CN112823578A - Soil improvement method for reducing continuous cropping obstacles of crops - Google Patents
Soil improvement method for reducing continuous cropping obstacles of crops Download PDFInfo
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- CN112823578A CN112823578A CN201911142780.2A CN201911142780A CN112823578A CN 112823578 A CN112823578 A CN 112823578A CN 201911142780 A CN201911142780 A CN 201911142780A CN 112823578 A CN112823578 A CN 112823578A
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01B—SOIL WORKING IN AGRICULTURE OR FORESTRY; PARTS, DETAILS, OR ACCESSORIES OF AGRICULTURAL MACHINES OR IMPLEMENTS, IN GENERAL
- A01B79/00—Methods for working soil
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01B—SOIL WORKING IN AGRICULTURE OR FORESTRY; PARTS, DETAILS, OR ACCESSORIES OF AGRICULTURAL MACHINES OR IMPLEMENTS, IN GENERAL
- A01B79/00—Methods for working soil
- A01B79/02—Methods for working soil combined with other agricultural processing, e.g. fertilising, planting
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01C—PLANTING; SOWING; FERTILISING
- A01C21/00—Methods of fertilising, sowing or planting
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G22/00—Cultivation of specific crops or plants not otherwise provided for
- A01G22/45—Tobacco
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C05—FERTILISERS; MANUFACTURE THEREOF
- C05F—ORGANIC FERTILISERS NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C05B, C05C, e.g. FERTILISERS FROM WASTE OR REFUSE
- C05F17/00—Preparation of fertilisers characterised by biological or biochemical treatment steps, e.g. composting or fermentation
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C05—FERTILISERS; MANUFACTURE THEREOF
- C05F—ORGANIC FERTILISERS NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C05B, C05C, e.g. FERTILISERS FROM WASTE OR REFUSE
- C05F3/00—Fertilisers from human or animal excrements, e.g. manure
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C05—FERTILISERS; MANUFACTURE THEREOF
- C05G—MIXTURES OF FERTILISERS COVERED INDIVIDUALLY BY DIFFERENT SUBCLASSES OF CLASS C05; MIXTURES OF ONE OR MORE FERTILISERS WITH MATERIALS NOT HAVING A SPECIFIC FERTILISING ACTIVITY, e.g. PESTICIDES, SOIL-CONDITIONERS, WETTING AGENTS; FERTILISERS CHARACTERISED BY THEIR FORM
- C05G3/00—Mixtures of one or more fertilisers with additives not having a specially fertilising activity
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02W—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO WASTEWATER TREATMENT OR WASTE MANAGEMENT
- Y02W30/00—Technologies for solid waste management
- Y02W30/40—Bio-organic fraction processing; Production of fertilisers from the organic fraction of waste or refuse
Abstract
The invention relates to a soil improvement method for reducing continuous cropping obstacles of crops, belonging to the technical field of crop planting. The soil improvement method for reducing the continuous cropping obstacle of the crops comprises the following steps: 1) before the crops are planted, applying a disinfectant for sealing and disinfection; the disinfectant is lime nitrogen or calcium cyanamide; the dosage of the disinfectant is 3-4 times of that of the base fertilizer; 2) directly planting crops in the disinfected soil, and applying a biological organic fertilizer when the crops are planted; the biological organic fertilizer is obtained by mixing basic organic fertilizer and beneficial microorganisms. The method can realize multiple purposes of soil disinfection, improvement of a disinfected soil microbial community, application of a nitrogen fertilizer, soil improvement, soil acidification prevention and the like.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to a soil improvement method for reducing continuous cropping obstacles of crops, belonging to the technical field of crop planting.
Background
For a long time, soil fertility in China is reduced, a soil microbial flora is reduced, the number of pathogenic bacteria is increased and the like due to the fact that a large amount of chemical fertilizers and pesticides are applied and the continuous cropping phenomenon of crops is serious in agricultural planting, and therefore the occurrence of soil-borne diseases and insect pests in crop planting is serious. For example, when blight and nematode disease of tomatoes and hot peppers, black shank and bacterial wilt of tobacco leaves and the like occur seriously, destructive loss is caused to planting of certain economic crops, vegetables and the like. At present, the prevention and control measures aiming at the soil-borne diseases and insect pests mainly comprise the aspects of breeding of disease-resistant varieties, prevention and control of chemical agents, improvement of cultivation management and the like. However, the prevention and control measures also have the problems of long breeding period of disease-resistant varieties, large manpower and material resources, environmental damage caused by chemical agents, land limitation caused by crop rotation and the like. Therefore, when the soil-borne diseases and insect pests are serious, the soil must be disinfected, particularly the soil for facility agriculture.
Soil disinfection is one of means for preventing and controlling diseases by thoroughly killing soil microorganisms. Soil disinfection includes chemical disinfection such as methyl bromide fumigation (chloroform or bromoform) and physical disinfection such as thermal steam disinfection. In recent years, in order to prevent pollution and residue of chemical disinfection on soil and environment, people have been actively developing soil green disinfection technologies such as heat disinfection (solar disinfection and artificial hot steam disinfection), lime disinfection or lime nitrogen disinfection and the like while resisting the chemical disinfection on soil to the utmost. However, since solar energy causes a limited rise in soil temperature, disinfection is performedIncomplete; the manual hot steam sterilization has large energy consumption and high cost. The lime disinfection effect is good, but the function is single. Lime nitrogen, also known as calcium cyanamide, has been used as a nitrogen fertilizer for over a hundred years, both as such and as an intermediate product (HCN) and a final product (NH) of the conversion process3) All can produce toxic action on crops, and once the popularization is difficult. However, with the development and research of the technology, lime nitrogen is once more regarded as a soil purifying agent with fertilizer and pesticide effects. The agricultural soil is disinfected by applying the lime nitrogen, so that pathogenic bacteria can be killed, soil-borne diseases can be prevented, and multiple purposes of applying a nitrogen fertilizer, increasing the content of Ca in the soil to improve the physical and chemical properties of the soil, preventing soil acidification and the like can be achieved.
However, the lime nitrogen is not selective for killing soil organisms in the soil disinfection process, i.e. all microorganisms in the soil can be killed, so that the disinfected soil forms 'biological vacuum'. However, there is no good method for eliminating the "biological vacuum" without contaminating new pathogenic bacteria.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to provide a soil improvement method for reducing continuous cropping obstacles of crops, which can fill up biological vacuum caused by soil disinfection by using beneficial microorganisms.
In order to achieve the purpose, the invention adopts the technical scheme that:
a soil improvement method for reducing continuous cropping obstacles of crops comprises the following steps:
1) before the crops are planted, applying a disinfectant for sealing and disinfection; the disinfectant is lime nitrogen or calcium cyanamide; the dosage of the disinfectant is 3-4 times of that of the base fertilizer;
2) directly planting crops in the disinfected soil, and applying a biological organic fertilizer when the crops are planted; the biological organic fertilizer is obtained by mixing basic organic fertilizer and beneficial microorganisms.
The soil improvement method for reducing the continuous cropping obstacle of the crops, which is disclosed by the invention, is characterized in that a disinfectant is applied to the soil before the crops are planted to sterilize the soilThe agent reacts with the substances in the soil to form the nitrogen form (NH) required by the crops4 +) (ii) a The crops can be directly planted without airing after disinfection, the biological organic fertilizer containing organic fertilizer and beneficial microorganisms is applied to supplement the nutrition required by the growth of the crops when the crops are planted, the number and the variety of the beneficial microorganisms in the disinfected soil are improved, the beneficial microorganisms can antagonize pathogenic bacteria of the crops, and the recurrence of soil-borne diseases is prevented. The method can realize multiple purposes of soil disinfection, improvement of a disinfected soil microbial community, application of a nitrogen fertilizer, soil improvement, soil acidification prevention and the like.
The application amount of the disinfectant is generally determined by calculation according to the nitrogen dosage of the base fertilizer of the crops to be planted in the season. Generally, the amount of applied disinfectant (kg/mu) is equal to the amount of nitrogen used in the base fertilizer (kg/mu)/the nitrogen content (%) of the disinfectant. Wherein, the base fertilizer nitrogen refers to the nitrogen dosage needed to be applied in the crop base fertilizer. The nitrogen content of lime is about 30%, so the dosage of the disinfectant is 3-4 times of that of the basic fertilizer. For example, if the amount of wheat used is 20 kg/mu, the amount is 44.4 kg (45% of urea nitrogen content) in terms of urea. For another example, the dosage of the time-base fertilizer nitrogen is 3 kg/mu when the tobacco leaves are planted in the province of Henan, so that the application amount of the lime nitrogen is 10 kg/mu when the lime nitrogen is converted. If the nitrogen dosage of the base fertilizer is 10 kg/mu when greenhouse vegetables are planted in a certain place, the nitrogen dosage is 33 kg/mu converted into lime nitrogen dosage.
Preferably, the sealing sterilization in the step 1) is to seal the soil surface by using a covering plastic film.
The lime nitrogen is applied according to the soil management requirements of crops to be planted, but the lime nitrogen must be fully mixed with the soil, and the soil must be covered by a plastic film after the lime nitrogen is applied. Since the transformation of lime nitrogen in the soil is a relatively slow process, the application of lime nitrogen should be carried out more than 15 days before the planting or transplanting of the crop.
Commercial lime nitrogen products are generally in powder or fine granular form and are applied according to the soil management requirements of the crop to be planted. For example, when planting tobacco leaves, the soil is generally required to be ridged, so lime nitrogen strips are applied before ridging, and ridging is performed after ploughing. In order to improve the disinfection effect of the soil, the soil should be covered with a plastic film in time after application. Since the conversion of lime nitrogen in the soil is a relatively slow process, it generally takes about 15 days for the lime nitrogen to completely convert from application to completion. Therefore, the application of lime nitrogen should be carried out more than 15 days before the planting or transplanting of the crops.
According to the invention, research shows that HCN generated in 15-20 days of conversion of lime dust nitrogen in soil can be hydrolyzed into ammonia (NH)3) Ammonia in the soil can convert into NH4 +The ions are adsorbed by the soil without volatilization loss and harm to crops; therefore, drying in the sun is not needed.
The method is suitable for planting common crops, and is preferably very suitable for planting tobacco, wherein lime nitrogen is applied in strips, ploughing and ridging are carried out before the crops (tobacco) are planted, and then a plastic film is immediately covered to seal the soil surface for 15-20 days. The tobacco seedlings are transplanted in a hole in the sealed film-coated soil, and the bio-organic fertilizer is applied in the hole when the tobacco seedlings are transplanted.
If the soil is not disinfected in time, the biological vacuum is filled, and pathogenic bacteria are brought in again due to improper farm operation. At this time, as the soil loses the mutual restriction among organisms, the introduced pathogenic bacteria can grow explosively and cause more serious diseases. Therefore, the method can increase the number and the types of soil microorganisms in time after soil disinfection, form a micro-ecological environment with a large number of beneficial microorganisms, and is the best method for maintaining the soil disinfection effect and preventing disease recurrence. Therefore, after the soil is disinfected, a material for filling the biological vacuum is reasonably selected, and the requirement for improving and maintaining the soil effect is met.
In order to fill up the biological vacuum formed after soil disinfection and prevent the explosive growth of pathogenic bacteria and the recurrence of diseases, the matched materials for soil disinfection need to be applied in time, namely the bio-organic fertilizer is applied in time when crops are planted, and the bio-organic fertilizer comprises basic organic fertilizer and beneficial microorganisms.
After soil is disinfected by lime nitrogen for more than 15 days, the application of the bio-organic fertilizer is carried out according to the cultivation requirements of planted crops, such as hole application, strip application, broadcast application and the like, so as to fill up the aims of preventing pathogenic bacteria from breeding and improving the soil by 'biological vacuum' of the disinfected soil.
Because ecological conditions in different regions are greatly different and diseases of continuous cropping of different crops are also different, matching materials (biological organic fertilizers) required for filling biological vacuum after soil disinfection are different, and particularly the types of beneficial microorganisms are also different. Firstly, the basic organic fertilizer in the biological organic fertilizer is prepared by fully decomposing and aging high-quality organic fertilizer raw materials such as livestock and poultry excrement, straws and food processing residues.
Generally, the larger the application amount of the bio-organic fertilizer in agricultural planting is, the better the effects of improving soil, preventing and treating soil-borne diseases and increasing the yield and income of agricultural products are. However, in consideration of fertilizer cost and economic benefits of plant crops, the application amount of the bio-organic fertilizer is preferably 100-300 kg/mu. Preferably, the dosage of the biological organic fertilizer is 130-170 kg/mu.
Specifically, the basic organic fertilizer in the step 2) is prepared by a method comprising the following steps: performing aerobic high-temperature composting fermentation on the raw materials for 10-20 days, and then performing aging fermentation for 20-30 days; the raw materials are one or more of livestock and poultry manure, straws and food processing residues.
Generally, the fermentation time of primary aerobic high-temperature compost is not less than 15 days; wherein the high temperature of above 50 ℃ is not less than 10 days; the secondary aging fermentation time (aging or after-ripening time) is not less than 20 days. Thus, the purposes of harmlessness of organic fertilizer raw materials (elimination and degradation of organic components generating odor, killing of harmful bacteria and weed seeds, stabilization, breeding of microorganisms and the like through primary fermentation) and the like (conversion of organic nutrients into mineral nutrients necessary for plant growth, synthesis of humus, breeding of various beneficial microorganisms and the like through secondary fermentation) can be met. The basic organic fertilizer needs to meet the national organic fertilizer standard (NY 525-2012).
Secondly, after the basic organic fertilizer is prepared, beneficial microorganisms are added according to the types of soil-borne diseases of the applied target plants or soil. Adding Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus licheniformis and Bacillus amyloliquefaciens for preventing and treating bacterial soil-borne diseases (such as tobacco leaf bacterial wilt and tomato wilt); aspergillus niger, Aspergillus fumigatus, Trichoderma viride and Trichoderma harzianum are commonly added for preventing and treating fungal soil-borne diseases (such as black shank and root rot); the bacillus subtilis, the bacillus amyloliquefaciens, the paecilomyces lilacinus and the like are added for preventing and treating the nematode diseases. When beneficial microorganisms are added, the proportion among different types of microorganisms is comprehensively considered according to the purposes of soil-borne disease prevention and control, strain price and the like, preferably, the total quantity of the beneficial microorganisms in the bio-organic fertilizer is more than or equal to 0.2 hundred million cfu/g fresh weight, and the quantity of a single strain is more than or equal to 0.05 hundred million cfu/g fresh weight.
The bio-organic fertilizer product formed after adding beneficial microorganisms is required to meet the national bio-organic fertilizer standard (NY 884-2012).
Preferably, the temperature of the aerobic high-temperature compost fermentation is 50-60 ℃. The aging fermentation is natural stacking under the shady and cool rain-proof conditions, and the natural circular stacking or strip stacking with the stacking height of 1.0-1.5 m can be carried out.
When the tobacco is planted, the beneficial microorganisms in the biological organic fertilizer are two or more of bacillus subtilis, bacillus licheniformis, bacillus amyloliquefaciens, aspergillus niger, aspergillus fumigatus, trichoderma viride, trichoderma harzianum and paecilomyces lilacinus. When the tobacco black shank and root knot nematode are prevented and treated, the biological organic fertilizer can be added with beneficial microorganisms of bacillus amyloliquefaciens, aspergillus niger and aspergillus fumigatus, and the quantity ratio of the bacillus amyloliquefaciens, the aspergillus niger and the aspergillus fumigatus is 0.9-1.1: 1.8-2.2: 0.9-1.1. When the tobacco leaf bacterial wilt is prevented and treated, the biological organic fertilizer can be added with beneficial microorganisms of bacillus subtilis, bacillus licheniformis and bacillus amyloliquefaciens, and the quantity ratio of the bacillus subtilis to the bacillus licheniformis to the bacillus amyloliquefaciens is 0.9-1.1: 0.9-1.1: 0.9-1.1.
Detailed Description
The following examples are intended to illustrate the invention in further detail, but are not to be construed as limiting the invention in any way.
Example 1
Tobacco black shank, root-knot nematode and the like in a certain tobacco area in Henan province are serious, and the tobacco black shank, the root-knot nematode and the like are frequently concurrent under the common condition, so that great economic loss is caused for tobacco planting. Tobacco black shank caused by parasitic fungus phytophthora parasitica(Phytophtora parasitica var. nicotinae Tucker), the pathogenic bacteria are oomycetes fungi. Normally, the root-knot nematode first damages the root system of tobacco plants, and then phytophthora parasitica of black shank enters the root system from wounds and causes the occurrence of black shank. The nitrogen dosage of the base fertilizer before the tobacco seedlings are transplanted in the area is 3 kilograms per mu, which is converted into 10 kilograms per mu of lime nitrogen; total nutrient N in the whole growth period: p2O5：K2The O ratio is 1: 1: 2, P, K fertilizer can be applied either together with lime nitrogen or at the time of transplantation.
The soil improvement method for reducing the continuous cropping obstacle of the crops, which is adopted by the invention, is used for improving the soil and comprises the following steps: ridging about 20 days before transplanting, applying lime nitrogen strips (10 kg/mu lime nitrogen, P, K fertilizers according to N: P ratio) during ridging2O5：K2The O ratio is 1: 1: 2 ratios applied together). The ploughing is fully mixed with the soil, and a plastic film is covered immediately after ridging. Transplanting tobacco seedlings after 20 days, perforating holes in the sealed and film-coated soil, and transplanting the tobacco seedlings, and simultaneously applying 150 kilograms of bio-organic fertilizer in each mu of soil; the biological organic fertilizer is prepared by adding bacillus amyloliquefaciens, aspergillus niger and aspergillus fumigatus into a common decomposed cow dung organic fertilizer, and the number ratio of beneficial bacteria in the three is 1: 2: 1, the total amount of active bacillus amyloliquefaciens, aspergillus niger and aspergillus fumigatus is more than or equal to 0.2 hundred million cfu/gram fresh weight).
The production method of the common decomposed cow dung organic fertilizer comprises the following steps: adjusting the water content of cow dung to 50-60% by adding water or adding dry and fine straw powder, and making into natural stack with stack height of 1.5 m and top width of 1.0 m, and fermenting at 50-60 deg.C for 25 days. Stirring was carried out every 5 days during the fermentation. Naturally cooling, aging and ripening after fermentation to obtain the common decomposed cow dung organic fertilizer.
Comparative example 1
The soil blocks used in this comparative example were the same as in example 1, except that no lime nitrogen was added.
N in the base fertilizer: p2O5：K2The O ratio is 1: 1: 2, the components are applied together in proportion, and the components are applied when ridging and ploughing.
The applied base fertilizer is mainly special fertilizer for tobacco leaves, and is 20 kg/mu, N, P in the special fertilizer for tobacco leaves2O5、K2O accounts for 15%, 15% and 15%, respectively, and the rest of K2O is made up of other fertilizers. N in the special fertilizer for tobacco leaves is nitrate nitrogen and is provided by potassium nitrate or ammonium nitrate, P fertilizer is diammonium phosphate, and K fertilizer is potassium sulfate.
The special fertilizer for tobacco leaves is applied by 20 kilograms/mu and the supplementary fertilizer before ridging, and after fertilizing, ridging and mulching film covering are carried out.
And applying common decomposed cow dung organic fertilizer when the tobacco seedlings are transplanted. The preparation method of the common decomposed cow dung organic fertilizer is the same as that of the embodiment 1. The rest of the procedure was the same as in example 1.
Test example 1
Statistics were made on the number of culturable microorganisms in the soil before and after soil sterilization and fertilization in example 1 and comparative example 1, and the statistical structure is shown in table 1.
TABLE 1 number of culturable microorganisms (cfu/g dry soil) in soil before and after sterilization and after fertilization in example 1 and comparative example 1
As can be seen from Table 1, in the soil sterilized by lime nitrogen before the tobacco seedling is transplanted, the number of culturable microorganisms (bacteria, bacteria and fungi) in the sterilized soil is greatly reduced, and the number of microorganisms in the soil after the biological fertilizer is applied during the transplanting is also greatly increased. In the comparative example, the change of the number of soil microorganisms before and after the application of the base fertilizer is not large, and the number of the culturable soil microorganisms is more than that in example 1 because the number of the soil microorganisms applied to the organic fertilizer is greatly increased after the tobacco seedlings are transplanted.
After the tobacco leaves are harvested, the tobacco leaves planted in the example 1 and the tobacco leaves planted in the comparative example 1 are counted, the yield and the yield value of the tobacco leaves in the test field are shown in the table 2, and as can be seen from the table 2, the yield and the yield value of the tobacco processed in the example 1 are higher than those of the comparative example 1 (comparison), the yield per mu is improved by 19.0%, the yield value per mu is also improved by 14.7%, and the yield of the middle-grade and high-grade tobacco is improved by 26.1%.
Table 2 yield and output values of flue-cured tobacco in example 1 and comparative example 1
| Treatment of | Mu yield (kilogram) | Mu yield value (Yuan) | Middle-high grade smoke ratio (%) |
| Example 1 | 125.0±1.0 | 2805.3±86.3 | 72.5±2.1 |
| Comparative example 1 | 105.3±2.1 | 2445.1±56.0 | 57.7±4.2 |
The incidence of the soil-borne diseases of the flue-cured tobaccos in the example 1 and the flue-cured tobaccos in the comparative example 1 is counted, the results are shown in the table 3, and as can be seen from the table 3, the total incidence of the flue-cured tobaccos in the current year in the test field (the test field in the example 1) which is disinfected by using the nitrogen lime and applied with the bio-organic fertilizer is low, and the incidence is lower than that in the comparative example 1 and reaches the 1% significant difference level. This demonstrates that the method of example 1 has a good control effect on nematodes and black shank.
TABLE 3 Effect of limazin and bioorganic fertilizers on the incidence of soil-borne diseases in flue-cured tobacco (%)
| Treatment of | Root knot nematode | Black shank disease |
| Example 1 | 3.00±1.20 | 8.33±0.99 |
| Comparative example 1 | 26.00±2.5 | 24.00±0.80 |
Example 2
The bacterial wilt of tobacco leaves in a certain tobacco area of Fujian province is serious, and the economic loss caused by the bacterial wilt reaches more than 30 percent every year. The tobacco bacterial wilt is a bacterial soil-borne disease caused by Laurella sp.solanacearum, and is easy to explode in a large area under high temperature and high humidity conditions, so that the yield and quality of tobacco leaves in a tobacco area are reduced, and the tobacco leaves are even completely harvested.
The soil improvement method for reducing the continuous cropping obstacle of the crops, which is adopted by the invention, is used for improving the soil and comprises the following steps: the nitrogen consumption is 14 kg/mu when the tobacco leaves are planted in the area, therefore, lime nitrogen is applied according to 45 kg/mu and covers a plastic film when ridging is carried out, the applied N completely replaces N in the special fertilizer for the tobacco leaves, and the total nutrient is N: p2O5：K2The ratio of O is 1: 1.5: 2.
ridging about 20 days before transplanting, connecting lime nitrogen to P, K fertilizer strip application, ploughing and fully mixing with soil during ridging, and then covering with a mulching film. When tobacco seedlings are transplanted after 20 days, 150 kg/mu of bio-organic fertilizer is applied in holes (the fertilizer is prepared by adding bacillus subtilis, bacillus licheniformis and bacillus amyloliquefaciens into common decomposed cow dung organic fertilizer, the number ratio of the three beneficial bacteria is 1: 1: 1, but the total number of the active bacillus subtilis, the bacillus licheniformis and the bacillus amyloliquefaciens is more than or equal to 0.2 hundred million cfu/gram fresh weight).
The preparation method of the common decomposed cow dung organic fertilizer is the same as that of the embodiment 1.
Comparative example 2
The soil blocks used in this comparative example were the same as those used in example 2, except that no lime nitrogen was added.
N in the base fertilizer: p2O5：K2The O ratio is 1: 1.5: 2, the components are applied together in proportion, and the components are applied when ridging and ploughing.
The applied base fertilizer is mainly special fertilizer for tobacco leaves, N, P in the general special fertilizer for tobacco leaves2O5、K2O accounts for 15%, 15% and 15%, respectively, and the rest P2O5、K2O is made up of other fertilizers. N in the special fertilizer for tobacco leaves is nitrate nitrogen and is provided by potassium nitrate or ammonium nitrate, P fertilizer is diammonium phosphate, and K fertilizer is potassium sulfate.
The special fertilizer 93 kg/mu for tobacco leaf and supplementary fertilizer are applied before ridging, and after fertilizing, ridging and mulching are carried out.
And (3) applying 150 kg/mu of common decomposed cow dung organic fertilizer in holes when the tobacco seedlings are transplanted. The preparation method of the common decomposed cow dung organic fertilizer is the same as that of the embodiment 1.
The rest of the procedure was the same as in example 2.
Test example 2
Statistics were made on the number of culturable microorganisms in the soil before and after soil sterilization and fertilization in example 2, and the results are shown in table 4.
TABLE 4 variation of microbial population before and after soil disinfection and bio-organic fertilizer application in tobacco field
| Sample(s) | Bacterium (× 10)6CFU/g) | Actinomycetes (10)5CFU/g) | Fungus (x 10)4CFU/g) |
| Before sterilization | 6.47±0.27 | 2.96±0.49 | 2.22±0.49 |
| After sterilization | 0.68±0.24 | 1.16±0.08 | 0.34±0.08 |
| After applying the bio-organic fertilizer | 11.51±0.97 | 6.03±0.88 | 4.06±0.58 |
As can be seen from Table 4, in the soil sterilized with lime nitrogen before the tobacco seedling is transplanted, the number of culturable microorganisms (bacteria, applied bacteria and fungi) in the sterilized soil is greatly reduced, and the number of microorganisms in the soil after the application of the bio-fertilizer during the transplanting is greatly increased.
After the tobacco leaves planted in the example 2 and the comparative example 2 are harvested, statistics is carried out, and the tobacco leaf yield and the yield value of the experimental field are shown in the table 5, and as can be seen from the table 5, the tobacco leaf yield of the tobacco leaf which is subjected to soil disinfection and biological organic fertilizer application in the invention is improved by 13.0%, the average price is improved by 4.3%, and the proportion of the middle-grade tobacco leaves is improved by 8.7%.
TABLE 5 comparison of economic Properties of tobacco leaves under different treatments
| Treatment of | Yield/(kg × hm)2) | Equal price/(yuan) | Middle-high grade smoke ratio (%) |
| Comparative example 2 | 1515.6±32.7 | 26.47±5.4 | 82.59±10.5 |
| Example 2 | 1715.34±48.2 | 27.62±4.5 | 89.76±8.5 |
The incidence of the flue-cured tobacco soil-borne diseases in the example 2 and the comparative example 2 is counted, the results are shown in table 6, and it can be seen from table 6 that the incidence of the tobacco leaf bacterial wilt in the example 2 is reduced by 34% and the prevention and control effect reaches 49.9% compared with the comparative example 2.
TABLE 6 prevention and control effects of different treatments on bacterial wilt of tobacco leaves
| Treatment of | Incidence rate/%) | Index of disease/%) | Prevention and control Effect/%) |
| Comparative example 2 | 75.3±8.5 | 35.7±2.3 | |
| Example 2 | 41.2±6.7 | 17.9±1.8 | 49.9％ |
Claims (10)
1. A soil improvement method for reducing continuous cropping obstacles of crops is characterized by comprising the following steps:
1) before the crops are planted, applying a disinfectant for sealing and disinfection; the disinfectant is lime nitrogen or calcium cyanamide; the dosage of the disinfectant is 3-4 times of that of the base fertilizer;
2) directly planting crops in the disinfected soil, and applying a biological organic fertilizer when the crops are planted; the biological organic fertilizer is obtained by mixing basic organic fertilizer and beneficial microorganisms.
2. The soil improvement method for reducing the continuous cropping obstacles of crops as claimed in claim 1, wherein the sealing sterilization in step 1) is to seal the soil surface by using a covering plastic film.
3. The method of improving soil to reduce the continuous cropping obstacles of a crop as claimed in claim 2, wherein said crop is tobacco.
4. The soil improvement method for reducing the continuous cropping obstacles of the crops as claimed in claim 3, wherein in the step 1), the disinfectant is applied in strips, ploughed and ridged before the crops are planted, and then the soil surface is immediately sealed by covering a plastic film for 15-20 days.
5. The method for improving soil to reduce the continuous cropping obstacle of the crops as claimed in claim 3 or 4, characterized in that in the step 2), tobacco seedlings are transplanted in the sealed and coated soil, and the bio-organic fertilizer is applied in holes when the tobacco seedlings are transplanted.
6. The method as claimed in claim 1 or 3, wherein the amount of the bio-organic fertilizer used in step 2) is 100-300 kg/mu.
7. The soil improvement method for reducing the continuous cropping obstacles of crops as claimed in claim 1, wherein the basic organic fertilizer in step 2) is prepared by a method comprising the following steps: carrying out aerobic high-temperature composting fermentation on the biomass raw material for 10-20 days, and then aging and fermenting for 20-30 days.
8. The method of claim 3, wherein the beneficial microorganisms are two or more of Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus licheniformis, Bacillus amyloliquefaciens, Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus fumigatus, Trichoderma viride, Trichoderma harzianum, and Paecilomyces lilacinus.
9. The soil improvement method for reducing the continuous cropping obstacle of the crops as claimed in claim 3, characterized in that, in the control of tobacco black shank and root knot line insect pests, the beneficial microorganisms in step 2) are Bacillus amyloliquefaciens, Aspergillus niger and Aspergillus fumigatus beneficial microorganisms, the number ratio of the three is 0.9-1.1: 1.8-2.2: 0.9-1.1.
10. The soil improvement method for reducing the continuous cropping obstacle of the crops as claimed in claim 3, characterized in that, in the control of the tobacco bacterial wilt, the beneficial microorganisms in the step 2) are beneficial microorganisms of bacillus subtilis, bacillus licheniformis and bacillus amyloliquefaciens, the number ratio of the three is 0.9-1.1: 0.9-1.1: 0.9-1.1.
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