CN111295964A - Method for returning solanaceous vegetable straws to field in situ - Google Patents
Method for returning solanaceous vegetable straws to field in situ Download PDFInfo
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- CN111295964A CN111295964A CN202010171714.4A CN202010171714A CN111295964A CN 111295964 A CN111295964 A CN 111295964A CN 202010171714 A CN202010171714 A CN 202010171714A CN 111295964 A CN111295964 A CN 111295964A
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01B—SOIL WORKING IN AGRICULTURE OR FORESTRY; PARTS, DETAILS, OR ACCESSORIES OF AGRICULTURAL MACHINES OR IMPLEMENTS, IN GENERAL
- A01B79/00—Methods for working soil
- A01B79/02—Methods for working soil combined with other agricultural processing, e.g. fertilising, planting
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
- A01N43/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing heterocyclic compounds
- A01N43/72—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing heterocyclic compounds having rings with nitrogen atoms and oxygen or sulfur atoms as ring hetero atoms
- A01N43/84—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing heterocyclic compounds having rings with nitrogen atoms and oxygen or sulfur atoms as ring hetero atoms six-membered rings with one nitrogen atom and either one oxygen atom or one sulfur atom in positions 1,4
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
- A01N53/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing cyclopropane carboxylic acids or derivatives thereof
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C05—FERTILISERS; MANUFACTURE THEREOF
- C05F—ORGANIC FERTILISERS NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C05B, C05C, e.g. FERTILISERS FROM WASTE OR REFUSE
- C05F11/00—Other organic fertilisers
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C05—FERTILISERS; MANUFACTURE THEREOF
- C05F—ORGANIC FERTILISERS NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C05B, C05C, e.g. FERTILISERS FROM WASTE OR REFUSE
- C05F17/00—Preparation of fertilisers characterised by biological or biochemical treatment steps, e.g. composting or fermentation
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02W—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO WASTEWATER TREATMENT OR WASTE MANAGEMENT
- Y02W30/00—Technologies for solid waste management
- Y02W30/40—Bio-organic fraction processing; Production of fertilisers from the organic fraction of waste or refuse
Abstract
The invention discloses a method for returning solanaceous vegetables straws to a field in situ, which comprises pre-treatment, straw treatment, spreading straw decomposition agent, soil plowing and shed-closing treatment, wherein the method for returning solanaceous vegetables straws to a field in situ can improve the decomposition rate, shorten the decomposition time and complete the decomposition after high-temperature fermentation for 5-7 days; the nitrogen is applied by adopting a living plant leaf surface spraying mode, the using amount of the urea is reduced, the using amount of the urea can be reduced to 70-80%, and meanwhile, the leaching amount of the nitrogen in the soil is reduced, thereby being beneficial to environmental safety and having popularization and use values.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of agriculture, relates to a straw returning method, and particularly relates to an in-situ straw returning method for solanaceous vegetables.
Background
Solanaceous vegetables refer to solanaceous vegetables, including tomatoes, eggplants and hot peppers, which are main vegetables all over the country, and a large amount of residual plants are generated in the production process, accounting for 9.09 percent of the total yield of crop straws. The phenomenon that wastes such as vegetable straws and the like are randomly piled and placed is mostly not utilized and treated, non-point source pollution is serious, and an important disease and insect pest spreading source is caused, so that the problem becomes a prominent problem to be solved urgently. The in-situ returning of the vegetable straws is an important attempt of recycling agriculture, and a new way is opened for solving the problem of difficulty in processing the vegetable straws by vegetable farmers.
The straws of solanaceous vegetables are different from the straws of crops such as corn, sorghum, wheat and the like, so that the straws have high water content, are of a woody structure and are provided with small and weak fruits. If the traditional straw decomposition method is adopted for decomposition, fruits and leaves are easy to decompose and generate a large amount of harmful bacteria and fungi, and meanwhile, the wood part of the straw is not thoroughly decomposed, so that the soil quality is seriously affected.
CN101139561 discloses a low-cost straw decomposing inoculant capable of quickly decomposing straws, which comprises bacillus subtilis 20%, bacillus licheniformis 10%, aspergillus flavus 20%, semisubular shell 20%, Ustilago virens 20% and saccharomycetes 10%; the production process comprises extracting different beneficial decomposing bacteria from different environments, and respectively purifying, rejuvenating, propagating and culturing; inoculating each single cultured strain into a sterilized solid culture medium in proportion, fermenting at 25-50 deg.C for 4-5 days, and air drying; then, airing each strain until the moisture content reaches 25%, and preparing the aired single solid strain into the solid decomposing agent according to the formula, uniformly stirring and packaging. Although the straw can be promoted to be thoroughly decomposed by using the decomposing agent only in 10 days, the strain of the decomposing agent needs to be subjected to rejuvenation culture by using ultraviolet radiation, the preparation process is complex, and the cost is high.
CN101306961 discloses a production method and application of a garden plant waste composting microbial inoculum, which inoculates bacillus subtilis, trichoderma viride, lactobacillus plantarum, paracoccus denitrificans, aspergillus oryzae and saccharomyces cerevisiae in a solid fermentation culture medium by 10-20 parts by mass respectively, and cultures and ferments for 1-3 weeks at 25-30 ℃ in dark seal; adding 250 parts by mass of sawdust after one week, uniformly stirring, and continuously culturing and fermenting; and (5) putting the hay after two weeks to absorb excessive water, removing the hay, and drying in the shade to obtain the powdery microbial inoculum. However, the time for promoting the straws to be completely decomposed by using the microbial inoculum needs 3 weeks, the decomposition time is long, and the microbial inoculum is not suitable for being applied to a multi-mature farming area with tight stubble openings.
In addition, because the carbon content of the vegetable straws is high, nitrogen fertilizer must be added to adjust the C/N ratio so as to accelerate the decomposition speed of the straws after returning to the field. However, after the straws are ploughed into the soil, water needs to be poured, and nitrogen leaching is caused under the action of water, so that on one hand, underground water pollution is caused, and on the other hand, the using amount of the nitrogen fertilizer is increased, therefore, how to reduce the leaching of the nitrogen fertilizer in the soil on the premise of ensuring the water pouring is another technical problem which is urgently needed to be solved by returning the vegetable straws to the field in situ.
Disclosure of Invention
In order to solve the problems in the prior art and further optimize the prior art, the invention provides a solanaceous vegetable straw in-situ returning method, which aims to realize the following purposes:
1. the decomposition rate is improved, and the decomposition time is shortened;
2. the leaching amount of nitrogen in the soil is reduced;
in order to solve the technical problems, the invention adopts the following technical scheme:
a method for returning solanaceous vegetables to field in situ by straws is applied to solanaceous vegetables in facilities such as a sunlight greenhouse and the like, and comprises the processes of pre-treatment, straw treatment, spreading a straw decomposition agent, soil plowing and shed closing treatment;
after the pre-treatment and the vegetable harvest are finished, the pre-treatment operation is carried out according to the following sequence:
a）667m2uniformly spraying 50-60kg of 2-2.5% urea aqueous solution on leaf surfaces;
b) after 1 day, closing the ventilation opening of the facility, and releasing the efficient and low-toxicity insecticidal and bactericidal smoke agent;
c) sealing the facility for 2-3 days, maintaining the indoor temperature at 70-80 ℃ in daytime, and then discharging air;
d) the seedling hanging rope is untied and removed, and the non-biodegradable mulching film covered on the ground surface is removed;
the mass ratio of the efficient cyhalothrin to the dimethomorph to the triethylene glycol is 1:1-2.5: 12-15; the dilution times are 600-800 times of the total amount of the mixture;
preferably, the white smoke is quickly sprayed out by mixing the water solutions of the efficient cyhalothrin, the dimethomorph and the triethylene glycol and then adding the mixture into a chemical box of the aerosol;
the straw treatment, namely chopping the vegetable straws by a vegetable straw returning machine and cleaning stubbles;
the spreading straw decomposition agent is uniformly spread on the crushed straws every 667m2Spreading 7.5-10kg of straw decomposition agent;
preferably, the straw decomposition agent is applied in the morning and at night, so that direct sunlight is avoided;
the straw decomposition agent comprises the following raw materials in parts by weight:
2-3 parts of chromobacterium, 15-18 parts of chaetomium, 11-12 parts of pseudomonas aeruginosa, 0.5-1.2 parts of paracoccus denitrificans, 3-5 parts of pseudomonas stutzeri, 11-13 parts of streptomyces, 1-3 parts of bacillus subtilis, 1.2-2.0 parts of laccase, 0.5-0.8 part of catalase, 6-8 parts of galacturonic acid, 10-12 parts of glutamic acid, 10-12 parts of isoleucine and 45-60 parts of auxiliary materials;
preferably, the total viable count of the straw decomposition agent is 1.25 multiplied by 1010-2.58×1010/g；
The soil is ploughed, and after the straw decomposition agent is spread, a rotary cultivator is immediately used for ploughing the soil by 25-30cm, so that the vegetable straws, the straw decomposition agent and the soil are uniformly mixed;
the greenhouse is covered, and 667m is obtained after soil is ploughed2Irrigating 25-30m3Watering thoroughly, covering with mulching film, and fermenting at high temperature in a closed facility;
the high-temperature fermentation is carried out, wherein the temperature in daytime in the facility is 70-80 ℃, and the ground temperature of 0-30cm is 40-50 ℃;
by adopting the technical scheme, the invention has the beneficial effects that:
1. according to the vegetable straw in-situ returning method, nitrogen is applied to soil in a living plant leaf surface spraying mode, so that the using amount of urea is reduced, and the using amount of the urea can be reduced by 70-80%;
2. the in-situ returning method of the vegetable straws can reduce the leaching amount of nitrogen in the soil, and the quick-acting nitrogen content of the soil at the positions of 40cm and 50cm in the soil after the returning to the field is almost unchanged before the returning to the field 7 days;
3. the vegetable straw in-situ returning method can improve the decomposition rate, shorten the decomposition time, complete the decomposition after high-temperature fermentation for 5-7 days, and achieve the decomposition degree of 94.2-95.7% according to the NY/T2722 test method;
4. the vegetable straw in-situ returning method provided by the invention has the advantages that the decomposition of the wood part of the straw is more thorough, and the utilization rate of the nutrient components in the straw can be improved.
The present invention will be further described with reference to the following embodiments.
Detailed Description
The following examples are intended to illustrate the invention, but are not intended to limit the scope of the invention.
Embodiment 1 in-situ straw returning method for solanaceous vegetables
The method is used for returning eggplant straws to the field in the solar greenhouse
1. Preprocessing
The pre-treatment is carried out, after the eggplants are harvested, the pre-treatment operation is carried out according to the following sequence:
a）667m260kg of 2.5% urea aqueous solution is uniformly sprayed on the leaf surfaces;
b) after 1 day, closing the ventilation opening of the facility, and releasing the efficient and low-toxicity insecticidal and bactericidal smoke agent;
c) sealing the facility for 2 days, maintaining the indoor temperature at 70-75 ℃ in the daytime, and then discharging air;
d) the seedling hanging rope is untied and removed, and the non-biodegradable mulching film covered on the ground surface is removed;
the insecticidal and bactericidal smoke agent is white smoke which is quickly sprayed by mixing water solutions of efficient cyhalothrin, dimethomorph and triethylene glycol and then adding the mixture into a chemical box of the smoke agent;
the insecticidal and bactericidal smoke agent comprises efficient cyhalothrin, dimethomorph and triethylene glycol in a mass ratio of 1:1: 12; the dilution times are 800 times of the total amount of the mixture;
2. straw treatment
Cutting eggplant straws by a vegetable straw returning machine and cleaning stubbles;
3. spreading straw decomposition agent
Uniformly spreading the straw decomposition agent on the crushed straws every 667m2Spreading 10kg of straw decomposition agent, and carefully spreading in the morning and at night to avoid direct sunlight;
the straw decomposition agent comprises the following raw materials in parts by weight:
2 parts of chromobacterium, 15 parts of chaetomium cupreum, 11 parts of pseudomonas aeruginosa, 1 part of paracoccus denitrificans, 3 parts of pseudomonas stutzeri, 11 parts of streptomyces, 2 parts of bacillus subtilis, 1.2 parts of laccase, 0.5 part of catalase, 6 parts of galacturonic acid, 10 parts of glutamic acid, 10 parts of isoleucine and 45 parts of auxiliary materials;
the total viable count of the straw decomposition agent is 1.25 multiplied by 1010/g；
4. Soil ploughing
Immediately turning over 25-30cm of soil by using a rotary cultivator after the straw decomposition agent is spread, and uniformly mixing the eggplant straws, the straw decomposition agent and the soil;
5. canopy treatment
After ploughing the soil, 667m2Irrigating 25m3Watering thoroughly, covering with mulching film, and fermenting at high temperature in a closed facility;
the high-temperature fermentation is carried out, wherein the temperature in the daytime of the facility is 70-74 ℃, and the ground temperature of 0-30cm is 40-45 ℃;
comparative example 1
Comparative example 1 and example 1 are eggplant straw in-situ field returning treatment performed in different areas in the same sunlight greenhouse, but in comparative example 1, urea is applied in a traditional application mode, and is directly applied after straw treatment, and the specific treatment process is as follows:
1. preprocessing
The pre-treatment is carried out, after the eggplants are harvested, the pre-treatment operation is carried out according to the following sequence:
a) closing the ventilation opening of the facility, and releasing the high-efficiency and low-toxicity insecticidal and bactericidal smoke agent;
b) sealing the facility for 2 days, maintaining the indoor temperature at 70-75 ℃ in the daytime, and then discharging air;
c) and (4) releasing the seedling hanging rope and removing, and removing the non-biodegradable mulching film covered on the ground surface.
The insecticidal and bactericidal smoke agent is prepared by mixing water solutions of efficient cyhalothrin, dimethomorph and triethylene glycol, adding the mixture into a chemical box of an aerosol, and quickly spraying white smoke;
the insecticidal and bactericidal smoke agent comprises efficient cyhalothrin, dimethomorph and triethylene glycol in a mass ratio of 1:1: 12; the dilution times are 800 times of the total amount of the mixture;
2. straw treatment
Cutting eggplant straws into pieces and cleaning stubbles by a vegetable straw returning machine, wherein each 667m21.5kg of urea was uniformly applied.
3. Spreading straw decomposition agent
Uniformly spreading the straw decomposition agent on the crushed straws every 667m2Spreading 10kg of straw decomposition agent, and carefully spreading in the morning and at night to avoid direct sunlight;
the straw decomposition agent comprises the following raw materials in parts by weight:
2 parts of chromobacterium, 15 parts of chaetomium cupreum, 11 parts of pseudomonas aeruginosa, 1 part of paracoccus denitrificans, 3 parts of pseudomonas stutzeri, 11 parts of streptomyces, 2 parts of bacillus subtilis, 1.2 parts of laccase, 0.5 part of catalase, 6 parts of galacturonic acid, 10 parts of glutamic acid, 10 parts of isoleucine and 45 parts of auxiliary materials;
the total viable count of the straw decomposition agent is 1.25 multiplied by 1010/g。
4. Soil ploughing
Immediately turning over the soil by 25-30cm by using a rotary cultivator after the straw decomposition agent is spread, and uniformly mixing the eggplant straws, the straw decomposition agent, the urea and the soil.
5. Canopy treatment
After ploughing the soil, 667m2Irrigating 25m3Watering thoroughly, covering with mulching film, and fermenting at high temperature in a closed facility;
the high-temperature fermentation is carried out at the temperature of 70-74 ℃ in daytime and at the temperature of 40-45 ℃ in 0-30cm in ground temperature.
The eggplant straw returning results of the example 1 and the comparative example 1 are compared, the days required for completing the decomposition are investigated, the decomposition degree is detected according to a NY/T2722 test method, and the experimental results show that:
in example 1, the decomposition is completed after the high-temperature fermentation is carried out for 5 days, and the decomposition degree reaches 94.9%;
in comparative example 1, the decomposition is not completed after the high-temperature fermentation for 14 days, and the decomposition degree is 63.6%; the comparative experiment between the example 1 and the comparative example 1 shows that the use mode of urea influences the decomposition effect of the vegetable straw returning to the field in situ under the same nitrogen dosage;
besides, the quick-acting nitrogen content of the soil with different depths before returning to the field and 7 days after returning to the field is detected, the fertilizer water loss condition is judged through the content change of the soil with different depths, and the result shows that:
TABLE 1 detection results of the content of quick-acting nitrogen in soil at different depths
As can be seen from Table 1, the content of the quick-acting nitrogen in the soil 20cm away from the soil 7 days after the application of the field in example 1 is greater than that before the application of the field; the content of the quick-acting nitrogen in the soil at the position of 30cm after the soil is returned to the field 7 days is also larger than that before the soil is returned to the field, but the content of the quick-acting nitrogen in the soil at the positions of 40cm and 50cm is almost unchanged from that before the soil is returned to the field;
in the comparative example 1, the content of the quick-acting nitrogen in the soil at the depth of 20cm, 30cm, 40cm and 50cm after returning to the field for 7 days is greater than that before returning to the field, so that the technical scheme of the embodiment 1 is adopted to apply the nitrogen fertilizer to the field, the leakage amount of the nitrogen which is applied additionally and converted by the straws to the deep layer of the soil is small, and the leaching amount of the nitrogen is lower; and the nitrogen fertilizer is applied to the field by adopting the traditional mode, so that the leakage of nitrogen to the deep layer of the soil is large.
Embodiment 2 in-situ straw returning method for solanaceous vegetables
The method is used for returning pepper straws to the field in the sunlight greenhouse;
1. preprocessing
After the pretreatment and the harvesting of the peppers are finished, the pretreatment operation is carried out according to the following sequence:
a）667m250kg of 2% urea aqueous solution is uniformly sprayed on the leaf surfaces;
b) after 1 day, closing the ventilation opening of the facility, and releasing the efficient and low-toxicity insecticidal and bactericidal smoke agent;
c) sealing the facility for 3 days, maintaining the indoor temperature at 80 ℃ in the daytime, and then discharging air;
d) the seedling hanging rope is untied and removed, and the non-biodegradable mulching film covered on the ground surface is removed;
the insecticidal and bactericidal smoke agent is white smoke which is quickly sprayed by mixing water solutions of efficient cyhalothrin, dimethomorph and triethylene glycol and then adding the mixture into a chemical box of the smoke agent;
the mass ratio of the efficient cyhalothrin to the dimethomorph to the triethylene glycol is 1:2.5: 12; the dilution times are 600 times of the total amount of the mixture;
2. straw treatment
Chopping pepper straws and cleaning stubbles by a vegetable straw returning machine;
3. spreading straw decomposition agent
Uniformly spreading the straw decomposition agent on the crushed straws every 667m2Spreading 7.5kg of straw decomposition agent, and carefully spreading in the morning and at night to avoid direct sunlight;
the straw decomposition agent comprises the following raw materials in parts by weight:
3 parts of chromobacterium, 18 parts of chaetomium cupreum, 12 parts of pseudomonas aeruginosa, 0.5 part of paracoccus denitrificans, 5 parts of pseudomonas stutzeri, 13 parts of streptomyces, 3 parts of bacillus subtilis, 2.0 parts of laccase, 0.5 part of catalase, 8 parts of galacturonic acid, 12 parts of glutamic acid, 12 parts of isoleucine and 60 parts of auxiliary materials;
the total viable count of the straw decomposition agent is 2.58 multiplied by 1010/g；
4. Soil ploughing
Immediately turning over 25-30cm of soil by using a rotary cultivator after the straw decomposition agent is spread, and uniformly mixing the pepper straw and the straw decomposition agent with the soil;
5. canopy treatment
After ploughing the soil, 667m230m of irrigation water3Watering thoroughly, covering with mulching film, and fermenting at high temperature in a closed facility;
the high-temperature fermentation is carried out, wherein the daytime temperature in the facility is 76-80 ℃, and the ground temperature of 0-30cm is 40-45 ℃;
comparative example 2
Comparative example 2 and example 2 are hot pepper straw in-situ field returning treatment performed in different areas in the same sunlight greenhouse, and in comparative example 2, urea is applied in a traditional manner, and the usage amount of nitrogen fertilizer is increased, and the specific treatment process is as follows:
1. preprocessing
After the pretreatment and the harvesting of the peppers are finished, the pretreatment operation is carried out according to the following sequence:
a) closing the ventilation opening of the facility, and releasing the high-efficiency and low-toxicity insecticidal and bactericidal smoke agent;
b) sealing the facility for 3 days, maintaining the indoor temperature at 80 ℃ in the daytime, and then discharging air;
c) and (4) releasing the seedling hanging rope and removing, and removing the non-biodegradable mulching film covered on the ground surface.
The insecticidal and bactericidal smoke agent comprises water solutions of efficient cyhalothrin, dimethomorph and triethylene glycol, and is added into a chemical box of the smoke agent after being mixed, and white smoke is sprayed out quickly;
the mass ratio of the efficient cyhalothrin to the dimethomorph to the triethylene glycol is 1:2.5: 12; the dilution times are 600 times of the total amount of the mixture;
2. straw treatment
Chopping and stubble cleaning pepper straws every 667m by a vegetable straw returning machine25kg of urea is uniformly spread;
3. spreading straw decomposition agent
Uniformly spreading the straw decomposition agent on the crushed straws every 667m27.5kg of straw decomposition agent is applied in a broadcasting way, and the straw decomposition agent is applied in the morning and at night to avoid direct sunlight.
The straw decomposition agent comprises the following raw materials in parts by weight:
3 parts of chromobacterium, 18 parts of chaetomium cupreum, 12 parts of pseudomonas aeruginosa, 0.5 part of paracoccus denitrificans, 5 parts of pseudomonas stutzeri, 13 parts of streptomyces, 3 parts of bacillus subtilis, 2.0 parts of laccase, 0.5 part of catalase, 8 parts of galacturonic acid, 12 parts of glutamic acid, 12 parts of isoleucine and 60 parts of auxiliary materials;
the total viable count of the straw decomposition agent is 2.58 multiplied by 1010/g；
4. Soil ploughing
Immediately turning over 25-30cm of soil by using a rotary cultivator after the straw decomposition agent is spread, and uniformly mixing the pepper straw, the straw decomposition agent, the urea and the soil;
5. canopy treatment
After ploughing the soil, 667m230m of irrigation water3Watering thoroughly, covering with mulching film, and fermenting at high temperature in a closed facility;
the high-temperature fermentation is carried out at the temperature of 76-80 ℃ in daytime and at the temperature of 40-45 ℃ in 0-30cm in ground temperature.
The pepper straw returning results of the example 2 and the comparative example 2 are compared, the days required for completing the decomposition are investigated, the decomposition degree is detected according to a NY/T2722 test method, and the experimental result shows that:
in example 2, the decomposition is finished after the high-temperature fermentation is carried out for 7 days, and the decomposition degree can reach 95.7%;
in comparative example 2, the decomposition is finished after the fermentation at high temperature for 7 days, and the decomposition degree can reach 94.2%;
the effect of returning the field to the field in the embodiment 2 and the effect of returning the field to the field in the comparative example 2 are relatively similar, but the urea dosage in the embodiment 2 is 1kg, the actual urea dosage in the comparative example 2 is 5kg, the urea dosage in the former is reduced by 80 percent compared with the urea dosage in the latter, the consumption of the nitrogen fertilizer is greatly reduced, and the risk of leaching of nitrogen in soil is also reduced.
Embodiment 3 in-situ straw returning method for solanaceous vegetables
The method is used for returning the tomato straws to the field in the sunlight greenhouse;
1. preprocessing
The pretreatment, after the harvesting of the tomatoes is finished, the pretreatment operation is carried out according to the following sequence:
a）667m260kg of 2.5% urea aqueous solution is uniformly sprayed on the leaf surfaces;
b) after 1 day, closing the ventilation opening of the facility, and releasing the efficient and low-toxicity insecticidal and bactericidal smoke agent;
c) sealing the facility for 3 days, maintaining the indoor temperature at 75-80 ℃ in daytime, and then discharging air;
d) the seedling hanging rope is untied and removed, and the non-biodegradable mulching film covered on the ground surface is removed;
the insecticidal and bactericidal smoke agent is white smoke which is quickly sprayed by mixing water solutions of efficient cyhalothrin, dimethomorph and triethylene glycol and then adding the mixture into a chemical box of the smoke agent;
the mass ratio of the efficient cyhalothrin to the dimethomorph to the triethylene glycol is 1:2.5: 15; the dilution times are 800 times of the total amount of the mixture;
2. straw treatment
Chopping tomato straws and cleaning stubbles by using a vegetable straw returning machine;
3. spreading straw decomposition agent
Uniformly spreading the straw decomposition agent on the crushed straws every 667m2Spreading 10kg of straw decomposition agent, and carefully spreading in the morning and at night to avoid direct sunlight;
the straw decomposition agent comprises the following raw materials in parts by weight:
2 parts of chromobacterium, 16 parts of chaetomium cupreum, 11 parts of pseudomonas aeruginosa, 0.5 part of paracoccus denitrificans, 3 parts of pseudomonas stutzeri, 13 parts of streptomyces, 3 parts of bacillus subtilis, 2.0 parts of laccase, 0.5 part of catalase, 6 parts of galacturonic acid, 10 parts of glutamic acid, 12 parts of isoleucine and 50 parts of auxiliary materials;
the total viable count of the straw decomposition agent is 2.15 multiplied by 1010/g；
4. Soil ploughing
Immediately turning over the soil by a rotary cultivator for 25-30cm after the straw decomposition agent is spread, and uniformly mixing the tomato straw, the straw decomposition agent and the soil;
5. canopy treatment
After ploughing the soil, 667m230m of irrigation water3Watering thoroughly, covering with mulching film, and fermenting at high temperature in a closed facility;
the high-temperature fermentation is carried out, wherein the temperature in daytime in the facility is 72-76 ℃, and the ground temperature of 0-30cm is 45-50 ℃;
comparative example 3
Comparative example 3 and example 3 are straw tomato in-situ returning treatment performed in different areas of the same sunlight greenhouse, but the specific treatment process in the comparative example 3 is as follows by adopting a common decomposition agent formula:
1. preprocessing
The pretreatment, after the harvesting of the tomatoes is finished, the pretreatment operation is carried out according to the following sequence:
a）667m260kg of 2.5% urea aqueous solution is uniformly sprayed on the leaf surfaces;
b) after 1 day, closing the ventilation opening of the facility, and releasing the efficient and low-toxicity insecticidal and bactericidal smoke agent;
c) sealing the facility for 3 days, maintaining the indoor temperature at 75-80 ℃ in daytime, and then discharging air;
d) the seedling hanging rope is untied and removed, and the non-biodegradable mulching film covered on the ground surface is removed;
the smoke agent for killing insects and bacteria is prepared by mixing water solution of high-efficiency cyhalothrin, dimethomorph and triethylene glycol, adding the mixture into a chemical box of smoke agent, and spraying white smoke rapidly;
the mass ratio of the efficient cyhalothrin to the dimethomorph to the triethylene glycol is 1:2.5: 15; the dilution times are 800 times of the total amount of the mixture;
2. straw treatment
Chopping tomato straws and cleaning stubbles by using a vegetable straw returning machine;
3. spreading straw decomposition agent
Uniformly spreading the straw decomposition agent on the crushed straws every 667m2Spreading 10kg of straw decomposition agent, and carefully spreading in the morning and at night to avoid direct sunlight;
the straw decomposition agent comprises the following raw materials in percentage by weight:
20% of bacillus subtilis, 10% of bacillus licheniformis, 20% of aspergillus flavus, 20% of semilanugo, 20% of helichrysum fruticosum and 10% of microzyme;
the total viable count of the straw decomposition agent is 3.5 multiplied by 1010/g；
4. Soil ploughing
Immediately turning over the soil by a rotary cultivator for 25-30cm after the straw decomposition agent is spread, and uniformly mixing the tomato straw, the straw decomposition agent and the soil;
5. canopy treatment
After ploughing the soil, 667m230m of irrigation water3Watering thoroughly, covering with mulching film, and fermenting at high temperature in a closed facility;
the high-temperature fermentation is carried out at the temperature of 72-76 ℃ in daytime and at the temperature of 45-50 ℃ in 0-30cm in ground temperature.
Comparing the tomato straw returning results of the example 3 and the comparative example 3, investigating the days required for completing the decomposition, detecting the decomposition degree according to the NY/T2722 test method, and the experimental result shows that:
example 3, the high-temperature fermentation is carried out for 6 days to complete the decomposition, and the decomposition degree can reach 95.2 percent;
comparative example 3 the high temperature fermentation is completed for 10 days, and the decomposition degree can reach 92.5%.
By adopting the decomposition agent of the embodiment 3 of the invention, the decomposition time is shortened by 4 days compared with the decomposition time of the comparative example 3, and the decomposition degree is better than that of the common decomposition agent.
Finally, it should be noted that: although the present invention has been described in detail with reference to the foregoing embodiments, those skilled in the art will understand that various changes, modifications and substitutions can be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention. Any modification, equivalent replacement, or improvement made within the spirit and principle of the present invention should be included in the protection scope of the present invention.
Claims (7)
1. A method for returning solanaceous vegetables straws to the field in situ is characterized by comprising pre-treatment, straw treatment, spreading straw decomposition agent, soil plowing and shed-closing treatment;
after the pre-treatment and the vegetable harvest are finished, the pre-treatment operation is carried out according to the following sequence:
a）667m2uniformly spraying 50-60kg of 2-2.5% urea aqueous solution on leaf surfaces;
b) after 1 day, closing the ventilation opening of the facility, and releasing the efficient and low-toxicity insecticidal and bactericidal smoke agent;
c) sealing the facility for 2-3 days, maintaining the indoor temperature at 70-80 ℃ in daytime, and then discharging air;
d) the seedling hanging rope is untied and removed, and the non-biodegradable mulching film covered on the ground surface is removed;
the straw treatment, namely chopping the vegetable straws by a vegetable straw returning machine and cleaning stubbles;
the spreading straw decomposition agent is uniformly spread on the crushed straws every 667m2Spreading 7.5-10kg of straw decomposition agent;
the soil is ploughed, and after the straw decomposition agent is spread, a rotary cultivator is immediately used for ploughing the soil by 25-30cm, so that the vegetable straws, the straw decomposition agent and the soil are uniformly mixed;
the greenhouse is covered, and 667m is obtained after soil is ploughed2Irrigating 25-30m3Watering, covering with mulching film, and fermenting at high temperature for 5-7 days in a closed facility.
2. The in-situ field returning method for solanaceous vegetable straws as claimed in claim 1, which is characterized in that: the straw decomposition agent comprises the following raw materials in parts by weight:
2-3 parts of chromobacterium, 15-18 parts of chaetomium, 11-12 parts of pseudomonas aeruginosa, 0.5-1.2 parts of paracoccus denitrificans, 3-5 parts of pseudomonas stutzeri, 11-13 parts of streptomyces, 1-3 parts of bacillus subtilis, 1.2-2.0 parts of laccase, 0.5-0.8 part of catalase, 6-8 parts of galacturonic acid, 10-12 parts of glutamic acid, 10-12 parts of isoleucine and 45-60 parts of auxiliary materials.
3. The in-situ returning method for solanaceous vegetable straws as claimed in claim 2, wherein the total viable count of the straw decomposition agent is 1.25 x 1010-2.58×1010/g。
4. The solanaceous vegetable straw in-situ returning method according to claim 1, wherein the high temperature fermentation is carried out at a temperature of 70-80 ℃ in daytime and 40-50 ℃ at a temperature of 0-30cm in ground.
5. The solanaceous vegetable straw in-situ returning method of claim 1, wherein: the mass ratio of the efficient cyhalothrin to the dimethomorph to the triethylene glycol is 1:1-2.5: 12-15; the dilution factor is 600-800 times of the total amount of the mixture.
6. The solanaceous vegetable straw in-situ returning method of claim 5, wherein: the insecticidal and bactericidal smoke agent is white smoke which is quickly sprayed by mixing water solutions of efficient cyhalothrin, dimethomorph and triethylene glycol and then adding the mixture into a chemical box of the smoke agent.
7. The method for returning the straws of solanaceous vegetables to the field in situ as claimed in any one of claims 2 to 3, wherein the straw decomposition agent is applied in the morning and at night to avoid direct sunlight.
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| CN112321347A (en) * | 2020-10-14 | 2021-02-05 | 江苏省农业科学院 | Application technology and method for returning leaf vegetable straws to field for recycling |
| CN113402311A (en) * | 2021-07-01 | 2021-09-17 | 宁夏农林科学院园艺研究所(宁夏设施农业工程技术研究中心) | Sunlight greenhouse tomato straw in-situ treatment ecological recycling method |
| CN113826461A (en) * | 2021-09-26 | 2021-12-24 | 宿迁市设施园艺研究院 | Solanaceous vegetable straw in-situ returning method |
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| CN113826461A (en) * | 2021-09-26 | 2021-12-24 | 宿迁市设施园艺研究院 | Solanaceous vegetable straw in-situ returning method |
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