CN113402311A

CN113402311A - Sunlight greenhouse tomato straw in-situ treatment ecological recycling method

Info

Publication number: CN113402311A
Application number: CN202110747735.0A
Authority: CN
Inventors: 杨冬艳; 桑婷; 马玲; 王蓉; 赵云霞; 杜慧莹; 于蓉; 黄小晶
Original assignee: Institute of Horticulture of Ningxia Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences
Current assignee: Institute of Horticulture of Ningxia Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences
Priority date: 2021-07-01
Filing date: 2021-07-01
Publication date: 2021-09-17

Abstract

The invention provides a sunlight greenhouse tomato straw in-situ treatment ecological recycling method, which comprises the following steps: 1) pulling out tomato plants, spraying 300 times of chlorothalonil or carbendazim solution, airing for 2-3 days, and continuing to air-dry and air-dry until the water content of the plants is below 12%; 2) crushing the dried tomato straws until the length of the tomato straws is less than or equal to 5 cm; 3) returning the crushed tomato straws to the field by a direct returning or composting returning mode. The invention eliminates the side effect of the tomato straw returning to the field on crops by carrying out innocent treatment, crushing, returning and other treatments on the tomato straw, exerts the positive influence to a greater extent, simplifies the tomato straw returning treatment operation, accelerates the straw decomposition speed and shortens the treatment period. By the method for utilizing the tomato straws in the ecological cycle field returning, the tomato straws can be effectively utilized to increase soil organic matters to serve as organic carbon fertilizer, so that the effective fertility of the soil is promoted, the application amount of the conventional fertilizer is reduced by 30%, and the yield and the quality of the tomatoes are positively influenced.

Description

Sunlight greenhouse tomato straw in-situ treatment ecological recycling method

Technical Field

The invention relates to the technical field of resource utilization of vegetable wastes, in particular to a method for ecological recycling of in-situ treatment of tomato straws in a sunlight greenhouse.

Background

Tomatoes are the vegetable crops with the widest global cultivation and the largest consumption, China is one of the largest tomato producing and consuming countries in the world, and the tomato planting area in 2016 is 105 ten thousand hm²The yield is about 5413 kilotons, and the amount of the tomato straws produced is about 3.4 hundred million tons each year. At present, most of tomato straws produced by planting are stacked disorderly, so that germs are spread, the environment is polluted, and a large amount of substances are wasted. Because the tomato straws contain rich nutrient substances, the effective utilization way of the tomato straws is explored, and the method has important practical significance for resource utilization of the vegetable straws.

In recent years, attention is paid to research on resource utilization of tomato straws, and the research on tomato straw composting processes, such as utilization of microbial agents for tomato straw compost, change of compost nutrients, carbon-nitrogen conversion characteristics and the like, is mainly related to less research on application technologies for returning tomato straws to fields, and particularly less research on application of returning to fields in facility vegetable production. At present, the tomato straw returning technology still has the problems that the treatment of plant diseases and insect pests carried by the straws is difficult, the decomposition and decomposition speed is slow, the chemical sense reverse action exists after the tomato straw returning technology is returned, the development and growth of crops in stages are inhibited, and the like, so that the application and popularization of the tomato straw returning technology are hindered.

Disclosure of Invention

The invention aims to solve the technical problem of providing a method for in-situ treatment and ecological recycling of tomato straws in a sunlight greenhouse, wherein pathogen and insect sources carried by the tomato straws are inactivated by spraying a sterilizing agent and airing; the high-temperature shed is watered to promote the straws to be directly returned to the field and then decomposed, and the negative effect of the sense of digestion is eliminated by using sufficient leisure time (more than 30 days); if the idle period of the sunlight greenhouse is short (less than 30 days), the fertilizer treatment and allelopathy elimination of the tomato straws can be realized through high-temperature composting, and CO2 is provided for the greenhouse to release heat. The tomato straws are directly returned to the field in situ or composted to the field for ecological recycling, so that the labor cost for waste treatment is saved, green ecological recycling of the waste is realized, and the using amount of chemical fertilizers is reduced.

The invention provides a sunlight greenhouse tomato straw in-situ treatment ecological recycling method, which comprises the following steps:

1) after the production of the tomatoes in the greenhouse is finished, removing the vine hanging ropes, collecting the mulching film and the drip irrigation tape, pulling out the tomato plants, placing the tomato plants on the ridge surfaces, spraying 300 times of chlorothalonil or carbendazim solution, carrying out high-temperature greenhouse-closing airing for 2-3 days, then concentrating the tomato plants to the middle part of a greenhouse, and continuing air-drying until the water content of the tomato plants is below 12%;

2) removing impurities from the air-dried tomato straws, and then crushing the tomato straws by using crushing equipment until the length of the tomato straws is less than or equal to 5 cm; the nutrient content of the crushed tomato straws is as follows: total nitrogen content 14.5 g.kg^-1Total phosphorus content 6.66g kg^-1Total potassium content 21g kg^-1Organic carbon content 428g kg^-1。

3) The crushed tomato straws are classified and returned to the field according to the linking time of the sunlight greenhouse crops:

if the planting time interval with the next vegetable exceeds 35d, a direct returning mode is adopted: mixing crushed tomato straw and decomposed cow dung or sheep dung at a ratio of 5m³/667m²Uniformly spreading the tomato straws on the ground surface, and then using a tractor with no less than 55 horsepower to pull a rotary cultivator to remove the tomato strawsTurning over the straw and the manure into a plough layer, watering, closing an air port of the greenhouse, ventilating after the greenhouse is covered for 10-15 days at high temperature, and carrying out secondary rotary tillage one week before the next stubble of crops is planted and planted;

if the time interval between the cultivation time and the next vegetable is less than 30 days, the smashed tomato straws are composted in the idle area of the greenhouse, meanwhile, the next vegetable is continuously planted in the greenhouse, and the composted fertilizer is specifically operated as follows: adding crude fiber degrading bacteria into tomato straw, wherein the adding amount is 200g/m³Supplementing water to water content of 60%, stirring uniformly, and the volume of pile body is 1m³And (3) covering a plastic film for composting, turning the compost for 1-2 times in the middle, and composting for 60d until the nutrients of the tomato straws reach the following levels: total nitrogen content 15.08-21.8g5.0^-1Total phosphorus content 10.85-12.5g.85^-1Total potassium content 27-44.3g7-4^-1Organic carbon content 240-^-1Greenhouse CO supplementation during composting²So that CO is present²The concentration is improved by more than 8 percent, the temperature of the greenhouse space in winter is improved by 0.5-1 ℃, and the yield and the quality of vegetable crops are improved; and furrow-applying the composted tomato straws in an amount of 500kg per mu 1 week before planting the succeeding vegetables, and applying the composted tomato straws together with the conventional cow and sheep manure.

Preferably, the tomato straw utilized is: planting tomato seedling and vine with growing period over 120d in sunlight greenhouse early spring stubble or autumn and winter stubble, and leaving all waste tomato straw in the field after harvesting all tomato fruits.

Preferably, the waste tomato straw treatment mode is as follows: after all the tomato fruits are harvested, removing the vine hanging ropes, collecting the mulching film and the drip irrigation tape, pulling the tomato plants to be placed on the ridge surface, spraying 300 times of chlorothalonil or carbendazim solution for sterilization, airing in a high-temperature closed shed for 2-3 days, concentrating to the middle part of the shed room, continuing to air-dry and airing until the water content of stems is reduced to below 12%, crushing the tomato stems by using crushing equipment until the length of the stems is less than or equal to 5cm, and crushing the tomato stems in a sunlight greenhouse until the dry matter content is 500-doped 800kg/667m²。

Preferably, the application amount of the tomato straws returned to the field directly is 500-800 kg/mu, and the application amount of the decomposed cattle manure or sheep manure is 5m³Per mu, according to 15-20m³Watering at a rate of/mu and high temperatureThe temperature of the closed shed is 50-60 ℃.

Preferably, the composting and returning to the field is to furrow and ridge 1 week before the succeeding vegetable is planted, and furrow application is carried out according to the amount of 500 kg/mu and 5m³The conventional cow and sheep manure is used in a matching way per mu, and the weight ratio is determined according to the following formula: 9 kg/mu, P₂O₅: 5.4 kg/mu, K₂O: 12.8 kg/mu of fertilizer.

The working principle of the invention is as follows: firstly, the invention provides a method for utilizing tomato straws to return to fields in an ecological cycle manner, chlorothalonil or carbendazim solution is sprayed and aired, harmless pretreatment of the tomato straws is completed by combining reagent and solar disinfection, and the treatment effect is superior to that of any single treatment mode. In addition, according to different lengths of the leisure period in summer or the leisure period in winter of the sunlight greenhouse, on the premise of ensuring the positive promotion effect of the growth and the chemical sensation of the straws to the crops, different straw returning modes are selected, so that the steps are simplified, the positive effect of the straws to the crop growth can be improved, and the planting and the cultivation are not influenced. Wherein: the direct returning mode is that the crushed tomato straws and decomposed cow dung or sheep dung are uniformly scattered on the ground and screwed into a plough layer, then the large water is poured and the greenhouse is sealed at high temperature, and the effect has two points, namely, after the soil is wet, harmful bacteria, insects and eggs begin to germinate or convert, and then the greenhouse is sealed at high temperature, so that the harmful bacteria, insects and eggs are better and more thoroughly killed; secondly, the decomposition of the straws is accelerated rapidly at high temperature. The composting and field returning mode is to add coarse fiber degrading bacteria into crushed tomato straws, supplement water and cover a plastic film in an idle area of a greenhouse for composting, and the composting process has two functions: the compost can carry out innocent treatment on the vegetable residues through high-temperature fermentation, effectively control the transmission of harmful pathogenic bacteria and convert wastes into carbon source fertilizers.

The invention has the beneficial effects that: according to the invention, tomato straws in the sunlight greenhouse are subjected to harmless treatment, crushing, field returning and the like, the tomato straw pest and disease treatment effect is improved through special treatment, the decomposition and decomposition speed is improved, the side effect of the field returning of the tomato straws on crops is eliminated, the positive influence is exerted to a greater extent, the tomato straw field returning treatment operation is simplified, the treatment period is shortened, and the tomato straws are treatedThe stalks are used as fertilizers required by crop growth for ecological cycle utilization, and the use of fertilizers is reduced. By the method for utilizing the tomato straws in the ecological cycle field returning, the tomato straws can be effectively utilized as organic carbon fertilizer, the effective fertility of soil is promoted, and the conventional fertilizer application amount (N: 18 kg/mu, P) of local farmers can be reduced₂O₅: 10.8 kg/mu, K₂O: 25.6 kg/mu) can meet the requirement of tomato planting in a sunlight greenhouse, and the tomato straws are returned to the field, so that the tomato quality is positively influenced, and the environmental pollution of a vegetable production place is reduced.

Drawings

FIG. 1 shows the effect of different composting treatments on tomato fruit quality;

FIG. 2 is a graph showing the effect of different ways of returning tomato stalks to the field on decomposition and fiber composition;

FIG. 3 is the effect of different ways of returning tomato stalks to the field on the nutrient content of the tomato stalks;

FIG. 4 shows the effect of different ways of returning to the field on organic carbon and humic acid in tomato straw.

Detailed Description

In order to make the technical scheme of the invention easier to understand, the technical scheme of the invention is clearly and completely described by adopting a mode of a specific embodiment in combination with the attached drawings.

Example 1:

the method for in-situ treatment and ecological recycling of the tomato straws in the sunlight greenhouse comprises the following steps:

1) after the production of the tomatoes in the greenhouse is finished, removing the vine hanging ropes, collecting the mulching film and the drip irrigation tape, pulling out the tomato plants, placing the tomato plants on the ridge surfaces, spraying 300 times of chlorothalonil or carbendazim solution, airing for 2-3 days, concentrating the tomato plants in the middle of the greenhouse, and continuously airing until the water content of the tomato plants is below 12%; the tomato straw utilized is as follows: planting tomato seedling vines with the growth period of more than 120d in a sunlight greenhouse in early spring stubbles or autumn and winter stubbles, and leaving all waste tomato straws in the field after all the tomatoes are harvested;

2) removing impurities from the air-dried tomato straws, then crushing the tomato straws to a length of less than or equal to 5cm by using crushing equipment, and crushing the tomato strawsThe nutrient content is as follows: total nitrogen content 14.5 g.kg^-1Total phosphorus content 6.66g kg^-1Total potassium content 21g kg^-1Organic carbon content 428g kg^-1；

3) If the leisure time in summer or the leisure time in winter of the solar greenhouse is more than 35 days, returning the crushed tomato straws to the field in a direct field returning mode; the direct returning mode is as follows: uniformly spreading crushed tomato straws and decomposed cattle manure or sheep manure on the ground surface, then dragging a rotary cultivator by using a tractor with the horsepower not less than 55 to turn the tomato straws and manure into a cultivation layer, watering, closing an air port of a greenhouse, ventilating after 10-15 days of high-temperature covering of the greenhouse, and then carrying out secondary rotary cultivation one week before the next-stubble crop is fixedly planted, wherein the application amount of the tomato straws directly returned to the field is 500-800 kg/mu, and the application amount of the decomposed cattle manure or sheep manure is 5m³Per mu, according to 15-20m³Watering the plants per mu, and controlling the temperature of the high-temperature closed shed to be 50-60 ℃.

Example 2:

1) after the production of the tomatoes in the greenhouse is finished, removing the vine hanging ropes, collecting the mulching film and the drip irrigation tape, pulling out the tomato plants, placing the tomato plants on the ridge surfaces, spraying 500 times of chlorothalonil or carbendazim solution, airing for 2-3 days, then concentrating the tomato plants to the middle part of the greenhouse, and continuing to air-dry and air-dry until the water content of the tomato plants is below 12%; the tomato straw utilized is as follows: planting tomato seedling vines with the growth period of more than 120d in a sunlight greenhouse in early spring stubbles or autumn and winter stubbles, and leaving all waste tomato straws in the field after all the tomatoes are harvested;

2) removing impurities from the air-dried tomato straws, and then crushing the tomato straws to a length of the stems which is less than or equal to 5cm by using crushing equipment, wherein the nutrient content of the crushed tomato straws is as follows: total nitrogen content 14.5 g.kg^-1Total phosphorus content 6.66g kg^-1Total potassium content 21g kg^-1Organic carbon content 428g kg^-1；

3) If the time interval between the tomato straw and the next-crop vegetable planting is less than 30 days, the crushed tomato straw is composted in the vacant area of the greenhouse, and meanwhile, the greenhouse continues to be compostedThe following vegetable crops are planted, and the fertilizer composting specifically comprises the following operations: adding crude fiber degrading bacteria into tomato straw, wherein the adding amount is 200g/m³Supplementing water to water content of 60%, stirring uniformly, and the volume of pile body is 1m³And (3) covering a plastic film for composting, turning the compost for 1-2 times in the middle, and composting for 60d until the nutrients of the tomato straws reach the following levels: total nitrogen content 15.08-21.8g5.0^-1Total phosphorus content 10.85-12.5g.85^-1Total potassium content 27-44.3g7-4^-1Organic carbon content 240-^-1Greenhouse CO supplementation during composting²So that CO is present²The concentration is more than 8%, the temperature of the greenhouse space in winter is increased by 0.5-1 ℃, and the yield and the quality of vegetable crops are improved; furrow application of 500 kg/mu of composted tomato straws 1 week before planting of succeeding vegetables, and furrow application of 5m of composted tomato straws³The conventional cow and sheep manure is used in a matching way per mu, and the weight ratio is determined according to the following formula: 9 kg/mu, P₂O₅: 5.4 kg/mu, K₂O: 12.8 kg/mu of fertilizer. .

Example 3: aging verification of influence of different tomato straw returning modes on growth of solanaceous vegetable seedlings

3.1 test materials

TABLE 1 nutrient characteristics of the test materials

3.2 test methods

The tomato straw returning test is carried out in 2017 in 3-4 months, the soil is taken from sunlight greenhouse soil planted for 5 years, 2 batches of tests are soil in the same place, and the soil physical and chemical properties are that the pH is 9.02, and the EC is 0.17 mS.cm^-119.9 g/kg of organic matter^-1Total nitrogen 2.91 g.kg^-1124.2 mg/kg of quick-acting nitrogen^-1Quick-acting phosphorus 42.1 mg/kg^-1Quick-acting potassium 211.8 mg/kg^-1. The flowerpot is 15cm in height and 10cm in diameter, the test adopts a split area design, the main treatment is planting vegetable varieties, eggplant A, pepper B and tomato C are planted; the auxiliary treatment is a straw returning mode, 1: returning the fresh sample to the field, 2: returning the dried sample to the field 3: returning compost to the field, 4: blank contrast CK, the amount of returned straw is the dry matter and the dry matter of the strawThe soil mass ratio is 3 percent. And (3) performing 12 treatments in each batch, uniformly mixing the straws and the soil, potting, planting 50 flowerpots in each treatment, planting a vegetable in each flowerpot in a field planting manner, wherein the tomato seedlings, the pepper seedlings and the eggplant seedlings are plug seedlings in a field planting period. The flowerpot is placed in the south and north of the greenhouse, the flowerpot is periodically moved, and the moisture management is consistent.

TABLE 2 influence of different ways of returning tomato stalks to field on growth of seedlings of solanaceae vegetables

TABLE 3 Young tomato seedling allelopathy index of different tomato straw returning modes

3.3 analysis of results

3.3.1 influence of different tomato straw returning modes on the growth of solanaceous vegetable seedlings:

as can be seen from Table 2, the compost application of tomato straws to the field can promote the growth of 3 solanaceae vegetable seedlings, and the plant height, stem thickness, dry matter quantity and root system volume are all obviously higher than those of a control (P is less than 0.05) when the compost application is applied to the field for 10d and 30 d; when the fresh tomato straws are returned to the field for 10 days, the plant height and the dry weight of the overground part of the eggplant seedlings are obviously lower than those of a control, the growth indexes of the hot pepper and the tomato seedlings are all lower than those of the control, the plant height and the dry weight of the overground part of the eggplant seedlings all reach obvious levels (P is less than 0.05), and when the tomato straws are returned to the field for 30 days, most of the growth indexes of the 3 vegetable seedlings are obviously lower than those of the control, which indicates that the tomato straws have obvious inhibition effect on the growth of the solanaceae vegetable seedlings at the initial stage of returning the fresh tomato straws to the field; from the point of returning the tomato straw dry sample to the field, the eggplant seedling is not significantly different from the control in the returning field for 30d, the dry weight and the volume of the root system of the pepper seedling are significantly higher than the control, the difference between the overground part and the control is smaller, and the dry weight and the volume of the underground part of the tomato seedling are significantly higher than the control, which indicates that the tomato straw dry sample returning field can promote the rapid growth of the root system of the pepper and the tomato seedling. From the response of different growth amounts of the vegetable seedlings to the tomato straw returning mode, the growth indexes of the 3 vegetable seedlings are the highest in the compost returning treatment growth rate within 10d-30d of the returning.

3.3.2 tomato straw different returning modes have the effect on solanaceous vegetable seedling allelopathy:

as can be seen from Table 3, the indexes of 3 kinds of vegetable seedling growth in the process of composting and returning tomato straws to the field for 30d are chemical sense forward promoting effects (IR is more than 0), the indexes of fresh tomato straws returning to the field are chemical sense inhibiting effects (IR is less than 1), the inhibiting effects on the growth of the tomatoes per se have enhancing effects along with the prolonging of the returning time, the tomato straw dry sample returning treatment has the forward promoting effects on the growth of eggplant seedlings, the plant height of pepper seedlings, the stem thickness and the dry weight of the overground part have inhibiting effects in the field for 10d, but the inhibiting effects after returning to the field for 30d are weakened or cleared up, the influence on the tomatoes per se is the forward promoting effects except the stem thickness showing inhibiting effects, and other indexes are the forward promoting effects.

Tests show that the difference of the different tomato straw returning modes on the growth of vegetable seedlings is obvious, the fresh straw returning has obvious allelopathy inhibiting effect on the growth of tomato, pepper and eggplant seedlings, the response of the eggplant seedling growth on the fresh tomato straw returning is prolonged along with the returning time, the allelopathy inhibiting reaction is weakened, but the allelopathy effect of the fresh tomato straw returning mode on the seedlings per se has a reinforced trend within 30 days of returning, and particularly the inhibition effect on root system growth is stronger than that on the ground; the tomato is dried and smashed and then returned to the field, the chemical sense inhibition strength is obviously lower than that of a fresh sample returned field, most of inhibition effect is generated in the returning field of 10d, when the tomato is returned to the field of 30d, chemical sense effect on 3 solanaceae vegetable seedlings except plant height is converted into forward promotion effect, accumulation of quality of root systems of the 3 vegetable seedlings can be obviously promoted, particularly, the pepper straw dry sample returning promotion effect is especially obvious, different returning field mode decomposition effects of the same vegetable straw are proved to be different, and the influence difference on the root environment of crops is obvious. The test result also shows that the returning of the composted tomato straws to the field has positive effect on the growth of 3 solanaceae vegetable seedlings, the reciprocal effect is enhanced along with the prolonging of the returning time, chemosensitive substances are decomposed probably by high temperature generated in the straw composting process, and the returning of the composted tomato straws to the field is a safe and efficient recycling way.

3.3.3 test conclusion:

in the mode of returning 3 tomato straws to the field, the effect of inhibiting the chemical sensation of solanaceae vegetables by returning fresh straws to the field is obvious, the inhibiting effect is strengthened within 30d of returning the fresh straws to the field, the effect of inhibiting the chemical sensation of the solanaceae vegetables in the initial stage of returning the fresh straws to the field is realized, the increase of the root system growth is obviously promoted while the inhibiting effect is dissolved when the fresh straws are returned to the field for 30d, the effect of promoting the chemical sensation to the field is realized, the growth of 3 solanaceae vegetable seedlings on the ground and the growth of the underground part are obviously stronger than the contrast, therefore, the method of returning the fresh straws to the field is preferentially selected in the production, the C/N of the crushed tomato and pepper straws after airing is between 20 and 30, direct composting can be realized, the composting is assisted by using cellulose degrading microbial inoculum, the composting process can be accelerated, the field planting process can also be directly returned to the field after the tomato and pepper are aired and crushed, but the effect of inhibiting the chemical sensation in the initial stage of decomposing is avoided, the tomato and pepper fresh sample returning technology needs to further research a harmless treatment mode and a decomposition effect in the field, and further provides a scientific fresh sample returning technology applicable to a mechanical mode.

Example 4: decay law and nutrient release characteristics of direct tomato straw returning and compost returning

4.1 materials and methods

4.1.1 test materials

The tested tomato straws are the wastes of tomato seedlings and tendrils after greenhouse seedling pulling in 2016 spring and summer, the wastes are naturally aired and air-dried in the open in 2016, the open in the 2016, the air in the 2016, the air in the open in the air in the 2016, the air in the open in the 2016, the open in the air in the 2016, the open in the 2016, the air in the open in the air, and in the air, the air in the 2016, the air, and in the air, the³(available from Guangzhou agricultural crown Biotech Co., Ltd., total number of colonies. times.10)⁹cfu/g) at 1m³Composting and decomposing are carried out in the cement fermentation tank, when the temperature is higher than 60 ℃, the compost is turned, the water content of compost materials is kept about 60%, and after 60 days, the temperature is stabilized for later use. The nutrient profile of the test material is shown in Table 4.

TABLE 4 nutrient characteristics of the test materials

Tab.4Basic properties of materials

4.1.2 test methods

The test is carried out in a sunlight greenhouse in a Sunjian beach facility base of the national agriculture science and technology park of Wuzhou province in Ningxia in 3 months-2018 months in 2017, the ridge of the greenhouse is 5.5m in height, the clear span is 9m, the length is 80m, the soil wall and the steel frame structure are tamped, and the physical and chemical properties of the soil in the greenhouse are as follows before the straw is returned to the field: PH7.96, EC705us/cm, total nitrogen 1.08g/kg, total phosphorus 1.16g/kg, total potassium 18.4g/kg, quick-acting nitrogen 177mg/kg, quick-acting phosphorus 118.5mg/kg, and quick-acting potassium 366 mg/kg. The experiment was set to 2 treatments, TR 1: returning the tomato straws to the field directly after being crushed, wherein the returning amount is 1500kg/667m²TR 2: returning compost to field, returning the compost to the field after composting the tomato straws, wherein the returning amount is 1500kg/667m²Cell area 27m, with blank comparison²90 tomatoes are planted in each district in a fixed mode and are arranged in sequence for 3 times, the straw returning amount of each district is 60.6kg, the tomatoes are subjected to ridge forming cultivation in the south and north directions, the width of the bottom of each ridge is 80cm, the space between the ridges is 70cm, the straws are uniformly applied to the center of each ridge in strips, 100g of dry tomato straws are filled in nylon nets (the length of each net bag is 30cm, the width of each net bag is 20cm, the aperture of each net bag is 0.12mm, and 120 meshes), the mouths of the bags are tied, the tomato straws are uniformly laid at the center of each ridge and then are ridged, the ridge height is 20cm, 22 bags are placed in each cultivation bed, and 110 bags are placed for irregular sampling in each treatment. The tomato variety is 'Pinyan No. 1', the spring and summer stubble is fixedly planted in 2017 in 3 and 14 days, a drip irrigation tape is laid, a water and fertilizer integrated device is adopted for water and fertilizer management, seedling pulling is carried out in 7 and 30 days, the cultivation bed is fixed, a mulching film is replaced, the autumn and winter stubble is fixedly planted in 8 and 25 days, and the seedling pulling is carried out in 2018 in 3 and 5 days.

4.1.3 sampling period and test index

The treatments are respectively carried out on the 0 th, 7 th, 21 th, 30 th, 45 th, 60 th, 90 th, 120 th, 150 th, 180 th and 210 th of straw returning to the fieldd. Sampling at 270d and 360d, taking the nylon bag and the surrounding soil sample back, removing the soil outside the nylon bag, drying and weighing, and calculating the straw decomposition rate by adopting a weight loss method; all masses are the mass of the dried material. Cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin and humic acid respectively refer to Xuehui organ^[14]Repairing color with Zhai^[15]And (4) measuring by using the method.

The straw decomposition rate (%) (initial returning straw mass-straw mass at sampling)/initial returning straw mass x 100%;

the straw decomposition rate (g/d) is (initial returning straw mass-straw mass at sampling)/returning days (d);

the nutrient release rate (%) is (straw nutrient amount before test-residual straw nutrient amount)/straw nutrient amount before test x 100%^[16]；

Lignocellulose and humic acid cumulative degradation rate (%) (initial mass of component-dry mass of straw at sampling time component content at sampling time)/initial mass of component 100.

4.2 results and analysis

4.2.1 decay law of direct and compost returning of tomato straws and fiber component change characteristics

The tendency of 'first-speed and second-speed' is shown in the air-dried tomato straw direct returning (TR1) and the composted tomato straw returning (TR2) decay (figure 2). Wherein, the TR1 treated straws are decomposed to 55.6 percent of the dry matter in the returning field 45d, and the decomposition rate is 1.24 g/d; the remaining 315d was co-decomposed 22.4%, 78% of the dry mass of the co-decomposition during the 360d test. Compared with the TR1 treatment, the TR2 treatment had a fast decomposition period within 21 days, during which 25.7% of the mass of decomposed dry matter was decomposed, the remaining 339 days were degraded by 15.9%, and during the test, the total decomposition was 41.6%.

Cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin are main components of the mass of the dry tomato straws, and account for 57.6 percent of the dry weight of the air-dried tomato straws and 47.8 percent of the composted tomato straws. After the air-dried straws are directly returned to the field (TR1), the contents of cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin are greatly reduced, wherein the lignin is degraded fastest in the period of returning to the field for 21d, and then is slowly degraded until the degradation in the period of returning to the field for 360d is continued, which shows that the decomposition efficiency of soil microorganisms on the lignin is highest and the lignin can be continuously decomposed; the cellulose accounts for 36.4 percent of the dry matter of the tomato straws, is degraded by 63.8 percent within 45 days of returning to the field, then slowly decreases, and is slowly degraded after 120 days, which shows that a great deal of microorganisms decomposing the cellulose at the early stage of directly returning the tomato straws to the field multiply, and most of the decomposed cellulose components are decomposed; the content of hemicellulose begins to be greatly reduced after returning to the field for 30 days, and decomposition is slowed down after returning to the field for 180 days, which is probably because the hemicellulose is intertwined with lignin and cellulose, and the hemicellulose is more easily utilized by microorganisms after the lignin and the cellulose are decomposed by the microorganisms. In the process of composting and returning tomato straws to the field (TR2), the content change of cellulose and hemicellulose is small, only lignin is decomposed quickly, the lignin is shown to have a trend similar to that of TR1 and is decomposed quickly in 21 days, which shows that the easily decomposed components in the cellulose and the hemicellulose are decomposed fully after the tomato straws are decomposed at high temperature, only the part which is difficult to be utilized by soil microorganisms is remained, the fibers account for 1/3 of the dry weight of the straws, and the high-temperature compost has no obvious influence on the content and the components of the lignin. In general, the content change of the fiber components after the straw is returned to the field, particularly the degradation of cellulose and lignin, has the change trend which is consistent with the change trend of the quality of the straw decomposition residues in the mode of returning 2 tomato straws to the field.

4.2.2 Effect characteristics of different returning modes on nutrient release of tomato straws

The nutrient content of the tomato straws is rich, the total nitrogen, total phosphorus and total potassium content of the tomato straws with the same mass after air drying is higher than that of decomposed sheep manure (the total nitrogen is 10.89g/kg, the total phosphorus is 2.01g/kg and the total potassium is 19.6g/kg), the nutrient content of the decomposed straws is equivalent to that of sterilized chicken manure (the total nitrogen is 10.44g/kg, the total phosphorus is 11.53g/kg and the total potassium is 26g/kg), and the total nitrogen content is higher than that of the chicken manure. The total phosphorus and total potassium content of the tomato straws is obviously increased after composting and decomposition.

The nutrient release of the 2 treated tomato straws after returning to the field shows a 'first-speed-later-slow' trend (figure 3), the 'fast release period' of total nitrogen, total phosphorus and total potassium of the tomato straws (TR1) which are air-dried and directly returned to the field is within 45d of the returning field, which is consistent with the straw decomposition trend, 45.4 percent of the total nitrogen, 64.2 percent of the total phosphorus and 44.5 percent of the total potassium are released in the period, then the nutrient release rate is slowed, and 0.12g of nitrogen, 0.059g of phosphorus and 0.17g of potassium can be released by each 100g of air-dried straws within 360 d; after the composted tomato straws (TR2) are returned to the field, the nutrient quick release period is within 30d, the nitrogen release rate of 1.5mg/d, the phosphorus release rate of 1.2mg/d and the potassium release rate of 2.5mg/d of each 100g of the straws are higher than the nutrient release rate of the air-dried straws in the same period, and then the nitrogen and phosphorus in the straws are still kept at a higher release rate except the potassium, which indicates that the potassium in the tomato straws can exist in an ion form, so the tomato straws can be quickly released at the early stage of returning to the field, which is consistent with the previous research result on the release of the field crop straws nutrients by the predecessor, and the total release of 0.1g of nitrogen, 0.08g of phosphorus and 0.13g of potassium in every 100g of the composted tomato straws is carried out to the field 360 d. Compared with the method of directly returning air-dried straws to the field, the nutrient release in the field 30d after composting is more, probably because the nutrient in the straws is mineralized in the composting process and is more easily utilized by soil microorganisms.

4.2.3 influence of different field returning modes on release of organic carbon in tomato straws

As shown in figure 2, the organic carbon content of the tomato straws before composting is 428g/kg, and the organic carbon content of the tomato straws after decomposition is 240g/kg, which is about 2 times of the organic nitrogen content of the sterilized chicken manure and the decomposed sheep manure. The composted organic carbon of the tomato straws is quickly released within 21d, the unfertilized organic carbon of the tomato straws directly returned to the field is quickly decomposed within 45d, the decomposition rate is reduced, the decomposition rate of the organic carbon is basically consistent with that of the composted straws, the air-dried straws are converted in the soil within 60d of the field, and the rest components which are difficult to decompose are possibly the same as the composted straws. The humic acid content of the rotten tomato straws reaches 184g/kg, the humic acid is an excellent biological carbon fertilizer, the humic acid is rapidly reduced in the field returning 210d after the field returning, the humic acid content is increased probably due to the fact that lignin and the like are converted into the humic acid, and 11.2g of humic acid is released per 100g of compost straws in the field returning 210 d. The humic acid in the air-dried straw directly returned to the field is quickly released within the first 150 days, and 7.8g of humic acid is released per 100g of straw in the period. 8.4g/100g of humic acid is released by air-dried straws in the 360d test period, accounting for 86.5 percent of the total amount, 11.7g/100g of compost straws accounting for 63.6 percent, which shows that the tomato straw compost has high humic acid content and long release period, and can be used as a soil humic acid library for regulating the soil environment for a long time.

4.3 influence of different tomato straw returning modes on yield and quality of succeeding tomatoes

In the test of 360d period, 2 tomato crops are co-cultivated, the 1 st tomato crop grows until the tomato crop is harvested within 120d of returning to the field, and the second tomato crop is harvested within 360d of returning to the field. Test results show that the compost returning can improve the sugar-acid ratio of tomato fruits and improve the yield of 2-crop tomatoes, the yield per mu is respectively 7492.73kg and 3899.23kg, and the yield is increased by 29.7 percent and 9.9 percent compared with a control; after air drying, the direct returning of the tomato straws to the field has less influence on the quality of the tomato fruits, and the yield is increased by 20.9 percent and 4.3 percent compared with a control (Table 5).

TABLE 5 influence of different tomato straw returning treatments on tomato quality and yield

4.4 conclusion

Researches find that the decay of the phase air-dried tomato straws directly returned to the field (TR1) and the composted tomato straws returned to the field (TR2) shows the trend of 'first-speed and second-speed', wherein the TR1 treatment straws decay to 55.6% of the dry mass in the field returning 45d and totally decay to 78% of the dry mass in the 360d test period. The TR2 treatment rapidly decomposed within 21d, and the total decomposition time was 41.6%; the content change of the fiber components after the straw is returned to the field, particularly the degradation of cellulose and lignin, and the change trend of the content change is consistent with the change trend of the quality of straw decomposition residues in a mode of returning 2 tomato straws to the field. The tomato straw (TR1) which is also air-dried and directly returned to the field is in the field returning 45d in the 'quick release period' of total nitrogen, total phosphorus and total potassium, the tomato straw (TR2) is returned to the field after composting in the field in the 'quick release period' of nutrient elements of 30d, the release of nutrients of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium is higher than the release rate of nutrients of the air-dried straw in the same period, compared with the direct field returning of the air-dried straw, the nutrients in the field returning 30d after composting are more released, the humic acid content of the tomato straw compost is high, the release period is long, and the tomato straw compost can be used as a soil humic acid library for regulating the soil environment for a long time.

The research shows that the decomposition of the tomato straws in the soil releases organic carbon, humic acid and mineral nutrients, the soil is fertilized, various soil microorganisms are collected through decomposition, the community structure of soil fungi is changed, the abundance of fusarium in the soil is reduced, and the healthy growth of the root system of the succeeding crop is facilitated. In conclusion, the straw returning is a green, safe and efficient method for treating and recycling the tomato residue waste.

Example 5: test of influence of tomato compost and chemical fertilizer on yield and quality of tomatoes in sunlight greenhouse

5.1 test materials

TABLE 6 tomato and pepper compost nutrient mass fractions

5.2 test methods

Physical and chemical properties of soil: 0.95g/kg of total nitrogen, 1.08g/kg of total phosphorus, 15.5g/kg of total potassium, 111.3mg/kg of alkaline hydrolysis nitrogen, 110mg/kg of available phosphorus, 331mg/kg of quick-acting potassium and 18.3g/kg of organic matters. The experimental design is shown in Table 2, the cell area is 12.6m²And repeating the steps for three times, arranging the test cells in sequence, applying all the sheep manure, the tomatoes and the diammonium phosphate as base fertilizers, applying equal N to the sheep manure and the tomato composts, and using amounts of the sheep manure and the tomato composts are shown in table 5. Then ridging is carried out, the width of the bottom of each ridge is 80cm, the height of each ridge is 20cm, the distance between every two ridges is 60cm, the length of each ridge is 9m, 2 rows of drip tube belts are laid and then film covering is carried out, the tomatoes are planted for 7 months and 5 days, the variety is G124, 100% of fertilizer is applied according to the conventional fertilizer application fertilizer dosage (N: 18 kg/mu, P: 124)₂O₅: 10.8 kg/mu, K₂O: 25.6 kg/mu), adopt liquid manure integrated device to fertilize, the main water-soluble fertilizer in Ningxia area is selected for use to the chemical fertilizer: abrasive grain abundance (N16-P8-K32) and diammonium phosphate (N18-P16) of Israeli Hayawa company, 30 days after topdressing and field planting and 30 days before seedling pulling, 2 times per month, topdressing 4 times per month at other times, the using amount of water-soluble fertilizers CK, TR1, TR2 and TR5 is 4 kg/mu per time, the using amount of water-soluble fertilizers TR3 and TR6 is 3 kg/mu per time, and the using amount of water-soluble fertilizers TR4 and TR7 is 2 kg/mu per time.

Investigating the plant height and stem thickness of the tomatoes at 30d and 60d after field planting of the tomatoes, and randomly selecting 10 tomato brands for monitoring in each treatment; selecting fruits with consistent 2 nd-3 th ear ripening periods of tomatoes for quality analysis, taking 30 tomatoes in each cell, taking 1/10 tomatoes respectively for mixing and pulping, and determining total acid according to a method for determining total acid in food of national standard GB/T12456-. The content of soluble sugar is measured by adopting an anthrone colorimetric method, the content of soluble solid is measured by adopting a handheld sugar meter, the content of soluble protein is measured by adopting a Coomassie brilliant blue method, and the yield of each cell is recorded after the tomato begins to be harvested.

TABLE 7 Experimental design

5.3 results and analysis

5.3.1 Effect of tomato compost and chemical fertilizer on tomato plant growth:

the test surveys the fastest growth period of tomato plants in the early fruit setting period, and as can be seen from table 8, at 1 month (8 months and 5 days) after field planting, the plant height and stem thickness difference between different treatments are obvious, the plant height of the tomato straw compost TR2 is obviously higher than that of other treatments (p is more than 0.05), the stem thickness is TR3 higher than that of other treatments, wherein the stem thickness of a blank control CK is the lowest, which indicates that the organic fertilizer base fertilizer can promote the increase of stem thickness of tomato plants in the early growth period, and the plant height growth speed between treatments is not obviously different and is all higher than that of CK within 9 months and 5 days; from the view point of stem thickness growth speed, the stem thickness growth speed of CK1 is slowest and is obviously lower than that of other treatments, and in the tomato composting and returning treatment, the stem thickness growth speed is slowed down along with the reduction of fertilizer application.

TABLE 8 Effect of different treatments on the growth Rate of tomato plants

Remarking: lower case letters indicate differences at the 0.05 level, the same below.

5.3.2 Effect of tomato compost and chemical Fertilizer on tomato fruit quality

As can be seen from fig. 1, compared with the blank control, the goat manure and the tomato compost which are used as base fertilizers can significantly increase the content of soluble sugar and soluble solids in tomato fruits, and in the tomato compost returning treatment, the content of sugar and soluble solids in tomato fruits is increased with the decrease of the application of fertilizers, wherein the content of sugar and soluble solids in TR3 fruits is the highest in all treatments and reaches a significant level (p is more than 0.05); from the change of the VC content of tomato fruits, compared with a blank control, the VC content in the tomato fruits can be obviously increased by adding the organic base fertilizer, the total acid content is reduced, the VC content of the tomatoes subjected to tomato composting is obviously higher than that of CK1, the total acid content is lower than that of CK1, the VC content in the tomato composting and returning treatment shows a rising trend along with the reduction of the fertilizer, and the composting treatment has no obvious difference; the other 2 treatments were significantly higher than the control, except that TR1 had no significant difference in fruit soluble protein content from CK1 and CK, where soluble protein in the fruit increased with reduced fertilizer application in the tomato compost. The sugar-acid ratio of the tomato compost returned to the field for processing fruits is obviously higher than CK and CK1, and the change of the fertilizer amount has no obvious influence on the sugar-acid ratio.

5.3.3 comprehensive evaluation of the impact of the compost of tomato and chemical fertilizer on the quality of tomato fruit

Indexes measured by tests are main indexes of nutritional quality of tomato fruits, so the weights are all assigned to be 1, comparison of membership functions shows that comprehensive qualities of different treatments are TR3 & gtTR 2 & gtTR 1 & gtCK 1 & gtCK in sequence, and therefore the tomato compost and other N-substituted sheep manure can obviously improve the tomato fruit quality, wherein the TR3 fruit quality of 50% of the tomato compost and chemical fertilizer is optimal.

TABLE 9 comprehensive membership function values for tomato fruits treated differently

Remarking: the tomato fruit quality indexes comprise soluble sugar, soluble solid, soluble protein, total acid, sugar-acid ratio and Vc, wherein the total acid is calculated by using an inverse membership function, and the comprehensive membership function is the sum of membership function values of all the indexes. 3-4 influence of compost and fertilizer on tomato yield

As can be seen from table 10, tomatoes are planted in sunlight greenhouse at the beginning of 7 months, the harvesting period is from 9 months 28 days to 12 months 28 days, the yield of the harvested first month accounts for more than 50% of the total yield, wherein the yields of TR1, 2 and 3 months are in the first fleet, CK1 is in the second fleet, and CK is in the third fleet, the difference reaches a significant level, and the yield of TR1 month is the highest, which indicates that under the same fertilizer level, tomato compost can significantly promote the increase of the tomato pre-existing yield, and the fertilizer reduction has no significant effect on the tomato pre-existing yield of 3 treated tomatoes in which the tomato compost is returned to the field, but reduces the pre-existing yield of pepper compost TR 6; the tomato yield in 11 months is 18.73-27.8%, the CK ratio is the lowest, the TR3 ratio is the highest, and the difference between the monthly yield treatments is obvious, the TR3 is the highest yield in the period, so that the yield in the middle period of the tomato can be increased by reducing the fertilizer, the yield is further reduced to 12 months with the reduction of the temperature, the ratio is 12.28-21.56%, the TR2 is the highest yield, the CK1 is the lowest yield, and the total yields are respectively TR2, TR3 & gtTR 1 & gtCK and CK1 by comprehensive comparison. The TR2 has the highest yield reaching 6574 kg/mu, which is obviously higher than CK and CK 134.6 percent and 27.77 percent, which indicates that the tomato compost and the fertilizer are reduced by 50 percent for matched application, and the yield increasing effect is the most obvious.

TABLE 10 influence of compost of tomato and pepper and fertilizer on tomato yield

5.3.4 conclusions of the test

The research of the invention finds that compared with the treatment without applying organic base fertilizer, the sheep manure and the tomato compost can improve the comprehensive quality and yield of the tomatoes under the level of 100 percent of chemical fertilizer, compared with the conventional sheep manure fertilization, the tomato compost has no significant influence difference on the plant height and stem thickness of the tomato plants, but obviously improves the comprehensive quality and yield of the tomatoes, probably the nutrient content of the tomato compost is higher, and the fertilizer efficiency is better when N is applied.

From the influence of the reduced application of the tomato compost and the chemical fertilizer on the yield and quality of the tomatoes, from the yield distribution, the tomato compost and the 50% chemical fertilizer are applied together to increase the yield of the tomatoes in the middle and later periods, in the summer and autumn stubble cultivation of the sunlight greenhouse, the greenhouse temperature and light conditions are gradually reduced along with the prolonging of the fruit setting period of the tomatoes, the nutrient absorption capacity of a root system is weakened, the nutrient absorption and utilization capacity of the root system under the low-temperature condition of the root system can be promoted by the tomato straws, the nutrient concentration of the root layer can be increased due to the excessive chemical fertilizer application, the development and nutrient absorption of the root system of the tomatoes can be inhibited, and the root system development and the nutrient absorption characteristics of crops under the condition of returning the pepper and tomato straws to the field for composting are further discussed.

It should be noted that the embodiments described herein are only some embodiments of the present invention, and not all implementations of the present invention, and the embodiments are only examples, which are only used to provide a more intuitive and clear understanding of the present invention, and are not intended to limit the technical solutions of the present invention. All other embodiments, as well as other simple substitutions and various changes to the technical solutions of the present invention, which can be made by those skilled in the art without inventive work, are within the scope of the present invention without departing from the spirit of the present invention.

Claims

1. A sunlight greenhouse tomato straw in-situ treatment ecological recycling method is characterized by comprising the following steps:

2) removing impurities from the air-dried tomato straws, and then crushing the tomato straws by using crushing equipment until the length of the tomato straws is less than or equal to 5 cm; the nutrient content of the crushed tomato straws is as follows: total nitrogen content 14.5 g.kg^-1Total phosphorus content 6.66g kg^-1Total potassium content 21g kg^-1Organic carbon content 428g kg^-1；

if the planting time interval with the next vegetable exceeds 35d, a direct returning mode is adopted: mixing crushed tomato straw withDecomposed cow dung or sheep dung of 5m³/667m²Uniformly spreading the tomato straws and the manure on the ground surface, then dragging a rotary cultivator by using a tractor with power not less than 55 horsepower to turn the tomato straws and the manure into a cultivated layer, watering, closing a greenhouse tuyere, ventilating after the greenhouse is covered for 10-15 days at high temperature, and then carrying out secondary rotary tillage one week before the next stubble of crops is planted;

if the time interval between the cultivation time and the next vegetable is less than 30 days, the smashed tomato straws are composted in the idle area of the greenhouse, meanwhile, the next vegetable is continuously planted in the greenhouse, and the composted fertilizer is specifically operated as follows: adding crude fiber degrading bacteria into tomato straw, wherein the adding amount is 200g/m³Supplementing water to water content of 60%, stirring uniformly, and the volume of pile body is 1m³And (3) covering a plastic film for composting, turning the compost for 1-2 times in the middle, and composting for 60d until the nutrients of the tomato straws reach the following levels: total nitrogen content 15.08-21.8g5.0^-1Total phosphorus content 10.85-12.5g.85^-1Total potassium content 27-44.3g7-4^-1Organic carbon content 240-^-1Greenhouse CO supplementation during composting²So that CO is present²The concentration is more than 8 percent, and the temperature of the greenhouse space in winter is improved by 0.5-1 ℃; and furrow-applying the composted tomato straws in an amount of 500kg per mu 1 week before planting the succeeding vegetables, and applying the composted tomato straws together with the conventional cow and sheep manure.

2. The sunlight greenhouse tomato straw in-situ treatment ecological recycling method of claim 1, characterized in that the utilized tomato straw is: planting tomato seedling and vine with growing period over 120d in sunlight greenhouse early spring stubble or autumn and winter stubble, and leaving all waste tomato straw in the field after harvesting all tomato fruits.

3. The method for in-situ treatment and ecological recycling of solar greenhouse tomato straws as claimed in claim 1, wherein the dry mass of the crushed solar greenhouse tomato straws is 500-800kg/667m²。

4. The sunlight greenhouse tomato straw in-situ treatment ecological recycling method as claimed in claim 1The method is characterized in that the application amount of the tomato straws returned to the field directly is 800 kg/mu, and the application amount of the decomposed cattle manure or sheep manure is 5m³Per mu, according to 15-20m³Watering the plants per mu, and controlling the temperature of the high-temperature closed shed to be 50-60 ℃.

5. The method for in-situ treatment and ecological recycling of solar greenhouse tomato straws as claimed in claim 1, wherein the composting and returning to the field is furrow-applied for 1 week before the planting of the succeeding vegetables, and the furrow-applied amount is 500 kg/mu and 5m³The conventional cow and sheep manure is used in a matching way per mu, and the weight ratio is determined according to the following formula: 9 kg/mu, P₂O₅: 5.4 kg/mu, K₂O: 12.8 kg/mu of fertilizer.