved; the fruit yield and the quality are both obviously improved; the tree grows uniformly and is not weak, and the balanced production can be continuously maintained.
Detailed Description
The present invention will be described in detail below with reference to specific examples. These embodiments are provided so that this disclosure will be thorough and complete, and will fully convey the scope of the invention to those skilled in the art.
In the following description and in the claims, the terms "include" and "comprise" are used in an open-ended fashion, and thus should be interpreted to mean "include, but not limited to. The description which follows is a preferred embodiment of the invention, but is made for the purpose of illustrating the general principles of the invention and not for the purpose of limiting the scope of the invention. The scope of the present invention is defined by the appended claims.
A single-arm direct-walking horizontal shed frame cultivation method for pear trees is characterized in that main branches of pear trees are bent into a straight line shape in the same direction at the same height at a position 20-30 cm below a horizontal shed frame, the main branches of two adjacent trees are intersected end to end, and fruiting branches are directly arranged on two sides of each main branch. Specifically, the method comprises the following steps:
(1) garden selection: selecting flat land or hilly slope land with deep soil layer and good drainage, wherein the underground water level is less than 0.8m, and the soil pH is 6.0-7.5;
(2) digging a planting ditch: digging planting ditches with the depth of 0.5m and the width of 0.8-1.2 m, wherein the ditches are downslope and communicated with peripheral ditches;
(3) building a shed frame: a transverse and longitudinal iron wire is pulled above the shed frame;
(4) planting: planting in autumn in late 11-12 th ten days or planting in late 2-4.0 m, 3.5-4.0 m, 667m242-64 plants;
(5) main branch culture: for a flat pear garden, uniformly directing the tips of the planted seedlings to a certain direction of the row, and horizontally binding the seedling trunks to iron wires after bending the seedling trunks under the iron wires for fixing main branches; for the sloping pear garden, the tips of the planted seedlings uniformly face the ascending direction or the contour line direction of the row, and under the iron wire for fixing the main branch, the seedling trunk is bent along the trend and then bound to the iron wire for fixing the main branch. Uniformly reserving 3-5 leaf pinching parts for the upper back buds and the upper side buds of the main branches in 5 months, uniformly pruning new shoots sprouting on the trunk, inducing the crossed main branches to the positions with the elevation angle of 30 degrees with the horizontal included angle for continuously culturing for 60-80 cm after the main branches grow to be crossed with the main branches of the adjacent field planted seedlings, pruning redundant parts, and reserving buds for fixed pruning every year in winter;
(6) and (3) culturing fruiting branches: lateral side buds and lateral lower buds on two sides of the main branch are remained to germinate into branches, when the germinated young shoots grow to the late 6 th month, the young shoots are attracted to the position forming an elevation angle of 30 degrees with the horizontal angle by using iron wires for fixing the lateral branches, flower bud differentiation is promoted, and annual long fruit branches are bred. When pruning is carried out in winter, arranging a bearing branch or a preparation branch at the same side of the main branch at an interval of 30-40 cm, thinning and pruning the excessive bearing branch or the preparation branch, and reserving a small section of pile or a base bud when thinning and pruning; when the density of the bearing branches is insufficient, the bearing branches germinate into branches by using short bearing branches or hidden buds on two sides of the main branch in the next year. For axillary bud fruiting varieties, cutting 1-2 buds at the tip of a new shoot with good axillary bud differentiation in the current year or not, and horizontally binding to obtain fruits; in the next year, an extension branch is continuously selected and remained at the tip of the bearing branch, 1/2 at the tip is cut off, and after horizontal binding, bearing is continuously performed by utilizing part of biennial short bearing branches and part of annual axillary flower buds. For pruning the bearing varieties of the short fruit branches, cutting off tips 1/3-1/4 of the young shoots in winter in the current year; in the second year, selecting a robustly growing extension branch at the tip of the bearing branch, and cutting 1/2 at the tip; in the third year, a robustly growing extension branch is continuously selected from the tip of the bearing branch, and 2/3 at the tip is cut off. Only 1-2 strong short fruit branches are reserved in each fruit moss, and over-dense short fruit branches, thin and weak short fruit branches and secondary-growth short fruit branches are removed.
For the updating situation of the bearing branches, the axillary buds are taken as the varieties for bearing fruits, and the service life of the bearing branches does not exceed 3 years; the use life of the bearing branches does not exceed 5 years for the variety taking the short bearing branches as main bearing. The new shoots germinated by the buds at the base parts of the bearing branches are used for updating, and the branch updating can also be carried out by the short bearing branches at the two sides of the main branch or the new shoots germinated by the hidden buds.
In addition, the windproof forest can be built around the garden according to actual conditions, when the area of the garden is large, the windproof forest is built on two sides of each community road, the seeds of the windproof forest are mainly arbors, and the selection of cypress with pear tree symbiotic pear rust disease is avoided.
When plant diseases and insect pests occur, the prevention and the treatment are carried out in time, and the purpose of increasing the yield and the harvest is achieved by combining reasonable irrigation.
In order to further prove the beneficial effects of the invention, the inventor also carries out the following tests, specifically:
in 2013, in 2 months, the Chinese pear varieties 'Happy water' with uniform specifications are planted in the pear test fields of Zhenjiang agricultural science research institute in Jiangsu hilly areas, and the cultivation methods, namely the single-arm forward-going horizontal trellis cultivation method (set as A) and the single-main branch conjoined comb shaping cultivation method (ZL201410344352.9 set as CK) in the invention are respectively compared with relevant indexes such as tree cultivation difficulty, operation efficiency, fruit quality and yield, annual young shoot growth amount and the like.
1. Influence of 2 cultivation modes on tree form cultivation difficulty
The table 1 shows that the row spacing of the plants in 2 cultivation modes is greatly different, the plant spacing in CK is limited by the growth potential of the plants and cannot be large, otherwise, the tree shape cannot be cultivated, but the single-arm direct movement is not limited by the plant spacing, the plant spacing is enlarged by 2 times compared with CK, the row spacing is increased by 0.5m compared with CK, and the mechanical production is favorably realized while the planting seedlings are reduced; the two types of seedlings have basically the same height and thickness of grafted seedlings after field planting. Meanwhile, in the A mode, after seedlings are grown, the seedlings can be directly cultured on a shelf, and the CK needs to enable adjacent trees to be connected end to end through a grafting technology, so that the technical difficulty is relatively high.
TABLE 12 influence of cultivation methods on the ease of tree cultivation
Note: the pre-tree culture refers to the requirement for grafted seedlings when the seedlings are put on shelves.
2. Influence of 2 cultivation modes on operation efficiency
TABLE 2 comparison of operating efficiency of different cultivation methods
The operation efficiency under 2 kinds of cultivation methods is equal except that the grafting, and the time of spending more like the not skilled grafting technique under CK mode has saved the time of big seedling grafting under A mode, is favorable to further realizing laborsaving cultivation that saves labour.
3. Influence of 2 cultivation modes on fruit quality and yield
TABLE 3 influence of different cultivation methods on fruit yield and quality
Note: the strict amount per unit area refers to the yield per unit area of a 6 year old tree, and the distance between rows is 1m left stone.
The fruit yield and quality of the 2 cultivation methods are different. The average single fruit weight is improved by 10.95 percent in the mode A compared with that in the mode CK, the yield per unit area is improved by 20.05 percent in the mode A compared with that in the mode CK, and the yield per mu is improved by 18.52 percent in the mode A compared with that in the mode CK. Compared with the CK mode, the content of soluble solids of the fruits in the mode A is improved by 7.09%, the hardness difference is small, and the content is improved by 2% compared with the fruit in the CK mode. In addition, the commodity rate of the pomes is 25% higher than that of the pomes in the CK mode, the pomes are related to the fact that the extending heads of the adjacent tree bodies cover the exposed main branches of the adjacent trees, the pomes have a shading effect in hot summer, and the fruits are not prone to suntan. In combination, the A mode is superior to the CK mode in view of fruit yield and quality.
4. Influence of 2 cultivation modes on growth vigor of trees
TABLE 42 Effect of cultivation methods on the thickness of the trunk in the first 5 years after planting
Note: trunk thickness is measured uniformly before pruning in the winter of each year.
Influence of the cultivation methods of Table 52 on growth vigor of 6-year-old trees
Tables 4 and 5 show that the difference of the stem thickening and growing trend of the 2 cultivation modes is larger, the stem thickening and growing trend of the A cultivation mode in the last 5 years is thicker than that of the CK cultivation mode, and the difference of the stems thickening and growing trend of the two cultivation modes increases year by year along with the increase of the cultivation years, wherein the difference of the stems thickening and growing trend of the A cultivation mode is increased from 0.7cm in the first year to 1.9cm in the 5 th year and 2.6cm in the 6 th year.
The thickness of the main branches and the thickness of annual branches in the 2 cultivation modes are both thicker than those in the CK mode, and the annual branches are relatively longer but not vigorous. The method is probably related to that each pear tree in the A mode has a main branch extending head, the included angle of 30 degrees with the horizontal direction is favorable for thickening and increasing of a single tree body, the power is sufficient, and the growth vigor is relatively vigorous. In the CK mode, two adjacent trees are connected end to end, the tree vigor begins to weaken along with the increase of the fruiting life, and the yield and the quality of the fruits are also lower than those in the A mode as shown in the table 3.
Although the invention has been described in detail above with reference to a general description and specific examples, it will be apparent to one skilled in the art that modifications or improvements may be made thereto based on the invention. Accordingly, such modifications and improvements are intended to be within the scope of the invention as claimed.
Claims (5)
1. A single-arm direct-running horizontal trellis cultivation method for pear trees is characterized by comprising the following steps:
(1) garden selection: selecting flat land or hilly slope land with deep soil layer and good drainage, wherein the underground water level is less than 0.8m, and the soil pH is 6.0-7.5;
(2) digging a planting ditch: digging planting ditches with the depth of 0.5m and the width of 0.8-1.2 m, wherein the ditches are downslope and communicated with peripheral ditches;
(3) building a shed frame: a transverse and longitudinal iron wire is pulled above the shed frame;
(4) planting: planting in autumn in late 11-12 th ten days or planting in late 2-4.0 m, 3.5-4.0 m, 667m242-64 plants;
(5) main branch culture: for a flat pear garden, uniformly directing the tips of the planted seedlings to a certain direction of the row, and horizontally binding the seedling trunks to iron wires after bending the seedling trunks under the iron wires for fixing main branches; uniformly reserving 3-5 leaf pinching parts for the upper back buds and the upper side buds of the main branches in 5 months, uniformly pruning new shoots sprouting on the trunk, inducing the crossed main branches to the positions with the elevation angle of 30 degrees with the horizontal included angle for continuously culturing for 60-80 cm after the main branches grow to be crossed with the main branches of the adjacent field planted seedlings, pruning redundant parts, and reserving buds for fixed pruning every year in winter;
(6) and (3) culturing fruiting branches: lateral side buds and lateral lower buds on two sides of the main branch are remained to germinate into branches, when the germinated young shoots grow to the late 6 th month, the young shoots are attracted to the position forming an elevation angle of 30 degrees with the horizontal angle by using iron wires for fixing the lateral branches, flower bud differentiation is promoted, and annual long fruit branches are bred.
2. The single-arm direct-walking horizontal shed frame cultivation method for the pear trees according to claim 1, characterized in that for a sloping pear garden, tips of the planted seedlings are uniformly oriented to the upward sloping direction or the contour line direction of the row, and under the iron wire of the fixed main branch, the seedling trunk is bent in a direct manner and then is bound to the iron wire of the fixed main branch.
3. The single-arm direct-row horizontal trellis cultivation method for the pear trees according to claim 1, wherein during winter pruning, a bearing branch or a preparation branch is arranged at an interval of 30-40 cm on the same side of a main branch, the over-dense bearing branch or preparation branch is pruned, and a base bud is left during pruning; when the density of the bearing branches is insufficient, the bearing branches germinate into branches by using short bearing branches or hidden buds on two sides of the main branch in the next year.
4. The single-arm direct-walking horizontal trellis cultivation method for the pear trees according to claim 1, further comprising pruning fruiting branches, for axillary bud fruiting varieties, cutting 1-2 buds at the tip of a new tip with good differentiation of the current-year axillary buds or not cutting the new tip, and horizontally binding to obtain the result; in the next year, an extension branch is continuously selected and remained at the tip of the bearing branch, 1/2 at the tip is cut off, and after horizontal binding, bearing is continuously performed by utilizing part of biennial short bearing branches and part of annual axillary flower buds.
5. The single-arm direct-row horizontal trellis cultivation method for pear trees according to claim 4, wherein for the trimming of short fruit branch fruiting varieties, the tip of new shoot is cut off in winter in the current year from 1/3-1/4; in the second year, selecting a robustly growing extension branch at the tip of the bearing branch, and cutting 1/2 at the tip; in the third year, a robustly growing extension branch is continuously selected from the tip of the bearing branch, and 2/3 at the tip is cut off; only 1-2 strong short fruit branches are reserved in each fruit moss, and over-dense short fruit branches, thin and weak short fruit branches and secondary-growth short fruit branches are removed.
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Citations (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN103430806A (en) * | 2013-09-04 | 2013-12-11 | 镇江万山红遍农业园 | Reshaping and cultivating method of pear tree with single trunk and two main branches |
| CN105248211A (en) * | 2014-07-17 | 2016-01-20 | 江苏丘陵地区镇江农业科学研究所 | Chinese pear horizontal shed frame single main branch conjoined comb-shaped shaping cultivation method |
| CN105850472A (en) * | 2016-05-04 | 2016-08-17 | 福建省农业科学院果树研究所 | Trellis culture field-planting and shaping method of single-trunk and single-main-branch pear trees |
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- 2020-03-05 CN CN202010146944.5A patent/CN111149607A/en active Pending
Patent Citations (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN103430806A (en) * | 2013-09-04 | 2013-12-11 | 镇江万山红遍农业园 | Reshaping and cultivating method of pear tree with single trunk and two main branches |
| CN105248211A (en) * | 2014-07-17 | 2016-01-20 | 江苏丘陵地区镇江农业科学研究所 | Chinese pear horizontal shed frame single main branch conjoined comb-shaped shaping cultivation method |
| CN105850472A (en) * | 2016-05-04 | 2016-08-17 | 福建省农业科学院果树研究所 | Trellis culture field-planting and shaping method of single-trunk and single-main-branch pear trees |
Non-Patent Citations (1)
| Title |
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| 管飞翔等: "《梨棚架式生产机械化技术应用分析》", 《江苏农机化》 * |
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Application publication date: 20200515 |