CN111149596B - Soil ecological restoration method suitable for pistacia chinensis bunge transplantation and pistacia chinensis bunge transplantation method - Google Patents
Soil ecological restoration method suitable for pistacia chinensis bunge transplantation and pistacia chinensis bunge transplantation method Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The invention relates to the technical field of pistacia chinensis bunge transplanting, in particular to a soil ecological restoration method suitable for transplanting pistacia chinensis bunge and a pistacia chinensis bunge transplanting method. Comprises the following steps: sequentially distributing a decomposed straw compost layer, a livestock manure fertilizer layer, a lime layer and a leguminous green manure plant planting layer on the transplanting soil from bottom to top, planting leguminous green manure plants on the leguminous green manure plant planting layer, and separating different layers by thin soil; removing the leguminous green manure plants after the leguminous green manure plants are mature, burying the leguminous green manure plants in place to form a leguminous green manure corrosion material layer, laying a composite microbial inoculum soil layer on the leguminous green manure corrosion material layer, and enabling the leguminous green manure corrosion material layer and the composite microbial inoculum soil layer to pass through a thin soil interval; and covering phloem bark on the composite microbial inoculum soil layer, introducing earthworms into the planting area, and completing soil remediation to obtain the repaired transplanting area. According to the invention, a large amount of green environment-friendly substances are adopted to carry out ecological restoration on the soil, so that the soil is more suitable for the growth of the pistacia chinensis bunge and is also very green and environment-friendly on the whole.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of pistacia chinensis bunge transplanting, in particular to a soil ecological restoration method suitable for transplanting pistacia chinensis bunge and a pistacia chinensis bunge transplanting method.
Background
Pistacia chinensis Bunge (Latin name: Pistacia chinensis Bunge) is also called "regular script Tree", regular script Tree, Melia azedarach, Equisetum, and is a plant of genus Pistacia in family Anacardiaceae. The Chinese yellow river basin is distributed to south China and southwest China. The composite material is light-loving, strong in adaptability, drought-resistant and strong in resistance to sulfur dioxide and smoke; deep rooted. Strong wind resistance, slow growth and long service life. In some highly polluted cities, particularly cities with more sulfur dioxide emission, acid rain can be formed, many green plants wither due to the acid rain, the pistacia chinensis bunge is a good urban green plant with stronger sulfur dioxide resistance and stronger sulfur dioxide absorption capacity, and can be transplanted in green belts and urban parks of the cities, but because the pistacia chinensis bunge has poorer resistance in the transplanting period, various insect pests are easy to breed, and certain requirements on soil fertility are also provided, the transplanting survival rate is not high in many areas due to poor soil during transplanting, and when the soil has certain fertility, the rooting of the pistacia chinensis bunge can be accelerated, so that the ecological restoration aiming at the pistacia chinensis bunge is required to be carried out on the soil in the transplanting area.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to overcome the defects of the prior art and provide a soil ecological restoration method suitable for transplanting pistacia chinensis bunge.
The purpose of the invention is realized by the following technical scheme:
the soil ecological restoration method suitable for the transplanted pistacia chinensis bunge comprises the following steps:
s1, sequentially distributing a decomposed straw compost layer, a livestock manure fertilizer layer, a lime layer and a leguminous green manure plant planting layer on the transplanting soil from bottom to top, planting leguminous green manure plants on the leguminous green manure plant planting layer, and separating different layers by thin soil;
s2, removing the leguminous green manure plants after the leguminous green manure plants are mature, burying the leguminous green manure plants into a leguminous green manure green rot layer on the spot, paving a composite microbial inoculum soil layer on the leguminous green manure green rot layer, and enabling the leguminous green manure green rot layer and the composite microbial inoculum soil layer to pass through a thin soil interval;
s3, covering a block of bark with phloem on the soil layer of the composite microbial inoculum, and introducing earthworms into the planting area to finish soil remediation to obtain a repaired transplanting area.
Specifically, the thickness of the decomposed straw compost layer is 8-10cm, the straws are cut into straw sections with the length of less than 8cm, and the thickness of the decomposed straw compost layer is determined according to the following steps of: soaking the straw sections in an aqueous solution with the weight ratio of 1:10 for 1.5-2.5 h, and laying the straw sections after taking out the straw sections to form a decomposed straw compost layer.
Specifically, the method for forming the livestock manure layer comprises the following steps of mixing cow manure, pig manure, sheep manure and chicken manure according to a mass ratio of 12-15: 8-10: 5-8: 1-2, mixing cow dung, pig dung and sheep dung, steaming for 6-8 min in a steamer at 110-130 ℃, raising the temperature to 220-250 ℃ for 2-4 min, taking out of the steamer, exposing to the sun for 36-72 h by spreading 2cm in thickness, crushing for 750-800 s by a crusher at 6000-6500 r/min, sieving with a 180-190 mesh sieve to obtain livestock dung powder, putting the selected chicken dung into a beater at 3000-3500 r/min, adding water at 58-76 ℃ in an amount which is 0.21-0.32 times the weight of the chicken dung, beating for 560-650 s, and decomposing for 2-2.5 h in a decomposition chamber at 80-90 ℃ to obtain poultry dung slurry; the method comprises the steps of putting livestock manure slurry and livestock manure powder into a stirrer with the rotating speed of 80-100 r/min, mixing and stirring for 850-930 s, adding water with the temperature of 61-78 ℃ and the weight of 0.31-0.35 times of the livestock manure powder, fully mixing, covering a plastic film, sealing and fermenting for 72-96 h at room temperature, stacking to the thickness of 5-7 cm to obtain livestock manure, and stacking and paving the livestock manure with the thickness of 8-15 cm to obtain the livestock manure layer.
Specifically, the leguminous green manure plant selected in the leguminous green manure plant planting layer is astragalus sinicus, and the leguminous green manure plant planting layer is leveled to be 3-5 g/m2The sowing amount of the fertilizer is used for sowing, the sowing time of the milk vetch is 1-2 months, and the milk vetch plant is turned into the planting layer of the leguminous green manure plant to form a leguminous green manure layer in 7-9 months.
Specifically, the preparation method of the soil layer of the compound microbial inoculum comprises the steps of calcining corallite at the temperature of 280-350 ℃ for 65-80 min, naturally cooling at room temperature, putting into a grinder with the rotation speed of 10000-11500 r/min for grinding for 25-30 min, and sieving with a 200-245-mesh sieve to obtain corallite powder; adding an ethanol solution with the weight of 0.7-0.8 times that of the coral powder and the mass fraction of 22-24% into the coral powder, stirring for 13-15 min by using a stirrer with the rotating speed of 560-650 r/min, putting into a drying oven with the temperature of 36-45 ℃ and drying until the water content is 9-11% to obtain activated coral powder, adding 10-100g of a nutrient into each kg of the activated coral powder, adding 5-10g of a microbial agent into each kg of the activated coral powder, and fully mixing to complete the preparation of the compound microbial agent, wherein the input amount of the compound microbial agent is 60-100g per kg of soil to form the compound microbial agent soil.
Specifically, the microbial agent is a mixture of EM (effective microorganisms), azotobacter chroococcum, bacillus subtilis and bacillus cereus, the bacteria content of the EM, the azotobacter chroococcum, the bacillus subtilis and the bacillus cereus is more than or equal to 3.5 hundred million/g, and the weight ratio of the EM, the azotobacter chroococcum, the bacillus subtilis and the bacillus cereus is 2.5-3.5: 1-2: 1.5-2.5: 1-3: 2-4, fully stirring by using a stirrer, and standing for 24 hours at a shady and cool place at 10 ℃ to obtain a finished product.
Specifically, the nutritional agent is prepared from the following raw materials in parts by weight: 10-15 parts of ammonium bicarbonate, 15-20 parts of phoxim, 2-4 parts of ammonium molybdate, 25-30 parts of calcium superphosphate, 40-50 parts of silicon calcium potassium magnesium and 15-20 parts of ferrous sulfate, and the preparation of the nutritional agent is completed by dispersing the raw materials of the nutritional agent at a high speed by ultrasound, wherein the frequency of the ultrasonic wave is 27kHz, the dispersion speed is about 5000r/min, and the dispersion time is 40 min.
Specifically, detection analysis is performed on the transplanted region before step S1, and the detection analysis steps are as follows: sampling is carried out in a transplanting area by adopting an S-shaped sampling method, 45cm is dug downwards at a sampling point, soil of a section is taken, and the soil is detected and analyzed after pretreatment to obtain the information of soil pH value, soil water content, soil compactness and soil organic matter content.
The method for transplanting the pistacia chinensis bunge comprises the following steps:
s2, removing the leguminous green manure plants after the leguminous green manure plants are mature, burying the leguminous green manure plants into a leguminous green manure green rot layer on the spot, paving a composite microbial inoculum soil layer on the leguminous green manure green rot layer, and enabling the leguminous green manure green rot layer and the composite microbial inoculum soil layer to pass through a thin soil interval;
s3, covering a block of bark with a phloem on the soil layer of the composite microbial inoculum, and introducing earthworms into the planting area to finish soil remediation to obtain a repaired transplanting area;
step 2, paving a composite microbial inoculum soil layer in the transplanting hole;
step 3, selecting pistacia chinensis bunge with a trunk diameter of 8-13 cm, good growth condition and no plant diseases and insect pests as transplanted pistacia chinensis bunge, wherein the size of mud balls at the bottom of the pistacia chinensis bunge is 2-3 times of the trunk diameter of the pistacia chinensis bunge, the thickness of the mud balls is 2.5-3.5 times of the trunk diameter of the pistacia chinensis bunge, and wrapping the mud balls by using straws;
and 4, placing the pistacia chinensis bunge in the transplanting hole, covering the pistacia chinensis bunge with composite microbial inoculum soil, and fixing the pistacia chinensis bunge with a supporting rod.
And 5, covering a block of bark with a phloem on the soil layer of the composite microbial inoculum, and introducing earthworms into the planting area to finish the transplantation.
Specifically, before the pistacia chinensis bunge is transplanted, the pistacia chinensis bunge to be transplanted needs to be trimmed, and 3/5 branches are trimmed.
Compared with the prior art, the invention has the following advantages and beneficial effects:
(1) according to the invention, a large amount of green and environment-friendly substances are adopted to carry out ecological restoration on the soil, such as a straw compost layer, a livestock manure layer, a lime layer and a leguminous green manure plant planting layer, so that the soil is more suitable for the growth of the pistacia chinensis bunge, only a composite microbial inoculum soil layer is applied on the surface layer to provide a small amount of chemical fertilizer and microbial inoculum required in the initial transplanting stage, the pollution degree to the environment is small, and the soil is very green and environment-friendly on the whole.
(2) According to the invention, the astragalus sinicus is adopted as the leguminous green manure plant for nitrogen fixation, so that a good nitrogen fixation effect can be achieved, the end of one growth cycle of the astragalus sinicus is just the optimal transplanting period of the pistacia chinensis bunge, a waiting window period is not arranged in the middle, and the astragalus sinicus is the optimal leguminous green manure plant for transplanting the pistacia chinensis bunge.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of a soil layer of the present invention.
Detailed Description
The present invention will be described in further detail with reference to examples and drawings, but the present invention is not limited thereto.
As shown in fig. 1, the soil ecological restoration method suitable for the transplantation of pistacia chinensis bunge comprises the following steps:
s1, sequentially distributing a decomposed straw compost layer 1, a livestock manure fertilizer layer 2, a lime layer 3 and a leguminous green manure plant planting layer 4 on the transplanting soil from bottom to top, planting leguminous green manure plants on the leguminous green manure plant planting layer 4, and separating different layers by thin soil 6; the leguminous fertilizer green plants play a role in biological nitrogen fixation, and can increase the nitrogen content in soil in an environment-friendly manner;
s2, removing the leguminous green manure plants after the leguminous green manure plants are mature, burying the leguminous green manure plants into a leguminous green manure green rot layer on the spot, paving a composite microbial inoculum soil layer 5 on the leguminous green manure green rot layer, and enabling the leguminous green manure green rot layer and the composite microbial inoculum soil layer 5 to be separated by thin soil 6; the leguminous fertile green plants can be buried in place to further enhance the fertility of soil;
s3, covering a block of bark with phloem on the composite microbial inoculum soil layer 5, and introducing earthworms into the planting area to complete soil remediation to obtain a repaired transplanting area. The phloem bark can keep the soil moisture and temperature, the soil porosity can be increased through the movement of the earthworms, air and water can easily reach the roots of plants, and the holes and the channels dug by the earthworms are beneficial to rapid drainage of the soil and guarantee that the soil has certain oxygen content.
Specifically, the thickness of the decomposed straw compost layer 1 is 8-10cm, the straws are cut into straw sections with the length of less than 8cm, and the thickness of the straw compost layer is determined according to the following steps of: soaking in an aqueous solution with the weight ratio of 1:10 for 1.5-2.5 h, taking out the straw sections, and paving to form a decomposed straw compost layer 1, wherein the straw is one or more of rice straw, wheat straw or corn straw. The straw composting effect can be improved by soaking the straw sections in the aqueous solution of cellulase, and organic matters in soil can be improved by the straw composting layer.
The lime layer 3 can adjust the pH value of the soil.
Specifically, the method for forming the livestock manure layer 2 comprises the following steps of mixing cow manure, pig manure, sheep manure and chicken manure according to a mass ratio of 12-15: 8-10: 5-8: 1-2, mixing cow dung, pig dung and sheep dung, steaming for 6-8 min in a steamer at 110-130 ℃, raising the temperature to 220-250 ℃ for 2-4 min, taking out of the steamer, exposing to the sun for 36-72 h by spreading 2cm in thickness, crushing for 750-800 s by a crusher at 6000-6500 r/min, sieving with a 180-190 mesh sieve to obtain livestock dung powder, putting the selected chicken dung into a beater at 3000-3500 r/min, adding water at 58-76 ℃ in an amount which is 0.21-0.32 times the weight of the chicken dung, beating for 560-650 s, and decomposing for 2-2.5 h in a decomposition chamber at 80-90 ℃ to obtain poultry dung slurry; the method comprises the steps of putting livestock manure slurry and livestock manure powder into a stirrer with the rotating speed of 80-100 r/min, mixing and stirring for 850-930 s, adding water with the temperature of 61-78 ℃ and the weight of 0.31-0.35 times of the livestock manure powder, fully mixing, covering a plastic film, sealing and fermenting for 72-96 h at room temperature, stacking to the thickness of 5-7 cm to obtain livestock manure, stacking and paving the livestock manure with the thickness of 8-15 cm to obtain the livestock manure layer 2. The livestock manure is steamed and aired to effectively kill harmful bacteria in the livestock manure, the sheep manure contains pathogenic bacteria and pests such as coliform bacteria and nematodes, the pathogenic bacteria and pests such as coliform bacteria and nematodes in the sheep manure can be killed through fermentation, the phenomenon of seedling burning of astragalus sinicus and pistacia chinensis is prevented, certain parasites and parasitic ova also exist in the chicken manure, and the chicken manure needs to be heated to a certain temperature for inactivation to be used.
Specifically, the leguminous green manure plant selected in the leguminous green manure plant planting layer 4 is astragalus sinicus, and the leguminous green manure plant planting layer 4 is leveled to be 3-5 g/m2The sowing amount of the fertilizer is used for sowing, the sowing time of the milk vetch is 1-2 months, and the milk vetch plant is turned into the leguminous green manure plant planting layer 4 in 7-9 months to form a leguminous green manure layer. The astragalus sinicus is an important green manure crop, has strong nitrogen fixation capacity and high utilization efficiency, so that a large amount of soil nitrogen can be excited when plants decay, the end of a growth cycle of the astragalus sinicus is just the optimal transplanting period of the pistacia chinensis bunge, no waiting window period is arranged in the middle, and the astragalus sinicus is the optimal leguminous green manure plant for transplanting the pistacia chinensis bunge.
Specifically, the preparation method of the composite microbial inoculum soil layer 5 comprises the steps of calcining corallite at the temperature of 280-350 ℃ for 65-80 min, naturally cooling at room temperature, grinding by a grinder with the rotation speed of 10000-11500 r/min for 25-30 min, and sieving by a sieve of 200-245 meshes to obtain corallite powder; adding an ethanol solution with the weight of 0.7-0.8 times that of the coral powder and the mass fraction of 22-24% into the coral powder, stirring for 13-15 min by using a stirrer with the rotating speed of 560-650 r/min, putting into a drying oven with the temperature of 36-45 ℃ and drying until the water content is 9-11% to obtain activated coral powder, adding 10-100g of a nutrient into each kg of the activated coral powder, adding 5-10g of a microbial agent into each kg of the activated coral powder, and fully mixing to complete the preparation of the compound microbial agent, wherein the input amount of the compound microbial agent is 60-100g per kg of soil to form the compound microbial agent soil. The corallite has porous property, so that a microbial agent can be conveniently attached to the corallite, and the nutrient can be used for providing a fertilizer required by the pistacia chinensis bunge in an initial state.
Specifically, the microbial agent is a mixture of EM (effective microorganisms), azotobacter chroococcum, bacillus subtilis and bacillus cereus, the bacteria content of the EM, the azotobacter chroococcum, the bacillus subtilis and the bacillus cereus is more than or equal to 3.5 hundred million/g, and the weight ratio of the EM, the azotobacter chroococcum, the bacillus subtilis and the bacillus cereus is 2.5-3.5: 1-2: 1.5-2.5: 1-3: 2-4, fully stirring by using a stirrer, and standing for 24 hours at a shady and cool place at 10 ℃ to obtain a finished product. The EM can reduce diseases generated by bacteria and fungi after the pistacia chinensis bunge is transplanted, the azotobacter chroococcum has strong nitrogen fixation capacity, can secrete auxin, can replace milk vetch to play a role in nitrogen fixation after the milk vetch is pulled out, and the bacillus subtilis and the bacillus cereus can play a good role in preventing the pistacia chinensis bunge moths.
Specifically, the nutritional agent is prepared from the following raw materials in parts by weight: 10-15 parts of ammonium bicarbonate, 15-20 parts of phoxim, 2-4 parts of ammonium molybdate, 25-30 parts of calcium superphosphate, 40-50 parts of silicon calcium potassium magnesium and 15-20 parts of ferrous sulfate, and the preparation of the nutritional agent is completed by dispersing the raw materials of the nutritional agent at a high speed by ultrasound, wherein the frequency of the ultrasonic wave is 27kHz, the dispersion speed is about 5000r/min, and the dispersion time is 40 min. Ammonium bicarbonate, calcium superphosphate, ammonium molybdate and silicon-calcium-potassium-magnesium are all fertilizers in the initial growth stage of the pistacia chinensis bunge, growth and rooting in the initial growth stage of the pistacia chinensis bunge are facilitated, rhizoctonia rot of the pistacia chinensis bunge can be prevented by adding ferrous sulfate, and diseases of the pistacia chinensis bunge chi moth can be effectively prevented by adding phoxim.
Specifically, detection analysis is performed on the transplanted region before step S1, and the detection analysis steps are as follows: sampling is carried out in a transplanting area by adopting an S-shaped sampling method, 45cm is dug downwards at a sampling point, soil of a section is taken, and the soil is detected and analyzed after pretreatment to obtain the information of soil pH value, soil water content, soil compactness and soil organic matter content. Through addding the detection analysis step, can treat that the soil of restoreing carries out pH valve analysis, water content analysis, compactness analysis, organic matter analysis, and the suitable for local conditions of being convenient for adds the ripe straw compost layer 1 of different thickness, birds animal manure fertilizer layer 2, lime layer 3, leguminous green manure plant planting layer 4 and compound microbial inoculum soil horizon 5 according to the soil of different materials.
The method for transplanting the pistacia chinensis bunge comprises the following steps:
step 2, paving a composite microbial inoculum soil layer 5 in the transplanting hole; through laying one deck complex microbial inoculum soil horizon 5 in the planting cave, can make microbial inoculum and the abundant contact of pistacia chinensis root system, improve soil activity to can keep apart with outside soil through complex microbial inoculum soil horizon 5, can effectually reduce the emergence of harm and damping off of early stage pistacia chinensis ruler moth.
Step 3, selecting pistacia chinensis bunge with a trunk diameter of 8-13 cm, good growth condition and no plant diseases and insect pests as transplanted pistacia chinensis bunge, wherein the size of mud balls at the bottom of the pistacia chinensis bunge is 2-3 times of the trunk diameter of the pistacia chinensis bunge, the thickness of the mud balls is 2.5-3.5 times of the trunk diameter of the pistacia chinensis bunge, and wrapping the mud balls by using straws;
and 4, placing the pistacia chinensis bunge in the transplanting hole, covering the pistacia chinensis bunge with composite microbial inoculum soil, and fixing the pistacia chinensis bunge with a supporting rod.
And step 5, covering a block of bark with phloem on the composite microbial inoculum soil layer 5, and introducing earthworms into the planting area to finish the transplantation. The phloem bark covered on the soil layer can keep the root of the pistacia chinensis bunge cool, weeds are avoided growing in a clump mode, the effect that the soil is not eroded can be achieved when rainstorm occurs, warm keeping of the pistacia chinensis bunge is facilitated at the end of autumn, damage caused by frost to the pistacia chinensis bunge is avoided, the phloem bark can be slowly decomposed after a long time, organic materials of the soil can be increased, and ecological restoration of the soil is facilitated.
Specifically, before the pistacia chinensis bunge is transplanted, the pistacia chinensis bunge to be transplanted needs to be trimmed, and 3/5 branches are trimmed.
The specific implementation process of the invention is as follows:
example 1
In the embodiment of the invention, the soil ecological restoration method suitable for the transplanted pistacia chinensis bunge comprises the following steps:
s1, sequentially distributing a decomposed straw compost layer 1, a livestock manure fertilizer layer 2, a lime layer 3 and a leguminous green manure plant planting layer 4 on the transplanting soil from bottom to top, planting leguminous green manure plants on the leguminous green manure plant planting layer 4, and separating different layers by thin soil 6;
s2, removing the leguminous green manure plants after the leguminous green manure plants are mature, burying the leguminous green manure plants into a leguminous green manure green rot layer on the spot, paving a composite microbial inoculum soil layer 5 on the leguminous green manure green rot layer, and enabling the leguminous green manure green rot layer and the composite microbial inoculum soil layer 5 to be separated by thin soil 6;
s3, covering a block of bark with phloem on the composite microbial inoculum soil layer 5, and introducing earthworms into the planting area to complete soil remediation to obtain a repaired transplanting area.
Specifically, the thickness of the decomposed straw compost layer 1 is 8cm, the straws are cut into straw sections with the length of less than 8cm, and the decomposed straw compost layer is prepared by mixing cellulose: soaking the straw sections in an aqueous solution with the weight ratio of 1:10 for 1.5h, and paving the straw sections to form a decomposed straw compost layer 1.
Specifically, the method for forming the livestock manure layer 2 comprises the following steps of mixing cow manure, pig manure, sheep manure and chicken manure according to a mass ratio of 12: 8: 5: 1, mixing cow dung, pig dung and sheep dung, steaming for 6min in a steamer at 110 ℃, raising the temperature to 220 ℃ for steaming for 2min, taking out of the steamer, exposing to sunlight for 36h by spreading the mixture to the thickness of 2cm, crushing for 750s by a crusher at the rotating speed of 6000r/min, sieving with a 180-mesh sieve to obtain animal dung powder, putting the selected chicken dung into a beater at the rotating speed of 3000r/min, adding water which is 0.21 times the weight of the chicken dung and has the temperature of 58 ℃, beating for 560s, and decomposing for 2h in a decomposition chamber at 80 ℃ to obtain poultry dung slurry; putting the livestock manure slurry and the livestock manure powder into a stirrer with the rotating speed of 80r/min, mixing and stirring for 850s, adding water with the weight 0.31 times of the weight of the livestock manure powder and the temperature of 61 ℃, fully mixing, covering a plastic film, fermenting for 72h at room temperature in a closed manner, stacking the livestock manure with the thickness of 5cm to obtain the livestock manure, and stacking and paving the livestock manure with the thickness of 8cm to obtain the livestock manure layer 2.
Specifically, the leguminous green manure plant selected in the leguminous green manure plant planting layer 4 is astragalus sinicus, and the leguminous green manure plant planting layer 4 is leveled to be 3g/m2The sowing amount of the seed is used for sowing, the sowing time of the milk vetch is 1 month, and the milk vetch plant is turned into the leguminous green manure plant planting layer 4 in 7 months to form a leguminous green manure layer.
Specifically, the preparation method of the composite microbial inoculum soil layer 5 comprises the steps of calcining corallite at the temperature of 280 ℃ for 65min, naturally cooling at room temperature, putting into a grinder with the rotation speed of 10000r/min for grinding for 25min, and sieving with a 200-mesh sieve to obtain the corallite powder; adding an ethanol solution with the weight 0.7 times that of coral powder and the mass fraction of 22% into the coral powder, stirring for 13min by using a stirrer with the rotating speed of 560r/min, putting into a drying oven with the temperature of 36 ℃ and drying until the water content is 9% to obtain activated coral powder, adding 10g of nutrient into each kilogram of activated coral powder, adding 5g of microbial agent into each kilogram of activated coral powder, and fully mixing to complete the preparation of the compound microbial agent, wherein the input amount of the compound microbial agent is 60g per kilogram of soil, so that the compound microbial agent soil is formed.
Specifically, the microbial agent is a mixture of EM (effective microorganisms), azotobacter chroococcum, bacillus subtilis and bacillus cereus, the bacteria content of the EM, the azotobacter chroococcum, the bacillus subtilis and the bacillus cereus is more than or equal to 3.5 hundred million/g, and the weight ratio of the EM, the azotobacter chroococcum, the bacillus subtilis and the bacillus cereus is 2.5: 1: 1.5: 1: 2, fully stirring by a stirrer, and standing for 24 hours at a shady and cool place at the temperature of 10 ℃ to obtain a finished product.
Specifically, the nutritional agent is prepared from the following raw materials in parts by weight: 10 parts of ammonium bicarbonate, 15 parts of phoxim, 2 parts of ammonium molybdate, 25 parts of calcium superphosphate, 40 parts of silicon calcium potassium magnesium and 15 parts of ferrous sulfate, and the preparation of the nutritional agent is completed by dispersing the raw materials of the nutritional agent at a high speed by ultrasonic, wherein the ultrasonic frequency is 27kHz, the dispersion speed is about 5000r/min, and the dispersion time is 40 min.
Specifically, detection analysis is performed on the transplanted region before step S1, and the detection analysis steps are as follows: sampling is carried out in a transplanting area by adopting an S-shaped sampling method, 45cm is dug downwards at a sampling point, soil of a section is taken, and the soil is detected and analyzed after pretreatment to obtain the information of soil pH value, soil water content, soil compactness and soil organic matter content.
Example 2
In the embodiment of the invention, the soil ecological restoration method suitable for the transplanted pistacia chinensis bunge comprises the following steps:
s1, sequentially distributing a decomposed straw compost layer 1, a livestock manure fertilizer layer 2, a lime layer 3 and a leguminous green manure plant planting layer 4 on the transplanting soil from bottom to top, planting leguminous green manure plants on the leguminous green manure plant planting layer 4, and separating different layers by thin soil 6;
s2, removing the leguminous green manure plants after the leguminous green manure plants are mature, burying the leguminous green manure plants into a leguminous green manure green rot layer on the spot, paving a composite microbial inoculum soil layer 5 on the leguminous green manure green rot layer, and enabling the leguminous green manure green rot layer and the composite microbial inoculum soil layer 5 to be separated by thin soil 6;
s3, covering a block of bark with phloem on the composite microbial inoculum soil layer 5, and introducing earthworms into the planting area to complete soil remediation to obtain a repaired transplanting area.
Specifically, the thickness of the decomposed straw compost layer 1 is 9cm, the straws are cut into straw sections with the length of less than 8cm, and the decomposed straw compost layer is prepared by mixing cellulose: soaking the straw sections in an aqueous solution with the weight ratio of 1:10 for 2 hours, and paving the straw sections to form a decomposed straw compost layer 1.
Specifically, the method for forming the livestock manure layer 2 comprises the following steps of mixing cow manure, pig manure, sheep manure and chicken manure according to a mass ratio of 13: 6: 6: 1.5, mixing cow dung, pig dung and sheep dung, steaming for 7min in a steamer at 120 ℃, raising the temperature to 230 ℃ for 3min, taking out of the steamer, exposing to sunlight for 54h by spreading 2cm in thickness, crushing 780s by a crusher at the input speed of 6300r/min, sieving with a 185-mesh sieve to obtain animal dung powder, putting the selected chicken dung into a beater at the input speed of 3300r/min, adding water at the temperature of 66 ℃ and in an amount which is 0.265 times the weight of the chicken dung into the beater, beating for 600s, and rotting for 2.25h in a rotting room at 85 ℃ to obtain poultry dung pulp; putting the livestock manure slurry and the livestock manure powder into a stirrer with the rotating speed of 90r/min, mixing and stirring for 900s, adding water with the weight of 0.33 times of the weight of the livestock manure powder and the temperature of 68 ℃, fully mixing, covering a plastic film, fermenting for 84h at room temperature in a sealed manner, stacking to the thickness of 6cm to obtain the livestock manure, and stacking and paving the livestock manure to the thickness of 12cm to obtain the livestock manure layer 2.
Specifically, the leguminous green manure plant selected in the leguminous green manure plant planting layer 4 is astragalus sinicus, and the leguminous green manure plant planting layer 4 is leveled to be 4g/m2The sowing amount of the seed is used for sowing, the sowing time of the milk vetch is 1 month, and the milk vetch plant is turned into the leguminous green manure plant planting layer 4 in 8 months to form a leguminous green manure layer.
Specifically, the preparation method of the composite microbial inoculum soil layer 5 comprises the steps of calcining corallite at the temperature of 310 ℃ for 72min, naturally cooling at room temperature, putting into a grinder with the rotating speed of 11000r/min for grinding for 28min, and sieving with a 225-mesh sieve to obtain corallite powder; adding an ethanol solution with the weight 0.75 times that of coral powder and the mass fraction of 23% into the coral powder, stirring for 14min by using a stirrer with the rotating speed of 600r/min, putting into a drying oven with the temperature of 40 ℃ and drying until the water content is 10% to obtain activated coral powder, adding 55g of nutrient into each kilogram of activated coral powder, adding 8g of microbial agent into each kilogram of activated coral powder, and fully mixing to complete the preparation of the compound microbial agent, wherein the input amount of the compound microbial agent is 80g per kilogram of soil, so that the compound microbial agent soil is formed.
Specifically, the microbial agent is a mixture of EM (effective microorganisms), azotobacter chroococcum, bacillus subtilis and bacillus cereus, the bacteria content of the EM, the azotobacter chroococcum, the bacillus subtilis and the bacillus cereus is more than or equal to 3.5 hundred million/g, and the weight ratio of the EM, the azotobacter chroococcum, the bacillus subtilis and the bacillus cereus is 3: 1.5: 2: 2: and 3, fully stirring by using a stirrer, and standing for 24 hours at a shady and cool place at the temperature of 10 ℃ to obtain a finished product.
Specifically, the nutritional agent is prepared from the following raw materials in parts by weight: 12 parts of ammonium bicarbonate, 18 parts of phoxim, 3 parts of ammonium molybdate, 28 parts of calcium superphosphate, 45 parts of silicon calcium potassium magnesium and 18 parts of ferrous sulfate, and the preparation of the nutritional agent is completed by dispersing the raw materials of the nutritional agent at a high speed by ultrasonic, wherein the ultrasonic frequency is 27kHz, the dispersion speed is about 5000r/min, and the dispersion time is 40 min.
Specifically, detection analysis is performed on the transplanted region before step S1, and the detection analysis steps are as follows: sampling is carried out in a transplanting area by adopting an S-shaped sampling method, 45cm is dug downwards at a sampling point, soil of a section is taken, and the soil is detected and analyzed after pretreatment to obtain the information of soil pH value, soil water content, soil compactness and soil organic matter content.
The method for transplanting the pistacia chinensis bunge comprises the following steps:
step 2, paving a composite microbial inoculum soil layer 5 in the transplanting hole;
step 3, selecting pistacia chinensis bunge with a trunk diameter of 11cm, good growth condition and no plant diseases and insect pests as transplanted pistacia chinensis bunge, wrapping the mud balls by using straws, wherein the size of the mud balls at the bottom of the pistacia chinensis bunge is 2.5 times of the diameter of the pistacia chinensis bunge trunk, and the thickness of the mud balls is 3 times of the diameter of the pistacia chinensis bunge trunk;
and 4, placing the pistacia chinensis bunge in the transplanting hole, covering the pistacia chinensis bunge with composite microbial inoculum soil, and fixing the pistacia chinensis bunge with a supporting rod.
And step 5, covering a block of bark with phloem on the composite microbial inoculum soil layer 5, and introducing earthworms into the planting area to finish the transplantation.
Specifically, before the pistacia chinensis bunge is transplanted, the pistacia chinensis bunge to be transplanted needs to be trimmed, and 3/5 branches are trimmed.
Example 3
In the embodiment of the invention, the soil ecological restoration method suitable for the transplanted pistacia chinensis bunge comprises the following steps:
s1, sequentially distributing a decomposed straw compost layer 1, a livestock manure fertilizer layer 2, a lime layer 3 and a leguminous green manure plant planting layer 4 on the transplanting soil from bottom to top, planting leguminous green manure plants on the leguminous green manure plant planting layer 4, and separating different layers by thin soil 6;
s2, removing the leguminous green manure plants after the leguminous green manure plants are mature, burying the leguminous green manure plants into a leguminous green manure green rot layer on the spot, paving a composite microbial inoculum soil layer 5 on the leguminous green manure green rot layer, and enabling the leguminous green manure green rot layer and the composite microbial inoculum soil layer 5 to be separated by thin soil 6;
s3, covering a block of bark with phloem on the composite microbial inoculum soil layer 5, and introducing earthworms into the planting area to complete soil remediation to obtain a repaired transplanting area.
Specifically, the thickness of the decomposed straw compost layer 1 is 10cm, the straws are cut into straw sections with the length of less than 8cm, and the thickness of the straw compost layer is measured by the following steps: soaking the straw sections in an aqueous solution with the weight ratio of 1:10 for 2.5h, and paving the straw sections to form a decomposed straw compost layer 1.
Specifically, the method for forming the livestock manure layer 2 comprises the following steps of mixing cow manure, pig manure, sheep manure and chicken manure according to a mass ratio of 15: 10: 8: 2, mixing cow dung, pig dung and sheep dung, steaming for 8min in a steamer at 130 ℃, raising the temperature to 250 ℃ for 4min, taking out of the steamer, exposing to the sun for 72h by spreading 2cm in thickness, crushing for 800s by a crusher at the input rotation speed of 6500r/min, sieving by a 190-mesh sieve to obtain animal dung powder, putting the selected chicken dung into a beater at the rotation speed of 3500r/min, adding water at the temperature of 76 ℃ which is 0.32 times the weight of the chicken dung, beating for 650s, and decomposing for 2.5h in a decomposition chamber at 90 ℃ to obtain poultry dung pulp; putting the livestock manure slurry and the livestock manure powder into a stirrer with the rotating speed of 100r/min, mixing and stirring for 930s, adding water with the weight of 0.35 times of the weight of the livestock manure powder and the temperature of 78 ℃, fully mixing, covering a plastic film, fermenting for 96h at room temperature in a closed manner, stacking to the thickness of 7cm to obtain the livestock manure, and stacking and paving the livestock manure to the thickness of 15cm to obtain the livestock manure layer 2.
Specifically, the leguminous green manure plant selected in the leguminous green manure plant planting layer 4 is astragalus sinicus, and the leguminous green manure plant planting layer 4 is leveled to be 5g/m2The sowing amount of the seed is used for sowing, the sowing time of the milk vetch is 2 months, and the milk vetch plant is turned into the leguminous green manure plant planting layer 4 in 9 months to form a leguminous green manure layer.
Specifically, the preparation method of the composite microbial inoculum soil layer 5 comprises the steps of calcining coral stone at the temperature of 350 ℃ for 80min, naturally cooling at room temperature, putting into a grinder with the rotation speed of 11500r/min for grinding for 30min, and sieving with a 245-mesh sieve to obtain coral stone powder; adding ethanol solution with the weight 0.8 times of that of coral rock powder and the mass fraction of 24% into the coral rock powder, stirring for 15min by using a stirrer with the rotating speed of 650r/min, putting into a drying oven with the temperature of 45 ℃ and drying until the water content is 11% to obtain activated coral rock powder, adding 100g of nutrient into each kilogram of the activated coral rock powder, adding 10g of microbial agent into each kilogram of the activated coral rock powder, and fully mixing to complete the preparation of the compound microbial agent, wherein the input amount of the compound microbial agent is 100g per kilogram of soil, so as to form the compound microbial agent soil.
Specifically, the microbial agent is a mixture of EM (effective microorganisms), azotobacter chroococcum, bacillus subtilis and bacillus cereus, the bacteria content of the EM, the azotobacter chroococcum, the bacillus subtilis and the bacillus cereus is more than or equal to 3.5 hundred million/g, and the weight ratio of the EM, the azotobacter chroococcum, the bacillus subtilis and the bacillus cereus is 3.5: 2: 2.5: 3: 4, fully stirring by a stirrer, and standing for 24 hours at a shady and cool place at the temperature of 10 ℃ to obtain a finished product.
Specifically, the nutritional agent is prepared from the following raw materials in parts by weight: 15 parts of ammonium bicarbonate, 15-20 parts of phoxim, 4 parts of ammonium molybdate, 30 parts of calcium superphosphate, 50 parts of silicon-calcium-potassium-magnesium and 20 parts of ferrous sulfate, and the preparation of the nutritional agent is completed by ultrasonically dispersing the nutritional agent raw materials at a high speed, wherein the ultrasonic frequency is 27kHz, the dispersion speed is about 5000r/min, and the dispersion time is 40 min.
Specifically, detection analysis is performed on the transplanted region before step S1, and the detection analysis steps are as follows: sampling is carried out in a transplanting area by adopting an S-shaped sampling method, 45cm is dug downwards at a sampling point, soil of a section is taken, and the soil is detected and analyzed after pretreatment to obtain the information of soil pH value, soil water content, soil compactness and soil organic matter content.
The method for transplanting the pistacia chinensis bunge comprises the following steps:
step 2, paving a composite microbial inoculum soil layer 5 in the transplanting hole;
step 3, selecting pistacia chinensis bunge with a trunk diameter of 13cm, good growth condition and no plant diseases and insect pests as transplanted pistacia chinensis bunge, wrapping mud balls at the bottom of the pistacia chinensis bunge with rice straws, wherein the size of the mud balls is 3 times of the trunk diameter of the pistacia chinensis bunge, and the thickness of the mud balls is 3.5 times of the trunk diameter of the pistacia chinensis bunge;
and 4, placing the pistacia chinensis bunge in the transplanting hole, covering the pistacia chinensis bunge with composite microbial inoculum soil, and fixing the pistacia chinensis bunge with a supporting rod.
And step 5, covering a block of bark with phloem on the composite microbial inoculum soil layer 5, and introducing earthworms into the planting area to finish the transplantation.
Specifically, before the pistacia chinensis bunge is transplanted, the pistacia chinensis bunge to be transplanted needs to be trimmed, and 3/5 branches are trimmed.
Comparative example:
the soil was not treated at all. The pistacia chinensis bunge is directly dug and transplanted according to a conventional method.
In the examples and comparative examples, samples were taken by an "S" sampling method for detection and analysis, and 100 transplanted pistacia chinensis was used as a sample.
The examples and comparative examples soil are compared as follows:
table 1: examples and comparative examples soil indices
| Item | Natural water content | Porosity of | Maximum water holding capacity | pH value | Organic matter | Total nitrogen content |
| Comparative example | 17.50 | 32.54 | 21.34 | 5.75 | 10.51 | 0.45 |
| Example 1 | 20.81 | 42.62 | 25.63 | 7.13 | 15.30 | 0.76 |
| Example 2 | 21.12 | 43.18 | 26.30 | 7.20 | 15.55 | 0.78 |
| Example 3 | 21.01 | 43.11 | 26.11 | 7.19 | 15.56 | 0.75 |
Note: in Table 1, the natural water content, the porosity and the maximum water holding capacity are all in units, and the units of organic matters and total nitrogen are g/kg.
The statistical survival after three months of transplantation of the examples and comparative examples was compared as follows:
the statistics in the table above show that: by applying the ecological restoration method, various indexes of the soil can be greatly optimized, and the survival rate of the pistacia chinensis bunge transplanted after the soil is restored is greatly improved.
The term "thickness" as used in this application refers to the height or width in the vertical direction.
The above-mentioned embodiments only express the embodiments of the present invention, and the description thereof is more specific and detailed, but not construed as limiting the scope of the present invention. It should be noted that, for a person skilled in the art, several variations and modifications can be made without departing from the inventive concept, which falls within the scope of the present invention. Therefore, the protection scope of the present patent shall be subject to the appended claims.
Claims (10)
1. The soil ecological restoration method suitable for the transplanted pistacia chinensis bunge is characterized by comprising the following steps of:
s1, sequentially distributing a decomposed straw compost layer, a livestock manure fertilizer layer, a lime layer and a leguminous green manure plant planting layer on the transplanting soil from bottom to top, planting leguminous green manure plants on the leguminous green manure plant planting layer, and separating different layers by thin soil;
s2, removing the leguminous green manure plants after the leguminous green manure plants are mature, burying the leguminous green manure plants into a leguminous green manure green rot layer on the spot, paving a composite microbial inoculum soil layer on the leguminous green manure green rot layer, and enabling the leguminous green manure green rot layer and the composite microbial inoculum soil layer to pass through a thin soil interval;
s3, covering a block of bark with phloem on the soil layer of the composite microbial inoculum, and introducing earthworms into the planting area to finish soil remediation to obtain a repaired transplanting area.
2. The method for ecologically restoring soil suitable for the transplantation of pistacia chinensis bunge according to claim 1, wherein: the thickness of the decomposed straw compost layer is 8-10cm, the straws are cut into straw sections with the length less than 8cm, and the thickness of the straw compost layer is determined according to the following steps: soaking the straw sections in an aqueous solution with the weight ratio of 1:10 for 1.5-2.5 h, and laying the straw sections after taking out the straw sections to form a decomposed straw compost layer.
3. The method for ecologically restoring soil suitable for the transplantation of pistacia chinensis bunge according to claim 1, wherein: the method for forming the livestock manure layer comprises the following steps of mixing cow manure, pig manure, sheep manure and chicken manure according to the mass ratio of 12-15: 8-10: 5-8: 1-2, mixing cow dung, pig dung and sheep dung, steaming for 6-8 min in a steamer at 110-130 ℃, raising the temperature to 220-250 ℃ for 2-4 min, taking out of the steamer, exposing to the sun for 36-72 h by spreading 2cm in thickness, crushing for 750-800 s by a crusher at 6000-6500 r/min, sieving with a 180-190 mesh sieve to obtain livestock dung powder, putting the selected chicken dung into a beater at 3000-3500 r/min, adding water at 58-76 ℃ in an amount which is 0.21-0.32 times the weight of the chicken dung, beating for 560-650 s, and decomposing for 2-2.5 h in a decomposition chamber at 80-90 ℃ to obtain poultry dung slurry; the method comprises the steps of putting livestock manure slurry and livestock manure powder into a stirrer with the rotating speed of 80-100 r/min, mixing and stirring for 850-930 s, adding water with the temperature of 61-78 ℃ and the weight of 0.31-0.35 times of the livestock manure powder, fully mixing, covering a plastic film, sealing and fermenting for 72-96 h at room temperature, stacking to the thickness of 5-7 cm to obtain livestock manure, and stacking and paving the livestock manure with the thickness of 8-15 cm to obtain the livestock manure layer.
4. The method for ecologically restoring soil suitable for the transplantation of pistacia chinensis bunge according to claim 1, wherein: the leguminous green manure plant selected in the leguminous green manure plant planting layer is astragalus sinicus, and the leguminous green manure plant planting layer is leveled to be 3-5 g/m2The sowing amount of the fertilizer is used for sowing, the sowing time of the milk vetch is 1-2 months, and the milk vetch plant is turned into the planting layer of the leguminous green manure plant to form a leguminous green manure layer in 7-9 months.
5. The method for ecologically restoring soil suitable for the transplantation of pistacia chinensis bunge according to claim 1, wherein: calcining corallite at the temperature of 280-350 ℃ for 65-80 min, naturally cooling at room temperature, putting into a grinder with the rotation speed of 10000-11500 r/min, grinding for 25-30 min, and sieving with a 200-245-mesh sieve to obtain corallite powder; adding an ethanol solution with the weight of 0.7-0.8 times that of the coral powder and the mass fraction of 22-24% into the coral powder, stirring for 13-15 min by using a stirrer with the rotating speed of 560-650 r/min, putting into a drying oven with the temperature of 36-45 ℃ and drying until the water content is 9-11% to obtain activated coral powder, adding 10-100g of a nutrient into each kg of the activated coral powder, adding 5-10g of a microbial agent into each kg of the activated coral powder, and fully mixing to complete the preparation of the compound microbial agent, wherein the input amount of the compound microbial agent is 60-100g per kg of soil to form the compound microbial agent soil.
6. The method for ecologically restoring soil suitable for the transplantation of pistacia chinensis bunge according to claim 5, wherein: the microbial agent is prepared by mixing EM (effective microorganisms), azotobacter chroococcum, bacillus subtilis and bacillus cereus, wherein the bacteria content of the EM, the azotobacter chroococcum, the bacillus subtilis and the bacillus cereus is more than or equal to 3.5 hundred million/g, and the weight ratio of the EM, the azotobacter chroococcum, the bacillus subtilis and the bacillus cereus is 2.5-3.5: 1-2: 1.5-2.5: 1-3: 2-4, fully stirring by using a stirrer, and standing for 24 hours at a shady and cool place at 10 ℃ to obtain a finished product.
7. The soil ecological restoration method suitable for the transplantation of pistacia chinensis bunge according to claim 5, wherein the nutrient is prepared from the following raw materials in parts by weight: 10-15 parts of ammonium bicarbonate, 15-20 parts of phoxim, 2-4 parts of ammonium molybdate, 25-30 parts of calcium superphosphate, 40-50 parts of silicon calcium potassium magnesium and 15-20 parts of ferrous sulfate, and the preparation of the nutritional agent is completed by dispersing the raw materials of the nutritional agent at a high speed by ultrasound, wherein the frequency of the ultrasonic wave is 27kHz, the dispersion speed is about 5000r/min, and the dispersion time is 40 min.
8. The method for ecologically restoring soil suitable for the transplantation of pistacia chinensis bunge according to claim 1, wherein: detecting and analyzing the transplanted area before the step of S1, wherein the detecting and analyzing steps are as follows: sampling is carried out in a transplanting area by adopting an S-shaped sampling method, 45cm is dug downwards at a sampling point, soil of a section is taken, and the soil is detected and analyzed after pretreatment to obtain the information of soil pH value, soil water content, soil compactness and soil organic matter content.
9. The method for transplanting the pistacia chinensis bunge is characterized by comprising the following steps: the method comprises the following steps:
step 1, preparation before transplantation: turning the plant into a planting layer of the leguminous green manure plant in 7-9 months to form a leguminous green manure rotten material layer, attaching a layer of thin soil on the leguminous green manure rotten material layer, digging a transplanting hole in a transplanting area after the soil is repaired, wherein the depth of the transplanting hole is 40-45 cm; the method comprises the following steps of preparing a leguminous fertilizer green rot material layer and completing soil restoration to obtain a restored transplanting area: s1, sequentially distributing a decomposed straw compost layer, a livestock manure fertilizer layer, a lime layer and a leguminous green manure plant planting layer on the transplanting soil from bottom to top, planting leguminous green manure plants on the leguminous green manure plant planting layer, and separating different layers by thin soil;
s2, removing the leguminous green manure plants after the leguminous green manure plants are mature, burying the leguminous green manure plants into a leguminous green manure green rot layer on the spot, paving a composite microbial inoculum soil layer on the leguminous green manure green rot layer, and enabling the leguminous green manure green rot layer and the composite microbial inoculum soil layer to pass through a thin soil interval;
s3, covering a block of bark with a phloem on the soil layer of the composite microbial inoculum, and introducing earthworms into the planting area to finish soil remediation to obtain a repaired transplanting area;
step 2, paving a composite microbial inoculum soil layer in the transplanting hole;
step 3, selecting pistacia chinensis bunge with a trunk diameter of 8-13 cm, good growth condition and no plant diseases and insect pests as transplanted pistacia chinensis bunge, wherein the size of mud balls at the bottom of the pistacia chinensis bunge is 2-3 times of the trunk diameter of the pistacia chinensis bunge, the thickness of the mud balls is 2.5-3.5 times of the trunk diameter of the pistacia chinensis bunge, and wrapping the mud balls by using straws;
step 4, placing the pistacia chinensis bunge in the transplanting hole, covering the pistacia chinensis bunge with composite microbial inoculum soil, and fixing the pistacia chinensis bunge with a supporting rod;
and 5, covering a block of bark with a phloem on the soil layer of the composite microbial inoculum, and introducing earthworms into the planting area to finish the transplantation.
10. The method for transplanting pistacia chinensis bunge according to claim 9, wherein: before the Pistacia chinensis is transplanted, the Pistacia chinensis to be transplanted needs to be trimmed to remove 3/5 branches.
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